
Class _ 

Book T4l1 

Copyright N"* 

COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 



THE AMERICAN 

FRUIT CULTURIST 



CONTAINING 



PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS FOR THE PROPAGATION 

AND CULTURE OF ALL FRUITS ADAPTED 

TO THE UNITED STATES 



BY?/'' 

JOHN J. THOMAS 

First President of the Fruit Growers' Society of Western New York; 
Honorary Member of Massachusetts Horticultural Society ; of Penn- 
sylvania Fruit Growers' Society ; Worcester Horticultural So- 
ciety ; Assistant Editor "Country Gentleman;" and for 
Thirty Years a Practical Nurseryman. 



^wentT2*3Fir0t BOitton, IRevlseD and Enlarged 

BY 



V WILLIAM H. S. WOOD 



ILLUSTRATED WITH OVER EIGHT HUNDRED 
ACCURATE FIGURES 



NEW YORK 

WILLIAM WOOD AND COMPANY 

1903 



THE LIBRARY OF 
CONGRESS, 

Two Copies Received 

MAR 6 1903 

. Copvfigiit Entry 

CLASS C\ XXc. No 

COPY B. 



\AC, INO 



Copyright 1875, 1885, 1897, 1903. 
By WILLIAM H. S. WOOD. 



S'^ 






^ 



iv 



EDITOR'S PREFACE TO THE TWENTY-FIRST 
EDITION. 



Probably no other work of its character has enjoyed the 
popularity of Thomas' " American Fruit Culturist "; first pub- 
lished many years ago. It has, unlike most books by other 
authors, been revised and kept up to date, both with respect 
to the newer varieties of fruits and also the improvements in 
cultivation — in all the details, in fact, pertaining to the science 
and art of fruit growing. In the preparation of the present 
edition the editor has had the valued assistance of Prof. M. V. 
Slingerland of Cornell University, who wrote the chapter on 
Destructive Insects; of Prof. Byron S. Halsted of Rutgers 
College, who wrote that on Diseases of Fruits ; and especially 
of Prof. L. H. Bailey, who supervised almost the entire book. 

The editor still feels that the time has not yet come to adopt 
absolutely the rule of the American Pomological Society with 
respect to the names of fruits. To do so before the nursery- 
men, the dealers, much more generally conform to it could 
only lead, as before stated, to uncertainty and confusion. 
Thomas' " Fruit Culturist " has again been materially en- 
larged both in text and illustrations. 

While it is believed that this book will be found scientifi- 
cally accurate, it must be remembered that it is prepared 
especially as a practical working manual for the amatsi^r and 
farmer. William ^H. S./Wop::^. 

New York, February, igoj. 



EDITOR'S PREFACE TO TWENTIETH EDITION. 



In presenting the present edition of " Thomas' American 
Fruit Guitarist," it seems necessary briefly to state the reasons 
for the numerous changes which will be found, and also to 
offer an apology for whatever shortcomings may be noticed. 
Mr. Thomas was my lifelong friend, and, when the infirmities 
of his later years prevented him from m.aking the needed re- 
vision himself, he requested that I should personally under- 
take it. Though the cares and responsibilities of an active 
business life seemed to forbid so arduous a task, congenial as 
it was to an amateur for thirty years in horticultural work, 
nevertheless, the great value of the book, and its probable con- 
tinued usefulness to all interested in fruit-culture in America, 
were so apparent, that I consented to undertake it under Mr. 
Thomas' supervision. Unfortunately, almost before it was 
begun his death deprived me of the support upon which I had 
so greatly calculated. The work has, therefore, been com- 
pleted under disadvantages which those only who personally 
knew its gifted author can appreciate. 

John J. Thomas, the son of David Thomas, the chief engi- 
neer in building the Erie Canal from Rochester to Buffalo, 
was born atLedyard, Cayuga County, N. Y., January 8th, 1810. 
He was chiefly educated at home, and early developed an in- 
tense interest in natural science, especially devoting himself 
to botanical study. After some years spent with his father in 
the nursery business, he established a nursery of his own in 
Wayne County, and for over thirty years continued in the 
business, earning a reputation which placed him in the front 
rank as a practical pomologist and authority in everything 
pertaining to the propagation and raising of fruits of all kinds. 
He was an industrious writer, both of books and as contributor 
to journals. He was an associate editor of the Countty Getitle- 
man, froin its foundation until 1894, when failing strength 



VI PREFACE TO TWENTIETH EDITION. 

prevented him from continuing his connection with that paper. 
On February 22d, 1895, he died. Mr. E. W. Lincoln, secretary 
of the Worcester County (Mass.) Horticultural Society, wrote 
of him : He " was ever the peer of Barry and the Downings, 
and survived them to take his proper place, unchallenged, at 
the very head of the pomologists of America." 

The changes which have been made in this edition of 
Thomas' work are such only as seemed to confine its matter 
strictly to the propagation and cultivation of fruits in the open 
air, and to bring it in all respects fully up with our present 
knowledge. The few sections which treated of raising or 
ripening under glass, of preserving fruit, and the lists of such 
as could be grown only in houses, have been omitted. The 
selected list of fruits recommended for different parts of the 
United States has also been omitted, because now the agri- 
cultural experiment stations of each State afford a more re- 
liable guide. The " Monthly Calendar of Work" has been 
dropped, on account of its unsuitableness for every locality. 

The cultivation of fruit in California and the Pacific States 
is not especially treated of, there being already a voluminous 
work upon this subject. 

On the other hand, numerous chapters have been added 
upon subjects which have become of practical value and of 
almost vital importance to the would-be successful fruit- 
grower. 

The chapter on " Insects and Diseases" has been greatly ex- 
tended, the investigations of the past ten years having added 
much to our knowledge upon these important topics. 

The second section of the book, treating of the varieties of 
the " Different Kinds of Fruits," has been very thoroughly re- 
vised, and it is believed will be found to embrace practically 
complete descriptions of all the acknowledged standard and 
approved newer sorts ; while the " Descriptive Index," as here- 
tofore, includes also very many kinds nov/ nearly or quite 
superseded, and others which have been so recently intro- 
duced that their real value is not yet established. 

An entirely new chapter has been added on " Nuts." 

The new chapter on " Wild Fruits" closes this section. 

The third section has been expressly prepared for this work 
by Mr. E. H. Hart, of Florida, upon the recommendation of Mr. 



PREFACE TO TWENTIETH EDITION. VH 

P, J. Berckmans, of Augusta, Ga., the veteran and learned ex- 
president of the American Pomological Society. It covers all 
the sub-tropical fruits which can be successfully cultivated, 
sav-e, perhaps, in the limited extreme southern part of Florida. 

One of the most unsatisfactory points in connection with 
illustrations of fruits, wherever found, is the uncertainty as 
to the actual size of the variety represented, while it is pretty 
generally understood that the engravings in nurserymen's 
catalogues are usually of abnormally large specimens, and too 
often, especially with the smaller fruits, the same cut is made 
to do duty in different lists for several sorts. 

In this work all illustrations of fruit are from average-sized 
specimens, and are life-size, unless otherwise definitely stated. 

The importance of this feature in identifying varieties has 
be.en considered so great that, in certain chapters, as, for in- 
stance, that upon " Grapes" and that on " Strawberries," illus- 
trations have been wholly omitted, from the impossibility of 
obtaining photographs in the time allowed me by the publish- 
ers. In future editions, it is hoped these and other omissions 
in the same line may be supplied. 

I am indebted to Prof. L. H. Bailey, of the Cornell State 
Experiment Station, Ithaca, N. Y., for the chapter on " Spray- 
ing;" to Prof. J. L. Budd, of the State Experiment Station at 
Ames, Iowa, for descriptions of Russian apples, incorporated 
in the chapter on that fruit; to Mr. E. H. Hart, of Federal 
Point, Fla., for the entire section on " Sub-Tropical Fruits;" 
to the Directors of all the experiment stations of the country 
for their courtesy in sending me, as far as possible, complete 
files of their publications, of which I have made copious use, 
especially in the way of illustrations. 

For kind permission to copy wood-cuts, I have also to thank 
Prof. C. C. Georgeson, of Manhattan, Kan. ; and "William 
Parry, of Parry, N. J. 

I must also acknowledge m^'- indebtedness to Mr. S. B. 
Heiges, pomologist of the Department of Agriculture, Wash- 
ington, D. C, for courtesies received. 

William H. S. Wood. 

New York, January 2d, 1897. 



PREFACE TO NINETEENTH EDITION. 



The first edition of the " Fruit Culturist," the basis of the 
present work, was written more than thirty years ago, and a 
year before the appearance of Downing's first edition of the 
"Fruits and P^ruit-Trees of America." It was subsequently 
much enlarged through several revised editions. The rapid 
progress made of late years in the culture of fruit has required 
a still further revision, and the work is now brought down to 
the present date. Being intended as a guide to the practical 
cultivator, its object is to furnish useful directions in the man- 
agement of the nursery, fruit-garden, and orchard, and to as- 
sist in the selection of the best varieties for cultivation. It 
aims to give full descriptions only of valuable and promising- 
fruits suited to the country at large, or which may have been 
popular in certain districts. Many sorts, hov>^ever, which are 
less known, or whose position or value is undetermined, and 
several excellent new varieties, will be found noticed in the 
general " Descriptive List and Index," where their leading 
characteristics are briefly described. 

As some confusion would result from a promiscuous assem- 
blage of all the different varieties, a systematic classification 
has been adopted for the principal fruits. By placing them 
under separate and characteristic heads, the cultivator is ena- 
bled to distinguish and remember each sort with more readi- 
ness than where all are thrown indiscriminately together. 
The names of those varieties which have been proved of the 
greatest general value, or which have received a large vote in 
their favor, either in particular regions or throughout the 
country, are distinguished by being printed in small capitals.* 
One of the chief points for determining the classification is 
the time of ripening; and the principal fruits are separated 

* In this edition by an asterisk following the name. [Editor.] 



X PREFACE TO NINETEENTH EDITION. 

into summer, autumn, and winter sorts. Although the pe- 
riods of ripening vary several weeks in different parts of the 
country, these divisions of time will be sufficiently exact for 
general purposes. 

The distinguishing characteristics of this work are the fol- 
lowing: I. The arrangement of the chapters. 2. The syste- 
matic classification of most of the large fruits, and more espe- 
cially of the apples and pears. 3. The condensed descriptions 
of fruits, which have been mostly taken from the ripened spe- 
cimens. 4. The copious illustrations of the various operations. 

The reader will understand the comprehensive character of 
the " Descriptive List and Index" by referring to the note at 
its head. 

John J. Thomas. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



PART I. 



CHAPTER I. 

LEADING PRINCIPLES OF THE GROWTH OF TREES. 

PAGES 

Germination — The Root — The Stem and Branches — The 

Process of Growing— Flowers — Species and Varieties, . 1-15 

CHAPTER II. 

PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES. 

New Varieties by Crossing, 16-21 

CHAPTER III. 

PROPAGATION BY BUDDING AND GRAFTING, BY LAYERS AND BY CUTTINGS, 

I. Cuttings. II. Layers. III. Grafting. IV. Budding — 
Limits of Budding and Grafting. Saving Mice-Gnawed 
Trees, 22-48 

CHAPTER IV. 

SOIL, MANURES, SITUATION, AND ENCLOSURES. 

Manures — Situation — Enclosures — Hedges, .... 49-59 
CHAPTER V. 

TRANSPLANTING. 

Laying Out Orchards — Transplanting — Distances for Plant- 
ing Trees 60-76 

CHAPTER VL 

CULTIVATION OF THE SOIL. 

Renovating Old Trees — When to Manure Orchards — Ar- 
rangements to Facilitate Cultivation — The Modern Cul- 
tivation of Commercial Orchards — Fertilizers, . . 77-89 



XU TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER VII. 

PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF PRUNING. 

PAGES 

Pruning Young Trees at Transplanting — Pruning the Tops 
— Proper Time for Pruning — Pruning, as Affecting 
Fruitfulness — Summer Pruning — Giving Desired Form 
to Trees b}' Pruning— Pruning Nursery and Young 
Trees — Pruning Single Shoots — Pruning Young Apple- 
trees — Pyramids — Pruning Apple Orchards in Bearing 
— Pruning the Peach — Pruning the Cherry — Pruning 
the Quince — Pruning the Roots, 90-111 

CHAPTER VIII. 

HAND IMPLEMENTS USED BY FRUIT GROWERS. 

Knives and Saws — Fruit Pickers — Reel — Ladders — Syringes 

— Garden Engines — Labels, 112-121 

CHAPTER IX. 

THINNING, GATHERING, KEEPING, AND MARKETING. 

Thinning— Gathering — How to Pick Apples — Assorting and 
Packing for Market — Packing Grapes for Market — Pack- 
ing Strawberries and Other Small Fruits— Keeping 
Fruit — Keeping Grapes, 122-139 

CHAPTER X. 

FRUITS TO SUPPLY A FAMILY. 

Plan of a Fruit Garden — How to Obtain Fruit Quickly on 

New Places, 140-146 

CHAPTER XL 

MANAGEMENT OF NURSERIES. 

Soils — Laying Out — Shelter — Seeds and Stocks — Planting 
Seeds— Cultivation — Budding and Grafting — Digging 
or Lifting the Trees— Packing for Transportation, . 147-159 

CHAPTER Xn. 

DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 

How Insects Eat — Woolly Aphis— Round-headed Apple-tree 
Borer — Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer — Oyster-shell 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



Bark-louse — Scurfy Bark-louse — San Jose Scale — Leca- 
nium Scales — Apple Aphis — -Bud Moth — Canker-worms 
— Yellow-necked Apple-tree Caterpillar — Apple Maggot 
— Apple-worm or Codling Moth — Pear Psylla — Pear or 
Cherry Slug — Pear Midge — Plum Curculio— Plum 
Gouger — Black Peach Aphis — Peach-tree Borer — Fruit- 
tree Bark-beetle — Cherry Aphis — Cherry Fruit-fly — 
Quince Curculio — Grape Phylloxera — Grape-vine Flea 
Beetle — Rose Chafer — Grape-vine Leaf-hopper — Cur- 
rant Borer— Imported Currant-worm — Currant Span- i 
• worm — Raspberry Cane-borer — Snowy Tree-cricket — 
Raspberry Saw-fliy — "White Grubs- — Strawberry Root- 
louse — Strawberry-crown Borer — Strawberry Leaf-roller 
— Strawberry Weevil, 160-210 

CHAPTER XIIL 

THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. 

Apple: Rust— Scab— Ripe Rot— Black Rot— Fire Blight- 
Powdery Mildew. Pear: Fire Blight — Leaf Blight — 
Scab. Quince : Rust— Black Rot — Fire Blight — Leaf 
Spot — Ripe Rot. Peach : Yellows — Leaf Curl — Fruit 
Rot — Scab. Apricot: Rust. Plum: Black Knot — 
Plum Pockets — Leaf Blight — Scab — Fruit Rot. Cher7y : 
Black Knot— Leaf Blight— Fruit Rot— Mildew. Grape: 
Black Rot — Anthracnose — Downy Mildew — Powdery 
Mildew — Ripe Rot. Blackberry and Raspberry : Rust 
—Anthracnose. Ciirrant&u^ Gooseberry : Cane Blight 
— Anthracnose — Leaf Spot — Mildew. Strawberry : 
Leaf Spot. Cranberry : Scald. Root Galls, . , 211-241 

CHAPTER XIV. 

THE SPRAYING OF FRUITS. 

History and Description — The Apparatus, Materials, and 

Formulas — Spray Calendar, 242-259 

CHAPTER XV. 

TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING FRUITS. 

Growth of the Tree, Shoots, and Leaves — Form of the Fruit 

— Texture of Fruit — Flavor — Quality, .... 260-271 



XIV TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER XVI. 

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 

PAGES 

Act of 1887 Establishing — Extract from Act of 1895— List of 

Experiment Stations, ....... 272-282 

CHAPTER XVn. 

RULES ADOPTED BY THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION 

FOR NAMING AND DESCRIBING FRUITS, .... 283 



PART II. 
On the Different Kinds of Fruit. 



CHAPTER XVni. 



THE APPLE. 



Nursery Management — Planting Orchards — Cultivation — 
Renovating and Pruning Old Orchards — Changes 
Wrought by Climate and Soil— Dwarf Apples — Age 
at which Apple-trees Begin to Fruit — Varieties, , . 287-350 

CHAPTER XIX. 

THE APRICOT. 

Cultivation and Soil — Varieties, 351-355 

CHAPTER XX. 

THE BLACKBERRY AND DEWBERRY. 

Cultivation — Covering from Cold — Varieties, . . . 356-361 
CHAPTER XXI. 

THE CHERRY. 

Propagation — Soil — Dwarf Cherries — Varieties, . . . 362-381 
CHAPTER XXII. 

THE CRANBERRY. 

Soil and Cultivation— Setting the Plants— Flooding— Gath- 
ering — Varieties, 382-385 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. XV 

CHAPTER XXIII. 

THE CURRANT. 

PAGES 

Propagation — Pruning— Varieties, 386-392 

CHAPTER XXIV. 

THE GOOSEBERRY, 

Propagation and Cultivation — Varieties, .... 393-397 
CHAPTER XXV. 

THE GRAPE. 

Propagation— Grafting — Training — Transplanting — Trellis 
— Training on the Trellis — Modifications of Training — 
Spraying Grapes — Bagging Grapes — Soil for Vine- 
3'ards — Distances for Planting — Raising Grapes from 
Seed — Varieties, 398-427 

CHAPTER XXVI. 

THE MULBERRY. 

Propagation and Cultivation — Varieties, .... 428-430 
CHAPTER XXVII. 

NECTARINES. 

Cultivation — Varieties, ........ 431-433 

CHAPTER XXVIII. 

NUTS. 

Propagation — Grafting- — Chestnuts — Chinquapin — Hazel- 
Nuts. Hickories: Pecans — Shellbarks. - Walnuts: 
Butternuts — Black Walnuts — Persian Walnut, . . 434-463 

CHAPTER XXIX. 

THE PEACH. 

Propagation — Raising in Pots — Winter Protection — Varie- 
ties, 464-490 

CHAPTER XXX. 

THE PEAR. 

Propagation — Wintering— Budding — Dwarf Pears — Prun- 
ing — Dwarf Pears — Regrafting Large Pear-trees — Va- 
rieties, . ........ . 491-544 



XVI TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER XXXI. 

PLUMS. 

PAGES 

Propagation — Grafting and Budding — Cultivation — Varie- 
ties, 545-579 

CHAPTER XXXH. 

THE QUINCE. 

Propagation — Pruning — Varieties, 580-584 

CHAPTER XXXni. 

THE RASPBERRY. 

Propagation — Planting for Market — Propagating by Seed — 

Rules for Culture — Varieties, 585-595 

CHAPTER XXXIV. 

THE STRAWBERRY. 

Requisites for Cultivation— Soil — Transplanting — Cultiva- 
tion — Runners — Early Strawberries — Setting Out 
Plants — Selection of Varieties — Staminate and Pistil- 
late Sorts — Varieties, 596-609 

CHAPTER XXXV. 

WILD AND UNCLASSIFIED FRUITS. 

Buffalo Berry — Eleagnus Longipes — Huckleberries — June 
Berry — Medlars — Paw-paw — Strawberry-Raspberry — 
Japanese Wineberry, 610-618 



PART III. 
Sub-Tropical Fruits. 



CHAPTER XXXVI. 

CITRUS FRUITS. 

The Orange : Evolution— Propagation— Budding and Graft- 
ing — Transplanting— Cuttings and Layers— Soil— Fer- 
tilizers— Distance of Planting — Cultivation— Pruning — 
Frost — Insects — Diseases — Selection of Varieties — Va- 
rieties. The Lemon : Cultivation — Varieties — Market- 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. XVll 

ing the Orange and Lemon. The Citron : Cultivation 
— Varieties. T/ie SJtaddock : Description — Varieties. 
The Lvne : Description — Propagation — Varieties, . 621-652 

CHAPTER XXXVII. 

THE BANANA. 

Cultivation and Propagation, 653-654 

CHAPTER XXXVIII. 

THE DATE. 

Cultivation, 655-657 

CHAPTER XXXIX. 

THE FIG. 

Description — Propagation — Cultivation— Varieties, , . 658-664 
CHAPTER XL. 

THE GUAVA. 

Description— Propagation, . 665-666 

CHAPTER XLI. 

THE LOQUAT. 

Description — Propagation, 667-668 

CHAPTER XLIL 

THE PERSIMMON. 

Cultivation — Japanese Improvements — Insect Enemies — 

Varieties '. 669-677 

CHAPTER XLIII. 

THE PINEAPPLE. 

Description — Cultivation — Propagation — Diseases — Varie- 
ties, 678-685 

CHAPTER XLIV. 

THE POMEGRANATE. 

Description^ — Propagation— Varieties, 686-687 

Descriptive List and Index of Fruits, . . . . 689-808 

Glossary, . ' . . 809-814 

General Index, ■ . 815-823 



THE AMERICAN FRUIT CULTURIST. 



CHAPTER I. 

LEADING PRINCIPLES OF THE GROV/TH OF 
TREES. 

The formation of a large tree from a minute seed is one of 
the most interesting and wonderful occurrences in nature. It 
is important that the fruit culturist should so understand the 
process as to know what will hasten it on one hand or retard it 
on the other. By understanding these principles, the neces- 
sary rules will be greatly simplified, and the directions ren- 
dered more clear and obvious. 

Germination. 

The first movement of the seed towards forming a new 
plant is termed germination. After the plant is formed, and 
its growth is carried on through the agency of its leaves, the 
process is termed vegetation j the latter immediately following 
the former. 

To produce germination seeds require heat, moisture, and 
air, but not light. It will be observed that these three requi- 
sites are present when seeds are slightly buried in moist, 
warm, mellow earth. Heat, although essential to all seeds, 
varies in the degree required by different species. The chick- 
weed, for instance, will vegetate nearly down to the freezing- 
point ; while tropical or hot-house plants often need a blood 
heat. Nearly every person has seen proofs of the necessity of 
moisture for the germination of seeds— indicated by the prac- 
tice of watering newly-sown beds. The florist is aware that 
I 



2 PRINCIPLES OF THE GROWTH OF TREES. 

minute seed, which cannot be planted deep, as the portulacca, 
must be kept moist by a thin covering or shading. It is often 
requisite to bury seeds to a considerable depth, in order to 
secure a proper degree of moisture to start them. On the 
other hand, they will sprout on the surface unburied, if kept 
constantly showered. 

The third requisite, ai7\ is an important one. Seeds may be 
kept dormant a long time by deep burying. Nurserymen 
have often retained the vitality of peach-stones for a year or 
two, by burying them a foot or more in compact earth. Other 
seed might doubtless be kept for a time. in the same way. 
Planting too deep is often fatal to the success of a crop. The 
seeds of noxious weeds remain many years buried beneath the 
soil, until cultivation brings them up, mixes them with the 
soft mellow surface, accessible to air, when they spring up in 
profusion over the ground. 

As a general rule, seeds germinate and grow most readily 
when buried to a depth of from three to five times their 
diameter, in soils of ordinary moisture. 

In order to produce germination, moisture must find ready 
access to the interior of the seed. It is often excluded, if the 
coats have been allowed to become too dry. The thick cover- 
ings of the chestnut, horse-chestnut, and many seeds 'of sim- 
ilar character, if left a few days exposed to the air, become 
so hard as to prevent it. To secure success, they must be 
kept moist by imbedding them in moist sand, leaf-mould, or 
moss, from the moment they separate from the tree until 
planted in the earth. Apple seeds and some others, which 
have been allowed to become too dry, may frequently be 
started by scalding and then exposing them to the action of 
the frost ; and by repeating the process several times, there is 
greater certainty of germinating. As the scalding and cool- 
ing must be quickly done, portions not larger than two or 
three pounds should be taken at a time. The object in crack- 
ing peach and plum-stones before planting, is to admit air and 
moisture — a process which is also hastened by subjecting 
them to freezing and thawing. 

The Structure of the Plant or Tree. — All plants, in the first 
place, are manufactured or built up of innumerable little 
.cells, sacs, or cavities. These are usually not over a five- 



PRINCIPLES OF THE GROWTH OF TREES. 3 

hundredth part of an inch in diameter, and in many plants 
they are still smaller. Fig. i exhibits a section of the wood 
of the maple cut across — presenting many thousands of these 
little vessels, only visible under a good microscope. The 
branch of an apple-tree, an inch in diameter, cut across, shows 
about one million. This cellular structure exists throughout 
the roots, stems, shoots, leaves, flowers, and fruit. 

The cells of plants usually vary from i-30oth to i-5ooth of an 
inch in diameter, and it is obvious that during vigorous 
growth the plant forms them with great rapidity. A shoot of 




Fiu. I. — Cross Section of Tree Trunk. 



asparagus increases the length of one cell every ten seconds; 
and as its diameter embraces many thousands, from fifty to a 
hunred million are formed every day. The building up of the 
plant of these cells has been compared to the erection of a 
house by the successive addition of bricks ; but if as many 
bricks were daily added to a structure, they would be enough 
to make a building daily larger than the great pyramid of 
Egypt, or the Coliseum at Rome. Yet every one of these 
cells is as perfect and finished as the finest work of art. 

The Root. 
The root consists of several parts (Fig. 2). The main root, 
called also the tap root, is the large central portion, extend- 
ing downward. In many plants or trees, however, it is 



PRINCIPLES OF THE GROWTH OF TREES. 



divided as growth advances, until lost in laterals or side 
branches. The fibres or rootlets are the small thread-like 
roots proceeding from the laterals ; and lastly, the smallest of 
all, the new fibres are furnished with root-hairs, scarcely visi- 
ble without a 
microscope. 
The whole 
surface of 
roots continue 
to absorb 
moisture from 
the soil so 
long as they 
are fresh and 
new; and the 
newer p o r- 
tions, near the 
tips, absorb 
most freely. 
Old roots, 
covered with 
a hard or hor- 
ny bark, imbibe almost none. The root-hairs convey mois- 
ture into the fibres with rapidity. Young trees, when dug 
Tip for transplanting, have most of the fibres and root-hairs 
torn from them, and they would suffer serious injury or die, 
but for the power which they possess of rapidly reproducing 
them under favorable influences. 

The collar is the point of union between the root and the 
stem, but its place may be easily changed in many young 
plants by banking up the stem, which will emit new roots 
above. Or, a branch may be buried, as in layering grape- 
vines, honeysuckles, gooseberries, and many other woody 
plants. Small portions of roots attached to a graft will often 
produce a new plant; this is especially the case with the 
grape and rose, which are extensively propagated in this wa}^ ; 
and also in some degree with the apple, of which, however, 
when thus root-grafted, larger portions should be employed of 
the roots of one-year, or at most two-year, seedlings. 







' Ti^cv 


\ , 






^ 






^^ 


• 






^( 


i 



Fig. 2.— Root System of Two-year-old Apple. 



PRINCIPLES OF THE GROWTH OF TREES. 5 

The Stem and Branches. 

As roots are annual, biennial, or perennial, as they continue 
\i\\ng one, two, or more seasons; so the stem is herbaceous or 
woody, as it grows only one year or more — in the latter in- 
stance hardening into wood. Woody plants, when small, are 
called shrubs, as the rose, gooseberry, and currant. When 
large, they are trees, as the apple, pine, and oak. A dwarf 
apple, made small by budding any common variety on the 
small Paradise stock, becomes a shrub. Stickers are branches 
springing up from underground stems ; some times they come 
from mutilated roots. Runners are creeping stems, which 
strike roots at the tips and form leaves there, as in the straw- 
berry. A single strawberry plant will in this way produce a 
hundred new ones or more in a summer; and by care ten 
thousand by the end of the second year, a million the third, 
and so on. 

Stated in general terms the stems or trunks of hard wood 
trees (dicotyledons) are formnd of bark, cambium layer, wood, 
and pith. The outer bark on some trees gradually forms into 
a thick, hard, corky substance, termed cortical layers, but while 
young it is the green bark of growing shoots. The inner layer 
of bark, next the cambium, is called the bast layer or liber, 
from the resemblance of the concentric plates of which it is 
formed to the leaves of a book. 

The cambium layer is the active, cellular agent in the 
growth of the tree. It lies between the bark and wood. 
From its inner surface is produced the growth of wood, and 
from its outer the bark is formed. Thus the newest bark is 
inside, and the newest wood outside. 

Wood. — The outer wood, which is the youngest and freshest, 
is called the alburnum or sap-wood. The heart-w^ood is the 
older, harder, and usually more dried portion ; and it bears 
the same relation to the sap-wood as the cortical layers do 
to the liber. 

The pith, in young plants, performs a useful office by re- 
taining moisture ; but in old trees it becomes dry, shrivelled, 
and useless, and trees grow as well where it has been cut out. 

Branches. — These consist of main branches, or limbs; second- 
ary or smaller branches; and shoots, or the extremities, being 
one year's growth. Thorns are usually a modification of 



PRINCIPLES OF THE GROWTH OF TREES. 



branches, and are simple, as in the common thorn; or 
branched, as in the honey-locust. Ungrafted pear-trees often 
present all the intermediate forms between perfect branches 
and perfect thorns. Prickles grow only from the bark, and 
when the bark is stripped off they are all taken off with it ; 
but thorns remain attached to the wood. 

Buds are of two kinds, leaf sjiA. flower. The former grow 
into branches, the latter produce fruit. To distinguish these 
buds is of great importance to the cultivator of fruit-trees. 
Fig. 3 represents a portion of the branch of a pear-tree; 

b, b, b are flower or fruit- 
buds on the extremities of 
short spurs termed fruit- 
spurs, and (T is a leaf-bud on 
a one-year's shoot. Fig. 4 
exhibits these two kinds of 
buds as seen on the cherry, 
b, b, being the round fruit- 
buds, and c, c, the sharper 
leaf-buds. 

Causes of this Difl^erence. — 
When young trees grow 
rapidly, all their buds are 
leaf-buds; when they be- 
come older and grow more 
slowly, many of them be- 
come flower or fruit buds. 
One is the result of rapid and the other of slow growth. Check 
the growth of a young tree by transplanting it, or by root- 
pruning, or by neglecting cultivation, or allowing it to grow 
with grass, and many fruit-buds will be found upon it, and it 
will bear early. But as the growth is unnaturally enfeebled, 
the fruit is not always of the best quality. The natural di- 
minution of vigor from increased age furnishes better fruit. 
Fruit-buds are likewise produced by checking the free flow of 
the sap in grafting on dissimilar stocks ; as, for example, the 
pear on the quince, producing dwarf pear-trees. The fruit- 
spurs shown by b. Fig. 3, are nothing more than short 
shoots, originally produced from leaf-buds, but which, mak- 
ing little growth, have become fruit-bearers. The vigorous, 




Fig. 3. Fig. 4. 

Leaf and Flower Buds, b, b. Flower- 
buds ; c, c, leaf-buds. 



PRINCIPLES OF THE GROWTH OF TREES. 7 

one-year shoot of the cherry, Fig. 4, is mostly supplied with 
leaf-buds, but the short spurs on the second year's wood, 
which are but dwarfed branches, are covered with fruit-buds, 
with only a leaf-bud in the centre. 

It is not, however, always the slowest-growing kinds of 
fruit-trees that bear soonest. There appears to be a constitu- 
tional peculiarity, with different sorts, that controls the time 
of beginning to bear. The Bartlett, Julienne, and Howell 
pears, vigorous growers, bear much sooner than the Dix and 
Tyson, which are less vigorous. 

By pruning away a part of the leaf-buds the fruitfulness of a 
tree may be increased ; and by pruning awaj'' the fruit-spurs, 
bearing may be prevented, and more vigor thrown into the 
shoots. 

Buds are lateral, when on the side of a shoot ; and terminal, 
when on the end. Terminal buds are nearly always leaf-buds, 
and, usually being larger and stronger than others, make 
stronger shoots. The terminal buds are strongest, as a rule, 
because their leaves of the previous year were more fully ex- 
posed to air and light. 

Latent Buds. — Only a small proportion of all the buds 
formed grow the second year; the rest remain dormant or 
latent for years, and are made to grow and produce shoots 
only when the others are destroyed. The longer a bud re- 
mains dormant, the more unlikely it is to grow. It usually 
dies after two or three years, leaving a ridge or crease on the 
bark. 

Adventitious Buds are produced by some trees irregularly 
anywhere on the surface of the wood, especially where it has 
been mutilated or injured ; and they form on the roots of some 
trees which are cut or wounded. In these cases such trees 
may be usually propagated by cuttings of the roots. It is 
usually from adventitious buds, not from dormant buds, that 
the shoots arise when a limb is severed. These adventitious 
buds do not exist in the bark, but are formed for the occasion. 

Leaves. — •These are commonly made up of two principal 
parts, viz., the framework, consisting of the leaf-stalk, ribs, 
and veins, for strengthening the leaf, and supplying it with 
sap ; and the green pulp, which fills the meshes or interstices. 
The whole is covered with a thin skin or epidermis. The 



PRINCIPLES OF THE GP01V7V/ OF TREES. 




Fig. 5. 



green pulp consists of cells of various forms, with many air 
spaces between. The cells are commonly placed very com- 
pactly together on the upper side of the leaf, and more loosely, 
or with air-spaces, on the lower side — hence one reason that 

leaves are usually lighter- 

"1 ' ^ 



colored below. Fig. 5 is 
a highly magnified sec- 
tion of a leaf, showing the 
green cells, air - spaces, 
and epidermis above and 
below. Leaves have also 
breathing poi'es, through 
which air is absorbed, 
and vapor and gases are 
given off. They are so 
small as to require a good 
microscope to discover 
them; and they vary in 
different plants from 1,000 
to 170,000 on a square inch of surface. The apple and pear 
have about 25,000 or 30,000, and the white lily about 60,000 to 
the square inch. They are most- 
ly on the lower side of the leaf. 
Fig. 6 represents the pores on 
an apple-leaf. Leaves are a con- 
trivance for increasing the sur- 
face exposed to the air and sun. 
Professor Gray sa^'S the Wash- 
ington elm at Cambridge was 
estimated to bear " seven million 
leaves, exposing a surface of 
200,000 square feet, or about five 
acres of foliage." A common 
fully grown apple-tree has from 
three to five hundred thousand leaves, and the breathing 
pores they all contain must be more than a thousand million. 

The Process of Growing. 

Water is absorbed hy the roots, carrying in weak solution 
many earthy salts. When it is in the plant, it is denominated 




Fig. 6. 



PRINCIPLES OF THE GROWTH OF TREES. 9 

sap. It passes from cell to cell upward, through the sap- 
wood, until it reaches the leaves. The cells being separate, 
and not continuous tubes, it is conveyed from one to another 
through a great number of partitions ; in the basswood, for ex- 
ample, which has very long cells, it passes about 2,000 parti- 
tions in rising a foot. 

When the sap enters the leaf, it emerges from the dark cells 
through which it has been passing, and is spread out to the 
light of the sun. A large portion is evaporated through the 
breathing pores, and it becomes thickened. The carbonic 
acid of the air, under the influence of sunlight and in the pres- 
ence of the leaf-green, now forms a combination with the 
oxygen and hydrogen of the sap, and produces the triple com- 
pound of oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon, which constitutes 
woody fibre— the oxygen of the carbonic acid escaping. This 
escape of oxygen may be seen by placing leaves under water 
in the sunshine. Innumerable little bubbles of oxygen form 
on the surface of the leaves, and give them a silvery appear- 
ance. If continued, air-bubbles rise in the water, and if a 
glass tumbler full of water is inverted over them, pure oxygen 
in small quantities maybe procured. A plant growing in car- 
bonic acid gas takes the carbon, and leaves the oxygen ; in 
this way changing the acid to oxygen. Growing plants thus 
perform a most important office by purifying the atmopshere. 
Fires in burning, and animals in breathing, consume carbon, 
combine it with oxygen, and then throw off the carbonic acid 
thus formed. This acid, by excluding oxygen, might after a 
while become so abundant as to prove injurious to animal 
life, were it not for the wise provision by which plants con- 
sume it and restore the oxygen. Connected with this, there 
is another interesting proof of creative design. If there were 
no carbonic acid in the air, plants could not grow; but one- 
twenty-five-hundredth part, as now exists, supplies food for 
vegetation, and does not affect the health of animals and man. 

Leaves require sunlight to enable them thus to decompose 
carbonic acid. It does not go on in a dark room, or in the 
night. Anything which excludes light and air tends to make 
the product of the plant inferior or bitter. The fruits cannot 
ripen fully. Their juices do not reach their full chemical ma- 
turity. Thinning and pruning are therefore important. 



lo 



PRINCIPLES OF THE GROWTH OF TREES. 



Hence, strawberries and other fruits are more acid when hid- 
den by leaves or in cloudy weather ; and apples on the thickly- 
shaded part of an unpruned tree are more sour and imperfect 
than where, by good pruning, the leaves v/hich feed them are 
fully exposed to the light, and receive a proper share of car- 
bon. 

The sap, thickened, reduced in bulk, and containing organ- 
ized matter, then descends the branches and trunk, forming a 
layer of fresh substance, between bark and wood, called the 
cambium — most of which constitutes a new laj^er of wood — a 
small part making a new layer of bark. The annual deposits 
of new wood form distinct concentric rings, by which the age 
of the tree may be counted when the trunk is cut through. 
That this is the mode by which wood in exogenous trees is de- 
posited, may be proved by an interesting experiment, per- 
formed by slitting the bark of a young tree, lifting it up care- 
fully, and then slipping in between wood and bark a sheet of 
tin-foil, and binding the bark on again. The bark will deposit 
layers of wood outside the tin-foil, and none in- 
side ; and after a lapse of years the concentric 
rings will be found to correspond exactly with 
the time since the operation was performed. 

The descent of the elaborated sap in the 
inner bark may be shown by tying a ligature 
around a growing branch, or by removing a 
ring of bark. The downward currents are ob- 
structed, like that of a stream by a dam, and 
new material accumulates above the obstruc- 
tion, and not below, as shown in Fig. 7. 
Fig. 7. -Effects of -^^ Grafting, it is essential that some portions 
a Constriction of the cut Surfaces uniting the stock and shoot 
upon the Growth ghould be placed so accurately together that 

of a Sapling. -"^ jo 

the sap may flow up through the alburnum or 
sap-wood from the stock to the shoot, and that the cambium 
of the shoot may grow to that of the stock. When this union 
takes place, the rest of the cut faces, even if some distance 
apart, are soon cemented by the newly-forming wood, which 
fills all the vacant space. 

In Budding, the newly-set bud is cemented to the wood of 
the stock by the cambium, which hardens and fastens it. The 




PRINCIPLES OF THE GROWTH OF TREES. ir 

next spring the bud grows, forms a shoot, and the two por- 
tions become securely united by the new wood. Unless the 
cambium is vigorous enough to join the wood to the stock, 
the operation cannot succeed ; and this is the reason why, with 
vigorously growing stocks, in which the sap is flowing freely, 
which are consequently rapidly forming new wood, budding 
succeeds better than with feeble growers, where but little of 
this natural cement exists. 

The rapidity with which leaves exhale moisture is shown 
by severing them from the stem in dry weather. They soon 
wither and become dry. Cut a shoot from a tree, and throw- 
it down in the sun's rays, and it will quickly shrivel, in con- 
sequence of the rapid escape of its moisture through the 
leaves. But first cut off all the leaves, and the shoot will re- 
main plump a long time. This is the reason that it becomes 
necessary to remove the leaves at once from scions cut for 
budding. 

Hence also the reason that plants and trees are so liable to- 
die if transplanted with the leaves on, a disaster which may 
be partially prevented in trees by removing the leaves ; and 
in plants or cuttings with leaves on, by covering them imme- 
diately with a bell-glass which, by holding the watery vapor, 
keeps a humid atmosphere about them. It is for this reason,, 
also, that when young trees lose a large portion of their roots, 
a part of the top must be cut off, to prevent the heavy evap- 
oration which all the leaves would occasion. 

A sunflower plant, about three feet high, was found to ex- 
hale from its leaves in very dry weather between one and two 
pints of water in a day. A bunch of growing grass placed be- 
neath a cool inverted glass, soon covered the sides of the glass 
with condensed drops from the vapor, and in a few minutes 
the water ran down the sides. These experiments show the 
great amount of water needed by growing plants ; and also 
prove the mistake which some persons commit, by leaving 
weeds to grow to shade the ground and keep it moist, while- 
these weeds are actually pumping the water rapidly up from 
the soil, and dissipating it through their leaves. 

The absolute necessity of leaves to the growth of a tree is 
shown by the fact that when they are stripped off by cater- 
pillars, the tree ceases to grow till new ones expand ; and if 



12 PRINCIPLES OF THE GROWTH OF TREES. 

often repeated it perishes. When the leaves of young pear- 
stocks cease to act, in consequence of leaf-blight, the tree no 
longer grows; cambium ceases to form, and they cannot be 
budded. An interesting illustration of the office of leaves oc- 
curred to the writer a few years since : A yellow gage plum- 
tree set a heavy crop ; btit when the fruit was nearly grown 
all the leaves dropped. The fruit remained green, flavorless, 
and stationary, until a new crop of leaves came out. It then 
finished growing, acquired a golden color, and a rich, excel- 
lent flavor. 

Perfect fruit requires perfect leaves; and thick, crowded, 
half-grown leaves give small fruit with poor flavor. The 
great object of pruning, and of summer pruning especially, is 
to give plenty of good, healthy, and not crowded foliage, and 
the crop will also be good. 

The green bark of trees and plants performs an office similar 
to that of the leaves; and, in connection with the cells adjoin- 
ing, appears to fulfil sometimes an office which the leaves fail 
to accomplish. This is, pe7'petuating the identity of the species or 
variety. For example, bud a /^ar-tree on a quiiice. All the 
wood above the place of union will be pear-wood ; all below 
will be quince. All the supplies which come from the pear- 
leaves change to quince- wood the moment they pass this point; 
and if the budding is performed when the quince-stock is 
smaller than a quill, yet all the wood below, when it becomes 
a large tree, will still be perfect quince-wood, as is shown 
when any chance shoots or suckers spring up from below. 
Or bud, for example, the Northern Spy, which has dark bark. 
with the Bellflower, which has yellow; and again, bud the 
Snow-apple, which has dark-colored bark, on the Bellflower, 
and the light-colored Sweet Bough on this — each being an 
inch above the last budding. Successive dark and light bark, 
the peculiarity of each variety, will remain as long as the 
tree grows : showing conclusively that each part or twig has 
the power of maintaining its individuality. 



PRINCIPLES OF THE GROWTH OF TREES. 



15 



Flowers. 

The object of the flower is the production of seeds, and 
through them the reproduction of new plants. The protect- 
ing organs of each are, the 
calyx outside, which is usual- 
ly, not always, green ; and the 
corolla, or flower leaves, of 
various colors, which are next 
within the calyx. The essen- 
tial parts of the flowers are 
the stamens a.ndij>istils. Fig. 8 

, I -, a Fig. 8.— Flower of the Cherry. 

represents an enlarged flower •' 

of the cherry, cut through the middle, showing the small 
calyx, the large corolla, the many stamens, and the single 
pistil. Fig. 9 is a magnified flower of the purslane, showing 
several pistils. The head of the stamen {b. Fig. 10) is called 






Fig. g.— Purslane Flower. 



Fig. 10. — Stamen. 



Fig. II.— Pistil. 



the anther. It contains a powder called /<9//^«, which is dis- 
charged by the bursting of the anther, the pollen being the 
fertilizing matter essential to the production and growth of 
the new seed. The thread-like stalk of the stamen, a, is called 
fhe filament. The pistil (Fig. 11) consists oi th.Q stigjtia, c, at 
the top ; the style, b, its support ; and the ovary, a, or future seed- 
vessel. The ovules, d, are the rudimentary seeds. The pollen 
of the stamens falls on the stigma, and the egg-cells are fertil- 
ized or impregnated, and seeds are the result. 

Sometimes the stamens and pistils are in different flowers, 
on different parts of the plant. A familiar instance occurs in 
Indian-corn, the " silk " being the pistils, and unless these are 



^4 



PRINCIPLES OF THE GROWTH OF TREES. 



impregnated by the pollen of the anthers at the top, no grains 
of corn will be prodiaced. 

Sometimes the staminate and pistillate flowers are not onlj' 
separate, but are on distinct plants, as the Buckthorn and 

Hemp. The pistillate flowers are 
said to be fertile, and the staminate 
sterile, and both must be planted 
near each other in order to obtain 
fruit or seed. 

Sometimes the stamens, when not 
absent, are so defective that they 
cannot fertilize the pistils, or but 
This is the case with some of the pistillate 
strawberries; such, for example, as Hovey's Seedling and the 
Crescent. In order to produce good crops, some other vari- 
ety that has perfect flowers or perfectly-developed stamens, 
as the Scarlet, or Wilson, must be planted near, from which the 
wind may waft or the bees carry the pollen to the imperfect 
flowers. Fig. 12 represents the flower of a staminate straw- 
berry, or one in which stamens as well as pistils are perfect; 
Fig. 13 is a pistillate flower, the stamens being small, and con- 




FlG. 12. 

Staminate Flower. 



imperfectly. 





Fig. 14. — Stamens of Scarlet 
Strawberry. 



Fig. 15. — Stamens of Hovey's 
Seedling. 



taining but little pollen in the anthers. Fig. 14 is an enlarged 
view of the former, a being the stamens, and b the pistils. Fig. 
15 is a flower of Hovey's Seedling showing at a the dwarfed 
and useless stamens. Sometimes very favorable circumstances 
will enable these dwarfs to afford a portion of pollen, and 
berries will be produced. Some pistillate varieties are desti- 
tute of stamens. 

Species and Varieties. 

Plants and animals of one species are supposed never to 
produce a progeny of a different one, no matter how many 



PRINCIPLES OF THE GROWTH OF TREES. 15 

successive generations may intervene. Thus, for example, 
the seed of a pear never produces an apple, these being dis- 
tinct species J but it gives many different sorts of pears, which 
are only varieties. So the apple produces innumerable varie- 
ties, but it can never yield a pear, a quince, or a peach. 

The knowledge of the character of species, and their affini- 
ties, would frequently prevent the blunders which grafters 
commit, in trying to make the peach grow on the willow or 
butternut. 

While species reproduce the same species, varieties do not 
always reproduce themselves. Varieties have been called 
incipient species. By slow and gradual changes, varieties may 
in time give rise to other species. So it happens that whereas 
the species may not directly change into another species, it 
may gradually pass into another by successive variations. 
But in the lifetime of a man, specific limits are rarely over- 
passed. 



CHAPTER IL 

PRODUCTION OP NEW VARIETIES. 

The tendency is more or less common with all plants, 
when successively produced from seed, to depart from the 
character first stamped upon them. These departures give 
rise to new varieties. This tendency to vary is increased as 
plants are removed from their native localities; and in an 
eminent degree by cultivation. Planted in gardens, and sub- 
jected to high culture, repeated and successive sowings often 
develop striking changes in those which for previous centu- 
ries had remained unchanged. By a constant selection of 
seeds from the best, a gradual improvement on the original is 
effected. Most of our finest fruits doubtless owe their exist- 
ence to this improving process. 

While a few of the seedlings from such improved varieties 
may become still further improved, a far greater number will 
probably approach toward the original or wild state. The 
more highly improved the fruit, the greater the difficulty to 
find one of its progeny which shall excel or equal the parent. 
In ten thousand seedlings from those high-flavored apples, the 
Swaar and Esopus Spitzenberg, it may be quite doubtful if 
any shall equal in quality those fruits themselves, while most 
may fall considerably below them. 

The improvements effected in former ages were doubtless 
the result of accident, as the ancients were ignorant of the 
means for their systematic accomplishment. The greatest 
progress in the art made in modern times was effected by Van 
Mons in Belgium and Knight in England. 

Van Mons, who directed his labors chiefly to the pear, ob- 
tained many new and excellent varieties, by a constant and 
successive selection of the best seedlings. He first made a 
large collection of natural stocks, or wild pears, choosing:^ 

i6 



PRODUCTION- OF NEW VARIETIES. 17 

those which, from the appearance of the wood and leaf, he 
had reason to believe would be most likely to give the best 
fruit. As soon as the first of these bore, he selected the best, 
and planted the seeds. Selections were again made from the 
first of these, and so on in continued succession, the best and 
soonest in bearing were uniformly chosen. He thus obtained 
fruit from the eighth generation ; each successive experiment 
yielding an improved result on the preceding. He had, in the 
early part of this series of experiments, no less than eighty 
thousand trees ; hence, in selecting from so large a number, 
his chance for fine sorts was far greater than from a small col- 
lection ; and hence too the reason why, after seven or eight 
improving generations, he had obtained so many good varie- 
ties. In the early stages of his operations, he found " that 
twelve or fifteen years was the mean term of time from the 
moment of planting the first seed of an ancient variety of the 
domestic pear, to the first fructification of the trees which 
sprang from them." When his seedlings were at the age of 
three or four years, he was able to judge of their appearances- 
though they had not as yet borne ; such only were taken for 
further trial as exhibited the strongest probability of excel- 
lence. It is hardly necessary to remark that in all these- 
trials the young trees were kept in the highest state of culti- 
vation. 

Van Mons maintained that by selecting and planting the 
seeds of the first crop on the young tree, the product would- 
be less liable to turn back to the original variety than where 
the seeds were taken from the fruit of an old-bearing or 
grafted tree ; and to this practice he chiefiy ascribed his suc- 
cess. The many instances, however, of fine seedlings from: 
old grafted sorts throw a shade of doubt over this theory. 
There is scarcely a question that the same extent of labor 
expended in crossing varieties would have given greater 
success. 

New Varieties by Crossing. 

New varieties are produced in crossing by pollinating the 
stigma of one with the pollen from another, as described in 
the preceding chapter. The simplest instance which occurs 
is that of the strawberry, the pistillate varieties of which 



x8 PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES. 

must always be impregnated with pollen from staminate sorts. 
Thus the seed obtained from the berries of every pistillate 
strawberry are crosses, and if planted will produce new vari- 
eties. In fruit-trees, the stamens and pistils are in the same 
flower, but these two sets of organs often mature at different 
times. Crossing is mostly effected by insects, which, becom- 
ing thickly dusted with powder from one flower, plunge into 
the recesses of another, and effect a cross-pollination. Where 
many varieties grow in one garden, in close proximity, cases 
of promiscuous intermixture are constantly occurring. The 
crosses thus produced are shown usually only by raising fruit 
from the seedlings. 

In the annexed figure of the pear-blossom (Fig. i6), the five 





Fig. i6— Flower of the Pear. FiG. 17.— The anthers cut out. This 

«, Stigma ; 5, anthers. should be done in the bud. 



central organs a are the pistils j the upper extremity of each is 
the stigma. The surrounding thread-like organs, b, are the 
stamens, surmounted by the anthers. When the flowers open, 
the anthers burst, and discharge the pollen which may fall on 
the stigmas or be carried to the stigmas of another flower. 

The production of new varieties is greatly facilitated by 
■cross-impregnation, or by fertilizing the pistil of one variety 
-with the pollen of another. This was performed with great 
■ success by Knight. Selecting two varieties before the flowers 
had opened, and before the anthers had burst and discharged 
•the pollen, he cut out with a fine pair of scissors all the sta- 
3xiens, leaving the pistils untouched (Fig. 17). When the 
stigma became sufficiently mature, which was indicated by its 
glutinous surface, he transferred the pollen of the other sort 
on the point of a camel's hair pencil. Some propagators pre- 
fer the point of a knife for applying the pollen. The fruit, 
thus yielded, was unchanged ; but its seeds partook variously 



PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES. 19 

of the nature of both parents, and the trees growing from 
them bore new and intermediate varieties. 

For the success of such experiments, several precautions 
are requisite. The flower must be deprived of its stamens 
before it has fully expanded, or before the anthers have al- 
ready burst and scattered their dust; the pollen must be pro- 
cured from a bursting or fully matured anther, when it will 
be dry and powdery ; the stigma must be inoculated as soon 
as it becomes adhesive or glutinous, otherwise it may be fer- 
tilized from another source, and then the intended pollen can- 
not possibly take effect. For a stigma once inoculated can- 
not be inoculated again. It is safest, where practicable, to 
force the trees by artificial heat into flowering a few days 
earlier than others, so as to be secure from accidental inocu- 
lations of pollen floating in the air ; and to prevent its spread 
by bees, to apply a temporary covering of gauze, or thin oil- 
cloth. A want of attention to these minutiae has led some ex- 
perimenters to fancy they had obtained crosses, when they 
had only natural seedlings. 

To obtain new varieties of certain desired qualities, select 
two which possess those qualities separately, and seedlings 
from crossing will be likely to exhibit these qualities com- 
bined. Thus, a very early pear deficient in flavor, as the 
Amire Joannet, might furnish one of superior quality by a 
cross with a better and later sort, as Dearborn's Seedling. 
Or, a small and very rich pear, as the Seckel, might give us 
one of the larger size by fertilizing the Bartlett. A slow- 
growing and tender peach, as the Early Anne, might be ren- 
dered hardier and more vigorous by an intermixture with the 
Early York or Cooledge's Favorite. But it must be remem- 
bered, that there is a tendency in such highly improved sorts 
to deteriorate, and that out of thousands of seedlings, perhaps 
only one or two ma^' be fully equal to the original. 

The following mode of raising crosses of the grape 
is described by G. W. Campbell, who has experimented 
largely : 

" To be certain of success, the grape blossom must be 
opened artificially, before its natural period of flowering, and 
all the anthers or stamens removed before the pollen or fe- 
cundating dust is formed, leaving the bare germ, with the 



2 PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES. 

stigma unfertilized. To prevent the possibilities of impreg- 
nation by bees or insects, or the wind conveying pollen from 
other sources, the prepared blossom-bunch is inclosed in a 
tight, oil-silk case, and pollen supplied at the proper time 
from whatever variety it is proposed to cross, or hybridize 
with. When the berries swell, and commence growing, it is 
an indication that the process has been successful; and the 
oil-silk covering may then be removed, the bunch carefully 
labelled, and the seeds from these berries, when planted, are 
expected to produce crosses or hybrids having characteristics of 
both parents. 

" I have also tested the accuracy of my experiments in va- 
rious ways. In one instance I prepared a bunch, as if for 
crossing, by removing all the stamens, and inclosed it in the 
usual manner, but applied no pollen. Upon removing the 
covering some days after, every berry but one had blasted, 
and fell off at a touch. This one berry, being from some 
cause later than the rest, was just in condition to receive 
pollen, which I supplied from the Chasselas Musque, and pro- 
duced a grape, from which I have a seedling that may prove 
valuable. Other bunches, prepared at the same time, upon 
the same vine, and supplied with pollen at the proper time, 
were all fertilized, and produced full and perfect bunches. 
The Logan and Taylor's Bullitt both set their fruit unevenly 
and imperfectly, and produce usually small, straggling, and 
unhandsome bunches. "When fertilized in the manner above 
stated they have produced handsome and compact bunches, 
the only ones of that character upon the vines. 

" Seedlings almost uniformly indicate their parentage by 
their foliage. That of hybrids with ,the foreign vines is usu- 
ally deeply lobed; often having much more the form of the 
foreign than the native leaf, although grown from the seed 
of the native parent. Some have foliage intermediate or re- 
sembling both in some degree. Also, in the crosses between 
natives, some resemble one parent and some the other. 
Others again seem a mixture of both." 

An easier process is to plant them in close contact, so that 
the fruiting branches may intermingle. Out of a large num- 
ber of seedlings thus obtained, there is a chance of a fair por- 
tion of them being crosses. It was in this way that Dr. Kirt- 



PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES. 21 

land produced the seed of all his new and excellent varieties 
of the cherry. 

The interesting fact that fruit trees which grow alone and 
distant from any other sorts are more apt to reproduce these 
sorts from seed with but little variation, than seeds from the 
same sorts in mixed orchards, shows to what extent the spon- 
taneous crossing or mixture of varieties may be constantly 
going on in such orchards. 

When a cross is obtained between two different species, in- 
stead of between mere varieties, it is termed ^..hybrid. But 
while varieties of the same species intermingle freely, the 
operation rarely succeeds between fruits of different species. 
The gooseberry, currant, and black currant, species of the 
same genus, and nearly related, have never produced a useful 
hybrid. Neither has any ever been obtained between the ap- 
ple and the pear, or the pear and the quince. But different 
species of other plants, as the Heaths, and some of the Cacti, 
■intermingle freely. Hybrids are frequently sterile; or if they 
possess the power of reproduction by seed, the progeny often 
returns to the state of one or the other of its parents. 

Amongst common fruits, there are some undoubted hybrids. 
Such are the Kieffer and LeConte types of pears, which are 
hybrids between the common pear ( Pyrus communis) and the 
oriental pear {^Fyrus Si?iensis). 

There are many hybrid grapes, and some of them, as Aga- 
wam, Salem, and others, are of commercial importance. There 
is a large class of hybrid raspberries (Rubus occidetitalis x R. 
strigosus), represented by the Shaffer and other Purple Canes. 
The Wilson Early blackberry is a hybrid of the blackberry 
{jRubus nigrobaccus') and the dewberry (i?. villosus). In gen- 
eral, however, less is to be expected from hybrids than from 
the selected progeny of crosses between varieties. As a mat- 
ter of fact, most varieties of fruits are chance seedlings, no 
one knowing their exact parentage. Amongst fruits, purpose- 
ful plant-breeding has yet played a very small role, (See Bai- 
ley, " Plant-Breeding.") 



CHAPTER III. 

PROPAGATION BY BUDDING AND GRAFTING, BY 
•LAYERS AND BY CUTTINGS. 

When trees are raised from seeds, as before stated, there is 
no certainty that the same identical variety will be repro- 
duced. In many cases, the shade of variation will be scarcely 
perceptible ; in others, it will be wide and distinct. It hence 
becomes desirable in preventing a return toward the original 
wild state, or, in other words, to perpetuate the identical in- 
dividual thus highly improved, to adopt some other mode 
of propagation, for the purpose of multiplying trees of such 
varieties as possess a high excellence, instead of constantly 
creating new ones, with the hazard of most of them proving 
worthless. 

It will be distinctly remembered that new varieties nearly 
always spring from seeds; but the same individual variety 
can be multiplied only by separating the buds, or shoots bear- 
ing the buds, of such individual plant. As an example, the 
Fall Pippin, when first produced from seed, was a single tree 
of a new variety. The myriads of Fall Pippin trees now ex- 
isting are only multiplications of the branches of the original. 
This multiplication or propagation of varieties is effected in 
several ways: i, by Cuttings; 2, Layers; 3, Grafting; 4, Bud- 
ding. Without these means of propagation, such delicious 
sorts as the Green Gage plum, the Elton cherry, and the 
Seckel pear, could never have been tasted except as picked 
from the single parent tree. 

In the multitude of different modes of grafting and budding, 
success must depend on the observance of certain funda- 
mental principles; a brief recapitulation, in part, of some of 
these laid down in the second chapter may not be out of 
place. 

23 



PROPAGATION. 



23 



During the growing season of a fruit-tree, the sap enters at 
the fibrous roots, passes up through the alburnum or sap-wood, 
ascends to the extremities of the branches, and is distributed 
through the leaves. Emerging thus from the dark and minute 
vessels of the wood, it is spread out and exposed to the action 
of the light. It now becomes essentially changed in charac- 
ter, enters into new combinations, and is charged with the 
materials for the newly forming wood ; it is distributed, not 





Fig. 18. Fig. 19. Fig. 20. Fig. 21. Fig. 22. 

The Downward Flow of Sap, Causing Swellings, Callus, and Roots. 

through the sap-wood, but through the inner or living bark, 
and building up the new plant tissues. This new layer being 
soft and fresh, interposed between them, causes that separa- 
tion known as the. peeling of the bark. 

The sap is capable of moving sidewise, laterally through 
the various vessels or microscopic tubes. Hence some trees 
may be cut at one point more than half through on one side, 
and at another point more than half through on the other side, 
without intercepting the upward flow of sap, as in Fig. 18. 
The lateral motion explains the reason why a graft set in the 
longitudinal cleft of a stock receives the sap from the split 
surfaces of the cleft, and succeeds as well as when cross sec- 
tions of both are brought into contact. 



24 



PROPAGATION. 



I. Cuttings. 



When a ligature is bound closely round a branch, the ob- 
struction which it imposes to the descending juices causes an 
enlargement or swollen ring above the ligature, as in Fig. 19. 
The same result is produced if a small ring of bark is cut out, 
as in Fig. 20. If a shoot is taken from the tree before the 
leaves expand, and plunged into moist earth till it commences 
growth, the elaborated materials build up at the lower ex- 
tremity a callus or ring, as in Fig. 21 ; and under favorable cir- 
cumstances, roots will form above or near this callus (Fig. 22), 
and thus a new plant is formed. 

Every leaf-bud on a fruit-tree may be regarded as an em- 
bryo branch, and capable of forming a tree when supplied 
with separate roots. But single buds do not contain within 
themselves sufficient nutriment to sustain vegetation till roots 
are formed, without a considerable portion of the sap-wood and 
cambium layer attached ; hence the superior 
advantage of taking an entire shoot or cutting. 

Propagation by cuttings is the simplest mode 
of multiplying a variety. It consists in the in- 
sertion of a shoot of one year's growth into the 
soil ; the moisture of the soil renews the sup- 
ply of sap, the buds swell, the leaves expand, 
and the descending juices extend themselves 
in the production of new roots, which shoot 
downward into the soil. Fig. 23. 

Under ordinary circumstances, or in open 
ground, this mode is only applicable to such 
species as readily throw out roots, as the cur- 
rant, gooseberry, quince, and grape. Cuttings 
of the apple and pear can only be made to 
strike root in the Northern and Middle States 
by confining the moisture under glass, while 
artificial heat is applied. 

It may be stated, in general, that cuttings made of the rip- 
ened wood of such trees as have a large pith succeed best 
when taken off with a portion of the preceding year's wood, 




Fig. 23.— Rooted 
Cutting. 




PROPAGATION. 25 

•such as the gooseberry, currant, vine, fig, etc. With large 
and strong shoots, the best success may result if cuttings are 
separated at the point between the one and two year's 
growth. When small side-shoots are used, they 
should be cut closely to the main stem, so as to 
secure the collar or enlarged portion of the wood at 
the base of the shoot, Fig. 24. Roots are more 
readily thrown out, if the cut is made immediately 
below a bud. 

The best time to take off cuttings, in ordinary 
cases, is in autumn and winter. The autumn is pre- 
ferable, by giving time for the wounded section to 
callus, preparing it for the early emission of roots 
in spring. But where the soil is heavy or liable 
to heave by frost, or where the cuttings are of 
tender trees, they should be kept in damp earth in a cellar, 
to be planted as soon as the frost disappears from the ground. 
If not taken off till spring, the operation must be performed 
as early as possible. In ordinary instances, to prevent dry- 
ing, about two-thirds or three-quarters of the shoot should be 
buried beneath the surface ; and the moisture may be still 
further retained by a covering of manure, leaves, or moss, or 
by placing them under the shade of a wall or 
close fence. When long, like the grape, they 
should be placed sloping, so as not to be buried 
too deep or beyond the influence of the sun's „, ,^„ 

warmth. Failure often results from a neglect to 
press the soil closely about the cutting. ' "'1'' 

To procure young plants of the gooseberry and 
currant with straight, clean stems at the surface, 
and free from suckers, it is only necessary to re- \A 

move every bud except a few at the upper end. 
Fig. 25. The length may be from eight inches 
to a foot. 

There are many plants easily propagated by ^j^g ^f cur- 
cuttings, if the two great requisites of vegetation, rant, 
namely, moisture and warmth, are increased by artificial 
means, as in a hotbed under glass; or in a propagating- 
house, under sash, or bell-glasses, with artificial heat gently 
applied beneath. 



-9 



26 PROP A GA TION. 



II. Layers. 

A layer is a low side-shoot bent down and buried at the 
middle in the soil, Fig. 26. The buried portion strikes root, 
when it is taken off and planted separately. Its advantages 
over a cutting is, that it is nourished by the parent plant 
while the roots are forming. Hence many plants which can- 
not be increased by cuttings, and indeed with great difficulty 
by budding and grafting, may be propagated readily by 
layers. 

When roots are freely emitted, as from the grape, simply 
bending the middle of the branch into the soil is enough to 




Fig. 26.— Layering. FiG. 27.— Slitting layers. 

insure success. But in cases of difficulty, other expedients 
are resorted to ; one of the most common is to split a portion 
upward, immediately under a bud (Fig. 27), which enables 
the newly forming roots to pass freely and at once into the 
soil without the resistance of the thick bark which they other- 
wise must pierce. Sometimes the branch is cut partly off to 
intercept the downward passage of the fluids, and induce 
the formation of roots. At other times a wire ligature, or 
the removal of a narrow ring of bark, effects the same pur- 
pose. Burying the layer several inches under the surface is 
necessary, to keep it in moist earth ; and in drouth, mulching 
would be beneficial. A small excavation of the soil at the 
spot is convenient ; and when the branch is stiff, it must be 
fastened down with a forked stick. 

The excavation should be made with a spade. Use both 
hands in bending the shoot, so that it may not be bent too 
short and break. If properly done, it will press against the 



PROPAGATION. 27 

nearest side of the hole, rest on the bottom, and rise up, press- 
ing against the opposite side, when it should be fastened u;p- 
right, and, if necessary, to a small stake. At the time of bend- 
ing, a sod or other weight may be laid on to keep it down till 
the hole is filled ; and if the mellow earth be pressed firmly 
down with the foot, no forked stick will be usually neces- 
sary. 

The most favorable state of a plant for layering is when the 
bark is somewhat soft and not too ripe, and the worst shoots 
are those which are stunted, and with a hard bark. There 
are, however, no shoots whatever, not actually diseased, that 
will not root by layers, if sufficient time be given. Layers, 
like cuttings, may be made of the ripened wood in autumn or 
spring; or of the growing wood at or a little before midsum- 
mer, when the part intended to root is somewhat mature and 
firm in texture. The pear, the apple, and the quince, if lay- 
ered early in the spring, or the grape in summer, will usually 
be well rooted in autumn. 

A moist season is the most favorable to the rooting of 
layers, by preserving a softer bark. For this reason, many 
plants may be more easily propagated in England than in the 
United States ; and more readily in Ireland than in England. 

Layering is largely made use of for propagating the grape, 
occasionally for the quince, and sometimes for the apple. It 
is also of very extensive application in propagating many or- 
namental trees and shrubs. 

Suckers may be regarded as spontaneous layers, the new 
shoots being sent up from buds on the roots or portions of 
the stem beneath the surface of the ground. They are much 
employed in multiplying most species of the raspberry. The 
runners of strawberries may be regarded as layers or suckers 
above ground. 

III. Grafting. 

Upwards of twenty different modifications of grafting were 
mentioned by the ancient Roman writer, Varro ; and Thouin, 
of Paris, has described and figured more than a hundred 
kinds. The great number of modes given in books has tended 
rather to bewilder than to enlighten beginners; the following 



28 



PRO PA GA TION. 




remarks, therefore, are more for the purpose of laying down 
reasons on which success depends, than for pointing out the 
peculiar modes of operation, which may be varied according 
to convenience, provided attention is given to the essential 
particulars. 

Propagation by grafting differs mainly and essentially from 
increasing by cuttings, by inserting the cutting into the grow- 
ing stock of another tree instead of directly into the soil. 
The stock thus supplies the sap, as the soil does in the case of 
a cutting ; and the graft, instead of making roots of its own, 
becomes firmly united with the stock by means of the new- 
growing wood. Hence there are two chief requisites for suc- 
cess ; the first, that the graft be so set in the stock, that the 

sap may flow up- 
ward without in- 
terruption ; and 
the second, that 
the forming- 
wood may ex- 
tend downward uninterruptedly through the 
inner bark. To effect these two requisites, it 
is needful, first, that the operation be performed 
with a sharp knife or grafting chisel. Fig. 28, that 
the vessels and pores may be cut smoothly and 
evenly, and the two parts brought into immedi- 
ate and even contact. Seco7idly, that the opera- 
tion be so contrived that a permanent and con- 
siderable pressure be applied to keep all parts 
of these cut faces closely together. Thirdly, 
that the line of division between the inner bark 
and the wood coincide or exactly correspond in 
each; for if the inner bark of the one sets wholl}^ 
on the wood of the other, the upward current through the wood 
and back through the bark is broken, and the graft cannot 
flourish or grow. And, fourthly, that the wounded parts made 
by the operation be effectually excluded from the external air, 
chiefly to retain a due quantity of moisture in the parts, but 
also to exclude the wet, until, by the growth of the graft, the 
union is effected. 

I. The first requisite is best attained by keeping a keen. 




Fig. 28.— Graft 
ing Chisel. 



PROPAGATION. 



29. 




flat-bladed knife to cut the faces, and another knife for other 
purposes. Fig. 29. 

1. The second requires that the jaws of the stock, in cleft- 
grafting, press with some force, but not too much, against the 
wedge-shaped sides of the graft. A 
stock one-third of an inch in diameter 
will sometimes do this sufficiently ; 
bu t three quarters of an inch is a more- 
convenient size. In whip-grafting, 
the tongue and slit should be firmly 
crowded or bound together. 

3. The third requisite is attained 
by close examination with the eye. 

4. The fourth is accomplished by 
plasters of grafting-wax, or by the 
application of grafting-clay. Graft- 
ing-wax may be purchased of any 
seedsman, or if preferred for any 
reason it may be made by melting to- 
gether rosin, tallow, and beeswax. 
An excellent grafting- wax is made of 
three parts of rosin, three of beeswax, 
and two of tallow. A cheaper com- 
position, but more liable to adhere to the hands, is made of four 
parts of rosin, two of tallow, and one of beeswax. These ingre- 
dients, after being melted and mixed together, may be applied 
in different ways. The wax may be directly applied when 
just warm enough to run, by means of a brush ; or it may be 
spread thickly with a brush over sheets of muslin, which are 
afterward, during a cold day, cut up into plasters of conve- 
nient size for applying; or, the wax, after becoming cold, may 
be worked up with wet or oiled hands, drawn into thin strips 
or ribbons, and wrapped closely around the inserted graft. In 
all cases success is more certain, when the wax is pressed 
so as to fit to every part, and leave no interstices ; and it is 
indispensable that every portion of the wound on the stock 
and graft be totally excluded from the external air. In cool 
weather, a lantern, or hot brick, or some, other method of 
obtaining heat will be found necessary to soften the plasters- 
before applying them. 



Fig. 29. — Grafting, Budding 
and Pruning Knives. 



3° 



PROPAGATION, 



Cutting Grafts, — Cut these in autumn if you have a good 
place to pack them, but if well kept they may be taken at any 
time between the cessation of growth in late summer or au- 




FiG. 32. Fig. 30. 

tumn, and the commencement of vegetation in spring. Those 
cut in autumn, however, will have more vigor in spring than 
if exposed to the cold of any severe winter— this is especially 
the case with plums, pears, and cherries. Pack them in boxes 



PROPAGATION. 



3^ 



of damp (not wet) moss, or in small boxes of damp (not wet) 
sawdust — large boxes of sawdust will heat. Mark every sort 
carefully and plainly. Another good way to keep 
scions through winter is to place them snugly in a 
box till it is more than half full ; next nail in two or 
three cross-pieces to hold them, and then bury the 
box inverted with several inches of earth over it, on 
a dry spot or knoll. They will thus be kept from 
contact with the wet earth, and will receive enough 
moisture from below to keep them fresh and plump. 
Cuttings of currants, grapes, quinces, gooseberries, 
etc., are to be taken off in autumn, and they may be 
kept till early spring in the same way as grafts, or 
they may be set out at once, pressing the earth 
compactly against them and covering well till spring 
with manure, litter, leaves, or evergreen boughs. 

The accompanying en- 
gravings (Figs. 30 to 36), 
serve to show more distinct- 
ly than the directions given 
in the preceding part of this 
chapter, the details of the 
operations of budding and 
grafting. Fig. 30 represents 
the appearance of a shoot of 
Fig. 36. the pear, of one summer's 
growth, at the time it is cut 
from the parent tree to furnish the 
buds, and will answer as an illustra- 
tion for the apple, cherry, or other 

fruit. The portion between the cross- ^]^:}l-y^^-, t' , ■J^'^' ^t 
lines furnishes the best developed and 

ripened 



Making and Packing Grafts. 




buds. Fig. 31 is the 
appearance of the shoot after 
the leaves are cut off. Fig. 32 
shows the manner in which 
the budding-knife is inserted 
under the bud for its removal ; and Fig. 33 the position in 
which the shoot is held during the operation. Fig. 36 shows 
a common method of making the buds by cutting upwards. 



Fig. 40.— Grafts Packed for Sending 
by Mail. 



32 



PROPAGATION. 



Care of Grafts. — In cutting, the name may be kept tem- 
porarily by writing with a common lead-pencil on a shaved 
portion of the shoot (Fig. 37) ; but for packing away perma- 
nently, write the name on both sides of a strip of shingle, say 
a foot long and half an inch wide (Fig. 38), and tie this up 
with the scions, the outside writing readily showing the name, 
the inner to refer to in case the outside is erased (Fig. 39). 
Scions not fully hardy, as of most sorts of plums, should be 



Fig. 41. 



Fig. 42. 



Fig. 43- 



Fig. 44. 



cut early in winter, or before they have been exposed and in- 
jured by severe cold. 

In order to send scions by mail, they are best put up by enclos- 
ing them in cases of oil-silk (such as is used for hat-lining), 
by wrapping the oil-silk about the scions and over the ends, 
and then passing a fine thread repeatedly round from end to- 
end, making the whole air-tight (Fig. 40). The natural moist- 
ure .is thus preserved, and they cannot shrivel. The names 
should be written with pencil on the ends, and no paper for 
this purpose wrapped around them, as it absorbs the moisture. 



PROPAGATION. 



ZZ 



Grafts have been shrivelled and spoiled by mistakenly placing 
dry cotton batting among them before thus encased. To 
send grafts in larger quantities, or by "express," pack them 
in alternating layers of fine, slightly damp moss. It is always 
important, whether packing grafts for keeping or for distant 
conveyance, to preserve the natural moisture precisely, and 
no more. If the packing is too wet, they will become water- 
soaked and rot. 

Grafts which have become dry may be restored if the 
moisture is applied so gradually that 
its absorption may require several 
weeks, by burying them as above 
stated. 

The following figures represent 
the two most common modes of 
grafting fruit-trees: Figs. 41 to 44 
representing successive stages of 
zvhij) or tongue grafting, from the 
sloping cut of the scion and stock, 
to the completion of the operation by 
the covering with the wax plaster. 

Whip-grafting may be employed 
for large as well as small stocks. In 
order that the line of separation be- 
tween the bark and wood may coin- 
cide in both, unless the graft be as 
large as the stock it must be placed 
at one side (Fig. 45), a, sloped and 
tongued for the reception of the graft, 
b, their union being represented by 
Fig. 46. To facilitate the wrapping 
of the wax plasters, one side and the 
upper point of the stock are pared off with a knife, before the 
two are joined, as shown by the dotted line. This is a good 
mode of grafting any stocks not over three-fourths of an inch 
in diameter, in the nursery row. 

Fig. 47 shows a stock cut off for cleft-grafting, with the 

upright cleft separated by the grafting-chisel ready for the 

graft; Fig. 48, the graft cut wedge-form to fit it; Fig. 49, 

the graft in its place, and Fig. 50 shows a cross-section illus- 

3 




Fig. 45. Fig. 46. 

Whip-grafting Large Stocks. 



34 



PROP A GA TION. 



trating the fitting of the parts. The exposed parts are then 
thoroughly waxed. 

Whip-grafting is particularly applicable to small stocks, or 
where the graft and stock are nearly of equal size ; and cleft- 
grafting to stocks considerably larger than the graft. In all 
cases, where the stock is any degree larger, the graft must be 
placed toward one side, so that the line between the bark 




Fig. 47. 



Fig. 50. 
Cleft-grafting. 




Fig. 48 



and wood may exactly coincide at one point at least in both, 
as in the cross-section of cleft-grafting, Fig. 50. A useful 
implement for the rapid and perfect performance of cleft- 
grafting is the grafting chisel, here shown. 

In Saddle-Grafting, the stock is sloped off on each side, 
giving it the form of a wedge, 
Fig. 51, «; the graft is split in 
the middle, and each side 
thinned away with the knife, 
as in Fig. 51, ^, until it will 
closely fit when placed like 
a saddle upon it. The most 
perfect way to fit the graft 
is to make a long sloping 
cut from the outer edge or 
bark, by drawing the blade 
from heel to point, till it 
reaches the centre of the 
graft, and then another simi- 
lar cut completes the acute 
cavity for fitting the wedge of the stock 




Fig. 51. 



Fig. 52. Fig. 53. 



Saddle-grafting. 

A sharp, broad, and 



PROP A GA TION. 



35 



thin blade is needed for this operation, A wax plaster, drawn 
closely round the place of union, completes the work. When 
the stock and graft are very nearly of equal size, this is a very 
perfect mode of grafting, as large corresponding surfaces are 
made to fit, and the graft receives freely the ascending sap. 

In all these modes of grafting, whenever a wedge is made 
to enter a cleft, it should be thickest on the side where the fit 
is made between the two parts, so as to receive the full pres- 
sure of the cut faces at that side, as shown in Fig. 50. 

A modification of saddle-grafting, very successful in its re- 
sults, is thus performed: Late in spring, after growth has 
commenced, the scion, which is much smaller than the stock, 
is split up, nearer to one side, more than half its length (Fig. 
53). The stronger side is then sharpened into a wedge at its 
point, and introduced between the bark and the wood, a slight 
longitudinal slit being made through the bark of the stock, 
that it may open slightly and admit the graft. The thinner 
division of the graft is fitted to the opposite sloping side of 
the stock. The whole is then covered with wax. The great 
length of that portion of the graft in contact with the bark 
and fresh wood greatly facili- 
tates their union ; while the 
cut face of the stock is 
speedily covered with a new 
growth by that part of the 
graft which rests upon it. 

Veneer-grafting is still 
another method, strongly ad- 
vocated by some. Mr. E. S. 
Crandall of Michigan thus 
describes the process. Fig. 
54 will explain the veneer- 
graft : A shows the cuts upon 
stock and scion; these cuts 
are not to extend into the 
wood, but simply through 
the back, so that when placed 
in position the exposed 
broad surfaces of cambium come together; B shows stock and 
scion in contact, and bound with raffia or other material ; C 
shows a veneer-grafted apple-tree after one season's growth. 




Veneer-grafting. 



36 PROPAGATION. 

While the cuts are easier to make than those of the whip-graft 
there is this disadvantage, which to men who graft in quantity 
is an important consideration — that it requires more care in the 
tying. The band must be strong and should be firmly adjusted, 
to insure keeping the scion in place until union is effected. 

It seems almost unnecessary to remark that in grafting, 
when cut surfaces of hard wood are placed together, no union 
takes place between them, and yet I have not unfrequently 
met practical men, who could graft well, who were not clear 
on this point, but supposed that union took place over the 
whole cut surface. It is in the cambium and young sap-wood, 
and there only, that the power of union and growth lies. 

Now, in the veneer-graft, the only cut surfaces of wood 
are the oblique end-cuts, and as stock and scion are placed 
together, the oblique cut on the scion is covered by the tongue 
of bark on the stock, so that if the work is well done union 
takes place all around the cut wood, and it is securely pro- 
tected from outside influence. The oblique end-cut on the 
stock being surrounded by growing tissue is usually imbedded 
in new growth the first season. The union between the side- 
cuts, which should be of the same width, and from an inch to 
an inch and a half in length, is complete throughout. This I 
have proved by making transverse and longitudinal sections 
of a large number of grafts. 

In grafting the peach, which, from its large pith and spongy 
wood, scarcely ever succeeds as commonly performed, it is 
found advantageous, in selecting the grafts, to leave a part of 
the wedge portion of the more compact two-years' wood at the 
lower extremity. 

In grafting the plum and cherry, success is found to be 
much more certain when the work is performed very early in 
spring, before the buds commence swelling, or even before the 
snow has disappeared from the ground. Apples and pears 
may be grafted later, and if the scions have been kept in good 
condition in a dormant state, they will mostly grow if inserted 
even after the trees are in leaf. 

After a graft is inserted, and as soon as the tree commences 
growth, the buds on the stock must be rubbed off, in order to 
throw the rising sap into the scion. If large trees are grafted, 
the buds need only rubbing off the branch which holds it. 

Where it becomes desirable to preserve rare sorts, which 



PRO PA GA TION. 



37 



have been grafted late in spring, a loose wrapper of white 
paper round the graft will protect it from the drying and 
scorching rays of the sun; or shrivelling and failure will 
often be prevented by covering the whole graft with a wax 
plaster; or by encasing it in moss kept damp by occasional 
applications of water. 

Root-Grafting. This is done by whip or tongue grafting, 
already described on a previous page. It is wholly performed 



Fig. 55. 

within doors, and consequentl}'' the seedlings must be taken 
up the preceding autumn. 

Root-grafting is well understood by nurserymen ; but there 
are many who desire information on the subject, and espe- 
cially on the expeditious performance of this operation. A 
grafter may work hard a whole day, and by an inconvenient 




Fig. 56.— Showing a Cut from Shoot, Natural Size. 



arrangement of tools and materials, insert not a third as many 
as another, who gives careful attention to all these particulars. 
The following method is the result of long practice, and by it 
we have known a skilful workman to insert three thousand 
grafts, with an assistant to apply the wax plasters, during 
ten hours in a single day, in the best manner, and three thou- 
sand five hundred on another occasion, in eleven hours. 



Pig. 



The tools consist, first, of a sharp, thin-bladed knife, of 
which the best is made from the blade of an old scythe, 
ground to its proper form on a grindstone ; second, a bench 
or table placed in front of a light window, and on which the 
work is done ; third, an apron, worn by the grafter, the two 



3^ 



PROPAGATION. 



lower corners being hooked fast to two sharp nails on the 
near edge of the table, for holding the scions while cutting 
them; fourth, strips of waxed paper, about an inch wide, 
made by brushing over sheets of thin, tough paper a melted 




well-stirred mixture of four parts of rosin, two of tallow, and 
one of beeswax, and then cut into strips when precisely at a 
proper degree of coldness to separate well by means of a 
knife cutting upon a smooth board, A sufficient number of 




these for immediate use should be hung near enough to the 
stove which heats the room, to keep the wax upon them about 
the consistence of butter on a summer day, so as to fit and ad- 
here to the grafted root, without melting and running. 




Fig. 6o. 



The first operation is to cut up the grafts from the shoots or 
scions. It is performed by holding the scion in the left hand, 
the thicker end pointing toward the right hand, which holds 
the knife. Such a shoot is represented of diminished size by 




Fig. 6i. 



Fig. 55, the points, a, a, a, the places where it is cut into 
grafts, and the dotted lines show how the cuts are made. 
Fig. 56 shows a portion of the shoot the natural size; i, 
the first cut nearly directly across ; 2, the second or sloping 



PROP A GA TION. 39 

cut, and 3, the slit for the tongue ; and the whole finished 
and separate in Fig. 57. Three strokes of the knife are thus 
required to cut and prepare each graft, and a rapid and skil- 
ful operator has done one hundred and twelve in the manner 
described, in five minutes. Each shoot is thus cut up while 
yet held in the left hand, and the grafts, as fast as they are 
severed, drop into the cavity of the apron already described. 
The counting is done during the process of cutting, and at no 
other time. 

The second operation is setting these grafts into the roots. 
Each root is held in the left hand precisely as the scion has 
been (Fig. 58); the three cuts are given it (shown by the 




Fig. 62.— Piece Roots. 

dotted lines in Fig. 59), to prepare it for the graft (as repre- 
sented in Fig. 60). The grafts having been placed directly 
under the operator's fingers, and in the right position, each 
one is successively taken and firmly fitted to the prepared 
root, as shown in Fig. 61, and as soon as this is done, another 
cut of the knife, three inches lower down the root, severs it, 
and the root-graft is finished, and drops off obliquely on the 
table. Another sloping cut on the same root, and a slit for 
the tongue, are quickly made, and another graft picked up 
and inserted, the root being held all the while in the left 
hand, until worked up. The great point is to perform much 
with little handling. A single root will sometimes make but 
one graft, which is then called whole-root graft; but more 



40 



PROP A GA TION. 



commonly two or three, and sometimes more, which are called 
piece-root grafts. Each portion of root should be about three 
inches long, and the graft about five inches. 

The comparative advantages and disadvantages of whole- 
root and piece-root grafting have been subject for controversy 
ever since Thomas A. Knight introduced the latter in 1811. 
It is apparent that the economy of piece root-grafting, in that 
one root is made to serve as the foundation for several trees, 
must commend it upon commercial grounds — but it has advo- 
cates who also strictly maintain that it produces as many and 
as good roots as the whole-root process. The weight of evi- 
dence, however, appears against it — and there are few, prob- 




FlG. 6j.— Whole Roots (Budded). 



ably, who at the same price would not prefer to try stock 
which had been grafted or budded upon whole roots. 

Figs. 62 and 63 by Mr. L. H. Bailey show the characteristic 
appearance of both processes. 

Root- grafting may be performed at any time during winter, 
and those who have much of it to do often continue the pro- 
cess the winter through. The roots when taken up in autumn 
should be well washed, the tops cut off, and the roots packed 
in boxes with alternate layers of damp moss. Thrifty one- 
year roots are better and more easily worked than two-year 
roots. Side roots, or branches, should never be used. The 
■.scions may be kept in the same way. This is better than 
•packing them in sand, which imparts a grit to them and dulls 



PR OP A GA riON. 4 1 

the knife. DiflEerent modes are adopted for packing away the 
grafts. The best is to place them fiat in boxes, in alternate 
layers with sand, like miniature cord-wood, keeping the outer 
or graft-ends very even, and carrying up each layer separately 
and one at a time, so that one may be taken up for setting 
out, without interfering with the next succeeding pile. The 
sand should be slightly moist but not wet. The varieties 
should be distinctly marked on strips of board separating 
each kind, where there is more than one in a box ; and in ad- 
dition to this, a card should be nailed on the outside, naming 
the kinds, at the point of separation between them. A record 
should also be made as they are deposited, of the sorts, their 
order, and the number of each. Boxes two feet long, a foot 
wide, and six inches deep, are a convenient size, and will hold 
from one to two thousand each. If furnished with bow han- 
dles, they are easily carried at once to the field for setting out. 
Boxes holding twenty thousand or more keep the grafts equally 
well, but require additional labor in unpacking when set. 

They should be set out in spring as soon as the soil is suffi- 
ciently dry, and there is no further danger of its freezing se- 
verely. Special pains should be taken to pack the earth well 
about them, as they are dibbled in. The tips of the grafts 
should project about half an inch above the surface. The 
proper depth of setting is controlled somewhat by circum- 
stances ; if deep, the soil may be too cold to start them well ; 
if not deep enough, the drought of summer may destroy them. 
An active hand will set two or three thousand in a day, and 
in rare instances five thousand. 



IV. Budding. 

Budding consists in introducing the bud of one tree, with a 
portion of bark and a little adhering wood, beneath the bark 
of another, and upon the face of the newly forming wood. It 
must be performed while the stock is in a state of vigorous 
growth. An incision is made lengthwise through the bark of 
the stock, and a small cut at right angles at the top, the whole 
somewhat resembling the letter T, Fig. 64. A bud is then 
taken from a shoot of the present year's growth, by shaving 
oflE the bark an inch or an inch and a half in length, with a 



42 



PROP A GA TION. 



small part of the wood directly beneath the bud, Fig. 65. It 
is not a common practice in this country to take the thin 
shield of wood out of the butt, but it is sometimes done ad- 





FiG. 64. Fig. 65. Fig. 66. Fig. 68. 

Successive Stages of Budding. 



Fig. 69. 



vantageously when this portion of wood is too old or hard to 
fix the stock readily. The edges of the bark, at the incision 
in the stock, are then raised a little. Fig. 66, and the bud held 

as shown in Fig. 6"], pushed down- 
ward under the bark, Fig. 68 and 
Fig. 70. A bandage of rafifia bass, 
or other substance, is wrapped 
round, covering all parts but the 
bud. The pressure should be just 
sufficient to keep the inserted por- 
tion closely to the stock, but not 
such as to bruise or crush the bark. 
Fig. 69 and Fig. 71. 

The shoots containing the buds 
should be cut when so mature as to 
be rather firm and hard in texture ; 
they are usually in the best condi- 
tion after the terminal bud has 
formed. To prevent withering, the 
leaves must be immediately cut off, 
as they withdraw and exhale rapidly 
the moisture from the shoot ; about one-quarter of an inch of 
the footstalks of the leaves should remain, to serve as handles 




Fig. 67.— One Manner of 
Holding Bud. 



PROPAGATION. 



43 



to the buds while inserting them, Fig. 72. After being thus 
divested of leaves, they may be safely kept a week in a cool, 
damp place, or sent hundreds of miles in damp moss, or en- 




Fig. 70. — Bud being Inserted. 

cased separately in thin oil-cloth. 

When, by growth of the stock, 
the bandage cuts into it, usually 
in ten days or more, it must be 
removed. The bud remains dor- 
mant till the following spring, 
when the stock is cut off two 
inches or more above it, before 
the swelling of the bud. If cut 
closer, the end of the stock be- 
comes too dry, and the bud often 
perishes. All other buds must 
be then removed, and all the 
vigor of the stock or branch 
thrown into the remaining bud, 
which immediately commences 
a rapid growth. ^'^.S^^ 

To secure a straight and erect 




^S^jJ'X^- 



Fig. 73.— Tying the 
Young Shoot 
See Fig. 134. 



-44 



PROP A GA TION. 



tree, the new shoot, when a few inches long, is sometimes 
tied to the remaining stump of the stock. Fig. 73. By another 
month, no further support will be needed, and the stump may 
be wholly cut away, and the wound allowed to heal by the 
rapid formation of new wood. 

Buds inserted by midsummer may be made to grow the 
same season by heading down the stock when adhesion has 
taken place; but although often attempted, no advantage has 
resulted from this practice, as the growth is comparatively 
feeble, and in consequence of its badly matured wood often 
perishes the following winter. Even where it escapes it does 
not exceed in size at the close of the second season the 
straight and vigorous shoots of the spring. 

Terminal Budding. — It sometimes happens, where buds are 
scarce, that the terminal bud on the shoot may be used to ad- 
vantage. In this case, the wood is cut slop- 
ing downward, and the insertion is made as 
usual, Fig. 74, except that it becomes nec- 
essary to apply the whole of the ligature 
below the bud. The buds on small side- 
shoots which are not more than an inch or 
two long, may be successfully used in this 
way, as the terminal eyes are stronger than 
any of the others. This practice may some- 
times be adopted with advantage with the 
peach, where scions of feeble growth only 
can be obtained, as terminal buds usually 
escape the severity of winter when most 
of the others are destroyed. 
Spring budding is successfully practised as soon as trees 
are in leaf, the buds having been kept dormant in an ice-house 
or cool cellar. As soon as they have adhered, the stock is 
headed down, and a good growth is made the same season. 
The peach, the nectarine, the apricot, and the mulberry, all 
difficult to propagate by grafting, may in this way be easily 
increased by budding. For a description what is called " June 
budding" see chapter xxviii. on the peach. If the buds are kept 
in a cellar, it will be found important to preserve with them 
as uniform a degree of moisture as possible, and in as small 
a degree as will keep them from wilting. 




Fig. 74 — Terminal 
Budding. 




PROPAGATION. 45' 

Annular budding is applicable to trees of hard wood, or 
thick or rigid bark, as the walnut and magnolia. A ring of 
bark is removed from the stock ; and another corresponding 
ring, containing the bud, slit open on one side, 
is made to fit the denuded space (Fig. 75). 

The essential requisites for success in bud- 
ding are, first, a thrifty, rapidly growing stock, 
so that the bark will peel very freely. Second- 
ly, a proper time ; not so early that there will 
be too little cambium or mucilaginous cement 
between the bark and the wood, for the adhe- Fig 75.-Annuiar 

. , Budding. 

sion of the bud; nor so late that the bark will 
not peel, nor the subsequent growth sufficiently cement the 
bud to the stock. Thirdly, buds sufficient!}^ mature. Fourthly,. 
a keen, flat knife, for shaving ofi^ the bud, that it may lie 
close in contact upon the wood of the stock. Fifthly, the ap- 
plication of a ligature with moderate pressure, causing the 
bud to fit the stock closely. 

When stocks are in the best condition, it is unnecessar}^ to- 
raise the bark any further than to admit the lower point of 
the bud, which as it is pushed downward, performs this op- 
eration in the most perfect manner. When the bark does not 
peel freely enough for this purpose, success becomes uncertain. 

Budding is performed in summer, grafting in spring, and 
both have their advantages. Budding is a simpler operation,. 
and more successfully performed by a novice. It is the best 
means to multiply the peach and nectarine, grafting rarely 
proving successful at the North. It is more rapidly per- 
formed, and at a season not crowded with the labors of trans- 
planting. It admits a repetition the same summer, in cases 
of failure, the stocks remaining uninjured. But in all cases 
thrifty stocks are needed, while grafting will succeed on those 
older and less vigorous. Grafting requires less care subse- 
quently, as no ligatures need removing, nor stocks heading 
down, and may be conveniently employed as a remedy for 
failures in the previous summer's budding. 

Limits of Budding and Grafting. 

In former ages of the world, it was erroneously supposed 
that grafting could be performed between every species of 



46 PROP A GA TION. 

tree and shrub. " Some apples," says Pliny, " are so red that 
they resemble blood, which is caused by their being at first 
grafted upon a mulberry stock." Roses, it was said, became 
black when grafted on black currants, and oranges crimson if 
worked on the pomegranate. But the operation is never suc- 
cessful unless the graft and stock are nearly allied, and the 
greater the affinity the more certain the success. " Varieties 
of the same species unite most freely, then species of the 
same genus, then genera of the same natural order ; beyond 
which the power does not extend. For instance, pears work 
freely upon pears, very well on quinces, less successfully on 
apples or thorns, and not at all upon plums or cherries ; while 
the lilac will take on the ash, and the olive on the Phillyrea, 
because they are plants of the same natural order." 

There are, however, some exceptions to this rule. Thus, 
the cultivated cherry, and most species of wild cherry, though 
of the same genus, will not agree. The pear succeeds better 
on the quince than on the apple, although the apple and pear 
are within the same genus, and the pear and quince are 
by most regarded as of distinct genera; the superior firm- 
ness of the wood of the quince, a quality so important to 
successful grafting, more than compensates the difference in 
affinity. 

Lindley mentions also some exceptions which are apparent 
only. In one case, the fig was supposed to grow on the olive. 
But the graft, being below the surface of the soil, rooted 
independently of the fig-stock. " I have seen," says Pliny, 
" near Thulia, in the country of the Tiburtines, a tree grafted 
and laden with all manner of fruits, one bough bearing nuts, 
another berries ; here hung grapes, there figs : in one part you 
might see pears, in another pomegranates ; and to conclude, 
there is no kind of apple or other fruit but there was to be 
found; but this tree did not live long." This is explained by 
the process now sometimes performed in Italy, for growing 
jasmines and other fiexible plants on an orange-stock, by the 
ingenious trick of boring out the orange stem, through which 
the stems of the other plants are made to pass, and which 
soon grows so as to fill it closely, and to appear as if growing 
together. Such a crowded mass of stems must, of course, 
soon perish. 



PROPAGATION. 



47 



Saving Mice-Gnawed Trees. — A 
Grafting. 



Modification of 



Young orchards which are kept perfectly clean by cultiva- 
tion, are seldom injured by mice under snow. There are 
some instances, however, where mice will attack those which 
stand near the boundary fences or in proximity to grass; and 
sometimes a hard crust of ice or snow may be formed on the 
surface, over which mice will travel beneath a second fall of 
snow, in committing their depredations. Many young orch- 
ards are more or less encumbered with grass and weeds, and 
the trees are often found girdled in spring. A preventive that 
rarely fails, that of embanking small mounds of smooth earth 






Fig. 76. Fig. 77. 

Bridge-grafting over a Wound. 

round the trees in autumn, is not often adopted, and hence we 
have frequent inquiries, "What shall we do to save our mice- 
gnawed trees?" 

Fig. 76 represents the stem of a young tree entirely girdled 
near the surface of the ground. The tree will, of course, per- 
ish unless a connection is made between the two portions of 
bark. 

An easy way to repair this damage is represented in Fig. 
TJ. It consists merely in fitting into openings, made with a 
half-inch chisel, short pieces of round wood sharpened at both 
ends to fit the chisel-cuts. These cuts are made by placing 
the chisel, when making the lower cuts, nearly upright or 
slightly inclining outward from the tree, and then placing 
the point upward in a corresponding direction when making 



48 PROP A GA TION. 

the upper cuts. The sharpened pieces or shoots are then bent 
outward in the middle until the points will enter the open- 
ings, when they are firmly crowded in with the hand until 
brought nearly straight, as shown in the figure. Fig. 78 ex- 
hibits a section of the tree and the exact position of these 
pieces when inserted. Where a large number of trees are in- 
jured, four or five pieces to each tree are enough. They will 
rapidly enlarge as the tree grows, and in a few years become 
confluent. If a few choice trees have been girdled, a larger 
number may be inserted, so that they may be nearly in con- 
tact — thus securing a complete cure in a year or two. The 
work may be covered with grafting wax or with a small 
mound of earth — perhaps the operation would be successful 
without any covering. It is not necessary that it be performed 
very early in spring — it will even answer after the buds have 
begun to swell. 



CHAPTER IV. 

SOIL, MANURES, SITUATION, AND ENCLOSURES. 

The soil for fruit-trees, as well as for farm crops, should be 
of good quality. Whatever will produce a vigorous growth 
of corn and potatoes will in general be the best for fruit- 
trees. Sterile soil is unfavorable for both ; but doubly so for 
the latter ; for while it only lessens in quantity the growth of 
farm crops, it lessens the quantity and greatly injures the 
quality of fruit. 

Good soils vary in many particulars ; but as a general rule, 
one which is dry, firm, mellow, and fertile, is well suited to 
this purpose. It should be deep, to allow the extension of the 
roots ; dry, or else well drained, to prevent injury from stag- 
nant water below the surface ; firm, and not peaty or spongy, 
to preclude injury or destruction from frost. 

Few soils exist in this country which would not be much 
benefited, for all decidedly hardy fruits, as the apple and pear, 
by enriching. Shallow soils should be loosened deeply by 
heavy furrows ; or if the whole surface cannot be thus treated, 
a strip of ground eight feet wide, where the row of trees is to 
stand, should be rendered in this way deep and fertile for 
their growth. Manure, if applied, should be thoroughly in- 
termixed with the soil by repeated harrowings. An admir- 
able method of deepening soils for the free admission of the 
fine fibrous roots is, first, to loosen it as deeply as practicable 
with the subsoil-plough; and then to trench-plough this 
deeply loosened bed for the intermixture of manure. The 
previous subsoiling admits the trench-plough to a greater 
depth than could be attained without its aid. The only trees 
which will not bear high fertility are those brought originally 
from warmer countries, and liable to suffer from the frost of 
winter, as the peach, nectarine, and apricot; for they are 
4 49 



50 SOIL, MANURES, SITUA TION, AND ENCLOSURES. 

stimulated to grow too late in the season, and frost strikes 
them when the wood is immature. It however happens, in 
the ordinar)?- practice of the country, that where one peach or 
apricot tree is injured by too rich a cultivation, more than a 
hundred suffer by diminished growth from neglect. 

Clayey and light soils in some cases require opposite man- 
agement. The former, for instance, is much benefited by the 
admixture of chip-dirt, which renders it looser, lighter, and 
more retentive of moisture. But on light soils the eifect is 
not so beneficial, and is sometimes positively injurious. 

Peaty and spongy soils are particularly unfitted for tender 
fruits. They are very likely to suffer from summer droughts. 
If the season is propitious, the plants are likely to make a 
long, soft growth and to be injured by the succeeding winter. 
It is a cardinal principle that all tender fruits should go into 
the winter with well-hardened wood. 

Manures. 

Nothing for general use is equal to stable manure, and in 
ordinary cases it will be found to give the most uniform and 
satisfactory results — more especially if it is made the basis of 




Fig. 79.— Draining Orchards. 

a compost with peat, muck, or turf from old pastures, with a 
tenth or a fifteenth of leached ashes, and half that of bone- 
dust. If these are thoroughly mixed with the soil down to a 
depth of a foot or m.ore, by subsoiling, trench-ploughing, and 
cross-ploughing, in connection with repeated harrowings, fine 
trees and excellent fruit may be confidently expected even on 



SOIL, MANURES, SITUATION, AND ENCLOSURES. 51 

soils of naturally moderate fertility. Many parts of the 
Western States possess a soil quite rich enough, provided 
good cultivation is given. Kuicll-drained SMhsoWis of course 
all-important, for all manure is nearly lost on land kept soaked 
with water. Even old bearing trees have been much im- 
proved by laying tile two and a half or three feet below the 
surface, midway between the rows (Fig. 79). The young 
forming-roots, being the most remote from the tree, receive 
the greatest benefit from drains thus placed, and the tile is 
less liable to be thrown out of position by large roots or filled 
by smaller ones. 

Situation. 

After a suitable soil is obtained, hardy trees, such as the 
apple, will usually succeed in almost any situation. But with 
tender fruits, as the peach and apricot, the case is very differ- 
ent. In many localities in the Northern States, they are soon 
destroyed by the severity of winters, and their cultivation is 
accordingly not attempted. In others, crops are not yielded 
oftener than once in two years. But some situations are so 
favorable, that a failure scarcely ever occurs. In planting out 
tender fruits, it is consequently desirable to know what places 
will prove the best. Even the apple, in regions where the 
winters are rigorous, is sometimes destroyed by frost, and in 
very unfavorable places rarely escapes. 

It is familiar to many cultivators, that warm, low valleys 
are more subject to night-frosts than more elevated localities. 
Objects at the surface of the earth are chilled by the radiation 
of heat to the cold and clear sky above, and they cool by con- 
tact the surrounding air, which thus, becoming heavier, rolls 
down the sides of declivities and settles like the waters of a 
lake, in the lowest troughs. This coldness is further increased 
by the stillness of those sheltered places favoring the more 
rapid cooling, by radiation of the exposed surfaces ; while on 
hills the equilibrium is partially restored by currents of wind. 
Superadded to these causes, vegetation in low, rich, and shel- 
tered places is more luxuriant, and wood less ripened, and 
hence particularly liable to injury from frost. The mucky 
soil of valleys radiates heat rapidly from its surface. The 



52 SOIL, MANURES, SITUATION, AND ENCLOSURES. 

warmth of low places, during the mild weather, occurring in 
winter, often swells fruit-buds, and succeeding cold destroys 
them. On more elevated lands, vegetation escapes all these 
disastrous influences. 

The existence of colder air in valleys, on still, clear nights, 
is often plainly observed in riding over a rolling or broken 
face of country. The thermometer has shown a difference of 
several degrees between a creek bottom and a neighboring 
Mil not fifty feet high. A striking proof was exhibited a few 
years since after a severe night-frost early in summer. The 
young and succulent leaves of the hickory were but partially 
expanded ; and where the trees stood in a valley, twenty feet 
deep, all the leaves had been frosted, and were black and 
dead, up to the level of the banks on each side, while all 
above the surface of this lake of cold air were fresh and 
green. 

During the cold of a clear winter night some years ago, 
which sank the thermometer several degrees below zero, after 
the peach buds had been swollen by a few warm days, trees 
which stood on a hill thirty feet higher than the neighboring 
creek valley lost nine-tenths of their blossoms ; while on an- 
other hill sixty feet high, nine-tenths escaped. The lake of 
cold air which covered the top of the smaller hill did not 
reach the summit of the larger. 

The cultivation of the peach is rarely attempted in the 
southern tier of counties in the State of New York. Proofs 
are not wanting, however, that it might be entirely success- 
ful on selected ground. A number of instances have been ob- 
served where peach orchards, planted on the dry lands of the 
hills in different parts of this region, have flourished and bore 
regularly ; at the same time that orchards in the warm valleys 
below rarely yielded crops, and the trees themselves were 
sometimes destroyed. 

These cases show the importance of elevated sites. A dry, 
-firm soil is, however, of great consequence. The influence of 
a compact knoll, rising but slightly above the rest of the field, 
lias been observed to save from frost the corn which grew 
upon it ; while on the more mucky or spongy portions of the 
rest of the field, radiating heat more freely, the crop has been 
destroyed. Cultivators of drained swamps have found it neo- 



SOIL, MANURES, SITUATION, AND ENCLOSURES. 53 

essary to plant such lands with tender crops two or three 
weeks later in spring than the usual period on upland. The 
successful cultivation of the peach and the grape, on the gen- 
tle swelling hills called mounds, in the Western prairies, while 
the crops are destroyed on the adjacent dark and porous soils 
of the plains, affords another example. Sometimes the effect 
of unfavorable soil more than overbalances that of situation. 
In some of the hilly parts of western New York, where the 
highest land is peaty, spongy, or springy, and the valleys dry 
and firm, the latter are found best for the peach. 

The preceding facts furnish strong reasons for believing 
that, in large portions of the Northern States, where the cul- 
tivation of the peach has been entirely relinquished in conse- 
quence of the only attempts having been made in the warm 
valley, abundant crops might be regularly obtained by a 
proper selection of soil and locality. Even much farther 
south, the occasional destruction of tender fruits points out 
the great importance of careful attention to situation. 

Large bodies of unfreezing water in the bottoms of valleys 
will reverse some of the preceding rules, and the banks of such 
waters are peculiarly adapted to the cultivation of tender fruits. 
Note how grape culture follows such locations. They soften 
the severity of the cold, by the large and warm surface con- 
stantly presented; on the other hand, they chill the dangerous 
warm air which starts the buds in winter, and they afford 
great protection by the screen of fog which they spread befoie 
the morning sun. Along the borders of the lower parts of 
the Hudson, and on the banks of the Cayuga and Seneca lakes, 
tender fruit-trees often afford abundant crops, while the same 
kinds are destroyed only two or three miles distant. Along 
the southern shore of Lake Ontario, the peach crop scarcely 
ever fails, and the softening influence of that large body of 
unfreezing water extends many miles into the interior. The 
same result is observed in northern Ohio, bordering on Lake 
Erie ; and in western Michigan, adjoining the great lake of 
that name. 

Fruit-buds, as well as tender trees, are occasionally de>. 
stroyed by thawing by the morning rays, after a cold night. 
The protection from these rays afforded by an eastern hill, 
buildings, or other screen, has led to the erroneous conclu- 



54 SOIL, MANURES, SITUATION, AND ENCLOSURES. 
sion that the destruction alluded to was caused by the east 



It has frequently been observed that when the lower 
branches of a peach-tree have been buried in a snow-drift, 
the crop thus covered was saved. This has suggested the suc- 
cessful practice of training peach-trees low, and. covering the 
branches in winter with masses of evergreen boughs. The 
rigidity of the stems prevents their bending down ; but as the 
roots are more flexible, laying down has succeeded by digging 
under on one side, the trees having been previously trained 
fiat for this purpose. 

In localities exposed to the sweep of winter winds, belts of 
evergreen or deciduous trees will be found of great service. 
In all instances where the side of an orchard, exposed to pre- 
vailing winds, is less successful and productive than the op- 
posite side, proof is afforded that shelter would be beneficial; 
belts, especially if of deciduous trees, standing too near fruit- 
trees have, however, rather injured than benefited them. 
The orchards should be beyond the reach of their shade and 
Toots, and be well exposed to sun and air. 

Enclosures. 

The skilful cultivator, after having prepared his ground, 
procured the best trees the country affords, carefully trans- 
planted them, and given them watchful and laboriotis atten- 
tion for years, feels a very natural desire to partake of their 
fruits. But this he cannot do, in many places, unless his 
fruit-garden is protected from rambles of idle boys. It can- 
not be denied that our country is rather remarkable for its 
fruit-pilferers. It is feared it will continue to be so, until 
public opinion shall place the young man who steals a pocket- 
book, and the depredator of fine fruit, which has cost the 
owner as much care and labor, and which money cannot re- 
place, on precisely the same level. 

This formidable evil has deterred many from planting fruit- 
gardens. The most quiet and secure protection is afforded 
by a good barbed wire-fence. The English hawthorn, far to 
the north, will generally succeed quite well for this purpose. 
The buckthorn is extremely hardy, has a thick dense growth, 



SOIL, MANURES, SITUATION, AND ENCLOSURES. 55 

and is easily raised and transplanted ; but, except on very 
rich soils and with good cultivation, it does not form a stout 
barrier. The Honey Locust is also very hardy, but requires 
more care in cutting back and thickening; it may, however, 
be made into an excellent hedge for a fruit-garden if the most 
thorny plants are selected. The Osage Orange, where the 
winters are not too severe, is also good. It is so liable to 
winter-kill, however, that hedges of it are often ragged and 
unsightly. It is densely armed with sharp thorns and if well 
kept soon becomes impassable. In New York, it is only hardy 
on dry ground or near the line of an underdrain. 

Two reasons have operated in preventing a more general 
and successful adoption of hedges. One is the aversion so 
prevalent to undertake anything which does not produce im- 
mediate results, several years being required to make a per- 
fect hedge. The other is the almost universal notion adopted 
without a moment's thought that everything in the form of a 
tree must grow and take care of itself. Hence we see for 
every good well-managed hedge at least one hundred bad and 
neglected ones. This remark applies with more force to the 
attempts made with the Osage Orange than with any other 
plant ; for nothing that is ever used for hedges is more sensi- 
tive under bad usage or succeeds better if well treated than 
this. The privet and the buckthorn will usually present 
something of a hedgy appearance with any kind of manage- 
ment; but the Osage unless well cultivated and properly 
sheared will not exhibit even the semblance of a hedge. 
Hence the common notion that it has proved a failure. 

The Osage Orange grows rapidly if well cultivated; and in 
order to insure a perfectly continuous and even hedge, the 
young plants must be allowed to swell their buds before they 
are set out, that all dead and feeble plants may be rejected. 
The first winter a light furrow should be ploughed upon it, 
to protect and drain it at the same operation. The soil should 
be kept deep and mellow by cultivation, at least four or five 
feet. on each side, instead of allowing it to grow up with 
weeds and grass, as is usual; and, if possible, it should be 
placed nearly over a tile drain, which will contribute greatly 
to its endurance of winter. 

Evergreen hedges are mostly employed as screens from oTa- 



56 SOIL, MANURES, SITUATION, AND ENCLOSURES. 

servation and from winds ; but as intruders scarcely ever at- 
tempt to pass where they cannot look through, perhaps they 
may yet be used as efficient barriers. The American Arbor- 
Vitffi is well adapted for this purpose, but like the buckthorn 
it will not grow well in the shade ; hence when closely sheared 




Fig. 8o. 




Pig. 8i. 
Trimming Hedges. 




the interior branches are bare. Instead, therefore, of being 
sheared in the common way it should be shortened back. 
The close growth of a smoothly-shorn surface darkens and 
kills the interior foliage as shown in Fig. 80. Fig. 81 repre- 
sents the same shortened back, or rather thinned back, admit- 
ting the light within. Fig. 82 shows 
how this is done, the cut being made 
at a fork b, or still shorter at a. 






Pig, S3.— Badly Pruned Hedge. 



Fig. 84.— Badly 
Pruned. 



Fig. 85.— Proper 
Pruning. 



The hemlock, although hardly stout enough for a hedge until 
it has grown many years, forms one of the most perfect and 
beautiful screens in existence, and it would prove a fine shelter 
for trees against the wind. Its fresh deep-green color is un- 
surpassed; and its denseness of growth in consequence of its 
quality of growing in the shade is scarcely equalled. The 



SOIL, MANURES, SITUATION, AND ENCLOSURES. 57 



Norway spruce will also make a fine hedge-tree. It grows 
with great vigor and may be freely shortened back. 

Probably the very best shrub for making a handsome, quick- 
growing hedge is the California Privit (Ligustrum ovalifo- 
lium). It can be purchased from nurserymen eighteen inches 
to three feet high in lots of one hundred, at moderate prices. 
Set out from ten to twelve inches apart in good soil, it will, 
with proper cutting back each spring, form a dense hedge five 
or six feet high in a very few years. Three lines of barbed 
wire running through the middle will effectually prevent 
passing through it, and at the same time be entirely con- 
cealed. 

The following figures (some of which are produced from 
those in Warder on Hedges) will show how 
this, and indeed all hedges, should be sheared. 




Fig. 86.- 



-Result of Omitting to Prune. 




Fig. 87.— First Year, 
Newly Set Out, 




Fig. 

ning of Second 

Year. 



The neglect of cutting down at the commencement causes 
the hedge to become thin and narrow, and full of gaps at the 
bottom where it should be the thickest ; and dense and impene- 
trable only at the top, where this is less essential. In other 
words, the hedge becomes wrong-side-up, or mounted on 
stilts (Figs. 83 and 84). The appearance of the young hedge 
just before cutting down the first time is shown at a. Fig. 85, 
and the cut portion at b. It is almost impossible to induce a 
novice to cut " this fine growth ;" he thinks it will " ruin" his 
young and promising fence. Yet if the work is omitted, it 
will in a few years appear as in Fig. 86. 

The following is the regular order of working each succes- 
sive year. Fig. 87 represents the plant the first year, or a 
few weeks after setting out ; it has been cut down nearly to 
the surface of the earth, the tap-root trimmed off, and the 



58 SOIL, MANURES, SITUATION, AND ENCLOSURES. 



young shoots as starting from it at a. It should grow un- 
touched at least one year — some prefer two years, in order 
that the roots may become thoroughly established. Its ap- 
pearance the beginning of the second year is shown in Fig. 88, 
when it is cut down again near the line, b, to thicken it at the 





Fig. 89.— Beginning of Third Year. 



Fig. qo.— Summer of Third Year. 



bottom. The result of this cutting down is shown in Fig. 89, 
which is the same plant after further growth, and which is 
again to be cut down at the line c; this may be done in the 
spring of the third year, if the hedge has been well managed 
and kept vigorous. This shearing will not be more than four 
or five inches high. Nervous people " cannot bear" thus to 
cut down their beautiful growing hedges — and of course never 
have a good one. But if the work has been unflinchingly 
done, the hedge will present by early summer of the third 




Fig. 91.— Beginning of Fourth Year. Fig. 92.— End of Fourth Year or Begin- 
ning of Fifth. 

year, the fine broad-based, thickened appearance at the bot- 
tom, as represented by Fig. 90. The next pruning, to be 
done at the beginning of the fourth year, is shown in Fig. 91, 
as indicated by lines meeting at e, when the hedge for the first 
time begins to assume the form of a roof. The previous 
shearings (or rather mowings) are shown by the dotted lines 
c and d. Fig. 92 shows the subsequent cuttings — first by the 
lines meeting at h, and afterward at 0. The latter may be 



SOIL, MANURES, SITUATIONS AND ENCLOSURES. 59 

Straight, as the previous ones, or in the form of a gothic arch, 
as shown by the figure. This brings the hedge to the close 
of the fourth year, when it will begin to form an efficient bar- 
rier, if it has been well cultivated and pruned. Its breadth 
at bottom will be nearly double its height. Future years will 
give it more height; but it must be especially observed to 
keep it always narrow at top, so that the foliage above shall 
not shade that below, nor injure the broad thick growth at 
bottom. 

Hook to Trim Hedges. — "With a common corn knife, like 





i^ 



Fig. 93.— Corn Knife. 



Fig. 94.— Hedg-e Shears. 



that shown in Fig. 93, one man has trimmed from half to three- 
quarters of a mile of four years' hedge on both sides in a day 
— striking upwards and cutting it to a peak in the middle, like 
the roof of a house. Hedge shears, Fig. 94, may be had of 
any dealer in seeds, with which more neat and accurate work 
can be done. 



CHAPTER V. 

TRANSPLANTING. 

Orchards are usually set out, where the soil is good, with 
no other preparation than good ploughing. But where the 
soil possesses only moderate fertility, if the best growth and 
finest fruit is desired, it must receive additional preparation. 
When marketing and profit is the chief object, this prepara- 
tion is of great importance, as the finest fruit often brings 
double the price obtained for that of common quality. The 
following directions are therefore worthy of attention. 

Preparing the Ground and Manuring. — Ground intended 
for trees must be secure from danger of being flooded in wet 
seasons, and from all liability of becoming water-soaked be- 
neath the surface. If not naturally dry enough, it must be 
thoroughly underdrained. 

The next requisite is to deepen and enrich the soil by 
trenching, unless naturally or previously exactly fitted for 
trees. The same result may be attained by digging very 
large holes, say eight feet in diameter, and a foot and a half 
deep, and filling them with rich earth. But a better way is 
to plough the whole surface to nearly that depth, and to en- 
rich it well by manuring. A common plough will descend 
six or seven inches ; by passing another plough in the furrow 
— that is, by trench-ploughing — the soil may be loosened to ten 
inches or a foot. But by means of a good subsoil-plough in 
the common furrow, a depth of fifteen to eighteen inches may 
be reached. Now, to work the manure down to that depth, 
and make the whole one broad deep bed of rich soil, it must be 
first spread on the surface evenly after the whole has been 
well subsoiled, then harrow to break it fine, and mix it with 
the top soil, and then thrown down by a thorough trench- 
ploughing. For although the trench-ploughing can hardly be 

60 



TRANSPLANTING. 6 1 

worked a foot in depth of itself, yet after a good loosening 
with the subsoil-plough, it may be at once extended down a 
foot and a half. If this is done in the fall, and another good 
ploughing given in spring, the whole will be in fine condition 
for the reception of trees. Does this seem like a great deal 
of cost and labor? It is the very cheapest way of obtaining 
fine crops of the best fruit ; for the strong, long, and healthy 
shoots which will run up even the first year, and the size, 
beauty, and richness of the fruit soon afforded from such an 
orchard, kept well cultivated during its early years, will as- 
tonish those who have never seen any but slipshod culture. 

In setting out large orchards, if the whole field cannot be 
deepened, a strip of land ten feet wide extending across the 
orchard may be treated in the same way, in the centre of 
which each row is to be set; and the intermediate spaces, 
constituting two-thirds or more of the whole, may, if neces- 
sary, be prepared afterward, by the time the roots have 
passed the boundaries of the first. 

Laving Out Orchards. 

Every one will admit that an orchard handsomely laid out 
in perfectly straight rows is in every respect better than 
where the trees are in crooked lines. An owner can feel no 
pride in giving proper cultivation to an awkwardly planted 
orchard ; and trees standing out of line will be a constant an- 
noyance to every ploughman who is in the practice of laying 
perfectly even furrows. 

Some planters take great pains in setting their trees, so that 
one tree at the end of the row will hide all the rest when the 
eye ranges through the line. But in securing this desirable 
object, a great deal of labor is often expended in sighting in 
different directions while setting each successive tree, so that 
everjr row may be straight every way. The following mode 
of laying out and planting will not require one-twentieth of 
the labor commonly devoted, may be performed under the 
direction of any common workman, and will give rows that 
will range perfectly, not only in both directions, but diago- 
nally. The writer has found that two men would thus lay out 
from thirty to forty acres in a day, with perfect precision for 
planting. 



62 



TRA NSPLA N TING. 



The first thing to do is to procure as many short pins or 
stakes, a few inches long, as there are to be trees in the or- 
chard. These may be made by simply splitting short blocks or 
boards with an axe, say half an inch in diameter ; or corn-cobs 
will answer a good purpose, and may be more easily seen. 
Then procure a strong cord as long as one side of the orchard, 
or, if the orchard is very large, as long as each section maybe, 
if necessary to divide it. Then, with a pole or other meas- 
ure, mark off the distances of the trees on this line, sticking a 
common brass pin through at each place for a tree, bending 

it around the cord so that 
it will not come out. Red 
yarn sewed through and 
tied around the cord 
would be more visible 
than pins; but the latter 
are quickly found if the 
workman measures the 
distance by pacing be- 
tween them as he walks 
from one to the other. A 
new cord will stretch a 
little at first, but will 
soon cease to do so. The 
easiest way to mark the 
spaces on the cord is to wrap it around the ends of a board 
cut at the right length, so that every third coil shall be 
a place for a pin. Thus, if the board is five feet long, by 
marking every third coil at the end of the board we obtain 
spaces of thirty feet. The field having been ploughed and 
fitted for planting, we are now ready for operation. Select a 
still day, so that the wind will not blow the cord out of place, 
and then stretch the line along one side of the field, at a suit- 
able distance from the fence where the first rov; is to be. 
Make it as straight as possible, by drawing on it forcibly ; a 
stout cord being better than a weak one on this account. If 
the land be tolerably level, twenty or thirty rods may be 
measured off at a time. Place flat stones or other heavy 
weights upon it at intervals, to keep it in position ; if there is 
some wind, care will be necessary in making it perfectly 




Pig. 95. — Staking out Orchards. 



TRANSPLANTING. 63 

Straight before thus fixing it. Next, drive in one of the short 
pegs or sticks at each point marked by the pin already de- 
scribed. When this is done, one row will be marked. Then 
remove the line, and mark each end of the field at right angles 
to this in the same way. Lastly, mark the remaining side. 
Before marking both ends, it is safest to stretch the line or 
the fourth side, that all may be accurately spaced. Next, to 
fill up this hollow square with the proper marks, stretch the 
line successively between corresponding sticks on the oppo- 
site sides, and mark as before till the whole is completed. If 
the work has been carefully done, every stake will be found 
to range perfectly. Every cord will stretch more or less, but 
if stretched so that the ends will come out even each time, 
which is attended with no difficulty, the rows will be perfect, 
as shown in Fig. 95. 

Next take a strip of board, say about eight feet long and 
six inches wide, as shown in Fig. 97, and cut a notch in one 




Fig. 96. 

Tree Markers. 

side at the middle, just large enough to let in the stem of a 
tree. Bore a hole through each end, exactly at equal dis- 
tances from this notch. Then, whenever a tree is to be 
planted, place the middle notch around the peg, and thrust 
other pegs through the holes at the ends. Then take up the 
board, leaving these two pegs, dig the hole, replace the 
board, and set the tree in the notch. Proceed in this way till 
the whole orchard is planted. It is obvious that the trees will 
stand precisely where the first pegs were placed, and will 
range in perfect rows. A large number or series of the two 
pins may be set successively by the board, so that a number 
of workmen may be digging and planting at the same time. 

Transplanting. 

Very few of our common fruit or ornamental trees ever 
remain where they first came up from seed, but nearly all are 



64 



TRANSPLANTING. 



removed one or more times, to the spot where they are finally 
to remain. For this reason, transplanting becomes a most 
important operation. If a tree could be removed with all its 
roots, including the numerous threadlike radicles, and all the 
spongelets, and placed compactly in the soil, precisely as it 
stood before, it would suffer no check in growth. The nearer 
we can approach this condition, therefore, the greater will be 
our success. 
As a general rule, roots extend as far on each side of the 




Fig. 98. 



Fig. 99. Pig. 100. 

Modes of Digging Nursery Trees. 



Fig. ioi. 



tree as the height of the tree itself. If, for instance a tree be 
five feet high, the roots will be found to extend five feet on 
each side, or to form a circle ten feet in diameter. This rule 
will not apply to slender trees, which have become tall by 
close planting, but to those that are strong and well devel- 
oped. The great length of the roots is often shown by trees 
which send up many suckers, as the silver poplar and locust, 
which may be seen to extend over a circle much greater in 
diameter than the height of the tree. 

Many persons " wonder" why trees are so much checked in 
growth by common transplanting, or why they so often die 
from the operation. They would not be surprised, if they saw 



TRA NSPLA NTING. 



65 



the common destruction of the roots in taking them up. Figs. 
100 and 102 represent a nursery tree with its roots entire; the 
dotted lines show where the spade is commonly set for the 
purpose of lifting; Fig. 98 is the tree after taken up, when 
more than nine-tenths of the roots are cut off — sometimes it is 
as badly mutilated as in Fig. 99. Fig. loi exhibits the same 
as removed by careful nurserymen. 

In late years, a new body of advice respecting the trimming 
of transplanted trees has come into vogue. It is the String- 
fellow or stub-root system. 
It advises that the roots be 
cut to mere stubs, and that 
the tops be cut to sharp 
sticks or whips. The theory 
is that trees which are so 
reduced in bulk approach 
nearer to the condition of a 
seedling, and that the re- 
sulting trees are better. Ex- 
periments show tke opera- 
tion to be sometimes good, 
sometimes not. It depends 
upon conditions. Probably 
it cannot be recommended 
as a general practice. 

In ordinary or even very careful practice, a part of this wide 
network of fibres must necessarily be separated from the tree. 
It is evident then, that the usual supplies of sap to the leaves 
must be in part cut off. Now the leaves are constantly (dur- 
ing day) throwing off insensible moisture into the air ; and 
good-sized trees thus give off daily many pounds. Reduce 
the supply from below, and the leaves cannot flourish; and 
if the reduction is severe, the tree withers and dies. 

The remedy .consists in lessening the number of leaves, so 
as to correspond with the diminished supply. This may be 
done by shortening back every shoot of the previous year to 
one-quarter of its length, and in extreme cases every shoot 
maybe shortened back X.o one strong bud, just above the pre- 
vious year's wood. Cutting off large branches at random 
often quite spoils the shape. Fig. 103 represents an un- 




FlG. 102.— Cutting- of the Roots in Trans- 
planting. 



66 



TRA NSPLA N TING. 



pruned tree, and Fig. 105 the same with the shoots shortened 

back. 

Where peach and other trees have been once a year trimmed 

up to a single stem, while in the nur- 
sery, the mode of shortening is shown 

by Figs. 105 and 106. 

A few experiments only are needed 

to convince any one of the advantages 

of thus cutting in the shoots. Some 

years ago an orchardist carefully 

transplanted one hundred and eighty 

apple-trees into good mellow soil. 

The roots had been cut rather short 

in digging. One-half had their tops 

shortened back, so as to leave only one 

bud of the previous season's wood; 
the heads of the 
other half were 
suffered to remain 
untouched. The 
season proved fa- 
vorable. Of the 
ninety which had 
their heads 
pruned, only two 
died, and nearly 
all made fine 
shoots, many be- 
ing eighteen 
inches long. Of 
the ninety un- 
pruned, eight died ; 

most of them made but little growth, and 
none more than six inches. Both the first 
and second year, the deep green and lux- 
uriant foliage of the pruned trees afiEorded 
a strong contrast with the paler and more 

feeble appearance of the others. A similar experiment was 

made with seventy-eight peach-trees, of large size, three years' 

growth from the bud. One-half were headed back ; the rest were 





Fig. 103.— Three-Year-Old 
Pear-Tree. 



Fig. 104.— Pear-Tree 
Pruned. 



TEA NSPLA N TING. 



67 



unpruned. The season was rather dry, and twelve of the thirty- 
nine unpruned trees perished ; and onlj' one of those which 
were headed back. The unpruned which survived lost parts 
or the whole of the upper portions of 
their branches; the pruned made fine 
bushy heads of new shoots. In another 
instance, trees only one year's growth 
from the bud, transplanted in the 
usual manner unpruned, were placed 
side by side with others of four years' 
growth, and with trunks an inch and a 
half in diameter, the heads being 
pruned to one quarter their size. The 
growth of the former was feeble ; the 
large trees, with 
pruned heads, 
grew vigorously. 

The degree to 
which this short- 
ening should be 
carried must de- 
pend much on cli- 
mate. In the cool, 
moist atmosphere 
of England, the 
leaves perspire 
less, and a larger 
number may re- 
main without ex- 
hausting the sup- 
ply from the roots. 
In this country the perspiration is more 
rapid, and fewer leaves can be fed, until 
new roots furnish increased supplies. 

Cutting back after the buds have swol- 
len, or the leaves expanded, often checks 
growth, and usually should not be performed except on very 
small trees, or on such as the peach, which quickly reproduce 
new shoots. 

Trees which quickly reproduce new shoots, as the peach. 




Fig. 105.— Yearling Peach- 
Tree. 




-.^^^^ 



Fig. 106.— Peach-Tree, 
Pruned. 



68 TRANSPLANTING. 

may be more closely shortened back than others having a less 
reproductive power, as the apple. The cherry throws out a 
new growth still more reluctantly, and hence more care is 
needed in digging up the roots entire. 

Preparing the roots. — Before a tree is set in the earth, all the 
bruised or wounded parts, where cut with the spade, should be 
pared off smoothly, to prevent decay, and to enable them to 
heal over by granulations during the gro'wth of the tree. 
Then dip them in a bed of mud, which will coat every part 
over evenly, and leave no portion in contact with air, which 
accidently might not be reached by the earth in filling the 
hole. The bed of mud is quickly made by pouring into a 
hole a pail of water, and mixing it with the soil. 

Setting the tree. — It should not be set deeper than it stood 
before removal, unless the land is newly ploughed, and is likely 
to settle away from the tree. Setting upon the surface with- 
out any hole, and placing fine earth upon the roots to the 
usual depth, is allowable on shallow or unprepared soils. 
When placed in the unfilled hole, if it is found to be too 
deeply sunk, a mound or hillock is to be made under the cen- 
tre to raise it sufficiently, and the roots separated and ex- 
tended to their full length. Fine rich mould is then to be 
sprinkled or sifted over, taking care to fill all the interstices, 
and using the fingers to spread out all the fibres during the 
operation. The mellow earth should rise two or three inches 
above the surrounding surface, to allow for its subsequent 
settling. 

Stiffening against the winds. — Newly-planted trees, being 
acted on as levers by the wind, often press aside the earth 
about their stems, and make an opening down to the roots, 
which in consequence suffer from both drouth and disturb- 
ance. There are two ways to prevent this disaster. In au- 
tumn transplanting, the best way is to embank a mound of 
earth about the stems, from ten to eighteen inches high, as 
the size of the tree may require. Fig. 107. This mound per- 
forms the triple office of stiffening the tree, excluding mice, 
and covering the roots from frost. Only a few seconds are re- 
quired to throw up one of these conical heaps of earth. After 
the tree commences growing, the mounds are removed. 
Trees which have had their heads lightened by the shorten- 



TRA NSPLA N TING. 



69 



ing process already described will not often need any other 
protection. 

But when the trees are large, or the situation is windy, staking 
becomes necessary. If driven before the roots are covered, the 
stakes may be erect, as in Fig. 108; if driven afterward, they 




Fig. 




tf 




Fig. 108. Fig. 109. 

Mounding and Staking Trees. 



may be slanting ; and in both cases straw bands should be first 
wrapped once round, to prevent the trees from chafing. 

The accompanying figure (109) shows the mode in which the 
stake is driven into the bottom of the hole before filling in. 

Transplanting trees on the surface. — On the last page the ad- 
vantages are pointed out of sometimes setting trees on the sur- 
face of the soil. This mode 
of transplanting is undoubted- 
ly the best on all heavy soils 
that cannot be thoroughly 
drained. The annexed figure 
(no) exhibits distinctly this 
mode of planting, the dotted 
line indicating the common 
surface of the earth, on which 
the tree is set, and the low 
mound raised upon the roots. 
This gives the roots a deeper 
soil. By throwing the furrows occasionally toward the rows, 
the raised surface will be maintained. This method is not 
adapted to large commercial orchards, but for home grounds. 




Pig. no. — Planting on the Surface. 



70 TRANSPLANTING. 

Watering. — A very common error is the belief that trees 
need frequent watering before they are in leaf. Deluging the 
roots while in a partially dormant state is as hurtful to trees 
as to greenhouse plants, and a continued repetition of it is 
almost certain death. When a plant is in a state of rapid vege- 
tation, large quantities of moisture are drawn up by the leaves 
and thrown off ; but while the buds are unexpanded, the amount 
■consumed is very small. P'ruit-tree^ sometimes remain with 
fresh and green branches, but with unswollen buds, till mid- 
summer. Instead of watering such at the roots, let the tops 
be wet daily at evening, and it will in nearly all cases bring 
them into active growth. When the tree is much shrivelled, 
wrapping it loosely in straw, or better in moss, and keeping 
the whole in a damp state, will in most cases restore it. 

After the leaves are expanded, a more copious application 
of water becomes useful ; but it should never be performed, 
as so frequently done, by flooding the tree at one time and 
allowing it to dry at another; or by pouring the water on 
the surface, which it hardens, and never reaches the roots. 
Keeping the soil finely pulverized, and, if necessary, with 
an additional shading of hay or straw thickly spread over 
the surface, will preserve a sufficient and uniform degree of 
moisture. 

Watering the roots, even of fast-growing trees, will rarely 
become needful if the soil is deep and is kept mellow. But 
whenever it is performed, the surface earth should be thrown 
off, the water poured in, and the earth replaced. This will 
admit the water at once to the roots, and leave the surface 
mellow; while by watering the top of the ground, the water 
will perhaps fail to reach the dry soil below, but only serve to 
harden and bake the surface. 

Mulching, or covering the ground about a tree with straw, 
coarse barnyard litter, or, what is still better, leaves from the 
"woods, will in nearly all cases obviate the necessity of water- 
ing. It is an excellent protection against midsummer drouths, 
■which so often prove detructive to newly transplanted trees 
after they have appeared in leaf, and is a good substitute for 
mellow culture in places where good cultivation cannot be 
given. It should never be omitted for newly set cherry-trees. 
A correspondent of the Horticulturist mulched fifty trees out 



TRANSPLANTING. 7 1 

of one hundred and fifty, all of which had commenced growth 
alike. Those which were mulched all lived. Of the hundred 
not mulched, fifteen perished. The weather was hot and dry 
at midsummer. 

Trees received from a distance, and injured by drying, should 
immediately have their roots coated by immersion in a bed of 
mud ; and then the whole stems and branches buried in moder- 
ately moist earth for a few days. They will gradually absorb 
moisture, through the pores in the bark. 

Season for Transplanting. 

Nearly all deciduous trees may be removed from the soil at 
any time between the cessation of growth in autumn and the 
swelling of the buds the following spring. The operation 
may be performed first in autumn with those which drop their 
leaves soonest; but any tree, when not growing, may, by 
stripping its leaves, be removed safely. If left on, they will 
invariably cause the shrivelling of the bark, in consequence of 
the large amount of moisture they are always exhaling, and 
which cannot be restored through the roots. 

The rule must vary somewhat with circumstances. Tender 
trees, as the peach and apricot generally succeed best if set in 
spring, unless in a warm, dry soil in a sheltered place, and in 
a climate not severe. It may be added, that soils rather wet, 
or liable to become soaked with water before freezing, should 
never receive trees in autumn. The rule should be carried 
one step farther ; such soil should never be set with trees at 
all. They are unfit until well drained. Much of the " bad 
luck" that occurs is from wet subsoils. 

It is commonly best to dig up trees in the autumn from 
nurseries in any case, whether for fall or spring setting. If 
sent long distances, they will be on hand and may be sent out 
early. They may be heeled in, and be more effectually secured 
from freezing, than if standing in the nursery rows. In heel- 
ing in, select a dry, clean, mellow piece of ground, with no 
grass near to invite mice; dig a wide trench, lay in the roots 
sloping (Fig. in) and cover them and half the stems with fine 
mellow earth ; fill in carefully and solid all the interstices atnong the 
roots; doing this work imperfectly often results in loss ; if well 



72 



77?^ NSPLA N TING. 



performed, it never can. If much danger is feared from mice, 
it is better to place the trees erect in the trench (Fig. j 12), and 
round up the whole surface about them ; but, being more ex- 
posed in this position, they should be placed in a sheltered 
situation from the winds. 

With the precautions above mentioned, it is, however, a 
matter of small consequence at which season trees are put out, 
provided the work is well done. It '\s at least a hundred times 
tnore important to give them good mellow cultivation afterward. 




Fig. III. — Heeling-in Sloping. 



Fig. 112. — Heeling-in Erect. 



Here is where so many fail. Some dig little circles about 
their trees, which is scarcely better. The whole surface must 
be cultivated. It is for this reason that trees often do best set 
in spring — because in one case the soil settles, hardens, and 
crusts through winter, but is left mellow after spring setting. 
This difference could not exist if the mellowing of the soil 
were properly attended to. 

When the soil is a heavy clay, and holds water like a tub, 
tender trees are in great danger from autumn transplanting, 
unless provision is made for draining the holes, which may be 
effected by running a deep furrow from one hole to the other, 
along the line of trees, and using brush, corn-stalks, or straw, 
as a temporary underdrain for the water to soak away. 

Transplanting may be performed in winter, whenever the 
ground is open and the air above freezing ; but roots which are 
frozen while out of the ground will perish unless they are 
buried before thawing. 

The size for transplanting must vary with circumstances. 
Five to six feet high is commonly large enough, but those 



TRANSPLANTING. 73 

much larger may be successfully removed if they have been 
previously prepared by shortening the long roots to induce 
the emission of a mass of smaller fibres near the centre or stem. 
This is done one year previously, by running a spade into the 
earth in a circle about the foot of the stem, if the tree yet 
stands in the nursery, or by cutting a circular trench around 
the tree if it is a large standard in open ground. 

Summary of Essentials for Transplanting. 

1. A previous preparation of a rich deep bed of mellow earth 
to receive the roots, and land which cannot be water-soaked. 

2. Removing the tree with little mutilation of the roots. 

3. Paring off the bruised parts. 

4. Shortening-in the head, in a greater or less degree (before 
the buds swell), to correspond with the necessary loss of roots. 

5. Immersing the roots in mud. 

6. Filling the fine earth carefully among the roots, spread- 
ing them all out with the fingers. 

7. Planting little or no deeper than before. 

8. Staking or embanking, when necessary, to prevent injury 
by the wind. 

9. Watering the stems and branches only, before the appear- 
ance of the leaf. 

10. Mulching, where danger of midsummer drouth is feared. 

The following additional rules, self-evident to men of expe- 
rience, are continually disregarded by novices in setting out 
orchards and fruit gardens : 

1. If the roots of a tree are frozen out of the ground, and 
thawed again in contact with air, the tree is killed. 

2. If the frozen roots are well buried, filling all cavities before 
thawing any at all, the tree is uninjured. 

3. Manure should never be placed in contact with the roots 
of a tree, in setting it out, but old finely pulverized earthy com- 
post answers well. 

4. A small or moderate sized tree at the time of transplant- 
ing will usually become large and bearing sooner than a larger 
tree set out at the same time, and which is checked in growth 
by removal. 

5. To guard against mice in winter with perfect success, 



74 TRANSPLANTING. 

make a small, compact, smooth earth mound nearly a foot 
high, around the stem of each young orchard tree. 

6. The roots of a tree extend nearly as far on each side as 
the height of the tree; and hence to dig it up by cutting a cir- 
cle with a spade half a foot in diameter, cuts off more than 
nine-tenths of the roots. 

7. Watering a tree in dry weather affords but temporary re- 
lief, and often does more harm than good, by crusting the sur- 
face. Keeping the surface constantly mellow is much more 
valuable and important — or if this cannot be done, mulch well. 
If watering is ever done from necessity, remove the top earth, 
pour in the water, and then replace the earth — then mulch, or 
keep the surface very mellow. 

8. Shrivelled trees may be made plump before planting, by 
covering tops and all with earth for several days. 

9. Young trees may be manured to great advantage by 
spreading manure over the roots as far as they extend, or over 
a circle whose radius is equal to the height of the tree, in 
autumn or early winter, and spading this manure in spring. 

10. Never set young trees in a grass field, or among wheat, 
or other sowed grain. Clover is still worse, as the roots grow 
deep, and rob the tree-roots. The whole surface should be 
clean and mellow ; or if any crops are suffered, they should be 
potatoes, carrots, turnips, or other low-hoed crops. 

11. Constant, clean, and mellow cultivation Is absolutely 
necessary at all times for the successful growth of the peach- 
tree, at any age ; it is as necessary for a 3'-oung plum-tree, but 
not quite so much so for an old one; it is nearly as essential 
for a young apple-tree, but much less so for an old orchard ; and 
still less necessary for a middle-aged cherry-tree. 

Distances for Planting Trees. 

Persons about to plant orchards and fruit-gardens are often 
at a loss to know the most suitable distances to place the trees. 
The guiding rule should be to allow space enough that when 
the trees attain full size, the sun's rays may freely enter on each 
side. The roots as well as the tops should have free space. 
As a general rule, the tops should never approach nearer than 
one-half their diameter. 



TRA NSPLA N TING. 7 5 

Some varieties of the same kind of fruit grow to a much 
greater size than others, but as an average the following dis- 
tances may be adopted: 

Apples. — In fertile districts of the country, where the trees 
may attain great size, and where there is plenty of land, forty 
feet is the greatest distance required. The usual distance is 
two rods or thirt^^-three feet. Where the most is to be made 
of the land, and where heading-in the limbs is practised when 
the trees become too large, twenty-five feet distance may be 
adopted. It is an economical plan to set apples thirty feet 
apart and a pear between ; for ten or fifteen years, at least, 
they can all grow together, and if then too thick such as are 
least desirable may be cut out. It saves much room and gives 
more fruit to the acre while growing. For pyramids on apple- 
stocks, fifteen feet ; for pyramids or dwarf standards on Dou- 
cin stocks, ten feet; for dwarf round-headed trees on Paradise 
stocks, eight feet. 

Pears. — Large growing standard varieties, on pear-stocks, 
twenty to twenty-five feet; dwarf standards on quince (with 
stems pruned up, two or three feet, the heads with natural 
growth, or slightly thinned by pruning but once a year, for 
orchard culture), twelve feet ; pyramids on pear stocks, twelve 
to fifteen feet; on quince, ten or twelve feet. It should never 
be forgotten that pears on quince should be so placed as to 
admit of high or enriching cultivation. 

Peaches. — It is usual to allow about twenty feet for peach- 
trees that are never shortened-in, but permitted to spread out 
and take their natural course. But if shortened-in annually as 
they should be, or even triennially, by cutting back three-year 
branches, they may occupy only twelve or fifteen feet. Peach- 
trees budded on the plum, which reduces their growth a little, 
may be kept cut back so as to require a space of only eight or 
nine feet. 

Cheri'ies. — Common standards, twenty feet apart ; pyramids 
on common stocks, fifteen feet ; on Mahaleb stocks, ten feet. 
Dukes and Morellos require only three-fourths of this space. 

Plums. — Standards, eighteen feet; pyramids, eight to ten 
feet. 

Apricots. — Somewhat more space than for plums. 

Quinces. — Eight to twelve feet. 



76 



TRANSPLANTING. 



Grapes. — Most vigorously growing native sorts, on enriched 
soils, may be ten to fifteen feet apart ; on a poorer soil, moder- 
ate growers may be six to eight feet apart. The most usual 
distance for Concord is nine feet. 

Gooseberries and Cttrrants. — Four to five feet. 

Raspberries. — Four to six feet in rows five feet apart. 

Blackberries. — In rows five to nine feet apart. 

For the above distances, the following is the number of 
trees required for an acre : 



40 feet apart, 

33 

25 

20 

15 
12 
10 

8 

6 

4 



27 trees. 
40 
69 
108 

193 
302 

435 

680 
1,208 
2,720 



Registering Orchards. 

Much inconvenience and often many mistakes__ arise from 
not preserving the names of varieties in young orchards. 
The trees are received, correctly labelled, from the nursery ; 
the labels are left on till the wires cut the limbs, or until 
effaced by time, and the sorts are forgotten. Always draw 
on paper a plan of the orchard, marking the place of each tree 
and its name ; it saves much subsequent confusion when labels 
are lost. 



CHAPTER VI. 

CULTIVATION OF THE SOIL. 

In passing through the country, and visiting the grounds of 
fruit-growers, and examining the exhibitions of pomological 
societies, a marked difference is observed in the same variety 
as grown on different grounds. In one case it is small and 
poor flavored ; in another it is large, beautiful, rich, and excel- 
lent. The owner of the poor fruit is much disappointed in 
what he expected to see, and considers himself as " badly 
humbugged" by the nurseryman who sold him the trees. The 
successful cultivator takes his specimens to a fair, and sweeps 
oflE the premiums by their delicious quality and excellent ap- 
pearance. Now, this question at once arises: What is the 
cause of this difference? And it is just such questions as we 
like to hear asked. 

The first, and perhaps the most prominent cause, is cultiva- 
tion. Place a tree in grass-land, or give it no cultivation — let 
the surface become baked hard, like flagging, or allow weeds 
to cover the surface — and the tree will have a feeble growth, 
and the fruit, as a necessary consequence, will partake of the 
condition of the tree. A feeble tree will, of course, bear small 
fruit. Hence, one reason why young trees often produce larger 
and finer specimens than old and stunted trees. Cultivation 
alone has often changed both size and quality in a surprising 
degree. Some years ago a few trees of the Seckel pear were 
observed to bear very small fruit — they were then standing in 
grass. Subsequently the whole surface was subjected to good 
cultivation. The next crop had pears at least triple the size 
of the former. A St. Ghislain tree, on another place, bore at 
first when standing in grass-land, and disappointment was felt 
by the owner at the small size and poor quality of the fruit. 
A herd of swine accidentally rooted up the grass and reduced 
the ground to a mellow surface. The pears that year were 

77 



78 CULTIVATION OF THE SOIL. 

greatly increased in size, and so much improved in flavor that 
they would not have been recognized as the same sort. The 
d'Angouleme when large and well grown, is an excellent 
fruit. When small, it is perfectly worthless. T. G. Yeomans, 
of Walworth, N. Y., who has been eminently successful in its 
cultivation, and obtained thirty-five dollars per barrel for it, 
has found high culture of vital itnportance, and has remarked 
that when the specimen does not weigh over four ounces, it is 
no better than a raw potato ; and this, we think, has generally 
been found true. There is no question whatever that this fine 
pear, as well as many other fruits, has been placed on the re- 
jected list by some planters for want of good managem.ent and 
proper cultivation. 

Good cultivation and thinning the crop cause all the difference 
between those superb specimens of the pear which often grace 
the extended tables and fill the vast halls of our finest fruit 
exhibitions, and such miserable fruit as we sometimes see 
borne on the grass-grown, weed-choked, mice-gnawed trees of 
the slipshod farmer's grounds — planted out with hardly the ex- 
pectation, but rather with a sort of dim hope that they would 
grow and take care wholly of themselves. 

One of the best things that a horticultural or pomological 
society could do, would be to place conspicuously on exhibi- 
tion a collection of such fruit as might be raised with every 
advantage resulting from good culture and judicious thinning; 
and another collection beside it with all the marks of small 
size and scabbiness which might be expected from utter neg- 
lect. One collection should be marked, " Fruit raised under 
THE EYE OF VIGILANCE AND INDUSTRY:" the Other labelled, 
" Fruit grown under Neglect." 

Cultivation is the more important, because it is not com- 
menced and finished in a day, but needs constant attention for 
years; and in ordinary practice it receives greater neglect. 
For, of the thousands of trees which are every year trans- 
planted in all parts of the country, the assertion may be made 
with safety, that vioj'e ai-e lost from neglected after-culture than 
from all other causes put together. 

To purchase and set out fine fruit-trees of rare sorts, in a 
baked and hardened soil, whose entire moisture and fertility 
are consumed by a crop of weeds and grass, might very aptly 



CULTIVATION OF THE SOIL. 



79 



and without exaggeration be compared to the purchase of a 
fine horse, and then perpetually to exclude him from food and 
drink. 

Here is the great and fatal error with a large portion who 
attempt the cultivation of fruit. We may not incorrectly 
divide these into three classes : 

1. Those who, having procured their trees, destroy them at 
once by drjang them in the sun or wind, or freezing them in 
the cold, before setting out. 

2. Those who destroy them by crowding the roots into small 
holes cut out of a sod, where, if they live, they maintain a 




Fig. 113.— Neglected Trees. 



Fig. 114.— Well Cultivated Orchard. 



stunted and feeble existence, like the half-starved cattle of a 
neglectful farmer. 

3. Others set them out well, and then consider their labors 
as having closed. They are subsequently suffered to become 
choked with grass, weeds, or crops of grain — some live and 
linger, others die under the hardship ; or else are demolished 
by cattle, or broken down by the team which cultivates the 
ground. 

The annexed illustrations are a fair exhibition of the differ- 
ence in results between neglected management, as seen on 
the left, and good cultivation, on the right, as seen in trees 
five or ten years after transplanting (Figs. 113 and 114). 

A neighbor purchased fifty fine peach-trees, handsomely 
rooted, and of vigorous growth ; they were well set out in a 
field containing a fine crop of heavy clover and timothy. The 
following summer was dry ; and a luxuriant growth of meadow- 
grass nearly hid them from sight. What was the consequence? 
Their fate was precisely what every farmer would have pre- 
dicted of as many hills of corn, planted and overgrown in a 
thick meadow— very few survived the first year. 

Another person bought sixty, of worse quality in growth ; he 



8o CULTIVATION OF THE SOIL. 

set them out well, and kept them well hoed with potatoes. He 
lost but one tree ; and continuing to cultivate them with low- 
hoed crops, they now afford yearly loads of rich peaches. 

Another neighbor procured fifty good trees. Passing his 
house the same year late in summer, he remarked : " I thought 
a crop of wheat one of the best for young peach-trees !" " Just 
the reverse; it is one of the worst — all sown crops are inju- 
rious ; all low-hoed ones beneficial." " Well," answered he, " I 
have found it so— my fifty trees all lived, it is true, but I have 
lost one year of their growth by my want of knowledge." On 
examination, they were found in excellent soil, and had been 
well set out. All the rows were in a field of wheat, except 
one, which was hoed with a crop of potatoes. The result was 
striking. Of the trees that stood among the wheat, some had 
made shoots the same year an inch long, some two inches, and 
a very few, five or six inches. While on nearly every one that 
grew with the potatoes, new shoots a foot and a half long could 
be found, and on some the growth had been two feet, two and 
a half, and even three feet. Other cases have furnished nearly 
as decisive contrasts. An eminent cultivator of fine fruit, 
whose trees have borne for many years, remarks : " My garden 
would be worth twice as much as it is if the trees had been 
planted in thick rows two rods apart, so that I could have cul- 
tivated them with the plough. Unless fruit grows on thrifty 
trees, we can form no proper judgment of it. Some that we 
have cultivated this season, after a long neglect, seem like new 
kinds, and the flavor is in proportion to the size." 

The thick rows here alluded to may be composed of trees 
from six to twelve feet apart in the rows. This mode admits 
of deep and thorough cultivation, and the team can pass freely 
in one direction, until close to the row, where the soil need not 
be turned up so deeply so as to injure the roots. Fig. 115 ex- 
hibits this mode of planting, and Fig. 116 another mode, where 
the trees are in hexagons, or in the corners of equilateral tri- 
angles, and are thus more equally distributed over the ground 
than by any other arrangement. They may thus be cultivated 
in three directions. P^or landscape effect, this is undoubtedly 
better than any other regular order. 

Trees are frequently mutilated in cultivating the ground 
with a team; to obviate this difficulty, arrange the horses 



CULTIVATION OF THE SOIL. 



when they work near the line of trees, one before the other, 
or tandem. Let a boy ride the forward one, use long traces 
and a sho7't whiffletree, and place the whole in the charge of a 
careful man who knows that one tree is worth more than fifty 
hills of corn or potatoes, and no danger need be feared. In 
♦♦******» ****** 



«««»«»««« 



Fig. 115. 



« « « » » 



♦ * 
Fig. 116, 



t * 
» « 



the absence of this arrangement, oxen will be safer than horses. 
A strong single horse will be sufficient for working near the 
rows, where the plough should run shallow, provided the soil 
is not hard. 

The annexed cut (Fig. 117) shows a mode of constructing 
whiffletrees for this purpose, so as to pass the trees freely. 
It is made as short as the free action of 
the animals' legs will allow (about six- 
teen inches for a single whiffletree). 
An iron strap is riveted so as to bend 
L B round the end of the wood, turning in 

\^ t.a . *K and forming a hook inside. 

^yr' r\ 'w^ In very small trees, most of the roots 

are within a few feet of the stem, but 

their circumference forms an annually 

Hence the frequent practice of applying 



Fig. 117. 



~o — ^^ 

-Orchard Whiffle- 
tree. 



increasing circle 
manure, or digging the ground closely about the base, as ex- 
hibited in the annexed figure (118), is comparatively useless. 
Hence, too, the practice of ploughing a few furrows only on 
each side of a row of large trees in an orchard, is greatly in- 
ferior to the cultivation of the whole surface. 

Among the crops which are best suited to young trees are 
potatoes, ruta-bagas, beets, carrots, beans, and all low-hoed 
crops. Indian corn with its shallow and spreading roots, and 
the culture usually given it, is a good crop for orchards. All 
sown crops are to be avoided, and grass is still worse. Mead- 
ows are ruinous. 

A chief reason of the fatal effects of sown crops is in the 
6 



82 



CULTIVATION' OF THE SOIL. 



impossibility of mellowing the ground by repeated cultivation. 
For this reason, a low crop of peas has been found much worse 
than a heavy growth of Indian corn. 

Renovating Old Trees. — When old trees become feeble, there 




Fig. ii8.— Faulty Manuring. 

is no better way of imparting to them vigor than by ifia?iuring. 
Instead of adopting the more common practice of digging a 
circular trench around them and filling this with manure, the 
operation may be performed in a more perfect and efficient 
manner by digging narrow radiating trenches from within a 
few feet of the trunk, directly from it — this will prevent cut- 
ting many of the roots. The an- 
nexed diagram (Fig. 119) will show 
the position of these trenches. 
These may then be filled wth a 
compost made of turf, stable manure, 
ashes, and perhaps a little bone 
manure — the turf to be the chief 
constituent, say one-half or two- 
thirds — and the ashes say one- 
thirtieth. The bone manure is not 
essential, as its constituent parts are 
in common manure in small quan- 
tities. If this is done in autumn, 
the roots will be prepared to penetrate it early in spring, and 
if the tree is not past recovery, it may make a new growth. 




Fig. T19.— Diagram for Trenches 
for Renovating Old Trees. 



CULTIVATION OF THE SOIL. 83 

The roots probably reach as far each way as the height of the 
tree, and the trenches should extend about the same distance. 
They need not be cut very near the tree, as the roots are all 
large there, and would be more likely to be injured and 
would be little benefited. The trenches should be only the 
width of a spade, and be from two to four feet apart. 

Old apple orchards always grow and bear best when kept 
under cultivation. If the soil is, however, naturally or arti- 
ficially fertile, they succeed well in grass continually grazed 
short by sheep and swine. These animals are useful in de- 
vouring the insects of the fallen fruit, and assist in manuring 
the surface. An annual autumn application of yard or stable 
manure, with a small portion of ashes — or, in the absence of 
ashes, of lime — will commonly be useful. If the orchard is 
only top-dressed, the application in autumn is of great impor- 
tance, that the soil may be soaked in winter or spring. If 
ploughed in it should be done in spring, after the manure has 
remained all winter on the surface. 

When to Manure Orchards. — Inquiry is often made as to the 
frequency and amount of manuring or cultivation for trees. 
The answer must be : act according to circicnistances. The ques- 
tion again recurs: how shall we know what our soils need? 
The answer is : observe the results of growth. An examination 
or analysis of the soil will be of little use. But the trees will 
tell their own story. If the soil is so rich that they make annual 
shoots of two or three feet or more in length, without any cul- 
tivation or manuring at all (which, however, is rarely the case), 
then it will be needless to give additional care. The annual 
growth is the best guide to treatment. There are very few apple 
or other orchards which, after reaching a good bearing state, 
throw out annual shoots more than a foot or a foot and a half 
long, and many not half this length. The owner may lay it 
down as an unalterable rule, that when his trees do not grow 
one foot annually, they need more manuring or cultivation, 
or both. By observing the growth he can answer all questions. 
of the kind referred to, without difficulty. 

Management of Western Orchards. — Lewis Ellsworth, one of 

the most successful and intelligent fruit-growers in Illinois, 

■ says that the loss in fruit-trees in that State within the last 

three years is millions of dollars — that it is attributed to the 



84 



CULTIVATION OF THE SOIL. 



cold winters and dry summers. But he asserts that, to a great 
extent, this result has arisen from their standing unprotected 
in a soil underlaid with a retentive clayey-loam subsoil, which 
characterizes most of the prairie land. He has adopted the 
practice of ridging his land, by repeated ploughings, com- 
mencing at the same ridges and ending at the same dead fur- 
rows ; and where nursery-trees were formerly thrown out by 
freezing, after ridging they stand throughout the winter with- 
out injury, and make a better growth in summer. He recom- 
mends the ridging system for all orchards, each row of trees 
being placed on the centre of the ridge. 

We have no doubt that drainage would lessen the effects of 
severe winters on fruit-trees in other regions than the West. 

It is explained that good cultivation improves land in three 
ways : by improving the physical texture of the soil ; by sav- 
ing moisture ; by increasing or accelerating chemical activi- 
ties. 

Arrangements to Facilitate Cultivation. — The following is an 
arrangement of kinds of different sizes, into rows for cultiva- 





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Fig. I20.— Fruit-Garden. 



lion both ways with horse-labor (Fig. i20j. The larger sorts 
are in wide rows, as explained on page i43- Fruits which are 
stung by the curculio are planted at one end, and when the 
fruit is forming, pigs and geese are confined to that part by 
the hurdle-fence a a, run across for the occasion. 

A plan of a fruit-garden, arranged in a similar manner, with 
full details, is given on page 142. 



CULTIVATION OF THE SOIL. 85 



The Modern Cultivation of Commercial Orchards. 

The methods of handling commercial orchards have 
changed greatly within the past few years. The old bugbear 
of ploughing and tilling orchards has been very largely over- 
come by the modern implements of tillage and by truer no- 
tions of the methods of caring for the orchard. All good 
orchardists now accept the fact that tillage is the fundamental 
treatment for an orchard, and that sod is the exception. Sod 
is to be used only in special cases. The philosophy of the till- 
ing of an orchard is to keep the land well and deeply prepared 
during the first few years, in order to make the roots strike 
deep, and thereafter to maintain a loose surface in order to 
save the moisture. If the land has been well cared for in the 
first four or five years of the orchard, it will rarely be neces- 
sary to plough deep thereafter. After the trees have grown 
three to six years, the position of the roots is established, and 
the land should be in such condition that deep ploughing is 
not necessary to improve its physical texture. Tillage there- 
after consists mostly in keeping the surface clean of weeds, and 
particularly in keeping the upper three or four inches mellow 
that it may prevent the free access of the air to the moist lay- 
ers of the soil. This loose surface has been called the " earth- 
mulch." Of itself it may be dust-dry; yet, it interposes a 
layer of mulch between the moist earth and the air, and there- 
by saves very much of the soil moisture. 

On most lands which have been well tilled in the first few 
years of the orchard, the only necessity for subsequent deep 
ploughing is to turn under some green-manure crop. Continu- 
ous clean tillage tends to deprive the soil of its humus of veg- 
etable mould. This humus may be added in the shape of sta- 
ble manure, but since most farmers have not sufficient manure, 
it is the modern idea to recommend that some green crop be 
grown on the orchard late in the season and ploughed under 
early the next spring. This supplies the vegetable mould 
and preserves the physical texture and general comfort of the 
plant. This allows the clean tillage of the plantation early 
in the season, and then the growing of rye, crimson clover, 
peas, or some other crop in late summer and fall. It is impor- 



86 CULTIVATION OF THE SOIL. 

tant that tillage be begun very early in the season in order to 
conserve the moisture which has been stored up from the win- 
ter rains and snows, and also to facilitate the growth of the 
trees. The growth of fruit-trees takes place very early in the 
season. Tillage may cease by midsummer or August in most 
cases, although if the orchard is carrying a heavy crop and if 
the land is somewhat dry, surface tillage should be maintained 
later than that in order to hold the moisture. A heavy crop 
of peaches may often suffer if tillage is withheld at midsum- 
mer. 

It will be seen from the above remarks that all the heavy 
ploughing work in the orchard is to be done v/hen the trees 
are small. Therefore the old difficulty of tearing up the roots 
of old trees and breaking their tops by heavy ploughing is 
obviated. The surface tillage is done by light tools like 
smoothing harrows, spring-tooth harrows, and the like, and 
they may cut so broad a swath that the team does not need to 
be driven within several feet of the trunks of the trees. 
Whenever one sees a farmer laboriously breaking up an old 
orchard, he may be stire that the plantation has not been well 
cared for. He is trying as well as he can to correct the mis- 
takes of the earlier years, although he may not himself under- 
stand why he has got into such difficulty. 

In modern practice, orchard lands are rarely ever prepared 
with the subsoil plough. Lands which are greatly in need of 
subsoiling are usually not adapted to the growing of fruits. 
Or, if they are otherwise adapted, the best treatment is to tile- 
drain them. This is a permanent corrective, since it lowers 
the water table and breaks up the hardpan. Subsoiling is only 
a temporary corrective, as a rule. However, if land is thor- 
oughly subsoiled when trees are set, the trees may be able to 
send their roots into the hardpan before it returns to its origi- 
nal dense condition. One or two crops of red clover will tend 
to improve its condition, because the tap-roots extend far into 
the soil. 

It was the old notion to plough one year to the trees and 
one year from the trees in order to keep the land more or less 
level. With the modern harrowing tools, however, it is easy 
to work the soil away from the trees, and thereby to keep a 
level surface, even though the furrows are thrown toward the 



CULTIVATION OF THE SOIL. «7 

trees each year. In general, it may be said that deep plough- 
ing is advisable in an orchard only in the first few years of its 
life, as already said ; and thereafter it is rarely necessary to 
plough deep. 

If an orchard has not been well ploughed and tilled in the 
early years, the roots will be so high that deep ploughing is 
practically impossible when the trees come to maturity. In 
that case, the effort should be, as a rule, to prepare a surface 
mulch by bringing the top layer of soil into a fine and mellow 
condition. This may be done by a shallow ploughing or by 
cutting up the surface with a spading harrow. Even heavy 
sod can sometimes be cut and lacerated by a spading har- 
row, if the work is done in spring when the land is soft and 
moist. 

In general, it is best to plough orchard lands in spring rather 
than in fall, since the roots are not exposed ; the spring plough- 
ing allows the green crop to remain upon the land during the 
winter, thereby holding some of the rainfall and preventing 
the surface from cementing and from washing. Fall plough- 
ing is generally to be discouraged in peaches and other tender 
fruits, particularly at the North. When land is very heavy 
or clayey, however, fall ploughing may be a decided advan- 
tage in order to allow of the weathering of the land. In very 
hard clays, it is generally important that the land have a cov- 
ering of stubble, manure, or some other fibrous material, to 
prevent the snows and rains of winter from cementing or pud- 
dling it. If one has much land to plough, and is short of 
team help, he may plough his apple-orchards and other hardy 
fruits in the fall in order to be forehanded with his work. 
But, as before said, the heavy ploughing of an orchard, except 
for turning out a green crop, should not be necessary after the 
orchard is a few years old. 

Crops which are used for temporary green manures and 
protection in the orchard have latterly been called cover- 
crops. The seed is usually sown at the last tilling in July, 
August, or very early September. These cover-crops are 
usually divided into two groups — those which have the power 
of fixing atmospheric nitrogen (leguminous crops), and those 
which do not have this power. To the former class belong all 
the peas and beans, vetch, clovers, and alfalfa. The latter 



88 CULTIVATION OF THE SOIL. 

class, including rye and oats, buckwheat, corn, and other ce- 
reals, may not add plant-food to the soil, but the rotting of the 
tissues affords vegetable mould or humus, and therefore may 
greatly improve the land. By holding the snow and prevent- 
ing the washing by rains, and by preventing the cementing of 
hard soils, they may also exert a distinctly beneficial mechan- 
ical influence. It is an easy matter to use too freely of legu- 
minous crops, since one is likely to secure too much nitrogen, 
and induce too large a growth. This is particularly true with 
grapes, peaches, and various tender fruits. For hard and 
rough soils, the best general cover in the North is rye, and in 
the South cow-peas. In the North, the crimson clover may 
be used now and then, but it is successful, as a rule, only 
on lands which are fairly rich and fine, in which the plant is 
able to secure a good foothold comparatively early in the 
fall. Whether one shall use a cover-crop every year de- 
pends upon the condition of his land and his trees. The 
orchardist will have to determine that point for himself. 

Fertilizers. 

The old notion that the chemist can analyze the soil and 
then tell what kind of fertilizer, and how much, shall be ap- 
plied to it, is now given up. The chemist can tell what is in 
the soil, but in the Northern States, where the soil is largely 
composed of drift, the land is usually not sufficiently uniform 
to enable the chemist to get a representative sample of the 
whole field. Judicious and thorough tillage will unlock much 
of the plant-food which the chemist finds to be unavailable. 
The chemist can give hints and suggestions here and there, 
but only in exceptional cases can he give positive and specific 
directions. 

As a rule, there are only three of the elements of plant-food 
which the fruit-grower needs to add to the soil — potash, phos- 
phoric acid, and nitrogen. Good tillage may supply these, or 
at least make them available. If trees are not making a good 
growth and are of a yellow cast, one or all of three things is 
to be suspected: they may be attacked by borers or other 
difficulties; they may be suffering from lack of moisture; 
they may lack nitrogen. If the grower is satisfied that they 



CULTIVATION OF THE SOIL. 89 

lack nitrogen, the addition of good stable manure, or the 
ploughing under of a leguminous crop may help matters; 
or, he may find it quicker and more economical to apply 
nitrogen in the form of nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, 
or other material. The better the land is tilled, the quicker, 
as a rule, will be the results of such fertilizing, and the less 
material to be applied. From two to three hundred pounds 
to the acre is ordinarily considered to be sufficient. In a 
similar way the grower may experiment with the addition of 
potash and phosphoric acid. As a rule, from one to two hun- 
dred pounds per acre annually of high-grade muriate of pot- 
ash and high-grade phosphatic materials will be sufficient. 
When land is not naturally well supplied with these materials, 
and when the crops are heavy, these applications may be in- 
creased. If truck-gardening crops or small fruits are raised 
between the trees, then the amount of fertilizer will need to 
be increased considerably. 

The reader who intends to do his best with his orchard 
should consult the bulletins of the various experiment stations 
on the above points. 



CHAPTER VII. 

PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF PRUNING. 

A GREAT deal has been said and written on this subject, and 
much bad practice still prevails. Orchards are seen all through 
the country which have either been never pruned or, if the 
work has been performed, it has done more harm than good. 
Trees with trunks trimmed up to three times the proper height, 
mutilated by the needless lopping of large branches, one-sided 
and totally destitute of symmetry, or filled with a mass of 
brush, may be seen through the country. A perfect orchard 
is a rarity. The same remark will apply to nurseries. The 
trees have been grown and trained with very little attention 
to a perfect shape, the chief object of the owner being to raise 
large trees in as little time as possible. The purchasers of 
such trees, after setting them out, either give little attention, 
or, if they cultivate them well, allow them to form their own 
heads. They may be too tall or one-sided, or distorted and 
irregular, no attention being given to shaping the heads when 
they are young. 

Pruning Yoimg Trees at Transplanting. — When young trees 
are dug from the ground, the roots from necessity are more or 
less bruised or mutilated. All these bruised or torn surfaces 
should be pared off smoothly with a sharp knife. If left un- 
touched they induce decay, and are unfavorable to the best 
healthy growth of the tree — in the same way that a broken or 
bruised limb above ground would furnish a dead stub or make 
a bad scar, while pruning it smooth will cause it to heal over 
readily. Most nurserymen prefer the pruning-knife, Fig. 121. 
for trees at this stage of their growth, considering that it makes 
a cleaner cut — but the pruning-shears. Fig. 166, now made 
make a drawing cut, which leaves a clear and unbruised sur- 
face, and can be used much more rapidly. 

Pruning the Tops. — Thrifty young trees usually have roots 

90 



PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF PRUNING. 



91 



extending as far each way from the foot of the stem as the 
height of the tree. A careful examination will discover the 




Fig. 121. — Forms of Pruning--Knives. 

whole starface of the subsoil occupied with the small fibres of 
full-grown nursery-trees (Fig. 122). It is obviously impossible, 
therefore, in digging up to avoid cutting and leaving most of 




Fig. 122.— Nursery Rows— Roots extending under the whole surface. 

the roots behind ; and the tree when reset is unable to sustain 
or feed for a time its leaves and branches. A part must there- 
fore be cut £»ff to restore the balance, corresponding in some 




92 PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF PRUNING. 

degree with the loss of the roots. This may be done by thin- 
ning out all the feeble shoots, so as to leave an even, well- 
shaped head, and then cutting back a part of each remaining 
one-year shoot (Fig. 123). Judgment must be exercised as to 
the amount to be cut away from the tops. The 
growth of new roots depends on the assistance 
afforded by the leaves at the top ; if the leaves 
are too few, the roots will not extend freely ; 
if they are too many, the roots cannot furnish 
proper supply for them, and they will be feeble 
and sickly. Planters will learn a great deal 
on this point by cutting away more or less on 
different trees, and observing the result. Dif- 
ferent kinds of trees require varying manage- 
ment in this respect. The peach, for example, 
readily reproduces new shoots, and it. may. 
Fig. 123.— Figure consequently, be cut back very freely; two- 
of thinned and thirds to nine-tenths of each previous season's 
s or ene - ao gj^QQ^ may be removed without detriment. 

young tree. •' 

The grape, also, may be very heavily pruned, 
as it throws out new vines with great vigor. The cherry, on 
the contrary, is very sensitive, and young trees have been 
nearly killed by a severe summer pruning. The young cherry 
shoots should never be cut back in spring more than half their 
length. The pear and apple are intermediate, and the heads 
should be moderately and not severely pruned. 

The mutual relation between the roots and leaves has been 
already alluded to. The leaves cannot exist without the moist- 
ure received through the roots; and the roots cannot grow 
without the nourishment afforded by the leaves. The only 
exception is the temporary supply furnished by the cells in the 
body of the tree. New roots are commenced before the leaves 
expand, as may be seen on young seedlings, the roots of which 
have been trimmed, and where the new white fibres protrude 
just as the buds are swelling. The same occurs on the roots 
of trees transplanted in autumn, after the leaves have fallen ; 
but this effect is only temporary, continued growth requiring 
that both leaves and roots should work together. On the other 
hand, the nutriment laid up in the cells will sometimes supply 
the leaves for a short period, provided care is taken to furnish 



PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF PRUNING. 



9Z 



the requisite moisture at their surfaces by means of a bell- 
glass to retain a damp atmosphere. Cuttings are often thus 
started, a small portion of leaves being allowed to remain upon 
them to assist in the emission of new roots. But, if the leaves 
are placed in a dry air, they soon pump out and carry off the 
moisture, and the shoot, leaves, and all, withers in a short 
time. If all the leaves had been cut off, the shoot would re- 
main plump much longer — a fact well known to nurserymen 
and others who reserve scions for budding. 

Proper Time for Pruning. — Many cultivators have been mis- 
led into the opinion that early summer is the best time to 
prune, from the fact that the wounds heal more readily. Prun- 
ing after the tree has commenced growth 
has a tende-ncy in nearly every instance 
to check its vigor. For this reason, where 
the rapid formation of young wood is de- ''^ 
sired, the work must be performed before 
the buds begin to swell. Two questions 
are concerned in the choice of the proper 
time for pruning, the effect on fruit-bear- 
ing, and the effect on the healing of the 
wounds. As a rule, light summer prun- 
ing tends more to fruit formation than 
does heavy winter prun- 
ing. On the other point 
the following advice is 
given (Bailey, " Prun- 
ing-Book"): "The con- 
clusion — and my gener- 
al opinion — in respect to season of pruning, so 
far as the healing of wounds is concerned, 
is this: The ideal time is in spring, before 
growth begins (late February, March, and 
FIG. i2s.-Head of ^^. ^ -^ -^ -^^^ York), but more depends 

Yoting Tree heav- j r ^ / ^ x 

iiy pruned after on the position of the wound in the tree, and 

the leaves had ex- the length of stub than on the time of year." 

^^^ * ■ If heavy pruning is to be done, the work is 

best done when the tree is dormant. See Figs. 124, 125. 

There may be an exception to this general rule, where a slight 

amount of pruning in summer, not sufficient to produce any 





Fig. 124.— Head of Young 
Tree pruned before the 
leaves had expanded. 



94 PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF PRUNING. 

material check in growth, may be useful in improving the 
shape of the tree. 

As fresh wounds always render trees more liable to be af- 
fected by intense cold, quite hardy trees only may be pruned 
any time during winter. On those inclining to be tender the 
operation should be deferred till toward spring. 

Pruning, as Affecting Fruitfulncss. — As a general rule the 
rapid formation of leaves and wood is adverse to the produc- 
tion of fruit. On the other hand, the slow growth of the wood 
favors the formation of fruit-buds and the production of heavy 
crops. These two adverse tendencies may be more or less 
controlled by pruning. 

When the too numerous branches of a tree produce more 
leaves than can be properly supplied with nourishment, re- 
sulting in a feeble or diminished growth, new vigor may be 
often imparted by judicious pruning, directing the sap into a 
smaller number of channels, and thus increasing its force ; for 
example — peach-trees, after bearing some years and yielding 
smaller fruit than on fresh young trees, will assume all their 
former thriftiness by partly cutting-back the heads. Dwarf 
pear-trees, which have not been sufficiently manured and cul- 
tivated, whose pruning has been neglected, and heavy bearing 
allowed for a number of years, have been restored by severely 
pruning-back the branches and thinning out the fruit-spurs. 
In all such operations as these, it is indispensable to observe 
the rule already given, to do the cutting-back in winter or 
early in spring, before the buds have swollen. If trees are 
too thrifty and do not bear, a check may be given, and many 
fruit-buds produced by a continued pinching-back during 
summer. 

The production of fruit-buds may be accomplished arti- 
ficially by checking the growth of vigorous trees ; but such 
treatment, out of the ordinary course of nature, though some- 
times useful, should be cautiously applied, as the first crop 
gives still another check, and often materially injures the tree 
and the quality of its subsequent crops. 

Summer Pruning. — Another and an unobjectionable mode 
of attaining the same end, is summer pruning , which is effected 
by pinching off the soft ends of the side-shoots after they have 
made a few inches growth. In these the sap immediately ac- 
cumulates, and a greater or less number of the young buds 




PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF PRUNING. 95 

upon the remainder of these shoots may tend to produce 
efficient fruit-buds. To prevent the breaking of these buds 
into new shoots by too great an accumulation of the sap, 
a partial outlet is left for its escape through the leading-shoot 
of the branch, which at the same time is affect- 
ing the desired enlargement of the tree. In the 
annexed figure (Fig. 126), a branch is repre- 
sented with its side-shoots thus undergoing con- 
version into fruit-spurs, the dotted lines show- 
ing the position which these shoots would have 
taken if left unpinched. 

It will be seen that two great objects are here 
attained — the fruitfulness of the tree, and the 
increased vigor of the leading-shoot, by direct- 
ing the surplus sap to its growth. Fig. 126.— Sum- 

This constitutes essentially the art of summer ^^"^ runmg. 
pruning dwarf and pyramidal trees, more especially the pear 
and apple. It may be applied with advantage to young stand- 
ards, to produce early fruitfulness. 

It often happens, and especially when the pinching is done 
too early, that the new buds send out shoots a second time the 
same season. When this occurs, these second shoots are to be 
pinched in the same manner as the first, but shorter; and 
third ones, should they start, are to be similarly treated. The 
bruising given by pinching off with the thumb and finger is 
more apt to prevent this result than clipping with a sharp 
knife. 

Giving Desired Form to Trees by Pruning. — A tree may be 
moulded into almost any desired shape by a proper use of the 
knife, or even by the rubbing and pinching process. =*= If a 
young tree from the nursery is too tall and slender, or has too 
high a top, it should not be altered much the first year after 
removal, but allowed to become tolerably established with its 
new set of roots. The second year it may be cut back freely 
(Figs. 127 and 128), taking care to leave buds for the forma- 
tion of an evenly distributed head. Some kinds of trees will 



* A late writer says : " The finest standard pear-trees we ever saw, had never 
had a knife or saw about them. The thumb and forefinger had only been used. 
Rub off all unnecessary buds that grow in a tree— and remove as they appear. 
This keeps the tree clean, and the growth in the proper channels. It is easily 
done." 



96 



PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF PRUNING. 



bear cutting-back freely the same year they are removed, as 
for example, the peach, which, as already observed, readily 
produces new shoots. The same characteristic is possessed 
by the sugar-maple and some other trees, 
which, as many have observed, when planted 
along the borders of streets, and cut back to 
single poles, form heads at once of new 
branches. 

When the tops are too low (which is rarely 
the case), the lower branches may be pruned 
off and the top carried up to 
any desired height. This 
should not be done until 
the stem has thickened suffi- 
ciently to sustain the top- — 
the side-shoots always tend- 
ing to increase the diameter 
of the stem which bears 
them. If the young tree pos- 
sesses great luxuriance it 
may be desirable to throw 
more of the growth upward fig. i28.-TheEame, 

than these side-shoots would after the operation 
,, .r . . ,.11 ,v is completed. 

allow, if remaining till the 
following spring, the usual time for pruning. In such a case 
the ends of the side-limbs may be clipped or pinched off, and 
a portion of the lower ones removed with the knife. 

Pruning Nw^sery and Young Trees. — Brief suggestions have 
been already furnished on this subject in connection with the 
explanation of general principles. Directions of a more mi- 
nute and practical character, and applicable to the different 
kinds of trees, will doubtless be useful and acceptable. It is 
of great importance that a tree be pruned right, on the start; 
for the misplaced shoot, which might be easily rubbed off 
with the finger, when just beginning to grow, many ultimately 
become the heavy limb and the misshapen top. 

Pruning Single Shoots. — Young shoots are cut back for va- 
rious purposes, such as heading-down to an inserted bud, 
shortening-in those that are too long, or cutting out super- 
numeraries. It is important that even these simple operations 



Fig. 127.— Mode of 
Reducing the 
Height of a tall 
young tree by- 
cutting at the dot- 
ted line. 




PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF PRUNING. 



97 



be rightly performed, i. The cut is usually made with a 
sharp knife, which does the work smoother, better, and more 
completely at the control of the operator. 2. The cut surface 
should bo as small as 
practicable, in order that 
it may heal over readily. 
The two annexed figures 
show the right and the 
wrong way of doing this 
work, Fig. 129 being a 
well-made cut and Fig. 
130 being one performed 
by a careless workman, 
exposing a large cut sur- 
face and leaving an incon- 
venient and sharp stub 
above the bud intended to grow. 3. The cut should not 
be made too high above the bud, nor too near it. If too 





Fig. 



Fig. 130. Fig. 131. Fig. 132. 






Fig. 133. — Pruning- Down to 
Insert Bud. — The dotted 
line, a, shows the proper FiG. 134.— Tying- up Rare- FiG. 135.— Nursery- 
place to make the cut — h, ly practised in commer- tree Pruned too 
is too near the bud. cial plantations. High. 

high above (Fig. 131), in the space between the buds or 
joints, this portion, not being fed by leaves, dies, and the 
wood must be afterward pruned again in order to make a 
7 



PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF PRUNING. 



smooth stem. If the cut is made too near the bud, as in Fig. 
132, the drying surface abstracts moisture and enfeebles the 
bud, which either fails to grow, or grows feebly. Trees that 
are soft and porous, as the peach and grape, should have more 
wood left above the bud, to prevent 
drying; and in pruning down to all 
inserted buds, it is generally safest to 
leave an inch or two until the young 
shoot has fairly 
commenced grow- 
ing, when the 






Fig. 136.— Well-formed 
Young Tree. 



FIG. 



137.— Unformed 
Tree. 



Fig. 138. — Unformed Tree, 
left unpruned till older. 



Stump may be pared down close to it by a single draw-cut of a 
sharp knife, made sideways, so that the point of the knife 
may not strike the" shoot (Figs. 133 and 134). 4. In shaping 
the heads of young trees, prune down to an inside bud, where 
an upright shoot is required; but prune down to an outside 
bud where a more horizontal or spreading growth is sought, 
as, for instance, in such vertical growers as the Northern Spy 
and Early Strawberry apple-trees. 

Pruning Young Apple- Trees. — Directions have been already 
given in relation to forming a high or low top. In conse- 
quence of the crowded growth of nursery-trees, they are apt 
to push upward to reach the light, at the expense of the side- 
branches. In addition to this influence, being closely trimmed 



PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF PRUNING. 



99 



on the sides to make them tall, stich mismanaged trees assume 
the appearance of the annexed cut (Fig. 135), and have been 
compared to a low-bowing dancing-master, A better-shaped 
tree is shown in Fig. 136. As all nursery-trees succeed bet- 
ter,, are more sure to live, and are more vigorous and make 
handsomer trees when set out quite yotmg, or at not more 
than two years from the bud or graft, the following directions 
apply to such trees at the time of planting and immediately 
afterward. Three or four side-shoots on the unformed tree 
(Figs. 137 and 138) should be at first selected, to form the 
main branches and to constitute the foundation or framework 
of the future top (see Fig. 123). In order to secure a well- 
formed and nicely balanced head, these shoots must be fre- 
quently watched through the first summer of growth, and if 
any of them are disposed to take the lead 
of the others they should be pinched and 
checked to maintain an equality. Two 
buds will be enough to grow on each of 
these shoots, making eight at the end of 
the season, taking care that all are distrib- 
uted at equal distances (Fig. 139). All the 
other shoots should be rubbed off with the 
thumb and finger as soon as they form. 
The second year the same process is 
repeated on the new shoots, and contin- 
ued until a handsome, even, symmetrical 
framework for the future head is obtained, 
after which comparatively little attention 
will be necessary. A large orchard of 
young trees may be managed in this way 
with a very few days' labor — far less than 
that afterward required in cutting out 
large limbs and giving shape to the distorted tops of full- 
grown, neglected orchards. These rules will apply, siibstan- 
tially, to the pruning of standard pears, except that they 
generally require less thinning out. 

Nearly the same course is to be pursued in forming the 

heads of dwarf apple-trees, with the exception that the base 

of the head should be only about ten inches from the 

ground (Fig. 145) ; or, if they be half-standards on Doucin 

L.ofC. 




Fig. 139.— Well-formed 
Head. 



loo PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF PRUNING. 

Stocks, the heads should be about twenty inches or two feet 
high. 

Pyramids. — For pyramids (a form of training applied most 
frequently to dwarf pears), the early treatment is quite differ- 
ent from that of standards. As the sap tends to the summit 
of the tree, producing the strongest side-shoots toward the 
top, and the shortest and most feeble toward the bottom, the 
natural form of the tree gradually becomes a trunk or stem 
with a branching head. To prevent this result, and give a 
strong, broad set of branches at the bottom, a thorough and 
regular system of shortening-down must be adopted at the 
outset. The following is a brief outline of the course usually 
pursued : 

After the single shoot from the bud has grown one season 
(Fig. 140), it is cut down so as to leave not over one foot, and 

if the tree is weak not over six 
inches (Fig. 141). As a conse- 
quence, the buds on this remaining 
portion, receiving all the sap, 
make a vigorous growth. The 
upper one must be converted into 
a leader, by pinching off early the 

FiGr^4o. Piai4i.'"Firx42. tiP^ «f^^^ ot\x^xs, beginning first 
Starting the Pyramid. with the upper ones, which will be 

the strongest, and gradually descending as the season advances 
to the lower ones, which should be left the longest in order to 
give them the most strength (Fig. 142). Six inches of naked 
stem below the branches should be left, by rubbing off all 
shoots below; and if in a region liable to deep snows, this 
space should be a foot, to prevent splitting off the limbs by 
the weight of the snow, and for which object the tree should 
not be cut down lower than eighteen inches at the close of the 
first season. The pruning after the second year's growth, 
consists in cutting down again the leader for a second crop of 
side-shoots ; and these side-shoots, and the new leader, are to 
be treated precisely as those below were treated the year be- 
fore. At the same time, the last year's side-shoots, on the 
lower part, are to be cut back (the longest at the bottom so 
as to give a pyramidal forrn), in order to insure the growth of 
the buds upon them. The new side-shoots thus caused may 




^VW\ 



PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF PRUNING. 



be pinched off so as to convert them into fruit-spurs (accord- 
ing to the process described hereafter in this chapter), except 
one shoot left on each as a leader, and another, if needed, to 
fill up the space made by the widening limbs. The pyramid 
may now be said to have 
been fairly formed; and it 
is only requisite to continue 
and prolong the same pro- 
cess for successive years. 
Fig. 143 represents a four- 
year pyramid three times 
pruned, each section being 
shown at the figures i, 2, 3, 





Fig. 143.— Four-year Pyramid. 



Fig. 144. — Bearing Dwarf Pear. 



and the cross-lines indicating the place for the fourth pruning. 
Fig. 144 represents a perfectly pruned pyramid in bearing. 

After the tree has attained sufficient size, its further ex- 
tension is prevented by pruning back the shoots. 

If the fruit-spurs become too numerous, a part of them are 
to be pruned out closely so as to give an even and not crowded 
crop. When spurs become too old, they may be mostly re- 
moved for new ones to spring from their bases. 

Some varieties of the pear throw out side-shoots spontane- 
ously the first year. Such trees may be treated in a manner 
not unlike the ordinary two-year pyramid. On the contrary, 



102 PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF PRUNING. 

such sorts as have small or flat buds may need a more severe 
cutting-back than others, in order to arouse the buds into 
action and induce them to break into shoots. 

T. G. Yeomans, a successful cultivator of the dwarf near 
for market, gives the following excellent practical directions 
for pruning the trees, suited to orchard management : — 

" Experience has convinced me, that with good trees of 
well-chosen varieties, on any good corn-land which is never 
too wet ; and with the culture a good farmer gives his other 
■crops, and the important — nay more, the indispensable requi- 
site to success — thorough priining, no one need fail of attaining 
a degree of success highly satisfactory and profitable. 

" A dwarf pear-tree should never be planted at one year 
old. A good one-year-old tree consists of a single upright 
shoot or stem, from three and one-half to five feet high, and 
should be cut off at about two feet from the ground ; and in 
order to give a smooth, handsome stem or trunk, let the buds 
be rubbed off to the height of one foot from the ground — leav- 
ing on the upper portion six to nine buds, more or less ; with 
the tree standing in its original position iii full vigor, and cut 
back as above stated, each one of these buds will throw out 
a good strong branch, which gives a full round distaff-form 
to the tree ; and this is the time and manner, and the only 
time, when that desirable shape can be given, on which the 
future form of symmetry and beauty so much depends ; and 
to avoid a fork-topped tree, in which the two uppermost 
branches are about of equal vigor and height, let the second 
branch from the top be pinched off, when about nine inches or 
a foot long, which will check and weaken it, while the upper- 
most one becomes a strong central leader. Whereas, if the 
tree be transplanted at one year old, and cut back as above 
stated, the vital forces of the tree will be weakened half or 
three-fourths b}^ transplanting, and, as the result, only two or 
three (more or less) of the buds on the trunk will grow so as 
to form branches, and they, perhaps, only at the top or all on 
one side, while the remaining buds remain dormant, never 
afterward to be developed, as the other branches form new 
channels, which will more readily carry the sap to the other 
and upper portions of the tree. 

" For transplanting, therefore, let a tree be two years old 



PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF PRUNING. 



103 



from the bud, well cut back at one year old, and with six to 
nine main branches, which form the framework or foundation, 
which is to give form and character to the future tree, with 
proper care and management. 

" The following cut (Fig. 145) will illustrate a two-year- 
old tree, as above described, its lower branches about one 
foot from the ground, its upper branches 
being the strongest and most upright, and 
those below less vigorous and more hori- 
zontal. 

" The dotted lines indicate where the 
branches should be cut back at the time of 
planting. 

" In cutting a tree, with branches formed 
as above described, let the leader be cut 
down within four to six inches of the place 
where the one-year-old tree was cut off, 
and just above a good bud on the side of 
the tree, over the previous year's cut, thus 
keeping the leader in a perpendicular posi- 
tion over the original trunk or bottom of 
the tree. 

" If the side-branches are too horizon- 
tal, upper buds are left for their exten- 
sion ; if too upright, lower buds are left. 
Side direction may be given, if desirable, to fill wide spaces, 
in the same way. Cut the other branches at such a distance 
from the trunk, that the ends of all of them would form a 
pyramid, the base of which should not be over twelve to six- 
teen inches in diameter, and in smallish trees much less ; thus 
the lowest branches wnll be left the longest; the object of 
which is to check the natural flow of sap to the upper branches 
and induce it to flow more forcibly to the lower ones, increas- 
ing the vigor and force of the latter as much as possible, which 
must be done at that time, or never. 

" Fig. 146 represents a two-year-old tree after it has been 
pruned at two years old, and made the third year's growth, 
and showing where it should be cut back at that time. All 
subsequent pruning will become easy to any one who has 
attended to these directions thus far — observing the same 




Fig. 145.— Dwarf Pear, 
marked for trimming 
and transplanting. 



104 PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF PRUNING. 

principles, thinning out or cutting back any secondary or 
other branches, as shall seem necessary to admit light and 
air, or give vigor or symmetry of form to the tree; but as the 
greatest force of sap will flow to the central and upright 
branches, they will need to be cut back most, retaining as 
near as may be the pyramidal form ; ever bearing in mind this 
fact, that no one prunes too much ; and, after having pruned 
well and gathered rich harvests of luscious pears, if you still 





Fig. 146.— Two-Year-Old Tree 
marked for trimming. 



Fig. 147. — Dwarf Apple. 



wish to grow them larger and better than ever before, prune a 
little closer, and that result will certainly be attained; and 
the vigor, beatcty, and longevity of your trees will be increased 
thereby." 

Throughout the whole process of pruning and training 
pyramids, as well as every other tree, the frequent error of 
allowing the shoots and branches to become thick and crowd 
each other, should be carefully avoided. The size and beauty 
of the fruit, and its perfection in richness and flavor, where 
there is plenty of room for the full, vigorous, and health}'- 
development of the leaves which supply the material for the 
growing fruit, will repay well the labor required for this ex- 
cellent result. 

Dwarf apples (on Paradise stocks) are usually trained to a 
round and rather spreading open head, the same principles to 



PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF PRUNING. 105 



be applied as in forming dwarf pears, with the exception of 
the form given to them, and being more dwarfish in growth, 
less shortening of the shoots is required (Fig. 147). 

Small, slow-growing varieties, as the Melon, Early Joe, 
Red Canada, Hawley, Jonathan, Lady Sweet, Summer Pear- 
main, Dyer, Lady, and Lowell, may be pruned into pyramids 
and kept small, so as to stand not farther than ten feet apart. 
Thriftier varieties, on Doucin stock, may be treated in the 
same way. 

The Cherry and Plum may be pruneu m the form of pyra- 
mids on the same principles as the apple and pear. The Mo- 
rello and Duke cherries may be treated either as pyramids or 
as smaller, rounded, open-headed dwarfs. 

Frtcning Apj^le-Orchards in Bearmg. — The mode of pruning 
old neglected apple-trees, with a view to restoring their vigor 
and fruitfulness, is more particu- 
larly pointed out on another page ; 
it may be only necessary here to 
remark that the chief requisites to 
keep steadily in view during the 
operation, are : i. To avoid cutting 
off large limbs except in cases of 
absolute necessity. 2. To admit 
light equally into all parts of the 
tree by thinning out the branches. 
3. To remove all crooked or badly 
growing limbs, and reserve a hand- 
some evenly distributed top. 4. To 
do the work gradually, or in successive years, and commenc- 
ing by preference at the top or centre, which will favor an 
open top. 5. To give a coating on all fresh wounds an inch 
or more in diameter, of the composition made of shellac dis- 
solved in alcohol, just thick enough to be of the consistence 
of paint. The surface should be allowed to remain uncovered 
a few days after the cut is made, in order to become dry. 
The handle of the brush being inserted in the cork, it is kept 
air-tight in drying, and alway ready ; but fine sand, brick dust, 
or powdered chalk, mixed with warm gas-tar, is a good appli- 
cation and much cheaper. Grafting-wax does well, and may 
be applied with a brush when melted, or in the form of thick 




Fig. 148.— Limb properly cut 
at A ; improperly at B. 



io6 PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF PRUNING. 



plasters. Thick white lead paint is the best single material, 
however. 

Pruning-saws are required for this work, which should 
always be kept sharp and in good condition ; those made with 
coarse teeth on one edge, and slightly finer on the other, will 

149.— Two-edg-e Pruning Saw. 



be found most handy (Fig. 

149)- 

, For trimming branches not 
over one inch in diameter on 
the more inaccessible parts of 
the trees, a powerful cutting- 
shears on the end of a pole 
has been devised, which is ex- 
tremely useful (F'igs. 150 and 
151). 
Pj'uning the Peach. — No tree requires 
continued pruning so much as the peach. 
There is a strong tendency in the ter- 
minal buds to push upward and outward, 
at the expense of the side-shoots, which 
soon dying, the tree ultimately is com- 
posed of long, bare poles with onl)^ tufts 
of leaves at their extremities (Fig. 152). 
It is well known that young trees bear 
large, handsome, and excellent fruit, while 
the old, enfeebled trees yield nothing but 
small specimens of inferior quality. Con- 
tinued pruning will prevent this bad re- 
sult, and preserve the heads of old trees 
in a state of thrifty growth, and they will 
continue to yield as large and fine fruit as 
in the first years of bearing. As the peach 
alwa^^s bears its fruit on the previous years' 
and buds never start from old wood, it is im- 
to keep a continued supply of young wood, evenly 




Fig. 151. 
Tree-' 

growth, 
Dortant 



PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF PRUNING. 107 

distributed throughout the head. This can only be done 
by continued cutting-back. The best way to perform this 
operation is to commence at the close of winter or early 




Fig. 152. — Neglected Peach-tree. 

in spring, and cut off the upper half or two-thirds of every 
one-year shoot. If this process is continued from year to 
year, in connection with cutting entirely out all the feeble 




Fig. 153.— Correctly Trimmed Peach, best method and form, 

shoots where they grow too thickly, the desired object will be 
fully attained, and the trees, as they grow older, instead of 
presenting the appearance of Fig. 152, will form the sym- 



lo8 PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF PRUNING. 



metrical, evenly distributed heads shown in Fig. 153. An 
important advantage of thus pruning the peach will be the 
thinning-out of the fruit-buds ; and while the tree will bear 
perhaps only one-third or one-quarter the number of speci- 
mens, they will be so much larger as to give as many bush- 
els, while the quality will be incomparably superior. 

An objection is made that too much labor is required for 
this operation. By the use of a good pair of pruning-shears, 
however, it may be done with great expedition, and half a 
dozen trees finished, in the same time that would be required 
for a single tree in using the knife. 

Another mode, more rapidly performed, and answering 




V 

. ^> ' '■'V A ~ ' ■ 




Fig. 154. Fig. 155. 

Heading-back of the Peach. 

nearly the same purpose, is to cut off two or three years' 
growth at a time, from all the longer branches, taking care to 
leave a sufficiency of young wood, and always cutting back to 
a fork, so as not to make a dead stub. 

In cases where the pruning has been neglected on young 
trees, until they have attained several years of age, and the 
shoots have just begun to die out in the centre, a still more 
wholesale kind of pruning may be adopted. Three or four 
feet may be taken off, in cases of necessity, at a single stroke, 
and if judiciously performed, will convert the broad heaa 
which is beginning to become enfeebled, into a smaller, neat, 



PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OE PRUNING. 109 

round, and open head, possessing the thriftiness of a young 
tree, and bearing as large and excellent fruit. Fig. 154 shows 
the tree before being thus cut back, and I'ig. 155 the same, 
with all the ends of the branches (shown by dotted lines) re- 
moved. It must be remembered here, as in all other instances, 
that the outer shoots must be sufficiently thinned back to admit 
light to the interior. The shearing, which is sometimes 
adopted, like that of a common hedge, only thickens the foli- 
age on the outside, and increases instead of diminishing the 
evil. 

Pruning the Cherry. — The cherry usually needs but little 
pruning, after the young tree has been properly formed. As 





Fig. is6.-Trimmed Quince. ^'I^- i57.-Young Quince, /: jm 

which a good tree may be 
formed. 

wounds made in winter are apt to form gum, and the removal 
of much foliage in summer injures the tree by checking its 
growth, the rubbing and pinching process should be exclU' 
sively resorted to, in forming an even and well-distributed 
head, nearly in the same manner as already described for the 
apple. The only care, as the trees become older, is to see 
that no shoots, by outgrowing the others, form a distorted top. 
Nearly the same rules apply to the plum; but as single 
shoots sometimes make a long growth in one season, an eye 



PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF PRUNING. 



must be kept to them, and the necessary rubbing and pinch- 
ing performed, that they do not outgrow the others. 

Pruning the Quince. — Young quince-trees, as sold by nurs- 
erymen in this country, have, in many instances, received 
no pruning or training, and resemble Fig. 156. To give them 
a single straight stem, and to impart sufificient vigor to form 
a good well-balanced head, such trees should be cut down 
near the ground as soon as they become well established, and 
a single upright shoot allowed to grow for the future tree 
(Fig. 157). The second year a good 
head may be commenced, according 
to the directions given for the dwarf 
apple. 

Special directions for pruning the 
Grape, Raspberry, Blackberry, Goose- 
berry, and Currant will be found in 
the chapters devoted to these dif- 
ferent fruits. 

Trees which are kept in good 
shape while young will not require 
heavy pruning in after years. But 
orchards rarely receive this perfect 
management, and more or less prun- 
ing occasionally becomes necessary. 
The owner is often unable to attend 
in person to all the details, or to di- 
rect the laborer in the removal of 
each successive limb. 

To obviate this difficulty, attach a 
cylinder of chalk to a rod several 
feet in length, in the manner repre- 
sented in Fig. 158, and taking this 
rod in the hand, make a distinct 
white chalk-mark, at the precise 
spot where the pruning-saw is to cut through for the removal 
of the rejected branch. The workman follows with the saw, 
and cuts off every branch at the right place, with greater ac- 
curacy than verbal directions could point out, and without 
hesitation or delay. The owner may mark out enough work 
with the chalk in an hour to occupy the laborer through the 




Fig. 158.— To mark the limbs 
to be cut. 



PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF PRUNING. ill 

day, and the whole operation be performed with skill and 
accuracy. If the trees are tall the marking may be done on 
horseback. 

Pruning the Roots. — This has been tried to a limited extent 
only, and has proved useful in checking over-luxuriant growth 
attended with unfruitfulness. Its tendency, by lessening the 
supply of sap, is to render trees more dwarfish, and operates 
not unlike grafting on dwarf stocks; or in the same way, but 
in less degree, that transplanting produces a like result. It 
should usually be done early in spring, and with a spade 
ground sharp and kept solely for this purpose, so that the 
roots may be cut off smoothly, and not torn or bruised, as 
with a dull spade. Any required degree of check may be 
given to the tree by cutting the roots short or near the foot of 
the stem — a less check by allowing greater length. 

To Recapitulate. — i. Begin to prune when the tree is young. 
2. Prune a little every year. 3. Aim to keep the tree in such 
shape that very heavy pruning is unnecessary. 4. The gen- 
eral pruning is best done in very late winter. 5. Light head- 
ing-in in summer sometimes induces the formation of fruit- 
spurs. 6. Always prune back heavily on transplanting. 7. 
Each kind of species of tree needs its own kind of pruning. 



CHAPTER VIII. 

HAND IMPLEMENTS USED BY FRUIT GROWERS. 

The more common tools needed are the shovel, the spade, 
the fork, and the hoe, for digging holes, transplanting, and cul- 
tivating the ground. The fork and rake are useful in mixing 
manures with the soil for filling the remote parts of large 
holes. 

ThQ pruning-knife is a large, usually hooked knife, for re- 
moving useless branches. Common styles are shown in Fig. 
159. The middle one is mostly used. 





Fig. 159.— Various Forms of Pruning-Knives. 

ThQ pruning-smu (Figs. 160 and 161) is needed in taking off 
larger limbs ; attached to a handle several feet long, it will 
reach those at a distacne from the ground. 

The draw-sazv (Fig. 162) has the direction pf the teeth the 

112 



IMPLEMENTS USED BY FRUIT CULTIVATORS. 113 



reverse of the common saw ; that is, they should point toward 
the operator. Being thus only subject tc & pulling strain, it 




Fig. 161.— Pruning-Saws. 

does not require so thick a blade as the thrust-saw, with the 
teeth in the usual way. For this reason it is less liable to 



Fig. 162.— Draw-Saw. 

become broken or twisted. The two-edged saw (Fig. 163) 
can be readily purchased anywhere and is very useful. 




Fig. 163. — Two-edged Pruning-saw. 

The budding-knives (Fig. 164) should have a broad, flat 
the edge of which is to be rounded outward, for the 
ready incision of the 
bark. The thin ivory 
blade or haft at the ex- 
tremity of the handle, 
as provided on some 
budding-knives, may be 
dispensed with in near- 
ly all cases, the bud, 
when set in, lifting the 
bark as it slides down- 
ward, more perfectly 
8 



blade, 
more 




Fig. 164.— Budding-Knives. 



XI4 IMPLEMENTS USED BY FRUIT CULTIVATORS. 



than by any other mode, after the corners of the bark are 

lifted with the point of the blade. 

The grafting-chisel (Fig. 165) is useful in cleft-grafting large 

apple-trees. It is made of iron, the edge set with steel. It 

is used for splitting the 
stock, after it is sawed 
off and pared. The cut- 
ting part should be not 
less than two inches 
broad, with a sharp 
edge, which should 
curve inward, that the 
bark, in splitting, may 
be cut first, to give it a 
Fig. i65.-Grafting Chisel. See also Fig. 28. smooth, flat face. The 

wedge at the end opens the stock to receive the graft. 

The pruning shears shown in Figs. 166 and 167 are, taken 
all in all, the most useful tool the orchardist can have. There 






Fig. 166. 

Forms of Pruning-Shears, 



Fig. 167. 



are a variety of patterns of these shears, differing mainly in 
the form of spring used to keep the blades apart. 

Tn using the long-handled pruning-saw, the pruning-chis 



-chisel, 



IMPLEMENTS USED BY FRUIT CULTIVATORS. 115 



Fig. 168.— Orchardist's Hook. 



the graft-cutter, or the fruit-gatherer, the operator may stand 
on a ladder or his stool, as an additional assistance in reach- 
ing the higher parts of the tree. 

The orchardisf s hook consists of a light rod, with an iron 
hook at one end, and a piece of wood made to slide along it. 
In using it the fruit-gath- 
erer draws down the end 
of a branch with the hook, 
and fastens it by the slid- 
ing-piece to another branch below. The slider passes freely 
along the rod, but ceases to slide by the friction of the side- 
strain whenever it is in use. Fig. 168. 

Fruit on the ends of long and tall branches may be gath- 
ered by means of the fruit-picker shown in the annexed fig- 
ures (Figs. 169 and 170). Fig. 169 con- 
sists of a piece of stiff wire about two 
feet long, bent into the form shown at a ; 
the two ends are then thrust through 
gimlet-holes in the end of a pole; a small 
bag, large enough to hold half-a-dozen 
apples, is sewed to the wire. This com- 
pletes the instrument. The narrow part 
of the wire assists in removing the stem 
from the branch. A picker of some sort 




=0 




Fig. 169. 



Fruit-Picker. 



Fig. 170. 



is especially valuable in gathering any valuable fruit, such 
as pears or peaches, which Avould otherwise be bruised and 
spoiled. 

Vine Scissors. — Neat and convenient instruments for thin- 
ning out the berries from bunches of grapes which have grown 
too thick, for rem^oving unnecessary shoots, leaves, etc., and 
for gathering the fruit, are shown in the annexed cuts (Figs. 
171, 172, and 173). The uppermost one is commonly used. 

Garden Reel. — Fig. 174 represents the reel for the garden- 
line and stake for stretching the same, all made of iron. The 
stakes should be at least a foot long. The line should be a 



Il6 IMPLEMENTS USED BY FRUIT CULTIVATORS. 



strong, well-twisted hemp cord, about one-fifth of an inch in 

diameter, which, 
when not in use, 
is quickly wound 
up on the reel. 
It is employed for 
setting trees in 
rows. 

Self - sustaming 
fniit-ladders are 
very useful in 
gather ing fine 
fruit, to prevent 
mutilation and 




Fig. 171, 172, and 173.— Forms of Vine Scissors. 



bruising of the bark and branches. Fig. 175 is one of small 
size and simple construction, is easily carried in one hand, 
and will raise one's feet a yard or more from the ground. It 
consists of a small piece of light plank at the top, supported 




Pig. 174.— Garden Reel. Fruit-tree Ladders. FiG. 177.- Pointed Ladder. 

on legs not larger than common chair-legs. Fig. 176 repre- 
sents one from eight to twelve feet high, the two single legs 
moving on joints, for closing in carrying, and spreading like 
a tripod in setting up under the tree. 



IMPLEMENTS USED BY FRUIT CULTIVATORS. 117 



An improvement has been made by continuing the two 
main bars to a point, which more readily enables the operator 
to thrust it up among the branches, and often to support him- 
self by grasping this elevated point. The legs turn at the 
hinges b (Fig. 177). 

The folding-ladder may be closed together with the facility 
of a pair of compasses; it then becomes a round stick easily 
^ carried in one hand. It is made 

CD 




Fig. 178.— Folding Ladder. 



of strong, light wood, and its 
construction may be readily un 
derstood by the annexed figure 
(Fig. 178), representing the lad- 
der as open, as half- closed, and 
as closely shut. An enlarged 
longitudinal section shows the 
manner in which the rounds 
lie in the grooves or concave 
beds in the sides or styles; 
above which is a cross-section 
exhibiting the semi-oval form 
of the styles. The 'ends of the 
rounds turn on iron pins, slight- 



ly riveted outside. The rounds resting on shoulders, when the 
ladder is opened, render the whole stiff and firm. A ladder of 
this construction is found very useful, not only in fruit-houses, 
where a common ladder could not be conveniently carried, 
but in pruning standard trees, because it can be thrust through 
the branches like a round pole, without diificulty, and when 
once there, it is easily opened. 

Tree Scraper (Fig. 179).— This is used for removing the rough 
and shaggy bark, moss, 
etc. , from old fruit-trees. 
It consists of a triangu- 
lar plate of steel, at- 
tached to a handle at the 
centre. The sides of , the triangle are about four inches, and 
the handle may be from one to several feet in length. 

Garden Syringe (Figs. 180, 181). — This is made of various 
sizes, or different materials, and with different caps or orifices. 
The cheapest is made of thick sheet-tin, and the best and 




Fig. 179. — Tree-Scraper. 



1. 1 8 IMPLEMENTS USED BY FRUIT CULTIVATORS. 



most durable of brass. For throwing a single stream, the jet 
represented in the figure is attached ; for washing dusty foli- 
age with a soft shower, a rose with many fine holes is screwed 




^^»^ 



Fig. i8i.— Garden Syringes. 

on. The syringe is used for washing, watering, destroying 
insects, etc. 

Garden Pump (Fig. 182). — This may be used for all the 
purposes of a syringe, in 
spraying and watering 
plants, as well as for wash- 
ing windows, carriages, and 
protecting buildings against 
fire. It will hold about a 
barrel of water, and is easily 
moved by its handles on the 
cast-iron wheels. It will 
throw water forty feet high. 

Net Scree/is are useful in 
preventing the attack of 
birds on rare and valuable 
fruits upon young or dwarf 
trees. The net should be 

dipped in a decoction of tan to prevent mildew when rolled 
up wet. 

Labels for standard trees are useful in retaining the names 
of the varieties. Purchasers of trees usually neglect the 
names, and the labels received with the trees being soon lost, 
nothing more is thought of them till they begin to bear. 
Curiosity is then excited to know the " new kinds," Conjec- 




FlG. 182.- Garden Spray Pump. 



IMPLEMENTS USED BY FRUIT CULTIVATORS. 119 




Fig. 183.— Wooden Tag. 



ture is set on foot, and the greatest confusion follows. Seri- 
ous and innumerable mistakes are made and perpetuated in 
this way in all parts of the country. 

Permanent labels are therefore important.- The simplest 
is made of a slip of wood, three inches long and half an inch 
wide, suspended to the branch by a loop 
of wire ; copper wire is the best (Fig. 183). 
The name will last three or four years, if 
written with a pencil on a thin coat of fresh 
white paint. Better and more durable 
labels are made of small pieces of sheet 
zinc, written upon with a mixture of two 
parts (by weight) of verdigris, two of sal- 
ammoniac, one of lampblack, and thirty 
of water. The ingredients are to be mixed 
in a mortar with a small portion of water 
at first, and the whole added afterward. Preserve the mixture 
in a well-corked bottle, shaking it repeatedly at first, and keep 
the cork downward to prevent the escape of ammonia, and it 
will remain fit for use for years. Or just as good, use Pay- 
son's or other indelible ink, sold everywhere for marking iinen. 
A common steel pen may be used. Wash the zinc first with 
vinegar to remove the oiliness which is generally on 
the metal. 

The pieces of zinc may be suspended by strong 
wire. These labels or tallies should be made up in 
the winter season when work is slack. The wire 
should be firmly twisted round the zinc, so as not 
to remain loose (Fig. 184), or else the constant 
motion from wind will soon wear out the wire. 
The wire should be nearly as large as a small knit- 
ting-needle, to prevent cracking off by long use. 
The loop should be large, and pass round a side- 
shoot instead of a main branch, to prevent the dan- fig. 184.— 
ger of cutting-in by the growth of the tree ; and ^'"'^ '^^^" 
should be attached below a small fork, to prevent its blowing 
off the end of the branch. 

The wire may be wholly dispensed with by the following 
contrivance : cut the zinc into long triangular strips, half an 
inch wide and from six to ten inches long. Draw the narrow 



I20 IMPLEMENTS USED BY FRUIT CULTIVATORS. 



or slender end round the twig, bring it through a hole 
punched midway between the ends, and clinch or twist it 
with the fingers or a small pair of pincers (Fig. 185). These 
labels may be cut and punched by a tinman at a cheap rate. 
A good, durable, and cheap label is 
made of sheet tin. Cut the tin in 
strips about six inches long, somewhat 
in the form of a wedge, about a fourth 
of an inch wide at one end and three- 
fourths at the other. Write the name 





111 



Fig. 185.— Zinc Tag. 



Fig. 186.— Zinc Tag. 



near the wide end, with any sharp steel instrument, as an 
awl, or end of a file ground sharp, bearing on hard enough to 
go through the tin coating, so as to reach the iron. In a few 
months the rain, by penetrating to the iron, will rust it, and 
make the name quite conspicuous. The label is then at- 
tached to the tree by bending the narrow end once about a 
side-limb (Fig. 186). As the tree grows this coil will expand, 
and not cut the bark. On this account thin tin plate is better 
than thick. The coil should pass around but once, or it will 
not give way freely to the increase of growth. 

Any tin-worker will cut them of scrap or refuse plate for 
about ten or fifteen cents per hundred. 

Lead labels, in the form of those represented in Fig. 187, 
stamped with type, and suspended with copper wire, well 
twisted against the hole, to prevent wearing by the motion of 
the wind, are very durable. Fig. 187 shows the mode of 
Stamping, by sliding the sheet-lead between two plates of iron, 
A, B, screwed together, and setting the types successively 
against the upper plate, A, and stamping one at a time. The 



IMPLEMENTS USED BY FRUIT CULTIVATORS. 121 



letters are thus kept in a straight line. The imprinted end 
of the sheet-lead is then cut off, and forms the label. 

Composition lead labels with the names cast on them are 
much used in England, are very 
neat and durable but expensive. 
(Fig. 188). They may be imported 
from any of the leading seedsmen 
abroad. 




B 



MOORPARK 




Fig. 187.— Device for Stamp- 
ing Lead Tags. 



RIBSTON 
PlPPlM 



Fig. 188.— English Cast. 
Metal Tag. 



Fig. 190. — Notched Num- 
ber Wooden Tag. 



Fig. 189. — Numbering by a Notcned Stick. 



Sticks or tallies at the ends of nursery rows, or labels sus- 
pended on the successive trees of a row of standards, may be 
durably numbered on red cedar, after the following manner, 
to correspond with a written register in a book. Fig. 189 
shows the mode of notching with a knife, to indicate the ten 
figures. To prevent mistakes by getting them inverted, they 
are always read downward on a stake, or from the loop of a 
suspended label. Fig, 190 exhibits a label on a tree marked 
with the number 47. 

No person who plants an orchard or fruit-garden should 
depend for distinguishing the names of his trees wholly on 
labels, which may be lost off. The rows, and the kinds in 
each row, should be registered in successive order, in a book 
kept for the purpose. This will facilitate the replacement of 
any lost label. 



CHAPTER IX. 

THINNING, GATHERING, KEEPING, AND 
MARKETING. 

Thinning. 

Next to good cultivation, nothing contributes more to 
bring out the excellent qualities of fruit, and to give it size 
and a handsome appearance, than thinning the young fruit on 
the tree. If crowded, it is small and often comparativelj'' 
flavorless. Overbearing always injures the growth of the 
tree, yet thinning the fruit is scarcely ever practised. The 
farmer who takes care not to have more than four stalks of 
corn in a hill, and who would consider it folly to have twenty, 
never thins any of the twenty peaches on a small shoot. The 
gardener who would allow twenty cucumber vines in a hill, 
would be called an ignoramus by his neighbor, who at the 
same time suffers a dwarf pear to bear five times as many 
specimens as it could profitably mature. 

All successful fruit-growers now expect to thin peaches, 
plums, apricots, and dwarf pears; and some of them thin 
standard pears and apples. Thinning may be accomplished 
by pruning, and by picking part of the fruit. Knowing where 
the fruit-spurs or fruit-buds are, the pruner can so reduce 
them as to lessen the amount of prospective fruit. Thus, the 
heading back of peaches and the removal of the inferior twigs 
in the middle of the tree, lessen the number of fruit-buds. On 
■peaches and apricots, however, the operator must be careful 
not to reduce the buds too much by means of pruning, for he 
must allow of some loss from spring frosts, curculio, and other 
contingencies. 

Thinning the fruit by picking it off is usually performed as 
soon as the " June drop " is passed. This " June drop " takes 
off the little fruits which chance not to be fertilized, and 



THINNING, GATHERING, KEEPING, MARKETING. 123 

those which are prematurely injured by insects or fungi. It 
is a good rule, in peach growing, not to allow any two peaches 
to stand within four inches of each other. The thinning is 
done when the fruit is the size of the end of one's thumb. It 
is better to burn the picked fruits, for one should exercise care 
to take off those fruits which are imperfect or diseased. 

Apples and pears, when half grown, will show any defects 
or injuries from insects. In thinning the fruit these defective 
specimens should, in all cases, be removed. As many bushels 
of good fruit will be obtained from the trees in autumn as 
there would have been of good and bad mixed together, had 
all been left to grow. The labor of assorting will be lessened, 
and the fruit bring a higher price in market. An experienced 
orchardist says that one day's work to fifty barrels of apples 
will thus take out nearly all the imperfect fruit ; while the in- 
creased labor of hand-picking so many poor specimens will 
be as great as taking them off in summer, when less care will 
be required with them. 

Gathering. 

Mankind consists of two grand divisions — the careless and 
careful. , Each individual may be assigned his place under 
these two great heads by observing how he picks or gathers 
fruit. The careless shake the crop down on the ground, or, if 
picked by hand, thrmv the specimens into the basket, rather 
than carry and deposit them carefully. Such persons wonder 
why they have such poor luck in keeping fruit — it nearly all 
rots prematurely. 

The following is the-right way : Gather by means of hooked 
baskets suspended in the tree ; the apples, as gathered, should 
be laid one at a time in the bottom of the basket, and when 
filled the basket is taken down and the fruits are taken out two 
by two. To prevent the possibility of bruising, these should 
be drawn to the fruit-house on a spring wagon, and two 
apples only should be taken out at a time, till all are care- 
fully deposited on the floor. After being barrelled, they 
can be stored till wanted or carried to the cars or steamboat, 
and carried, not rolled on board. If they are shipped to 
England, one barrel must be hoisted at a time and caught on 
a man's shoulder on the ship, and carried by two men and 



124 THINNING, GATHERING, KEEPING, MARKETING. 

deposited in place. When again unloaded the same care is 
observed, the barrels being carried off on a hand-barrow. 
Throughout the whole process the same care is observed as 
in carrying a looking-glass. 

Various modes are adopted for hand-picking apples and 
other fruit. Ladders should always be provided for reaching 
the different parts of the tree. Step-ladders, five or six feet 
high, may be used for the lower limbs ; longer ladders, resting 
against the branches, or supported by legs as shown in the 
chapter on Implements, are employed for higher portions. 
The remaining scattered fruit may be collected with a fruit- 
gatherer attached to the end of a pole. These are all figured 
and described in the chapter on Implements. Baskets are 
commonly employed furnished with hooks for suspending to 
the limbs or rounds of the ladder while filling. In picking, 
apples should be lifted up to break off the stem, instead of 
pulling them off, as many of the stems will pull out of the 
apples, causing decay. They should be laid in the basket 
(instead of being pitched or dropped in) to avoid bruising. 
A better way is to buckle a strap passing over the shoulder 
and beneath the arm, to which the basket may be hooked, 
leaving both hands free for work. These baskets should be 
round, so as to be small enough to allow turning for empty- 
ing while in the barrel, that the fruit may fall as short a dis- 
tance as possible. Another mode is to wear a coat, made for 
the purpose, of strong canvas, furnished with large pockets 
on both sides, holding a peck or more each. The coat is 
slipped off and the pockets emptied into large baskets or bar- 
rels. A better and more expeditious method is to take a 
common clean grain-bag and place a stick, sharpened at each 
end and about a foot long, so as to prop the mouth open, leav- 
ing a triangular opening, ready for the reception of apples as 
fast as picked by both hands. Tie the upper and lower corner 
together, by placing a pebble in the lower corner, so as to 
form a knob or button, and then tie the bag-strings closely 
above it. It is then slung over the shoulder, as shown in Fig. 
183. A piece of stiff leather buttoned on the shoulder serves 
to protect it from the weight of the bag. When the bag is 
filled it is placed in the bottom of the barrel or basket, and 
emptied by carefully withdrawing the bag and allowing the 



THINNING, GATHERING, KEEPING, MARKETING. 125 



apples to slide out without danger of bruising. In this re- 
spect it is more perfect than a basket, the contents of which 
must be dropped, unless handed out one by one. 

The degree of maturity at which fruit should be picked 
varies with circumstances. Maturity is indicated in apples or 
pears by the dark-brown color of 
the seeds, but as these cannot be 
examined, external appearances 
must serve as a guide. Early ap- 
ples are best when they have at- 
tained full color, and have begun 
to soften, except such as are liable 
to become dry or mealy, which 
should be picked some days before 
fully ripe. Winter apples should 
be mature but not ripe. All late 
winter varieties should be gath- 
ered when too hard to yield to the 
pressure of the thumb, and always 
before heavy autumn frosts. When 
a good keeper begins to drop from 
the tree, as sometimes happens, 
the crop should be gathered im- 
mediately. Windfalls should 
never be mixed with hand-picked 
fruit, as they have been bruised 
by falling, and often heated by the ^^^' 

sun's rays so as to diminish their keeping qualities. They 
should be assorted and reserved for immediate use. Maturity 
in pears is indicated by a slight change in the color of the 
skin, and by the readiness with which the stem separates from 
the tree when the pear is lifted by the hand. There are, how- 
ever, exceptions to this rule — the Bartlett, for instance, may 
be picked even before it has attained full size, and, in a week 
or two, will ripen into a fine, melting texture and excellent- 
flavor. Ripening summer pears in the dark much improves 
their appearance. A Bartlett, for instance, fully exposed to 
the sun and allowed to ripen on the tree, or in a well-lighted 
apartment, will show perhaps only a light-brown cheek ; but, 
if in a dark drawer, the light-brown will become a beautiful 




Fig. 191.— How to Pick into a 



126 THINNING, GATHERING, KEEPING, MARKETING. 

carmine or crimson. When drawers are not at hand the 
maturing process may be accomplished on shelves, by first 
spreading a thick piece of woollen cloth, laying the pears on 
this, and covering them with the same. 

Nearly all pears ripen with a much finer flavor if picked 
and afterward matured in the house. The exceptions are very 
few. Some, which prove only second or third rate when 
allowed to remain till they soften on the tree, become rich, 
melting, and delicious if house-ripened. Gathering the fruit 
while yet hard will, in nearly all cases, prevent or greatly 
diminish the rotting at the core, which otherwise nearly de- 
stroys the value of many early sorts. 

Most varieties of winter pears should hang as long on the 
trees as safety from frost will permit, in order that their fine 
qualities may be fully perfected. Nothing contributes more 
to this high quality than keeping the trees in a state of strong, 
healthy growth, by good cultivation, in connection with thin- 
ning the fruit on the branches. There are a few sorts, as the 
Lawrence and Winter Nelis, which always, like the Seckel in 
autumn, possess a good flavor when even of small size ; but 
most pears are greatly improved in quality, and all in fine 
appearance, when grown to a full size. 

Assorting and Packing for Market. 

Assorting, or separating the large from the small, the 
smooth from the defective, and the hard from the partly ri- 
pened, is a practice of great importance, though often neg- 
glected. Skilful marketers have learned that apples or pears 
of two sizes will both bring higher prices when separated, 
than when left mixed together. Indeed, a few small apples 
in a barrel have sometimes prevented the sale of the whole. 
This holds true of all kinds of fruit. For the same reason 
the most successful strawberry-growers are careful to assort 
the whole crop before placing the fruit in the boxes. 

For long keeping, apples and pears should be carefully 
assorted, according to the degree of maturity which they show. 
Ripe ones soonest decay, and if mixed with hard ones soon 
spoil the whole. If separated, the frequent picking over is 
avoided. 



THINNING, GATHERING, KEEPING, MARKETING. 127 

The main part of the apple crop is moved in barrels. Some 
States regulate the size of apple barrels by law. Barrels 
are strong, are easily rolled or handled, and they are quoted 
in the staple markets. However, the bushel box, or other 
small package, is bound to come more and more into use, 
for it insures better packing, more careful grading, and more 
care to all the details. It also pleases the buyer. Common 
and cheap apples will continue to be sold in barrels, prob- 
ably, but for the finer grades another package is desirable. 

Apples are commonly piled under the trees after picking, 
and are then sorted into barrels. Some growers prefer to 
pack directly into the barrels, and this is no doubt preferable 
with the better and tenderer grades of fruit. Since most ap- 
ples are sold to itinerant buj^ers, the desire of the buyer must 
be followed in respect to methods of packing. The better the 
market, the more careful must be the sorting and the pack- 
ing. An apple which is underripe, overripe, wormy, scabb5^ 
misshapen, bruised, is not first-class, and should never be 
sent to a first-class personal customer. More fruit-growers fail 
in packing and marketing the fruit than in growing it. 

Apples should be so snugly placed in the barrels that there 
can be no rattling when they are moved. They should there- 
fore be slightly shaken several times while filling. A little 
practice will enable any one to do this sufficiently without 
danger of bruising. The upper stratum should be made as 
straight and uniform as practicable, and at such a height that 
the head of the barrel will slightly indent them- — the dry 
wood absorbing the moisture and preventing decay. 

A simple contrivance is adopted by packers for placing the 
head in position, and is shown in the annexed sketch (Fig. 
192). It consists of a plank, a, on which the barrel stands, 
into one end of which is dovetailed an upright piece of plank, 
b, a little higher than the top of the barrel. A slot, c, is cut 
in its upper end, and a pin runs across to receive the end of 
the lever, d, which may be six or eight feet long. A round 
board is used as a follower, to be placed upon the head; and 
across this board is placed a cylindrical piece of wood about 
three inches in diameter (and flat on the lower side), on which 
the lever is placed. A moderate pressure at the end of the 
lever, and a little practice in its use, will enable the operator 



128 THINNING, GATHERING, KEEPING, MARKETING. 



to bring the head to its position with great ease, precision, 
and accuracy. 

Fig. 193 shows another simple form of press, which requires 
an iron yoke made as shown, and Fig. 194, a still more per- 
fect press. 




Fig. 192. — Simple Contrivance 
for heading-up Apple-Bar- 
rels. 





Fig. 193.— Cheap Press for 
heading-up Apple-Barrels. 



Fig. 194. — Press for heading-up Apple- 
Barrels. 



Before filling, the barrel should have the hoops firmly 
driven on the bottom and nailed with shingle-nails, then 
drive on the bulge hoops and secure them with three or four 
barrel-nails in the outside ones. When filled, nail tha head 
firmly. It is a good precaution to nail a small hoop outside 
each head and within the staves to prevent the bursting-out 
of the heads, which otherAvise sometimes happens through 
careless handling. 

Half-barrels have been found convenient for packing and 
keeping winter pears, and for sending them to market, packed 
as described for apples. Pear-growers who send their crops 



THINNING, GATHERING, KEEPING, MARKETING. 12 g 

to distant markets should pack them early enough to reach 
their destination before the softening process has commenced. 
Large losses have sometimes occurred from bruising and 
other injury when summer or autumn pears have been sent 
too late. 

Apples and pears for shipping have sometimes been packed 
in charcoal dust, dry sand — and at other times separately 
wrapped in paper, in the same manner as oranges are shipped 
— but they can be shipped with as much success without any 
thing with them, if only managed with care in other respects. 

In shipping fruit, none but the very best should be sent, 
all that are small, imperfect, or the least bruised, should he 
rejected. 

Packing Grapes for Market. — None but well-grown and 
well-ripened bunches should be taken for this purpose. They 
should not be picked when wet, and all imperfect berries re- 
moved from the bunch. They should be allowed to dry 
twenty-four hours, which lessens their liability to be broken. 
Grapes are now generally sent to market placed in small 
wooden baskets containing five and ten pounds each and up- 
ward — a wooden cover fitting over the top and holding the 
fruit firmly in place. For immediate consumption some of the 
finest fruit is packed in wooden baskets without handles and 
sent to market in crates holding from four to eight baskets. 

Such varieties of the grape as have a tough skin are least 
injured by long journeys; while those like the Worden, which 
are tender, cannot be sent to a distant market without many 
of ^.the berries being broken open, although this liability is 
somewhat lessened by drying and slightly wilting for a day 
or two before packing. 

The most successful grape-raisers, after they have selected 
the best sorts and the best soil, still give assiduous attention 
to three great points, viz: i. Good and constant cultivation; 
2. Careful pruning and thinning-out defective fruit ; 3. Care- 
ful gathering and packing; 4. Attention to spraying. E. M. 
Bradley, of East Bloomfield, N. Y., a skilful marketer, has 
kindly furnished the author of this work the following state- 
rnent of his management : 

" Permit me first to say, that the market value of the grape 
9 



13° THINNING, GATHERING, KEEPING, MARKETING. 

is more dependent upon judicious handling than that of any 
other fruit with which I am conversant. While the grape is 
a fruit peculiarly constituted to endure almost an unlimited 
amount of abuse in handling, no other fruit so richly pays 
every iota of care that may be expended upon it. The most 
casual observer of our great fruit-markets cannot but have 
noticed the wide range of prices in all kinds of fruit, produced 
by a difference in method and style of handling. And no 
fruit with which I am acquainted suffers more from neglect in 
growing and marketing, or more amply repays thorough 
husbandry. 

" Thorough pulverization of the soil to a liberal depth 
every week during the growing season of the vine, a systematic 
thinning of fruit, and removing of all superfluous growth, will 
secure a well-matured crop of grapes. As soon as fully ripe 
(not before), the fruit should be carefully picked and laid in 
shallow, well-ventilated drawers, carried to the packing- 
house on a spring-wagon, and placed in racks or cribs over 
registers so constructed as to afford plenty of fresh air, but 
not exposed to light, or artificial heat. Here the fruit may 
remain for months in safety, and retain its plumpness and 
bloom perfectly. When desirable to send to market, the 
drawers are taken from the rack in the storeroom, and placed 
upon the tables in the packing-rooms, where the fruit is care- 
fully assorted, all green berries and superfluous stems re- 
moved, and packed closely in paper pockets or wooden boxes, 
and immediately shipped. The packing-rooms should be well 
lighted. Small paper pockets, containing from one to three 
pounds, snugly packed in wooden cases, two dozen pockets in 
a case, are found to carry the fruit more safely to market than 
larger packages. The cases should be as nearly air-tight as 
possible. I have sent many tons, packed in this manner, to 
Charleston, S. C, Nashville, Tenn., Quincy, Bloomington, 
and Dubuque, on the Mississippi River, and many other 
towns, over equally hazardous routes, with entire safet3\ 
Good grapes, neatly packed in fancy paper pockets, will 
always sell at remunerative prices, however much the market 
may be 'glutted' with fruit put up in a slovenly manner, 

"In answer to your inquiries as to size and shape of 



THINNING, GATHERING, KEEPING, MARKETING. 131 

'pockets' most desirable, I would suggest as a rule, that the 
package be made to suit the desired market. 

" Fancy-fruit retailers, who aim at high prices, require a 
fancy package, and in the early part of the season a one- 
pound package, gotten up in best style, will command as 
much money as a four or six pound package of equally good 
fruit, but less pretentious pockets; whilst the hotel or 'corner- 
grocery' men prefer them (for the table, or to be weighed 
out by the pound) in Avooden cases, containing from twenty- 
five to thirty pounds each. 

" My aim has ever been, in putting grapes into market, to 
meet the wants of the trade that I endeavored to supply. 
Boston, for example, will realize an enormous price for first- 
class fruit in fancy packages, whilst New York would pay far 
better in wood than in the costl)?- pockets consumed by Boston 
ever3'-day trade." 

" The most popular package at the present time for grapes, 
peaches, and apricots is the Climax basket, which is made in 
various styles and sizes. These are made in sizes holding 
from five to ten or twelve pounds of fruit. They are handv, 
cheap, nest well in the shipment, and are durable. K good 
basket of any kind should be one which is neatly made, with 
no splinters or tag ends hanging from it, which is firm and 
symmetrical in shape, well nailed, and which is perfectly clean 
or white in appearance. Baskets become yellow and discolor- 
ed, if they are left in the sun ; therefore, when they are stored, 
they should be placed in a clean and dark dry loft or room. If 
packages which have been left over from the last year are 
somewhat dingy, it is sometimes possible to bleach them by 
burning a little sulphur in the room." (Bailey, " Principles of 
Fruit-Growing.") So general has the use of the Climax 
basket become for grapes that it is now commonly known as 
the "grape basket." In putting up a good quality of grapes, 
it is important that the " bloom " is not rubbed off, that the 
berries show no finger marks, and that the clusters be cut, not 
pulled, from the vine. 

Packing Straivberries and Othei' Small Fruits. — These should 
be packed in small or shallow boxes, holding not over one 
quart — and sent to market in open-slat wooden crates. Both 



132 THINNING, GATHERING. KEEPING, MARKETING. 



baskets and crates, such as are now almost universally used 
everywhere, are undoubtedly familiar to every one 

A convenient, light, and cheap set of drawers, or flat boxes, 
for conveying such firm-fleshed berries as currants, goose- 
berries, and the more solid strawberries, or for holding the 
smaller boxes, often used in portions of the West, is con- 
structed in the following manner: 

I. Prepare five drawers, each two feet long and twenty 
inches wide, and two inches 

deep in the clear. It is best ^^'^^ '97- 

to have them made of pine, 
three - eighths of an inch 
thick. It is most convenient 
to have the stuff all sawed 
the same width, say two and 





Fig. 195. Fig. 196. 

Wooden Nests for Small Fruit. 



a half inches wide, and use it this width for the bottom, 
leaving them about one-sixteenth of an inch apart for venti- 
lation. The front and back sides of each drawer should 
extend three-quarters of an inch beyond the ends, as shown 
in Fig. 195. Next, provide two strips of strong Avood (white 
ash for example) two inches wide and three-quarters of an 
inch thick. These should be of the same length as the sides 
of the box, so that when placed lengthwise under the box 
they may project three-quarters of an inch beyond the ends. 
Nail these strips so that they shall be lengthwise under the 
bottom, and three-eighths of an inch from the outer part of 
the sides. The nails may be driven through the bottom down 
into the strips. Then nail to the box four similar strips 
placed vertically, so that their ends shall rest on these pro- 
jecting pieces, as shown in Fig. 196, and strengthen the con- 
nection by sheet-iron straps passing around the corners. 
When the boxes are used, the lower one. Fig. 196, is filled 



THINNING, GATHERING, KEEPING, MARKETING. 133 

with berries ; then the next oile, Fig. 195, is placed upon it, 
the projections exactly fitting the posts. This is next filled, 
and so on, successively, till the five drawers are all filled and 
in their places within the posts. Cut a board for a lid so as 
to fit accurately inside of these upright posts, which should 
be just long enough to project slightly above the lid. There 
should be open mortices or slots in the top of each post, so as 
to admit two top pieces, Fig. 197, made the same size as the 
bottom pieces already described, and with tenons cut on the 
ends to fit the slots. When these pieces are put in their 
places and fastened there by means of iron pins through them, 
or by means of hinged iron straps running over them and 
keying closely down, the lid will then be held securely to its 
place, and the whole set of drawers, with its contents, will 
be ready for railway conveyance. 

It will be observed that the case, consisting almost entirely 
of drawers, is light. The arrangement of strips around the 
drawers, securely fastened at the corners, makes the case 
strong. Berries can be put into these drawers in bulk, or any 
of the boxes in use can be placed in them. They are cheap — 
a good carpenter can make four in a day, complete ; the whole 
cost, made in the best manner, will not exceed $1.50 or $2.00 
for a case holding two and a half or three bushels. 

Keeping Fruit. 

The essential requisites for the successful keeping of fruit 
are — i. A proper degree of maturity ; 2. Careful hand-picking 
to avoid all bruises ; 3. Assorting the ripe from the unripe ; 
4. An apartment with a low temperature and free from super- 
abundant moisture; and 5. A pure air, free from unpleasant 
odors. 

If a house-cellar is employed for this purpose, the fruit- 
room should be entirely separated from the rest hy means of 
a wall for the purpose of excluding all odors, and for more 
perfectly controlling the temperature. On this account a cel- 
lar under a grain-barn commonly succeeds well, the floor 
above being double with a space of air between. A cellar 
that is too moist may be rendered dryer by paving with small 



134 THINNING, GATHERING, KEEPING, MARKETING. 

or broken stone, and covering- this pavement with a coating 
of water-lime cement; and by building a single-brick wall 
within the common cellar walls, with an interposed space of 
air. Windows, htmg on hinges on opposite sides, and rolling 
blinds, will assist in maintaining proper ventilation and tem- 
perature. A thermometer should be constantly kept in the 
■apartment, which should be at all times near the freezing 
point if practicable. If the cellar cannot be kept cool enough 
in autumn, the fruit may be left till cold weather in open bar- 
rels, in a dry barn or shed opening to the north. 

With a few exceptions, winter pears, if well matured, will 
keep and ripen in such an apartment without difficult5^ There 
are a few sorts, however, which will require some da3'S in a 
warmer room to finish the ripening process. 

Apples may be kept headed in barrels resting on their 
sides if needed for spring use. If bedded in baked sawdust, 
or soft chaff (the chaff of timothy is best), moisture will be 
absorbed, the temperature kept cool and even, and few will 
decay. Those required for consumption through winter are 
kept best upon shelves. The shelves should be in the mid- 
dle, and a passage extend all around, both for ready access 
and for ventilation. The shelves may be five feet wide, which 
will enable the attendant to reach the middle from either side 
without difficulty. There may be three shelves in an apart- 
ment nine feet high, with a space of two and a half feet be- 
tween each, the lower one being within a foot of the floor. A 
toard five inches high should extend around the edge of each 
shelf. For keeping pears, these shelves should be furnished 
with lids or covers to exclude the light ; or flat movable boxes 
with covers may be placed on the shelves for the same pur- 
pose. A better and more compact contrivance for keeping 
pears is a series of drawers, occupying one or both sides of an 
apartment. Unless the fruit-cellar is a very dry one, these 
drawers should be in an unfreezing room above. The size of 
the fruit-cellar may vary with the amount to be kept. If the 
shelves are five feet wide, and a passage tAvo and a half feet 
wide extend around them, a width of ten feet would be re- 
quired for the whole apartment. The room may be of any 
desired length. A double series of shelves would require a 
width of seventeen and a half feet. 



THINNING, GATHERING, KEEPING, MARKETING. I35 

The accompanying figure (Fig. 198; represents the plan of 
a simple fruit-room, witfi shelves five feet wide in the centre, 
three in number, one above the other, supported by six posts, 



Fig. 




Plan of Fruit Room for Home Use. 



with a passage two and a half or three feet wide all around. 
Fig. 199 represents a larger fruit-room, with two series of 
shelves, and a row of drawers for pears on each side. 




Fig. igg.— Plan for Larger Fruit Room. 

Fruit-houses kept cold by ice are usually too expensive in 
construction and too costly in management for general use, 
and they are chiefly applicable to the perishable fruit ripen- 
ing in summer and autumn. Winter fruit may be sufficiently 
preserved in cold storage or " cold-air" houses until the 
ripening of early strawberries and other small fruits, after 
which there is little demand for the supplies of the preceding 
year. 

The cold-air houses are separate buildings above ground, 
built in the following manner : The walls are double, with a 
space filled with sawdust a foot thick, and they may be all 



136 THINNING, GATHERING, KEEPING, MARKETING. 

wood, or brick and stone, or have a triple-brick wall, the mid- 
dle one with the brick on edge, and all bound together. The 
lower and upper floors are double, with the spaces filled with 
sawdust. The stone underpinning gives two feet air-space 
beneath the lower floor. The fruit-room is cooled by admit- 
ting the air from the outside through openings in the under- 
pinning and through the lower floor, the warm air above 
passing out by a ventilator through the attic, which is sur- 
mounted with a cap which will insure an upward current of 
air when there is any wind or breeze. A single double- 
window affords sufficient light, and the fruit-room is entered 
through double doors set in an entry. As soon as the fruit- 
room is filled in autumn, it is cooled by the admission of 
cold night-air, and is kept within two or three degrees of 
freezing. To effect this cooling, the plank registers are 
opened in the ventilator above and in the lower floor, and air 
is admitted through the openings in the underpinning from 
without. When the thermometer shows the temperature of 
the room to be near freezing, the openings in the underpin- 
ning are shut with close-fitting wooden blocks, and the plank 
registers in the lower floor and in the ventilator are closed. 
By replenishing the cold air from without when required, the 
temperature is kept within two or three degrees of freezing 
through winter and spring as long as cool nights continue. 

Large, two-story houses may be built for holding several 
thousand bushels, the second floor being made of slats to 
admit the air from below. The low temperature is more 
completely preserved by closing and packing the windows and 
doors as soon as the house is filled with fruit, and entering at 
the top, by means of outside stairs and a passage through the 
attic. These stairs are enclosed from the weather. A ther- 
mometer set in a niche in the lower end of a sliding-rod pass- 
ing through the upper floor, enables the attendant to ascertain 
the temperature without entering and disturbing the air in the 
fruit-room below. 

The air of the room may be partly cooled during the warm 
weather of summer by opening the ventilator and registers 
and admitting the earth-cooled air from the space beneath the 
lower floor. If large quantities of fruit are to be stored, the 
floors must be well strengthened with posts and piers. The 



THINNING, GATHERING, KEEPING, MARKETING. 137 



Fig. 200. — Piling Fruit Boxes. 



air in well-constructed houses on the cold-air principle has 
been kept for five months, through winter, within three de- 
grees of freezing. 

One of the most convenient modes for gathering, storing, 
and keeping apples for home consumption, is in flat boxes. 
These are filled directly 
from the trees in the tr ' " ■ !M.^a- ' " ^ 

IT ' -amm. -mimm . | ||^^, 

orchard, and they may 
be at once conveyed to 
an out-building, or piled 

up in a sheltered place in the orchard in the way shown in Fig. 
200. This mode admits the free circulation of air, and they 
may be protected from the weather with a board cover. As 
winter approaches, they are conveyed to the cellar or fruit- 
room without disturbing their contents. Or if they are to be 
received in a cold fruit-house, the fresh fruit may be at once 
conveyed to it. 

When packed away for winter, the boxes may be disposed 
of as shown in Fig. 201, and when they are examined for the 

removal of decaying speci- 



mens, the boxes are taken 
down one at a time, and re- 
placed in a new pile. It will 
obviate the necessitj^ of dis- 
turbing or turning over the 
fruit for examination, if the 




Fig. 201.— Storing Fruit Boxes. 



boxes are quite shallow or only three or four inches deep, so 
as to contain only a single layer of specimens. They should 
have slatted bottoms, to admit the circulation of the cool air. 
If the lumber of which they are made is sawed of the right 
width, they are rapidly constructed by nailing together. A 
convenient size for the boxes is twenty by twenty-four inches, 
with slats at the bottom two inches wide and three-fourths of 
an inch apart. They will be cheaper for the same contents if 
six inches deep ; but the fruit is more easily picked over when 
in a single layer with a depth of only three inches. 

If the boxes are well made they will fit closely together in 
the piles, and, if desired, give nearly the same advantages of 
protection from currents of air and changes of temperature as 
when packed in barrels, while the fruit may be examined at 



13^ THINNING. GATHERING, KEEPING, MARKETING. 

any time for the removal of decaying specimens, without 
being disturbed- from the moment it is placed in the boxes 
in the orchard until taken out for use. This mode admits the 
storing of a large amount of fruit within a small space. 

Keeping Grapes. — The great leading requisite for keeping 
grapes successfully in winter is to have them well ripened, but 
not over-ripe. When grown on crowded, unpruned, unculti- 
vated vines, they will be small, acid, and watery, and will 
quickly shrivel in a dry atmosphere, and mould and decay in 
a moist one ; and they will soon freeze if the temperature of 
the air goes much below the freezing point. But well-grown 
and well-ripened fruit (resulting from good cultivation and 
judicious pruning) contains a rich juice, which prevents them 
from shrivelling or decaying, and freezing, even at low tem- 
perature. Various modes are recommended for packing away 
grapes for winter. They all succeed well, if good, well- 
ripened fruit is taken, as already mentioned, and they are 
placed in a cool and rather dry apartment where they will not 
freeze. If packed in boxes, they are less liable to freeze than 
when exposed. These boxes should not be of pine, as it im- 
parts a resinous flavor. They should, of course, be entirely 
free from moisture when packed away. As a general rule 
they are ripe enough when fit to eat. It was an old notion to 
leave them until the stems shrivel, but the practice now is to 
pick them when the stems are still green. 

" Pick when fully ripe, and on a pleasant day. Let them 
stand in the grape-house for ten days or two weeks until all 
moisture is gone, and the stems are perfectly dry. Then 
pack in a small and shallow box about fourteen by ten and 
four inches deep, after cutting out all imperfect berries. Pack 
close and tight, and in the manner that the Hammondsport or 
Ohio grapes are sent to market, and nail up the boxes. Use 
no paper whatever. I have Isabellas to-day (March 7tli) in 
fine order, packed this way. They must be kept in a cool and 
dry place." 

H. G. Warner, of Rochester, who has kept grapes nearly 
into midsummer, lays down four essential requisites. They 
must be ripe, clean, dry, and cold. The\^ are packed in boxes 
containing fi.ve, twelve, and twenty-four pounds. They are 
placed in a cellar under his barn, where the temperature is 



THINNING, GATHERING, KEEPING, MARKETING. I39 

often twenty-eight degrees through winter. Grapes will not 
freeze at this temperature when kept in boxes. He is careful 
not to place so many in each as to press upon or crush the 
lower ones. The boxes are nailed up and set one upon another, 
so as to occupy little room. 

In conclusion, the following rules may be presented for 
strict observance in keeping fruit : 

1. Let the temperature be kept as near the freezing point 
as practicable. 

2. Keep the temperature as uniform as possible, as an 
occasional warm draught hastens decay. 

3. Exclude air-currents of any kind not required to main- 
tain a uniform degree of cold; hence drawers or covered 
boxes are better than open shelves. 

4. Keep all odors away from the fruit, especially such odors 
as come from badly kept cellars. 

5. See that only sound fruit is placed in storage. Unripe, 
overripe, diseased and wormy fruit should not be expected to 
keep well, no matter how perfect the conditions. 

6. For storage of large lots for commercial purposes, it is 
usually better for the grower to put his fruit in the hands of 
parties who make a business of cold storage. 



CHAPTER X. 

FRUITS TO SUPPLY A FAMILY. 

The question is often asked, " What shall I plant in order 
to obtain a full supply of fresh fruit for a family the year 
round?" It is difficult to give a precise list, as in some sea- 
sons the crop may be many times greater than in others ; and 
again, some will bear abundantly and others fail in the same 
season. The following, however, will serve as an approxi- 
mation : 

The earliest fruits, about the first of summer, will be straw- 
berries. A selection of the most productive sorts, well culti- 
vated, with the runners kept cut off, will afford several quarts 
a day from each square rod for a month. Three or four 
square rods will, therefore, give an abundant supply for a 
family. Four or five hundred plants will be sufficient for this 
extent of ground. These will be followed by the earliest 
cherries, and by currants, raspberries, and gooseberries. 
Fifty bushes of each of the two best sorts of currants, one 
hundred each of two varieties of raspberries, and twenty-five 
bushes of Industry or other good gooseberry, will, if well cul- 
tivated, furnish an abundant supply. There are some other 
gooseberries now as good or better. One dozen cherry-trees 
will be enough. One hundred bushes of the blackberry will 
supply several quarts a day for some weeks toward the close of 
summer. Apricots, early apples, and early pears, and a few 
of the earliest plums, will commence the season of abundance 
which, with the later varieties of these fruits, will last till 
near winter. Winter apples and pears, and all the good-keep- 
ing varieties of the grape, will continue the supply until 
spring. Long-keeping apples, such as the Northern Spy, 
Roxbury Russet, and other sorts, if placed in a good, cool 
fruit-room or cellar, will continue often until the commence- 
ment of the new^supply of strawberries. 

To obtain this supply there may be five or six apricot-trees, 
ten or twenty of plums, ten or fifteen of summer and autumn 

140 



FRUITS TO SUPPLY A FAMILY. 141 

pears, and as many more of winter varieties, the same num- 
ber of summer and autumn apples, and from twenty-five to 
fifty trees of winter apples. Forty or fifty peach-trees and 
the same number of well-managed grape-vines will contribute 
materially to the variety and excellence of the supply. One 
hundred grape-vines in a well-cultivated vineyard will be suffi- 
cient to furnish all the fresh grapes wanted by a large family 
through the autumn and early winter months. 

The extent of ground required will be about ten or twelve 
square rods for the different summer fruits, and an acre and a 
half or two acres more for all the others except the winter 
apples. 

Plan of a Fruit Garden. 

The accompanying plan (Fig. 202) of an acre fruit garden 
shows the number and disposition of the trees of each kind. 
It is represented as a square, but may be varied in form to an 
oblong shape, planting abotit the same number of trees in 
fewer or more rows, as the case may be. It is so arranged that 
although the trees are of different sizes and at different dis- 
tances, the rows run both ways, and admit readily of horse- 
cultivation. The plums are placed in a row at one side, in 
order that pigs and poultry may be confined exclusively among 
them during the season of the curculio, which proves one of 
the most efficient means for its destruction ; and in connection 
with knocking on sheets, will afford good crops under any cir- 
cumstances, if fully and efficiently applied. A movable or 
hurdle-fence, separating the plums from the rest of the trees, 
renders the remedy many times more efficient than if these 
animals were allowed the whole range of the fruit garden. In 
some places, where the curculio is particularly destructive, 
cherries and early apples are also attacked; in which case, 
as these fruits are next to the plum row, all may be included 
in the pig-yard, if desired. 

Autumn and winter apples are not required in an enclos- 
ure of this kind, and the early sorts are placed here only to 
protect them from being stolen, besides the reason last named. 

Pears may be planted with standards and dwarf together 
in the same row, the dwarfs bearing and flourishing while the 
others are coming forward ; or they may be placed in separate 



142 



FRUITS TO SUPPLY A FAMILY. 



rows. The peaches, if in rows twenty feet apart, and twelve 
and a half feet in the row, will have quite enough room at any 
age, provided the long limbs are thinned-in from the outside 
every two ' or three years. With this care, apples may be 
planted much nearer than usual. None of the trees stand on 
exact squares; the importance of preserving straight rows 
for cultivation being greater than the form of the space oc- 
cupied by each tree. When rows are wide apart, less room 
is needed between the trees in the rows. 



¥^t. '^^^ l-^^ .r*^ .;J^i -^^ ^^ £^^ 

.§ m> ^' to ^ B w m 



j-"^ 



B S 



Q SS '^ to w i ^ '^. Q> fe ii i«?> ^. ^ f^ 

S & 9 4' iA ^ ^' &. ^ ^. 9^ 1^ ^- ^ f 
^, ^. W'^ tw. fr iiffli Ifl .^^ (fe i ^ i *«' 1^' 

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% B f^ 9^^9MB^BW B & ^ a § B 

ii ^ ^ i i5i g i i i i a ^ ««^ 



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Plums. 



Cherries. 



Early apples. 



Standard and. 
dwarf trees. 



Peaches. 



RaspberrieB. 
Gooseberriei. 
Currants. 
Grapes. 



Fig. 202.— Plan of Fruit Garden. 



By the arrangement we have here planned, the following 
trees may be planted on an acre, namely: 



I row, occupying 20 ft. — 13 ft. in the row. 



15 plum-trees, 

16 cherry-trees, . 
8 early apples, . 

16 standard pears, 
29 dwarf do. 
48 peach-trees, . 
45 raspberry, 
45 gooseberry, 
45 currant, 
10 native grapes, . 

In all 132 trees, besides, the raspberries, currants, goose- 
berries, and grapes. 



40" 


26 " 


25 " 


26 " 


40" 


j26 " " 
I13 " " 


60" 


13 " " 


4 " 
4" 

4 " 


4 " 

4 « " 

4 « « 


12 " 


20 " 



FRUITS TO SUPPLY A FAMILY. I43 

As every cultivator would make a different selection, and 
different sections of the country will make this necessary, 
see page 142 for directions upon this point. It is hardly 
necessary to occupy space here on this subject, except to re- 
mark that varieties ripening in succession should be sought, 
when a family supply is the object. 

It may occur to some as an objection, that too much space 
is given to cherry-trees. There will be, however, a decided 
advantage from the abundance of light and air for the trees, 
in diminishing the tendency to rot in the fruit, one of the 
most serious drawbacks in cherr^^ culture. More room is 
given to dwarf pears than usual, on account of their proximity 
to the standards. 

All kinds of trees may be made to conform in some degree 
to the room allotted to them, bj^ thinning in the exterior oc- 
casionally. 

It may be stated that each side of a square acre is about 
209 feet, and that the preceding measurements of distances 
will all come out in accordance with the plan. 

There are many who would like a larger fruit garden. 
The following numbers and distances are accordingly given, 
the mode of arrangement being the same as in the preceding 
plan — each side of the two-acre lot being 295 feet. 

40 plums, nectarines, ) ■ r, n^ • 

^ . >- 2 rows, occupying 40 it. — igtt. mrow. 

40 cherries, . . 2 " " 5° " 1 5 " 

10 early apples , i " " 30 " 30 
40 standard pears, 2 " " 40 " 1 5 " 
80 dwarf do. . 2 " " 20 " 7;^ " 
80 peaches, . 4 " " 80 " 15 

1 1 raspberries, ^ 

50 currants, \ 3 " " 12 " 4 " 

25 gooseberries, ) 

10 native grapes, . i " " 10 " 20 

Strawberry -bed, 13 feet wide, 295 feet long. 

The grapes are near the wall or fence, and, having the 
strawberry-bed and small bushes in front, are not shaded. 
A fruit garden in this size furnishes 290 trees, ten grape- 



44 FRUITS TO SUPPLY A FAMILY. 

vines on a trellis, and 216 raspberry, currant, and gooseberry 
bustles, with ample space for a strawberry-bed, a portion of 
which should be prepared each 3'ear for planting anew, say 
four feet wide, which will leave eight feet for bearing-beds, 
and give new plantations every third year. 

How TO Obtain Fruit Quickly on New Places. 

This is an inquiry that often occurs in the minds of many 
owners of new places, or who have built new houses on un- 
improved spots. We can inform such residents that much 
may be done toward an immediate supply with proper selec- 
tion and management, and that the assertion which they often 
hear, that " it will take a lifetime to get fruit" from a new 
plantation, is an absurd error. 

The quickest return is from planting Strawberi'ies. If set 
out early in spring, they will bear a moderate crop the same 
season. We have repeatedly obtained a few ripe berries seven 
weeks from the day they were set out. The second year, if 
the bed is kept clean, the product will' be abundant. Good 
varieties will safely yield any year a bushel from a square rod, 
or about two quarts a day for half a month. 

Gooseberries, Cicrrants, Raspberries, and Blackberries all bear 
at about the same period from the time of setting out. 
Good-sized gooseberry plants, say a foot and a half high, will 
give a good crop for bushes of their size the second year. 
We have had a bushel of Cherry currants the third summer 
after setting out quite small plants, from a row thirty feet 
long. A bush of Brinckle's Orange raspberry has been known 
repeatedly to bear about a hundred berries the same year that 
it was transplanted — the fruit, however, was not full size. 

Dwarf Pears of the right sorts, and under right manage- 
ment, come quickly into bearing. The most prolific sorts 
give some returns the second year, and more afterward. 
•Among the dwarf pears which bear soon are Louise Bonne 
of Jersey, Doyenne d'Ete, White Doyenne, Giffard, Angou- 
leme, Clairgeau, Josephine de Malines, etc. The following 
sorts bear nearly as early on pear stock, viz. ; Bartlett, Seckel, 
Winter Nelis, Washington, Onondaga, Howell, Passe Colmer, 
Julienne. 



FRUITS TO SUPPLY A FAMILY. 



145 



Grapes afford fruit soon — usually beginning to bear the 
second and third year. The Concord, the Niagara, and Dela- 
ware are particularly recommended. 

Dwarf Apples should not be entirely overlooked in the list 
of early bearers. Half a peck per tree is often obtained the 
third year from the most productive sorts. 

Standard apples vary greatly in the matter of the age at 
which the trees bear fruit, — some producing a few at as early 
as four or five years, while others rarely do so until ten or 
twelve years old. For a record of a number of sorts see 
page 295. 

A good supply of all the preceding will be sufficient to 
furnish a family with these wholesome luxuries from within a 



(Ui^^ / 




Fig. 203.— The Circle of Fruits. 



year or two of occupying entirely new premises; and will not 
only add greatly to the comforts and attractions of home, but 
contribute materially to the uniform health of the occupants. 
The accompanying Circle of Fruits, Fig. 203, shows at once 
to the eye what kinds make up the yearly supply through the 
several months, varying of course with a difference in lati- 
10 



146 FRUITS TO SUPPLY A FAMILY. 

tilde, and, through winter and spring, with the skill employed 
in preserving from decay. 

As some varieties of all kinds of fruit do better in one sec- 
tion of the country than in others, it is important that intend- 
ing growers should select the proper sorts for their locality. 
This book aims to describe all of the fruits grown in the United 
States, of any value, and while in very many cases the places 
where they are sure to do well is given, it is manifestly im- 
possible to treat this matter satisfactorily. In all cases, 
therefore, it is advised that parties apply to the Agricultural 
Experiment Station of their State, for information and advice. 
Such applications are always courteously received and 
promptly answered. A full list of these stations will be 
found in chapter xv. Successful fruit-growers and reliable 
nurserymen, living in the given region, should also be con- 
sulted. After one has received and pondered all advice, his 
individual tastes must make the final decision as to varieties. 



CHAPTER XI. 

MANAGEMENT OF NURSERIES. 

It is impossible in a work like this to give full directions 
for the raising and management of young trees in the nur- 
sery. Every one who buys trees should know when they have 
been properly cultivated ; and as some planters prefer to raise 
their own trees, a few leading directions will be laid down for 
the guidance and assistance of such as wish to become more 
fully acquainted with nursery management. 

SoiVs.— The first great requisite is the selection of a suit- 
able soil. More depends upon such selection than at first 
glance would seem possible. At least ten thousand good trees 
may be raised on an acre — worth, at twenty cents each, two 
thousand dollars. If the soil is perfect in every respect, and 
the other requisites of good stocks, transplanting, and cultiva- 
tion, are attended to, there will be no difficulty in raising this 
number. But if the soil be wet or sterile, or otherwise un- 
suited to the purpose, none of the trees can be good ; one-half 
or nine-tenths may be stunted, crooked, and unsalable; the 
rest will perhaps not sell at half-price. While, therefore, a 
poor soil should not be accepted on any terms, it would be 
better to pay a hundred dollars yearly rent, if necessary, to 
secure one in perfect condition. A light or sandy soil will 
raise peach and cherry trees and often apples, and it may be 
worked with great ease and in all kinds of weather ; but for 
standard pears and plums a stronger or more clayey soil is 
absolutely essential, and if properly underdrained, is often as 
good for all other trees. Every complete nurser5^ therefore, 
should either consist wholly, or in part, of a strong loam or 
loamy clay, which in general will require previous thorough 
tile draining. The necessary fertility given to such a soil will 
be retained several times longer than by light gravel or sand. 

Nothing is commonly better than old pasture for the com- 

147 



148 MANAGEMENT OF NURSERIES. 

mencement of a nursery. It should be ploughed twice or 
more until made perfectly mellow, which should be done the 
previoas autumn if for planting- in the spring. Or if turned 
over in the spring with the largest double plough to a depth 
-of a foot or more, by means of three yoke of oxen, it will gen- 
erally be found in a fine condition. 

If the soil is not rich enough without manuring, it is better 
to apply the manure a year or two beforehand to other crops, 
or else to apply old rotted or composted manure. An appli- 
cation of wood-ashes at the rate of forty or fifty bushels per 
acre, if fresh, or a hundred or two, if leached, is often useful 
and sometimes eminently so. These ashes are well applied if 
mixed with the compost at the rate of one-tenth or one-twen- 
tieth of its bulk. 

Laying Out. — Nurseries should be laid out so as to admit 
of horse cultivation. For this purpose strips of land twelve 
feet wide should be left on opposite sides of the nursery, at 
the ends of the rows, for the horse to turn about upon. Cross 
alleys should be left at convenient distances for carting out 
the trees and for the registry of the different kinds in the 
rows. The length of the rows between these alleys will de- 
pend somewhat upon the size of the nursery, varying from 
one hundred to three hundred feet. 

Shelter. — In selecting a site for a nursery, the sweep of 
prevailing winds should be avoided; as in very windy places 
the young shoots from buds and grafts are apt to be blown or 
broken off, and the young trees bent or inclined. If neces- 
sary, belts or screens of evergreens may afford shelter from 
strong winds, not being placed, however, near enough to 
shade the trees, nor to injure their growth by the extension of 
their roots. On the other hand, low and sheltered valleys, 
being more liable to sharp night-frosts, are objectionable for 
the site of a nursery. 

Fences and other barriers which cause large snow-drifts 
and a consequent breaking down of the young trees, should be 
avoided as much as practicable. 

Seeds and Stocks.— '1\\q successful growth of the young 
nursery-trees depends essentially on good, vigorous, and 
healthy stocks. Seeds from healthy and vigorous trees, 
should, therefore, be always selected. It is common, in rais- 



MANA GEMENT OF NURSERIES, 



149 




ing apple-seedlings, to procure pomace from cider-mills; 
wash out the seeds and plant promiscuously. If the strongest 
seedlings only, thus obtained, are selected for setting out good 
trees would be the result ; but it would be better to obtain 
apples for this purpose from trees of known hardiness and fine 
growth. The same remarks will apply to the selection of 
pear-seed and cherry, plum, and peach stones. 

Different modes are adopted for obtairiing apple-seeds 
easily from the pomace. The following is similar to that 
used by most nursery- 
men. Make a box five 
feet wide, eight or nine 
feet long, and ten 
inches deep (Fig. 204) ; 
leave the lower end, f, 
one inch lower than the 

sides, for the water to ''^^''- -°4.-Apple-seed Washer. 

flow over. Place this box in the bed of a brook or stream, on 
cross-bars or scantling, with a dam above to collect the water 
into a trough carrying the water into the box, and project- 
ing six inches over it. This trough would be made of boards' 
twelve inches wide nailed together, and the stream should 
be large enough to nearly fill it when flowing gently. To 
prevent the water from dashing into the box too furiously, 
two boards are first nailed together as shown at b, one board 
being eighteen inches by two feet, and the other eighteen 
inches by one foot. The longer board is placed on the top of 
the spout, and the shorter at right angles across the lower end 
of the spout. This serves to throw the water perpendicularly 
downward into the box, and at the same time to spread it out 
into a thin sheet. By moving this board up or down the 
spout, the quantity of water pouring into the box may be 
easily controlled. 

One man stands on the board e, which extends across the 
box; and the other carries and deposits the pomace (well 
pounded to pieces) into the box at d, one or two bushels at a 
time. The man on the box then stirs the pomace rapidly with 
a four-tined fork, and throws out the straws. The pomace 
floats over the lower end (which is an inch lower than the 
sides), and the seeds fall to the bottom. A few back-strokes 



15° MANAGEMENT OF NURSERIES. 

from the lower end of the box assist in the separation of the 
remaining pomace. In washing a " cheese" that contains a 
bushel of seed, it is usual to wash it two or three times, by 
using a scoop-shovel. Afterward, the last cleaning process is 
given to it by placing the whole in a box, and then scratching 
a four-tined fork through it a few times. A little experience 
will enable any one to judge accurately of the proper quantity 
of water to turn on, so as to make rapid work and not carry 
the seed over the box. 

The pomace, f)'es]i from the cheese, should be drawn and 
placed on a board platform beside the box, and then plenty of 
water thrown upon it, until it is thoroughly soaked. This 
will render it easily beaten to pieces with a hoe. The pomace 
should never remain in the cheese over twent^'-four hours, as 
it soon ferments and the seed is spoiled. 

The best stocks for raising standard cherries suited to the 
eastern portions of the Middle States are procured from the 
Black Mazzard, which is the original type of the heart varie- 
ties. The fruit is to be collected when fully ripe by shaking 
or beating off on sheets placed below — the pulp washed off 
and the stones mixed with alternating layers of sand, and 
kept exposed to freezing and thawing until early the follow- 
ing spring. They are then to be planted out in nursery beds 
or thick rows. The spring following the^^ may be trans- 
planted to the permanent rows of the nursery. If the stones, 
after being washed from the pulp, are to be carried to a dis- 
tance, they should be dried in the shade for a few days to 
prevent moulding. But the drying process should not be 
continued, as a few weeks' exposure to air will lessen or de- 
stroy their power of vegetating. Plum and peach stones may 
be similarly treated; but peach-stones do not as soon become 
injured by exposure to air as those of the smaller fruits. 
Plum and cherry stones keep well through winter, after being 
mixed with sand, by placing them in shallow pits only a few 
inches deep, and covering them witii flat stones. They start 
very early in spring, and should be planted the moment the 
frost is out of the ground. 

For dwarf cherries the seeds of the Mahaleb are used, and 
are treated precisel}' as those of the Black Mazzard already 
described. In the Western States the Mahaleb succeeds bet- 



MANAGEMENT OF NURSERIES. 151 

ter as a stock than the Mazzard ; and the Morello stock, which 
is still hardier, answers the purpose well where the others 
fail, although the heart varieties, when budded into it, do not 
•take readily unless these stocks are in the most thrifty con- 
dition. 

Dwarf apple-trees are obtained by budding the common 
varieties on the Paradise or Doucin stock. The small Para- 
dise apple, which grows but little larger than a currant-bush, 
reduces the size of the apple-tree worked upon it so as not to 
grow more than six or eight feet high, and to bear in two or 
three years. The Doucin stock is larger, and forms an apple- 
Iree intermediate between the dwarf and the common stand- 
•ard. Both of these stocks are raised by laj'ers or stools, and 
•are commonly imported from Europe by nurserymen. 

The French quince, which is employed as a stock for work- 
ing such varieties of the pear as succeed well upon it to form 
•dwarfs, is obtained by stools, layers, and cuttings. When 
cuttings are wanted they should be made in autumn, about 
ten inches or a foot long, and either planted out the same 
autumn or very early the following spring. They should be 
set in a compact soil, the earth closely pressed about them — 
the tips projecting an inch or two above the surface. They 
often fail in some kinds of soils. If set out either in 
autumn or spring they should be covered with an inch or two 
of fine fresh manure. This protects them from the cold 
through winter, and preserves the moisture of the ground in 
liot weather. Many of them will take root and grow, and 
should be taken up in the following autumn, and heeled in 
and covered, ready for setting out in the nursery rows in 
spring. 

Planting Seeds. — Seeds are usually planted in thick seed- 
beds for the first year — especially those of the apple, pear, 
plum, and cherry. The ground should be rich, mellow, and 
in perfect condition. As a general rule, the depth should be 
from three to five times the length of the seed— heavy soils 
requiring less depth than light ones. If there is much clay 
the surface should receive a sprinkling about half an inch 
thick of fine manure to prevent the formation of a crust. The 
seedlings should not be so thick as to retard each other's 
growth. The ground should be kept constantly mellowed 



152 



MANAGEMENT OF NURSERIES. 



throughout the summer to promote as free a growth as 
possible. 

The seedlings should be taken up in autumn, and either 
heeled in or packed in boxes with fine compact moss. Be- 
fore setting out they should be carefully assorted, so that 
a uniform size may be in each row and no irregularities 
or gaps occur. Before setting out, the tap-roots should be 
shortened and the tops reduced. All imperfect or doubt- 
ful plants should be rejected, in order to save the useless 
labor of transplanting those which will not grow or take 
the bud. 

Seedlings which have a single slender root, as the apple, 
may be transplanted expeditiously with a dibble, which may 
be easily made of an old spade-handle shod with 
sharp iron as in the annexed cut (Fig. 205). 
Other forms of this handy tool may be purchased 
as Fig. 206. Or, they may be set in a furrow. 

The soil being previously deep and mellow, this 
instrument is thrust down by the side of the 
stretched line, finishing the whole by a few slight 
lateral motions of the hand, then thrusting in the 
seedling held in the left hand 
and pressing the earth very com- 
pactly about it with the same tool. Great 
care is to be taken that the hole be entirely 
and closely filled, and that no cavities are 
left among the roots below. 

If the weather be dry, it will be well 
to immerse the roots previously in mud; 
and in any case but few plants should be 
left exposed to the air at a time. 

If the seedlings be valuable, as those of the pear, or have 
broad branching roots like the French quince, they should be 
set out with a spade — a trench being previously cut by the 
line for this purpose, or a straight furrow made by a skilful 
ploughman before the line is stretched. One man holds each 
successive seedling with the hand, placing it close to the line, 
while the other covers the roots with a spade, moving back- 
ward in the row. 

Seedlings may be set out in the nursery row in autumn if 




Fig. 206.— Dibble. 



MANAGEMENT OF NURSERIES. 153 

perfectly hardy and the soil is not subject to heaving by frost; 
but, as a general rule, it is safer to do all the transplanting in 
spring. Pear stocks should be set out very early in the 
spring, to prevent check in their growth, and to admit of 
budding the same season. 

The age for setting out seedlings must depend on circum- 
stances. Yearlings, if strong and vigorous, are always the 
best, and it is extremely desirable that thc}^ grow with suffi- 
cient vigor to be budded the same season. If the budding 
has to be deferred, a whole year of time, cultivation, and 
care is lost — more than enough to overbalance the additional 
cost of the best stocks. 

Cultivation. — The soil in the nursery should be kept per- 
fectly clear of weeds and in a state of constant cultivation — 
especially during the early growth of the seedlings and young 
trees.- Hand-hoeing is expensive, and is only needed for the 
extirpation of weeds, and occasionally, when performed with 
a pronged hoe, for loosening the clayey soil between the trees. 
The horse should be kept constantly going, either with the 
plough or cultivator. Careful hands should be employed for 
this purpose, who can run closely to the rows without injuring 
the trees. Short whiffletrees should be used with the strap- 
traces passing the ends as figured in a previous chapter. If 
the plough is used it should run shallow when near the rows. 
It is a useful implement for turning the soil away from trees 
before hoeing out weeds ; and it may be also used for throw- 
ing a slight covering of mellow soil against them to cover up 
weeds as they are just appearing at the surface. 

Budding and Grafting. — Root-grafting is extensively prac- 
tised in the West for the apple. The mode of its performance 
is described in Chapter III. In setting out the root-grafts 
great care should be taken to pack the earth closely around 
them. Leaving cavities below, which is not unfrequently 
done by careless workmen, is sure to result in their failure. 
Root-grafting the pear only succeeds when strong seedlings, 
with well-branched roots, are taken, and the whole plant is 
used, inserting the graft at the collar and wrapping with muslin 
plasters. In the East, apples are budded. 

Nearly all other stocks are budded. The time for budding 
varies much with the kind of tree, and with its condition. To 



154 MANAGEMENT OF NURSERIES. 

prove successful, it must be done when the bark of the stock 
lifts freely from the wood, and also when the inserted buds 
have been sufficientlj^ matured. The cherry, in general, re- 
quires budding on the Mazzard stock, about midsummer ; but 
sometimes the growth of the stock continues so late that it 
may be done near the close. The Mahaleb continues to grow 
later, and the budding may be correspondingly deferred. On 
the common stock the plum requires earl 3- budding; the wild 
or Canada plum, used for dwarfing, continues to grow much 
later. The operation may be performed on the apple at any 
time between the maturit}' of the inserted buds and the de- 
crease in the growth of the stocks. The same remark will 
apply to the pear on pear stocks ; as the latter is frequently 
struck with leaf-blight, which at once checks growth, it is 
safest to bud the standard pear only. The peach and the 
quince are worked from the middle to the close of summer and 
the beginning of autumn. As the removal of leaves from a 
tree in full growth always checks it, the stocks should have 
the side-shoots cut away to facilitate the operation of budding 
when necessary, some weeks before it is done, that they may 
recover entirely from its effects and be in a vigorous condition 
for the lifting of the bark. If this has not been seasonably 
attended to, it may be performed without detriment the same 
day the buds are inserted, cutting away as little as may be 
convenient. 

It is hardly necessary to remind the operator of the impor- 
tance of securing good, well-ripened, strong buds ; of keeping 
the shoots well shaded and fresh during the da}' ; and of care- 
fully registering every variety, both by tally stakes at the 
ends of the rows and in a book kept for the jaurpose. 

The best and handsomest trees are made when the buds are 
inserted within two or three inches of the ground. Dwarf 
pears should be budded at the surface. Crooked growers are 
sometimes worked on straight stocks three or four feet high. 

Where buds fail they should be rebudded if the stocks 
will admit; but if not, they may be worked the following 
year, although this rarely pays. 

In heading-down budded stocks in spring it is important 
that it be done quite early or before the buds swell, especially 
for the pear, plum, and cherr}', which are severely checked in 



MANAGEMENT OF NURSERIES. 155 

growth by the loss of growing buds or foliage. For the same 
reason all other sprouts, except from the inserted bud, should 
be kept constantly and closely rubbed off. 

About midsummer or a little later the projecting stubs 
(already mentioned in Chapter III.) should be carefully pared 
down to the growing shoot. The sooner this work is done 
the better, that the cut surface may heal over, provided the 
■shoot has become strong enough to prevent the danger of 
breaking out. 

Digging or Lifting the Trees. — When nursery-trees have' 
grown suflficientl}^ for removal and transplanting, they maj^ be 
taken up any time between the cessation of growth in autumn 
and its recommencement in spring, when the air is not freez- 
ing and the ground is open. If a whole row is to be lifted at 
a time, the labor may be be lessened b}' first ploughing a fur- 
row away from the row on each side. Then two spades made 
■of steel and strong enough to bear the full weight of a laborer 
are placed on opposite sides of the tree at a distance of a foot 
or more from it. The blades, which are at least fifteen inches 
long, are thrust downward to their full length into the soil 
under the tree. A lifting motion raises it with the principal 
roots entire. Spades for this purpose, costing several dollars 
•each, are manufactured only by the best edge-tool makers in 
the country. Before or at the time of removal the trees 
should be marked with wooden labels furnished with copper 
w^ire to fasten them to the limb. They are made of pine or 
other suitable wood, about half an inch wide, three inches 
long, and one-twentieth of an inch thick. A very thin coat- 
ing of white-lead paint applied just before writing the name 
with a common black-lead pencil renders the letters perma- 
nent; but they will last a year or two if the letters are written 
on a moistened surface. If written dr}^ they wash out in a 
few weeks. 

Packing for Transportation. — Millions of fruit trees are every 
year purchased by the farmers of our countr)^ A large ma- 
jority of these are conveyed long distances from the nursery 
by railway. Much of their safety from injury on the road, 
and their consequent success when set out, depends on the 
manner of packing. Trees may be packed so as to open from 
the bundle or box, after being tumbled over iron rails a thou- 



156 MANAGEMENT OF NURSERIES. 

sand miles or more, as fresh, plump, healthy, and uninjured, 
as the moment they were lifted from the mellow soil; and 
they are sometimes packed so as to become bniised, barked, 
and hopelessly shrivelled before they have travelled a tenth 
part of that distance. 

Whether encased in bundles or boxes, it is absolutely es- 
sential that trees be protected from bruising, and that the 
roots be kept constantly moist from the moment they are dug 
up till they reach their destination. The first-named object 
is accomplished by sprinkling straw through every portion of 
the mass of trees ; and the latter by first dipping the roots in 
an artificial bed of thin mud, and then imbedding them in 
damp moss. The mud or the moss alone may answer for very 
short distances (the moss should, however, never be omitted) ; 
but as there are frequently unexpected detentions, the best 
nurserymen always pack about as well for a journey of fifty 
miles as for two thousand. The additional labor is but small 
— the benefit may be great. 

Packing in boxes, which is always best for long distances, 
does not require so much practice, although as much care, as 
in bundles. If the trees are all well encased in straw, or prop- 
erly protected by it on every side and through every part ; 
the roots shieded from the dry air as already stated ; and suffi- 
cient pressure given to them to prevent chafing and rattling, 
they cannot become easily injured. The boxes need the 
additional strength of iron hoops at the ends and, if eight or 
ten feet long or more, at intervals between. 

To pack a bundle or bale, first provide two simple blocks of 
wood, like that shown in Fig. 207, into which two diverging 
stakes are inserted, loosely, so as to be withdrawn easily. 
Place these a few feet apart, to form the trough 
for building the bundle. Lay the trees in this 
trough, perfectly parallel, and with the roots 
together, sprinkling straw among the stems 
^°^' and branches, and damp moss among the roots 

as the bundle progresses, until enough are ready. Fifty me- 
dium-sized trees will makea fair-sized bundle. Then tie it up 
with twisted-straw or willow bands, as tightly as one man 
can conveniently draw. This may be facilitated by using first 
a broad leather strap to draw the bundle together. The strap 




MANAGEMENT OF NURSERIES. 



The 



may be two inches wide, eight feet long, with a buckle 
bundle is then ready for receiving the straw. 

Next, place upon and across the little truck or wagon repre- 
sented in Fig. 208, four strings or cords, then a layer of rye- 
straw, to form the outside coating. As the bundle is longer 
than the straw, the latter must be spliced, which is effected 
by first placing a layer toward the place for the roots of the 
trees, and then another layer overlapping this, toward the 




Fig. 208. 

tops. Place within the side-boards other portions of straw, 
and finally cover the top, observing now to lay the straw first 
on the tops, and lastly on the roots. Then tie together the 
ends of each of the four strings, which will hold the straw in 
place. Raise the bundle a few inches by placing beneath it 
short pieces of scantling, to admit the passing the cord under 
Then apply the rope connected with the windlass, 
as shown in Fig. 208, by simply passing it once 
around the trees. A few turns of the crank will 
draw the bundle with great force compactly together 
— at which place pass a strong cord (one-fourth or 
one-third of an inch in diameter) and secure it by 
tying. Slacken the rope ; move truck a foot, tighten 
the rope again, and add another cord. In this way 
proceed from bottom to top, till the straw is so 
firmly secured by the cords, that no handling, how- 
ever rough, can displace it. By tying each coil, the 
rest will hold the straw if one happens to become 
worn off or cut. Add moss to the exterior of the 
Fig. 209. roots, encase the moss in damp straw, and sew on a 
piece of strong sacking or gunny-cloth, and the 
bundle is completed, as shown in Fig. 209. 

The former practice among nurserymen was to draw the 



158 MANAGEMENT OF NURSERIES. 

bundle together by stout pulling by hand; but the mode 
here shown, by the use of a windlass, is not only many times 
more expeditious but much better — as it was formerly almost 
impossible to bind on the straw in so firm, and secure a man- 
ner as to withstand all the thumps and rough-and-tumble 
handling of modern railway hands without displacement. 

The following dimensions may be useful to those who wish 
to construct this packing machinery ; windlass three feet high 
to top; posts fifteen inches apart inside; cylinder four inches 
in diameter; rope about eighteen feet long. The truck is 
about two feet wide between the wheels, eight feet long ; the 
axles six feet apart; wheels seven inches in diameter. 

When trees are always boxed, they maj^ be secured advan- 
tageously in small bundles by this mode for placing in the 
boxes. 

Convenient dimensions for boxes, where large quantities are 
to be packed, are two and a half feet square and nine feet 
long. They should be made of light and strong boards, and 
if sound half an inch in thickness will answer. Four series 
of battens will be necessary for the length — two at the ends, 
and the others at intervals of three feet between. Good bat- 
tens are made of elm or other wood of equal hardness and 
toughness, which may be sawed for this purpose into strips 
two and a half inches wide and an inch and a fourth in thick- 
ness. When the boards are well nailed to these battens, the 
whole forms a stout box. When closel}^ and solidl}" packed 
the lid is nailed on, and iron hoops are nailed on the outside 
against every batten, and extending around the box. The 
direction is then written distinctly with a mixture of lamp- 
black and turpentine, or of lamp-black and rock-oil. The 
following materials should be procured beforehand for pack- 
ing : Boxes, with iron straps or hoops for the corners ; moss, 
for the roots ; straw, for the tops ; labels, for designating the 
sorts; flag, oziers, or rye-straw, for tying bunches; large 
labels of cloth, parchment, or wood, for designating bunches; 
lamp-black and turpentine or rock-oil, and brush for marking 
boxes. If the trees are to be packed in bales or btmdles, pro- 
vide long straight rye or other straw, baling-cord, gunny- 
cloth or Russian mats, sewing-twine, large packing-needles, 
directing-labels, white-lead paint, and soft pencil. 



MANAGEMENT OF NURSERIES. 159 

After the crop of nursery-trees is removed from the ground 
another one should not be planted in the same place until the 
soil has fully recovered from the exhaustion of the first. An 
intermediate crop of clover turned under for manure is found 
useful. There should be an interval of at least two or three 
years before occupying the ground again with nursery; al- 
though a less time is often given in connection with heavy 
manuring. 

The reasons for the failure of trees to grow well on " treed" 
land has been the subject of much discussion. By many it 
has been supposed that the first crop of nursery trees exhausts 
the land of some element which trees need. This notion is 
mostly given up. It is no doubt true that the trees use first 
that part of the plant-food which is most readily available, 
but the amount of nitrogen, potash, and phosphoric acid which 
they consume is small as compared with that required by 
wheat. Probably the largest factor in the matter is the loss 
of humus in the soil consequent upon three to five years of 
clean tillage without the addition of manure or the turning 
under of green material. It has been found that a thorough 
dressing of manure will sometimes make it possible to follow 
trees with trees at a profit. 



CHAPTER XII. 

DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 

Insects are among the most formidable enemies to success- 
ful fruit-culture. The losses occasioned by the plum curculio 
alone amount to more than a million of dollars annually. 
Orchardists are sometimes deterred, by the attacks of this in- 
sect, from attempts to raise the apricot, nectarine, peach, and 
plum ; and the market supply of apples and pears is often much 
disfigured by it. The apple-worm, or codling-moth, is even a 
more formidable insect pest. New York fruit-growers alone 
yearly furnish $2,500,000 worth of apples and $500,000 worth 
of pears to feed this insect ; and other similar apple-growing 
States report nearly as large an annual loss from its ravages. 
The depredations of many other insect pests, like the apple- 
tree and the peach-tree borers, the canker-worms, the tent- 
caterpillars, the apple maggot, and the pear psylla, each 
causes annual losses amounting to several hundred thousand 
dollars. 

As a general rule those remedial measures are of little 
value, which attempt merely to repel insects without destroy- 
ing them. Experiments show that rarely is an insect repelled 
from attacking any part of a plant by the application of odor- 
ous substances, like carbolic acid, tar, etc. 

How insects eat. — Another very important fact which fruit- 
growers must understand is that all insects do not eat in the 
same manner. Many, like the currant worms or the plum 
curculio, have two pairs of horny jaws, which they work from 
side to side and bite ofE or chew and swallow solid particles 
of their food ; while several of our worst fruit-pests, like the 
scale-insects or pear psylla, have mouth-parts built on an en- 
tirely different plan. Their jaws are modified into long, fine 

160 



DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. i6l 

bristles which are worked along a groove in a supporting beak 
or elongated lower lip. These insects place the point of this 
beak on the surface of the plant, force the bristles into the 
tissue, and then, by the help of a muscular box in the throat, 
they draw or suck up along the beak the liquid juices from 
the interior of the plant. 

One can readily see how the biting or chewing insects are 
killed by putting a poisonous powder or spray on the surface 
of the plant attacked ; particles of the poison would be taken 
into the body with the solid food in eating. But a sucking in- 
sect can eat only liquid food, which it gets from the interior 
of the plant; hence it could not eat a poison put upon the 
surface. And as it is not possible to poison the internal tis- 
sues or juices, one is forced to use something besides poisons 
to kill sucking insects. They can be killed bj^ suffocating 
them with a gas, like hydrocyanic acid gas, or with a powder, 
like pyrethrum, which stops up their breathing-holes, or with 
some liquid, like kerosene or a soap solution, which kills by 
soaking into their body or in the same way as the powders. 
Many pounds of Paris green have been wasted in trying to 
feed it to sucking insects. 

Fruit-growers can readily determine if an insect is chewing 
or sucking its food. If of the former class, then aim a poison 
spray at the part of the plant where it is feeding ; but if it is 
a sucking insect, then aim an oil or soap spray at the insect 
itself. 

There are a hundred or more different kinds of injurious 
insects, and equally as many diseases, which sometimes seri- 
ously interfere with the growing of a profitable crop of fruit. 
Most of the serious or standard insect pests and the more 
common diseases which are met with by the fruit-grower will 
be found treated of in this chapter ; the others which occur 
less frequently, or become serious in their effects in restricted 
localities, it has not been considered necessary to treat of here. 
In all such cases advice should immediately be sought from 
the State Agricultural Experiment Station. (For list see chap- 
ter xvi.) 

In previous editions of this work no logical plan was fol- 
lowed in discussing the destructive insects. We have thought 
it advisable to change this and first discuss the apple pests, 



l62 



DE STRUC TI VE INSE C TS. 



beginning with those affecting the roots, then the trunk and 
bark depredators, following with those feeding on the buds 
and leaves, and finally discussing those which infest the fruit. 
The insects which affect the pear, plum, peach, cherrj', quince, 

grape - vine, currant and 



gooseberry, raspberry and 
blackberry, and strawberry 
will be discussed in the 
order in which they are 
named, and in each case 
the method outlined for 
the apple insects will be 
followed. 

T/ie Woolly Aphis {Schizo- 
7ieit.ra lauigera). — This red- 
dish - brown plant - louse, 
covered with a flocculent 
waxy secretion (Figs. 211 
and 212) works both on 
the roots, where it forms 
knotty enlargements (Fig. 
210), and on the branches, 
where it causes roughened 
scars. It attacks the apple 
qsvAy, and some varieties, 
the Northern Spy, for in- 
stance, are quite immune 
from it. Nursery stock 
and young trees are often 
seriously damaged, while 
in most parts of the coun- 
try well-established bear- 
ing trees are rarely notice- 
ably injured. It has quite 
a complicated life-history. 
Most of the lice are wingless, but in the fall many winged 
iorms appear, and these are one of the means by which the 
insect is spread. It is also widely distributed on nursery 
stock. 

The aerial or branch form of the insect does little injury. 




Fig. 210. Fig. 211. 

The W00II3' Aphis. 
Fig. 210. — Root illustrating deformation 
by the aphis. FiG. vii.— Portion of root 
with aphids on it. FiG. 212. — The Root 
Louse, female. Figs. 210 and 211 natural 
size ; Fig. 212 much enlarged. (U. S. Div. 
of Entomology.) 



DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 



163 



and is easily killed with kerosene emulsion, a strong soap so- 
lution, or a tobacco decoction applied in a forceful spray. The 
root form is much more difficult to reach. Badly infested 
nursery stock should be destroyed. The roots of slightly 
affected stock should be dipped for a few seconds in water 
kept at a temperature of 130 to 150 F., or in a warm, strong 
soap solution, before it is planted. Recent experiments show 
that finely-ground tobacco dust is very effective if placed in a 
small furrow along either side of nursery rows or distributed 
at the rate of from two to five pounds per tree for a distance 
of two feet from the crown, after first removing fro:n four to 
six inches of soil. The tobacco dust is cheap, and has consid- 
erable fertilizing value. 

The Roiind-Headcd Apple-Trce Borer {Saperda Candida). 
— This insect enters the tree and burrows into the solid wood 
near the surface of the earth. It is a dangerous enemy ; for 
while only a fev/ small holes are visible in the bark outside, 
it may have perforated 
the wood internally in 
all directions. 

Not only the apple- 
tree, but the quince, 
mountain-ash, and haw- 
thorn sufi'er greatly from 
the attacks of this in- 
sect. 

The parent insect is 
a beautiful, brown-and- 
white striped beetle 
(Fig. 215), about three- 
fourths of an inch long, 
which flies at night. It 

deposits its eggs in June and later in slits cut in the bark, 
usually near the surface of the ground. The egg-stage is 
said to last about twenty days. The first indication of the 
work of the larva is the appearance of a small round hole, 
made visible by the ejected dust. 

The young larvae tunnel under the bark and feed upon the 
sapwood, gradually working their way upward and afterward 
downward. Durins: the second season the larvae attain about 




Figs. 213 and 214. Fig. 215. Fig. 216. 

The Round-headed Apple-tree Borer. 
Figs. 213 and 214.— The grub. FiG. 215.— The 

beetle. FiG. 216. — The pupa. All natural size. 

(U. S. Div. of Entomology.) 



1 64 DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 

half their growth, still living on the sap-wood. They cease 
feeding during the winter and remain in their burrows beneath 
the surface of the soil. By the end of the second year they 
have penetrated deeper into the solid heart-wood, and their 
burrows are closely packed behind them with their castings. 
After another winter's rest they continue their work in the 
solid wood, and toward the end of the season gnaw outward 
to the bark. With the aid of its castings a cell is then formed 
in which the full-grown larva (Figs. 213 and 214) remains until 
spring, when it transforms to a pupa (Fig. 216). The pupal 
stage is said to last about twenty daj^s, and in May or June 
the pretty beetles emerge through a smooth, round hole cut 
with their powerful jaws. 

This borer is a very difficult insect to control. It is nearh' 
impossible to save a young tree. When small, the larva may 
be cut out with the point of a knife. If deeper in the wood, 
it may be extracted or punched to death in its hole with a 
flexible wire. 

It will avail nothing to inject any substance into the large 
round holes made by the beetles in emerging from the tree. 
But it is reported that if kerosene be applied wherever the 
castings of the larva are seen sticking through the bark, the 
oil will permeate the burrow and kill the larva. 

Some have successfully destroyed similar borers in their 
burrow by injecting carbon bisulphide from an oil-can into the 
openings from which castings are protruding and then plug- 
ging the hole with putty or hard soap ; the deadly fumes of 
this liquid penetrate all through the burrow and quickly kill 
the borers. It is a difficult matter to prevent this borer from 
getting into a tree. Several thicknesses of newspaper or tarred 
paper carefully wrapped about the base of the tree and tied 
often forms quite an effective barrier. The many different 
washes recommended afford but little protection in our ex- 
perience. Examine the trees twice each year, in May and 
September, and dig out or destroy all larvae which can be lo- 
cated. Clean culture will help in the warfare against borers. 

The Flat - headed Apple-tree Borer {Chrysobothrts fetno- 
rata). — This is usually a much less dangerous, though more 
abundant, insect than the preceding species. The pretty 
beetles (Fig. 218) are day-fliers. They attack by preference 



DESTR UC TI VE IX SE C TS. 



x6s 




sickly trees ; they inhabit both the trunk and limbs of a tree, 
and, besides apple, pear, peach, and apricot trees, they also 
attack a variety of forest trees. They are chiefly injurious to 
young trees. 

The eggs are laid in crevices of the bark, and the larvae (Fig. 
217) get their growth in one year, living mostly just beneath 
the bark. The pupal 
stage (Fig. 220), lasting 
about three weeks, is 
passed in a cell made in 
the solid wood. The 
beetles emerge in May 
and June through ellip- 
tical-shaped holes. 

Trees badly infested 
with this borer should 
be burned at once. The 
remedial measures ad- 
vised for the round- 
headed borer may also 
be applied against the 
flat-headed species. 

Scale-Insects are minute sucking insects, which now rank 
among the most destructive fruit pests in many parts of the 
country. We can here discuss only a few of the more com- 
mon ones. 

T/ie Oystei'-shell Bark-loiise {^Mytilaspis pomorum). — This scale 
(Fig. 222) is very common on apple-trees all over the country; 
it also attacks many forest trees, and it is found all over the 
world. It is shaped somewhat like an oyster-shell, and is 
nearly the color of the apple bark. In northern latitudes there 
is but a single annual generation of the insect ; in the South 
there are two. It usually confines its attacks to the bark of 
younger branches, but sometimes occurs on the fruit in the 
North. 

If the scale be tipped over during the winter, it will present 
the appearance seen at a in Fig. 221; that is, the shrivelled 
body of the female is tucked away at one end, and from 30 to 
90 white eggs occupy the rest of the scale. The winter is 
passqd in the ^'g^, and the young lice usually hatch in the 



Fig. 217. Fig. 218. Fig. 219. Fig. 220. 

The Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer. 
Fig. 217.— Larva or grub. FiG. 218. — Beetle. 
Fig. 220. — Pupa. All twice natural size. (U.S. 
Div. of Entomology.) 



i66 



DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 



latter part of May. The}' travel about over the bark for a fev\'- 
hours, and when a suitable place is found to insert their beak, 
they begin feeding, and never move from the spot during the 
rest of their life. They soon begin to secrete the scaly cover- 
ing, which gradually increases in size with the growth of the 
tender body of the insect underneath. When fully grown early 
in the fall, the female deposits her quota of eggs under the 
^cale and dies. The male insect is provided with wings, and 

is developed under a 
much smaller scale 
(Fig. 222, d). The old 
scales may remain on 
the bark for a year or 
more, and oftentimes 
the living scales may be 
so numerous as nearly 
to cover the bark, as 
shown in c in Fig. 223. 
Young trees are often 
much weakened from its 
attacks, but it rarely 
kills apple-trees. 

One should scrape off 
all of the scales practi- 
cable when the tree is 
dormant, thus removing 
the eggs, which are dif- 
ficult to reach and kill 
with any wash. Then 
wait until about May 
15th, or as soon as the 
young lice can be seen crawling on the bark, and drench the 
bark with kerosene emulsion, or a whale-oil soap solution of 
one pound in five gallons of water, or use a kerosene-water 
pump with ten per cent, of kerosene. A second application 
may be necessary a week or ten days later. 

The Scurfy Bark-louse (Chionaspis furfurtis') is another scale 
very commonly met with in orchards, especially on apple and 
pear-trees. As shown in Fig. 224, it is shaped somewhat like 
the oyster-shell bark-louse, and has a similar life-history, but 




Fig. 221. Figs. 222 and 223. 

Tlte Oyster- shell Bark-louse. 

Fig. 221. — Female scale from below, showing 
eggs. Fig. 222. — The same from above, 
greatly enlarged ; (/, male scale, enlarged. 
Fig. 223.— Female scales. (U. S. Div. of En- 
tomology.) 



DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 



167 




its scaly covering is nearly white in color. It is two-brooded 
even in New York, and from ten to seventy-five purple eggs 
winter under each female scale. 

This scurfy scale is best controlled by the same methods as 
the preceding species. 
San Jose Scale {Aspi- 
diotus perniciosus). Fig. 
229.— This insect first 
appeared in California 
many years ago. 
About 1887 it was in- 
troduced into the 
Eastern United States 
on nursery stock ; and 
it has since attained 
international import- 
ance, and has been 
widely distributed 
throughout this coun- 
try. It is recognized 
everywhere as a most 
destructive and dan- 
gerous fruit pest. It 
spreads all over the 
tree and fruit, at times literally covering it — in such cases 
often killing it, if undisturbed, in a few years. It thrives on 
all kinds of fruit-trees, and on the small fruits as well as on 
most other deciduous trees or shrubs ; peaches usually suc- 
cumb to its attacks more quickly than any other fruit-trees. 
It can spread only by direct contact of the 
living female with a live tree, either from 
the interlocking of the branches of an infested 
tree with others, or by being carried from 
one to another by birds or insects. Infested 
nursery stock is the most fertile source of 
distribution. While it is often found on the 
fruit, there is yet no definite evidence that 
such fruit was the source of any infestation. 
The reason this scale is so much more dangerous than either 
of the two bark-lice just discussed is because of its greater 



Pig. 224. Fig. 225. 

The Scurfy Bark-louse. 

Fig. 224.— r, Female ; rf, male. Fig. 225.— Female 

scales. Fig. 226. — Male scales. Figs. 225, 226, 

natural size ; Fig. 224 enlarged. (U. S. Div. 

of Entomology.) 




•Fig. 227. — San Jose 
Scale. (Greatly 
magnified.) 



i68 



DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 



power of rnultiplication. The insect winters in the form of 
small round black scales scarcely larger than a pin's head. 
These become full grown in May or June, when they are of 
a grayish color and nearly an eighth of an inch in diameter. 
There is no egg stage, the young lice being born alive, and 
they may become mothers in about forty days. Thus there are 
from three to five generations of the scales during a season, 
and as one mother may rear from one hundred to five hundred 




Fig. 228.— San Jose Scale. — Female insect which lives under the scale, greatly 

enlarged. (Adapted from Howard's figures.) 
Fig. 229. — San Jose Scale, natural size. 



young, it is easy to understand how a few scales may soon 
cover a tree with their progeny. If one of the scales be tipped 
over at any time, there will be found the soft, yellow body of 
the insect itself, as shown in Fig. 228. 

Much legislation has been enacted to prevent the spread of 
or to exterminate this pernicious pest, and much good has re- 
sulted from the systems of inspection of nurseries and or- 
chards, but eventually every fruit-grower will have to work out 
his own salvation. Fruit-growers should understand that the 
insect can never be exterminated in any seriously infested 
orchard or locality without destroying the trees, but it can be. 
and some are controlling it as effectually as they are some 
other fruit pests. 

It can best be treated when the trees are dormant, but much 



DESTRUCTIVE IX SECTS. 



169 



can be done also by spraying the trees several times during the 
growing season with a kerosene-water pump, using about 20 
per cent, of kerosene, or with whale-oil soap, about one pound 
in four or five gallons of water. For a winter wash a solution 
of good whale-oil soap, two pounds in one gallon of water, has 
been found very effectual. Pure kerosene is also effective, 
but often injures the tree. Crude petroleum applied as a 
winter wash, in a 25 to 40-per-cent. 
mixture, with a kerosene - water 
pump, is also proving a valuable 
addition to the insecticidal batter- 
ies that may be directed against 
this pest. Very effective work has 
also been done in the East with the 
California wash of lime, sulphur, 
and salt. 

Fumigation with hydrocyanic 
acid gas is the most perfect method 
of controlling the San Jose scale, 
but it requires expensive appa- 
ratus for orchard work. Nursery 

stock, however, can be cheaply Fig. 230.— The Peach Lecanium 

fumigated, and when properly 
done, it will prove a great safe- 
guard to the fruit-grower against, not only this scale, but 
many other injurious insects often sent out by nurserymen. 

Lecanium Scales. — These are large, soft-shelled, brown scales 
about the size and shape of a half pea. There are many 
species, some of which, like the Black Scale of California, are 
very destructive. A few years ago one of these Lecaniums 
appeared in overwhelming numbers in several plum orchards 
in western New York, and many bearing trees were killed. 
Climatic conditions and its insect enemies, however, soon 
turned the tide, and the pest may remain in its former obscur- 
ity for many years. 

Such scales can often be successfully controlled by spray- 
ing the trees when dormant with kerosene emulsion, one part 
to four of water ; doubtless a kerosene-water pump, using 20 or 
30 per cent, of kerosene, or whale-oil soap, one pound in two 
to four gallons of water, would prove equally effectual. 




Scale, natural 
larged. 



size and en- 



170 



DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 



The Apple Aphis {Aphis inali) is the little green plant-louse 
which often appears in large numbers on the opening buds of 
apple in early spring. These hatch from shining black eggs 
laid on the bark in the fall. Usually but little damage is done 
by the lice on bearing trees, but in nurseries it often proves 
a serious pest by badly curling the leaves and checking the 
growth of the stock. Winged forms may leave the apple-tree 
and start a series of summer generations on June grass. 

They may be destroyed by a solution of whale-oil soap, or 
even by common soap-suds. It may be applied with a spray 
pump; or young trees in the 
nursery and their branches 
may be bent over and im- 
mersed in the liquid contained 
in a large pail. It should be 
repeated as often as they reap- 
pear. 

The Bud Moth { Tvietocera 





Fig. 231 —The Bud Moth, twice 
natural size. 



Fig. 232. — Work of a bud moth cater- 
pillar in an opening leaf bud, nat- 
ural size. 



ocellana). — This insect does much damage in many sections 
of the country. A little brown caterpillar comes from a 
silken home, in which it hibernated, and proceeds to eat into 
the opening buds. It soon ruins the opening flowers and ties 
them and the leaves together into a nest, as shown in Fig. 
232. The brown caterpillars get full grown in June, when 
they measure about half an inch in length, and then soon 
undergo their transformations to the adult insect, the moth, 
shown in Fig. 231. The moths soon lay their eggs on the 
leaves and the young caterpillars mine in the leaves until 
time to go into winter quarters in their silken homes on the 
branches near the buds. 

It requires intelligent and persistent work with a Paris 



DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 



171 



green or other poisonous spray in the spring to control this 
serious pest ; it is usually necessary to make two thorough ap- 
plications before the blossoms open. 

Caiiker-wor>ns are among the most destructive of apple pests. 
They are measuring-worms from an inch to an inch and a half 




Fig. 233.— Spring Canker-worm. — Larva; female; male. 

in length, and finally develop into small moths, the females 
of which (Fig. 233) have no wings. There are several differ- 
ent kinds of canker-worms, and they often work together in 
the same orchard. They consume the foliage, except the larger 
leaf veins, and give the trees a scorched appearance from a 
distance, so that the insects are known as "fire-worms" in 
some localities. We have seen thousands of acres of apple 




Fig. 234. — Fall Canker-worm. — Female; male ; larva. 



orchards in Western New York defoliated by these pests in a 
single season. They spread rather slowly from orchard to 
orchard. 

In some localities the kind known as the fall canker-worm 
{Anisopteryx po?netaria) (Fig. 234) is the most numerous, while 
in other sections the spring canker-worm {Paleacrita vernata) 
(Fig, 233) far outnumbers any others. At least two other 
kinds may also occur in injurious numbers ; they are the lime- 
tree winter-moth Hybernia tiliaria, and Bruce 's canker-worm 
Rachcla bruceata. 



172 DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 

The moths of the fall canker-worm and of the two last- 
named species emerge in the fall, while the spring canker- 
worm moths appear in March and April. In each case the 
wingless females have to crawl up the tree, where they lay 
their eggs on the bark. The eggs of each species hatch about 
the same time in the spring, as the leaves begin to unfold, 
and the caterpillars feed ravenously for about a month. They 
then disappear into the ground a short distance, where they 
transform to pups, finally to emerge as moths in the fall or 
spring. 

Canker-worms are not difficult pests to control when one 
understands their habits, so that the warfare can be waged at 
the proper time. The caterpillars can be killed after they 
have begun work in the spring by thorough, honest efforts 
with a spray of Paris green or some similar poison at the rate 
of one pound in one hundred gallons of water or Bordeaux 
mixture. It will require several applications where the pests 
are very niimerous, and it is all-important to apply the poison 
before the caterpillars get two-thirds grown ; it always takes 
much less poison to kill a small caterpillar than one nearly 
full-grown. 

Orchards which are well cultivated from year to j^ear are 
rarely seriously infested with canker-worms. Doubtless many 
of the pupse in the soil are destroyed by the cultivation. 

As the female cannot fly, various expedients for preventing 
it from ascending the tree from the ground in the fall or early 
spring have been devised. Bands of sheath- 
ing-paper six or eight inches wide are 
often tacked around the trunks of the 
trees, and then smeared with tar, or any 
other sticky substance which will not lose 
its viscidity. Before putting on the bands 
j/i'i^ ^ J . ir»^ smooth off the bark, so that there shall 

l H:^ ."■ '' ' ^ be no crevices under the paper through 

which the tiny moths may crawl. 

Another simple patented device, shown 
in Fig. 235, has been extensively and suc- 
cessfully used in Western New York. 
This Common-Sense Wire Trap, when 

sense Wire Trap for . - ^ j ., . i m ^.i- 

Canker-worms. properly put on and cared for while the 








DESTRUCTIVE INSE C TS. 



173 



tnoths are ascending the trees, forms a simple, cheap, and 
very effective barrier. We have seen such a trap filled with 
the moths crowding and pushing each other until many of 
them were killed; in a badly infested orchard we have seen 

at 1 e a s t a thousand 
moths trying to as- 
cend a single tree in 
one evening. 

Tent-caterpillars are 
serious enemies to ap- 
ple-trees and some for- 
est trees in most parts 
of the country. They 
have their seasons of 
increase and decrease. 





Fig. 236. 



-Apple-tree Tent-caterpillars on 
their Tent, natural size. 



Fig. 237. —Egg-mass of Tent- 
caterpillar. 



Some years they nearly strip whole orchards ; and again they 
diminish in numbers in successive years, till few can be found. 
The species which usually does the most damage to fruit- 
trees is shown in Fig. 236, and it is known as the American or 
Apple-tree Tent-caterpillar {Clisiocampa aniericana). In the 
spring, as soon as the leaf-buds of the apple begin to open, 
the little hairy caterpillars hatch from their varnished egg-ring 
(Fig. 237), where they have spent the preceding eight or nine 
months. Thej^ feed for five or six weeks and attain the size 



174 



DESTR UC TI J '£ INSE C TS. 



shown in Fig. 236. Those we have watched fed mostly at 
night, early morning, or at midday. They are social cater- 
pillars, and each family or colony lives together in a silken 
tent or nest, which they begin in a near-by crotch soon after 
they hatch, and gradually enlarge as they need larger quar- 
ters. 

These tents or "signboards" are conspicuous objects in an 





Fig. 238. —Female Moth of Apple-tree 
Tent-caterpillar on Cocoon, natu- 
ral size. 



Fig. 239.— a Forest Tent-cater- 
pillar, natural size. 



orchard. The tent serves as a home from which the cater- 
pillars issue at feeding times and forage over the tree, spin- 
ning a silken thread wherever they go. When they get their 
growth early in June, they find some secluded cranny in a 
near-by fence or elsewhere and spin about themselves a coarse, 
white, silken cocoon intermixed with a yellow powder (Fig. 
238). In this cocoon they change to pupae, and finally trans- 
form to reddish-brown moths (Fig. 238) in about three weeks. 
The moths emerge and lay their peculiar rings of eggs (Fig. 
237) around the smaller branches earlj^ in July; each egg- 
mass contains about two hundred eggs, which are covered by 



DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 175 

a vesicular, water-proof varnish. There is thus but one brood 
of the caterpillars each year, and by far the largest portion of 
the insect's life is spent in the Q%<g, usually from July until 
the following April. 

Maple shade trees and sugar-bushes, as well as some other 
forest trees, sometimes suffer severely from hordes of large 
hairy caterpillars, which are closely allied to the apple-tree 
tent-caterpillar, and have been called the Forest Tent-cater- 
pillar {Clisioscampa disstria). One of them is shown in Fig. 
239. Sometimes this insect invades orchards and proves a 
more serious enemy than its near relative. Its life-history is 
practically the same as that of the apple-tree tent-caterpillar, 
but the two species are easily distinguished in the &zz^ cater- 
pillar, and moth stages. 

The egg-rings of the forest species are shorter and blunter 
at the ends ; the caterpillars have a row of whitish spots down 
the middle of the back instead of a continuous white stripe ; 
the moths have an oblique band of a deeper tint across each 
front wing, while those of the apple-tree tent-caterpillar are 
crossed by a similar band bordered with narrow white stripes. 
The popular name of forest tent-caterpillar is misleading, as 
the caterpillars do not make a tent, but simply spin a thin 
silken mat or carpet on the bark where the whole family rests 
when not feeding. 

Several parasitic and predaceous insects prey upon this 
forest species and usually keep it in subjection. In sugar- 
bushes and other forest lands man must depend largely upon 
these enemies to control the pest. 

The best and cheapest method of combating both the apple- 
tree and the forest species of these tent-caterpillars is to cut 
off the small branches which bear the eggs, during autumn or 
winter, and burn them ; do not leave them on the ground, 
for they will often hatch as readily there as on the tree. 
A most convenient implement for this work is a tree-pruner 
(see page 102). The eggs are seen at a glance after a little 
practice. Every ring of eggs thus removed, which is done 
in a few seconds, totally prevents a nest or colony of 
caterpillars in the spring, and is far more expeditious and 
effectual than the usual modes of burning the nests, or brush- 
ing off the caterpillars with poles at a later period. Enlist the 



176 



DE S TR UC TI VE INSE C TS. 



children in this work by prizes, or by paying a certain amount 
for the collection of unhatched egg-rings at any time between 
August ist and the following April ; this is especially appli- 
cable in villages where shade trees are infested. 

Where orchards are thoroughly sprayed with poisons for 
other pests, the tent-caterpillars are usually destroj^ed at the 
same time. 

The caterpillars of the forest species quickly drop from the 
tree when it is suddenly jarred, thus offering a very prac- 
ticable method of collecting and killing them in orchards, and 
especially on village shade trees. When the apple-tree tent- 




FlG. 240. 



Fig. 241. 



caterpillars and their nests or " signboards " are small, a whole 
family can be quickly wiped out and destroyed with an old 
mitten or rag in one's hand. These nests should be looked 
upon as signboards of shiftlessness, for not many injurious 
insects can be so easily controlled. 

Yellow-necked Apple-tree Cateipillar {Datana ininistra). — The 
larva of this moth, which usually appears in Jul}^ or August, 
when full grown, is from an inch and a half to two inches 
long. A family of them is so voracious that if undisturbed 
they will soon defoliate a small tree. Though they spin no 
web, they have a peculiar habit of collecting together in 
masses in the noticeable position shown in Fig. 240. At such 
times the}^ may easily be destroj^ed by burning-, or by brush- 
ing them off on to the ground and killing them. The perfect 
insect is shown in Fig. 241. 

The Apple Maggot {Ttypeta pomonella) Fig. 242, lives in 
the pulp of the apple and tunnels it in winding channels, ruin- 



DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 



177 



ning it except for feeding to stock. It is a footless maggot, 
one-fifth of an inch long, and changes to a pretty two-winged 
fly. It prefers the thin-skinned summer and fall apples to the 
winter varieties, but no varieties are exempt from attack. 
It has spread over the Eastern and Northern States, where it 
has become a very serious pest, and 
is sometimes called the " railroad 
worm." 

The flies begin to appear early 
in summer and insert their eggs 
through the skin of the partially 
grown apples. The fact that the 
maggots rarely, if ever, leave the 
fruit while it remains on the tree 
affords practically the only vul- 
nerable place in the insect's life. 
After the apple falls or is picked, 
the full-grown maggots crawl out 
and change to the pupal state in 
the ground, or in the receptacles 
in which the fruit may be stored. 
It hibernates in the pupal stage. 

The insect is thus out of the 
reach of the spraying piimp, and 
the most efficient remedy is to turn 
sheep or other stock into the or- 
chard, which will devour the fruit 
as soon as it falls, or to pick up 

at once and feed out or bury deeply the fallen fruit in gar- 
dens. 

The Apple- Worm or Codling-Moth {Carpocapsa pomonella). — • 
This insect has become the most formidable enemy of the 
apple in the United States. It also does much damage to the 
pear, and rarely attacks some of the stone-fruits. In many 
orchards it ruins nearly the whole crop. " Wormy " apples, 
most of which are caused by this insect, have been mentioned 
in agricultural writings as far back as the time of Cato, nearly 
two hundred years before the Christian era. The insect is 
now a cosmopolitan pest, occurring in nearly every corner of 
the globe where apples are cultivated. It doubtless appeared 




Fig. 242.— Apple Maggot. —a, Fe- 
male ; b, male ; c, maggot. 
(After Harvey.) 



lyS 



DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 



in America some time before 1750, and now occurs in nearly 
every apple-growing section. 

The codling-moth appears in the spring about the time the 
blossoms are falling from apple trees, and after a few days 
glues its tiny scale-like eggs (Fig. 246) on to the skin of the 
young fruit, or even the adjacent leaves, where they hatch in 
about a week. The little apple-worm usually finds its way 
into the blossom-end, where it takes its first meal and where 
it remains feeding for several days, finaly eating its way to 




Fig. 243. — The Codling-moth, natural size. (From Lodeman's " Spraying of 
Plants," by permission of The Macmillan Company.) 



the core (Fig. 243). In about three weeks it gets nearly full- 
grown and makes an exit tunnel to the surface, closing the out- 
side opening of the tunnel for a few days while it feeds inside. 
Emerging from the fruit, it usually makes its way to the 
trunk of the tree, where it soon spins a cocoon under the loose 
bark. Usually the first worms thus to spin up in June or July 
soon transform to pupae, from which the adult insect emerges 
in about two weeks, and eggs are soon laid on the leaves or 
the skin of the apples, from which a second brood of the worms 
hatches. In most of the more northern portions of the United 
States only a part of the worms of the first brood pupate or 
transform to moths the same season, but in the central, western, 



DESTRUCTIVE IX SECTS. 



179 



and southern portions there is a complete second brood, and 
in some portions possibly even a third brood of the worms 
annually. In the fall all the worms spin cocoons wherever 





Fig. 244.— Just the Time to Spray 
for the Codling-moth. 



Pig. 245.— Calyx Cup Nearly Closed. 



they may be, either in the orchard or in storerooms, and remain 
curled up in them as caterpillars until spring opens, when 
they transform, through the pupa, to the 
moth (Fig. 243), thus completing their 
yearly life-cycle. 

No panacea for the codling-moth has 
yet been found, but by thorough work 
with a Paris green spray one can often 
save at least 75 per cent, of the apples . 
that would otherwise be ruined by the 
worms. Where two or more broods of the 
insect occur during the season, as in Kan- 
sas, Nebraska, Oregon, New Mexico, and 
neighboring localities in the West, and pic. 246.— Calyx Cup 
in the South, the poison spray is not so Closed and too Late 
effective, for, although 75 per cent, of the to Spray Effectuai- 

° ' ■> r _ ly (note the tmy egg 

first brood of worms may be killed with on skin of apple). 




j8o DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 

the spray, the few worms left will form a sufficient nucleus 
for a large and very destructivve second or third brood ; in 
these localities the best that can be advised at present is to 
supplement the poison spray with the old banding system. 

Various methods of trapping the worms when they are about 
to spin their cocoons have been practised with some degree of 
success. The most simple and as effective as any is to wrap 
.a. band of straw, or two or three folds of old burlap around 
the trunk of the tree. Put on the bands about the middle of 
June and examine and destroy the cocoons found in them 
■every ten days until about September ist when they need not 
■be examined again until after the fruit is gathered. 

To use the poison spray the most effectually one must un- 
derstand that it is necessary to fill the blossom-end of each 
apple with poison within a week after the blossoms fall, for 
this is where the little apple-worm gets its first few meals, and 
it is practically our only chance to kill it with a spray. 
Watch the developing fruit after the petals fall, and be sure 
to apply the poison before the calyx lobes close (as shown in 
Figs. 244 and 245), for while the falling of the blossoms is the 
signal to begi?i spraying, the closing of these calyx lobes a week or 
two later is usually the signal to stop spraying. 

The Pear Psylla {Fsylla pyricola), one of the jumping 
plant-lice, has recently attained first rank as a pear pest in 
the eastern United States, and it occurs westward to the 
Mississippi River. It attacks only the pear-tree and has 
nearly ruined some pear orchards in New York ; trees of all 
ages and varieties are attacked. Most of the damage is done 
by the nymphs (Fig. 248), which are only about one-tenth of 
an inch in length, but they often appear in incredible num- 
bers, and congregating in the leaf-axils or on the fruit stems 
they soon sap the life of trees to such an extent that but little 
growth is made and the fruit sometimes drops when half- 
grown. The nymphs secrete large quantities of a sweet, 
sticky liquid, called "honey-dew," which spreads over the 
branches and leaves, sometimes even dripping from the trees. 
All through this honey-dew a black fungus grows, so that the 
bark of badly infested trees has a black, sooty appearance , 
this is usually good evidence at any time of the year that a 
pear-tree has suffered from the psylla. The adult insects (Fig. 



DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 



i8i 



247) are active creatures, quickly jumping and flying out of 
reach when approached ; they feed, but not enough to do no- 
ticeable damage. 

The insect hibernates in the adult stage, hidden in the crev- 
ices under the loosened bark on the trunk and large limbs of 
the pear trees. During warm days they often crawl about on 
the branches and trunk. They are not easily seen as they are 
so small, and their color so closely imitates the bark. In 





Fig. 247. Fig. 248. 

The Pear Psi'Ua. Adult and nj'inph, much enlarged. 



April these adults lay their curious, orange-yellow eggs in the 
creases of the bark about the bases of the terminal buds of the 
preceding year's growth. By the middle of May, or about the 
time the first leaves are expanding, most of the eggs have 
jbatched, and the little nymphs are at work sucking out the 
life of the tree. In about a month these nymphs have devel- 
oped into adult psyllas, which are smaller than those which 
hibernated, and they. soon lay eggs on the leaves for another 
brood. At least four broods of the insect develop in a season 
in New York and probably five in Maryland. Many pear-trees 
are so much weakened by the drain of so many little pumps 
sucking the sap that they do not have enough vitality to sur- 
vive the winter. The insect is thus both a serious menace to 
the tree and to the crop of fruit. 

It is very important that this pest should be checked early 
in the season, as the psyllas can be more easily hit with a 



l82 



DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 



spray then, and every member of the first brood that is killed 
greatly reduces the numbers of the following broods. In 
badly infested pear-orchards it would pay to drench the bark 
of the trees in winter with a spray of whale-oil soap, dissolving 
about one pound in two or three gallons of water, and to each 
hundred gallons of this add ten gallons of crude petroleum. 
With this spray, or with a kerosene-water pump, using 30 or 




Fig. 249.- The Pear Slug, a, Adnlt saw-fly ; b, slug with slime removed ; 
c, same in normal state ; d^ infested leaves, natural size ; a, b, c, much enlarged. 
(U. S. Div. of Entomology.) 

40 per cent, of kerosene, most of the hibernating psyllas could 
be killed, and thus the pest be checked for the coming season. 
The nymphs and many of the adults can be killed in summer 
by thorough work with a spray of whale-oil soap, one pound 
in five gallons of water, or with a kerosene-water pump, 
using about 10 or 15 per cent, of kerosene. Sometimes the 
n^^mphs become covered with honey-dew, and it is difficult to 
hit them with a spray. Hence, just after a hard shower is a 
good time to make the application, as much of the honey-dew 
will be washed off. Prompt and thorough work in May or 
early June on the first brood is necessary if one is to control 
this pest. It is a very difficult matter to check it if it is let 
alone until later in the season. 

The Pear or Cherry Slug {Eriocampoides limacina). — This 



DE S TR UC TI VE INSE C TS. 



European pest has now made its way into practically every 
civilized country. It is one of the saw-flies, the adult (Fig. 
249 a:) being glossy-black and not quite so large as a house-fly. 
These 'flies emerge from the ground in May and insert their 
eggs into the tissues of the leaves from the under surface. 
The eggs hatch in about two weeks. The dark green larvae 
(Fig. 249 b c) are snail-like in form, and their bod}^ is covered 
with a slimy olive-colored liquid ; these characteristics have 
given them the popular and apt name of " slugs." The slugs 
feed on the upper surface of the leaves, skeletonizing them, 
as shown at d in Fig. 249. 

Although very sluggish in movement, the slugs have an 
enormous appetite, and often do much damage, especially to 
young trees. They get their growth in about twenty-five 
days, go into the ground, and there transform in about two 
weeks to the saw-flies. A second brood of slugs results in 
August from eggs soon laid b}- these flies. 

This is a very eas}^ pest to control. The old method was 
to dust ashes, lime, or road-dust onto the slimy slugs, and it 
was sometimes quite effectual ; but many of the slugs would 
simpl}^ moult off their dusted skin and thus escape. They 
feed so openly on the upper surface of the leaves that a dose 
of poison can be easily included in their menu. Dust on some 
hellebore if only a few young trees are infested, or spray in- 
fested trees with Paris green 
or some similar poison at the 
rate of one pound in one hun- 
dred and sixty gallons of water, 
or use it in Bordeaux mixture. 

The Pear Midge {Diplosis 
pyrivora). — This insect was 
apparently introduced into 
America from Europe about 
1877, being first noticed in 
Connecticut. It has slowly 
spread into the near-by States, 
and has become in many locali- 
ties the most destructive enemy 

to the fruit of pear; it attacks FiG. ^50. -The Pear Midge «, Adult; 
•^ b^ maggot ; c, pupa ; all much en^ 

no other fruit. larged. (Adapted from Riley.) 




DE S TR UC TI VE INSE C TS. 



The adult insects, which resemble miniature mosquitoes 
(Fig. 250 a), emerge from the soil beneath the trees early in the 
spring when the blossom-buds are just bursting. Before the 
blossoms get open, the little flies or midges insert their long 






Fig. 251.— Work of the Pear Midge. Section of pear showing maggots at work, 
enlarged ; an infested, misshapen fruit ; fruit from which the maggots have 
emerged, natural size. 

ovipositor through the closed petals and calyx and lay a dozen 
or more eggs on the anthers of the flowers. The eggs hatch 
in four or five days, and the orange or reddish-colored maggots 
(Fig. 250) enter the open ovary of the embryo fruit, where 
they feed upon the growing tissues, usually destroying the 
core and seeds and causing the young fruits to become dwarfed 
and misshapen, as shown in Fig. 25 t. The maggots get their 
growth about June ist and remain in the fruit until a rain or 



DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 185 

other moist conditions cause a rapid decaying and a cracking 
open of the infested fruit, as shown in Fig. 251. Through the 
openings thus made the maggots emerge and enter the soil an 
inch or two, where they make oval, silken cocoons, in which 
they remain until spring, when they change to pupae, and 
soon afterward to the adult flies or midges. 

The Lawrence variety of pear, which blooms early, seems 
to be a favorite with the midge. 

The pest seems to be invulnerable to any insecticidal oper- 
ation, which does not involve the loss of the fruit, until the 
maggots leave the fruit and enter the ground. Where only a 
few trees are infested, one could readily distinguish most of 
the infested, misshapen fruits, and pick them off and destroy 
them ; this should be done before May 15th to be effective. It 
would pay in certain cases thus to destroy all the fruits on a 
few trees for a season if an orchard could be thereby freed 
from the pest. 

Experiments give considerable hope that many of the midge 
maggots can be destroyed in loose sandy soils by an applica- 
tion of kainit, at the rate of one thousand pounds to an acre, 
about the middle of June. Other experiments on clay soils 
indicate that such heavy applications of potash salts each year 
injure the trees, and that thorough cultivation is far prefer- 
able to the fertilizers. 

The Plum CurciUio [Cojiotrachelus nenuphar). — This native 
American insect is the cause of most " wormy " plums, prunes, 
apricots, peaches, nectarines, and cherries. It is usually by 
far the most destructive insect with which growers of these 
fruits have to contend, as it often ruins the whole crop unless 
promptly checked. It also breeds in apples and pears, but 
not so freely as in the stone-fruits; during years when the 
latter fruits are a light crop it often becomes a serious pest on 
apples. The insect is widely distributed throughout the coun- 
try east of the Rocky Mountains, but has not yet invaded the 
Pacific Coast States. 

The adult insect (Fig. 252) belongs to a family of beetles 
known as curculios, weevils, or snout-beetles. It is a small, 
rough, blackish beetle, about one-fifth of an inch long, with a 
black, shining hump on the middle of each wing-case, and 
behind this a band of dull ochre-yellow color, with some 



i86 



DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 



whitish marks near the middle. These curculios hibernate in 
any sheltered location, as in hedge-rows, rubbish piles, old 
stone-walls-, or a near-by forest ; in consequence of this, fruit- 
growers often notice that the portion of their orchard nearest 






Fig. 252. — The Plum Curculio. Adult ; larva ; pupa ; all enlarged. 



such places suffers the most from the insect. The curculios 
come from their hiding places soon after the fruits are set, or 
when they are not larger than peas, and soon egg-laj'ing 
begins. 

This is an interesting operation. Alighting on a fruit, the 

mother beetle, with her jaws, 
which are situated at the end 
of the long snout, makes a 
small cut through the skin of 
the fruit and runs her snout ob- 
liquely into the flesh just under 
the skin and gouges out a cavity 
large enough to receive her 
&%%. Then turning around, an 
egg is dropped into the hole, 
and again turning, she pushes 
it into the cavity with her 
snout. Just in front of this hole 
the mother now deftly makes 
a crescent - shaped slit (P'ig. 
253), which she extends obliquely underneath the egg- 
cavity so as to leave the q,%% in a sort of a flap of flesh, 
apparently her object being to prevent the growth of the 
fruit from crushing her very tender egg. This whole opera- 
tion requires about five minutes. One female is said to de- 
posit from fifty to one hundred eggs — a few each day. One 




Fig. 253.— The Plum C.urculio's Cres- 
cent Mark on a Cherry, natural 
size. 



DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 



187 



can readily see the eggs with the naked eye by carefully 
removing the skin of the fruit behind the crescent cut. The 
€ggs hatch in from three to seven days, and the little white 
^rubs burrow into and feed upon the flesh around the stone 
for about a month. 

Infested fruits, cherries excepted, usually fall to the ground 
Ijefore the grubs mature. When full grown (Fig. 252), the 




Fig. 254.— a Cart Cui^culio-caLcher in Operation. 



white, footless grubs leave the fruits, burrow into the soil for 
three or four inches, where they form a little earthen cell, in 
which they soon change to white pupse (Fig. 252). In from 
three to six weeks the pup^ transform to the curculios which 
emerge from the soil in July and August or later, and perhaps 
feed a little before seeking a place to pass the winter. There 
is thus but one brood of the insect in a year, although the cur- 
culios which " sting " or lay their eggs in the young fruits in 
the spring are developed and emerge from the soil during the 
latter part of the preceding summer. 



1 88 DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 

The curculio travels by flying, but only during quite warm 
weather, or in the heat of the day. The insects mostly con- 
fine themselves to certain trees. But the fact that newly 
bearing and isolated orchards are soon attacked clearly shows 
that in occasional instances they must travel considerable dis- 
tances. Indeed, they have been known to be wafted on the 
wind for a half-mile or more, the windward side of orchards 
being most infested immediately after strong winds from a 
thickly planted plum neighborhood. 

Their flight appears to be never more than a few feet from 
the ground, and successful attempts have been made to shut 
them out of fruit gardens by means of a tight board fence, 
nine or ten feet high, entered by a tight gate. 

The remedial measures suggested for the curculio are various. 
Those which merely repel without destroying the insect, and 
which are consequently inefficient, including such as spra^dng- 
the young fruit with tobacco or lime-wash, or applying salt, 
offensive odors, etc. If practicable, avoid setting fruits liable 
to attack from this insect near woods, hedges, or other 
places where it can easily find such good shelter during the 
winter. As infested fruits, except cherries, often drop before 
the grubs mature, the gathering and destruction or feeding to 
stock of all fallen fruits daily will materially aid in reducing 
the numbers of the insect. It has been found that if swine are 
allowed to run in infested orchards, or where the trees are 
grown in poultry yards, good crops are often secured. 

Several years ago it was discovered that the adult insects 
did considerable feeding both on the foliage and fruit of their 
food-plants. This led to extensive experiments in spraying 
with Paris green to kill the beetles, and the results were very 
encouraging, especially on cherry trees. Many fruit-growers 
now spray their trees two or three times, early in the season 
when the beetles are abroad, with Paris green or some similar 
poison at the rate of one pound in one hundred and sixty or 
two hundred gallons of Bordeaux mixture or water, and they 
are convinced of the effectiveness of the method so far as se- 
curing a profitable crop is concerned. Other extensive plum- 
growers claim that when the curculios are plentiful and there 
is not an abundant setting of fruits they have been unable to 
save the crop by spraying, and hence have discarded this 



DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 




Fig. 



255.— Thomas' Simple Curculio- 
catcher. 



method altogether. Theoretically the poison spray should 
kill many of the curculios, for there can be no question about 
their feeding habits, as an^^ one can soon convince himself by 

confining several in a box 
with fresh fruits or leaves. 
Many who have been 
fighting this pest for 
years are satisfied that the 
jarring method is the only 
way to circumvent it. Ap- 
parently this inethod was 
first proposed by David 
Thomas, the father of the 
author of this volume. In 
a communication to the Genesee Farmer, in 1832, he said: 
" Not three days ago I saw that many of the plums were punc- 
tured, and began to suspect that shaking the tree was not 
sufficient. Under a tree in a remote part of a fruit-garden, 
having spread the sheets, I therefore made the following ex- 
periment : On shaking it well I caught five curculios ; on Jar- 
ring it with the hand I caught twelve more ; and on striking 
the tree with a stone, eight more dropped on the sheets. I was 
now convinced that I had been in an error ; and calling in 
the necessary assistance, and using a hammer to jar the tree 
violently we caught in 
less than an hour more 
than two hundred and 
sixty of these insects." 

Several contrivances 
have been proposed for 
spreading sheets under 
the trees on which to jar 
down curculios for the 
purpose of killing them. 
Thomas found nothing 
better, and none so cheap 
and quickly made, as the 
contrivance represented in Fig. 255. 
a modern circular frame which can 




Pig. 256.— Goff's Circular Frame for Curcu- 
lio-catcher. (After Goffi.) 



handy with carpenter's tools. 



In Fig. 256 is shown 
be made by any one 
It should be about ten feet in 



19° DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 

diameter for large trees. Cover the whole frame with the 
sheeting, after which cut it open along one of the wood 
strips to the centre, where a small hole is cut to accom- 
modate the trunk of the tree. The free edge of the cloth 
flap thus formed is then tacked to a light strip of wood of 
sufficient width so that it will cover the seam formed by 
cutting the cloth and rest by its own weight on the frame be- 
yond. 

In extensive Eastern orchards a wheelbarrow " curculio 
cart or catcher" (Fig. 254) is much used. It is not found 
necessary, as was formerly advised, to insert iron spikes into 
the trees or to leave short stumps of limbs on which to strike 
when jarring the trees. Long-handled mallets with the head 
well padded answer every purpose and do not noticeably in- 
jure the bark of the trees. 

The best time for jarring is in the cool of the morning, when 
the insects are partly torpid with cold, and drop quickly. At 
mid-day they retain their hold more tenaciously, and more 
quickly escape. The work should be commenced very early 
in the season, as soon as the first fruit begins to set, or is not 
larger than a small pea. It may be necessary to continue the 
work every day for three or four weeks in some seasons. 
Usually the cost of jarring trees in this manner a season is 
from 10 to 20 cents per tree, which is a small amount to ex- 
pend to ensure a crop worth many times as much. After being 
captured on the sheets, the curculios may be destroyed by 
throwing them into boiling water, into kerosene, or some burn 
them in small charcoal furnaces. A few minutes' work is 
often sufficient for many trees, and labor equal in the aggre- 
gate to that of a single entire day may save large and valu- 
able crops. 

The Plum Ganger {Coccotonis scutellaris). — In the northern 
portion of the Mississippi Valley this insect is often equally 
as destructive to plums as the plum- curculio, which it closely 
resembles. The female gouger deposits her eggs in the young 
fruit, making a round hole, but no crescent cut, and the griib 
feeds upon the kernel of the pit, in which it also transforms 
to the beetle. The rest of its life-story is much like that of 
the plum-curculio. 

Poisonous sprays do not seem to check it, but otherwise it 




DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 191 

is amenable to the same remedial measures as the plum cur- 
culio. 

The Black Peach Aphis {Aphis prtmicola) is a brownish-black 
plant-louse (Fig. 257) infesting the leaves, twigs, and roots of 
peach-trees. Trees less than three or. four years old suffer 
most from its ravages. Thousands of such trees have been 
killed by it in Eastern peach-grow- 
ing districts, and the pest has in- 
vaded Northern orchards. 

Peach stocks should be care- 
fully examined before setting, and 
if there are any indications of 
plant-lice on them, they should be 
dipped in a strong kerosene emul- 
sion or whale-oil soap solution. It 
is a difficult matter to destroy the 
lice on the roots after the tree is ^i^. 257.-The Black Peach 

,_, , , , ,, - T . Aphis, wingless form, much 

set. Tobacco dust well worked m eniarc^ed 
around the base of the trees has 

given relief in some cases. The lice which work on the tree 
above ground can be killed with a spray of kerosene emul- 
sion diluted ten or twelve times or with a kerosene-water 
mixture containing 15 per cent, of kerosene. 

The Peach-free Borer {Sanninoidea exitiosa) " has killed more 
peach trees than all other causes combined," says J. H. Hale. 
It is an American insect and has been a serious menace to 
peach-growing for more than a hundred years. It sometimes 
also attacks plums, prunes, cherries, apricots, and nectarines, 
and has to be fought by nearly every peach-grower. 

The borer is a white, grub-like caterpillar (Fig. 258 <r), which 
feeds on the inner bark, forming a tunnel or burrow, usually 
on the trunk or large root below the surface of the soil. 
Infested peach trees are easily distinguished by the large 
mass of a gummy substance exuded from the wound and 
mixed with particles of bark and excrement. The adult in- 
sect is a beautiful, blue, wasp-like moth, the male (PMg. 258 ^) 
differing remarkably from the female (Fig. 258 a^. 

In the latitude of New York the moths begin to appear in 
the latter part of June and continue to emerge until Septem- 
ber. A few hours after emerging the females lay their small, 



192 



DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 



oval, brown eggs on the bark of the trunks of the trees from 
six to eighteen inches from the grotmd. From the ^^-g there 
hatches in a week or ten days a minute larva — the young 
borer — which at once works its way into a crevice of the bark, 
and soon begins feeding on the inner layers of the bark. It 
continues to feed in this manner, gradually enlarging its bur- 
row under the bark, until winter sets in, when it stops feeding 
and hibernates during the winter, either in its burrow or in a 
thin hibernaculum made over itself on the bark near the 
surface of the soil. The winter is always spent as a larva or 
borer, a few of them being nearly full-grown, but most of 




Fig. 258.— The Peach-Tree Borer, a. Female moth; b^ male; c, full-grown 
larva ; d, female pupa ; e^ male pupa ; /, cocoon with pupa skin partially ex- 
tended ; all natural size. (U. S. Div. of Entomology.) 



them being considerably less than one-half grown. In the 
spring, usually about May ist in New York, they break their 
winter's fast and grow rapidly for a month or more, most of 
them getting their full growth in June. They then leave their 
burrows and spin about themselves a brown cocoon (Fig. 258/") 
at the base of the tree, usually at the surface of the soil. A 
few days after its cocoon is made the borer changes to a pupa 
(Fig. 258 (/, ^), in which stage it remains for about three weeks, 
usually in June in New York. From the pupa the moth 
emerges, thus completing its life-cycle in a year, fully ten 
months of which are usually spent as a borer in the tree, the 
remainder or a little more than a month being spent in the 
egg, pupa, and adult stages. About the middle of July all 
stages of the insect may be found in some orchards. The 
above brief sketch of the life of the peach-tree borer will apply 



DESTKUCTI VE INSE CTS. 



193 



in general to most localities in the United States north of 
Washington, D. C. In Canada the moths do not begin to fly 
•until about a month later, while in the South they appear a 
month or more earlier, so that the dates in the above sketch 
will not apply to these regions. 

The insect is open to successful attack only in its larva or 
borer stage, and in its 
pupa stage ; the pupae 
are reached only by 
searching for the co- 
coons and destroying 
them. 

After four years of 
careful experimenting 
with most of the meth- 
ods recommended to 
control this pest, we are 
led to the following con- 
clusions : 

The " digging out" 
method is the only 
thoroughly successful 
and safe v/ay of killing 
the peach-tree borer. 
This method is expen- 
sive in time and labor, 
but our experience leads 
lis to believe that any 
other equally as suc- 
cessful method will cost 
just as much. To make 
it a success the " dig- 
ging out" should be 
thoroughly done, not 

only on every tree in the orchard, but also on all " old relics" 
of peach-trees in the immediate neighborhood. A half-dozen 
such " old relics" left untreated near by will serve thoroughly 
to restock an orchard with borers every year, so that the " dig- 
ging out " method, although practised each year, will never 
reduce the numbers of the borers below the danger limit. 
13 




Fig. 259.— Work of a Single Borer in a Peach- 
tree, natural size, w b, Burrow of borer ; 
g-y gummy mass ; p, pupa projecting from 
cocoon. 



194 DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 

This is a very important factor in the success of the " digging 
out" method. Dig out the borers in June or in June and 
September in northern peach-growing districts. 

We kept out about two-thirds of the borers with tobacco 
stems wound around the tree just below the surface of the 
soil. The old " mounding " method evidently has considerable 
value as a preventive, and is, perhaps, the cheapest method 
yet devised. It is the most practicable method yet suggested 
for combating the insects in nurseries. Paper protectors, 
when carefully put on and kept intact during the danger 
period, will prove a valuable and very cheap preventive 
measure, especially when combined with the " digging out " 
method. Wooden boxes or wire cages did not prevent the 
entrance of the borer. 

The favorite method of preventing the ravages of the peach- 
tree borer has been, for at least a century, by the use of a 
wash of some kind. More than fifty different washes have 
been concocted, most of which are valueless as preventives, 
and some of which will injure or kill the trees. Soap, lime, 
or clay proved useless ingredients of washes in New York's 
climate. Paris green did not add to the effectiveness of a 
wash, and is a dangerous ingredient to use on a tree. Car- 
bolic acid or other odorous substances did not repel the in- 
sect. 

Gas tar proved to be the best application we tested. We 
used it freely on the same trees for three successive years 
without the slightest injury to the trees, and it kept out nearly 
all the borers. Go slow with it, by first testing it on a few 
trees in your orchard, as trees have been killed with it. We 
believe it will prove equally effective whether the borers are 
dug out or not, and from no other application yet devised 
would we expect to get such results when used independent of 
the " digging out" method. 

The following substances injured or killed our young trees, 
and are, therefore, classed as dangerous: Paris green and glue, 
raupenleim, dendrolene, white paint (with or without Paris 
green), and printer's ink. 

The following is a list of the things we found to be practi- 
cally ineffectual or useless : Wire-cages, carbon bisulphide, 
asafoetida and aloes, lime, salt and sulphur, resin wash, hard 



DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 



195 



soap, tallow, tansy plant, whale-oil soap, lime and linseed oil, 
hydraulic cement wash, pine tar, and one application of Hale's 
wash. 
The following methods proved to be quite effective — that is, 





Fig. 260. — The Fruit-tree Bark-beetle, a, Beetle ; 5, same in profile ; r, pupa; 
dy larva; all enlarged about ten times. (U. S. Div. of Entomology.) 



most of them kept out over one-half of the borers: Hale's 
wash (two applications), mounding, tarred paper, tobacco 
stems, digging out, and gas tar. 

In regions less moist than in Central New 
York it is possible that some of the methods, 
listed above as unsatisfactory, will prove 
good preventives against this serious pest. 
Washes should be applied about June 15th 
in Northern orchards, and must remain in- 
tact for over two months. 

The Fruit-tree Bark-beetle or Shot-hole Borer 
{Scolytus rugulosus). — ^The bark of plum, 
peach, cherry, and apple-trees may appear 
thickly " peppered" with holes, as though by 
fine bird shot (Fig. 261). These are the en- 
trance and exit holes of a small beetle (PMg. 
260 a) whose grubs (Fig. 260 d) excavate 
narrow galleries in various directions under 
the bark, and often kill the tree or some of 
its branches. Usually only sickly or un- 
thrifty trees are attacked by the insect. 

It is a very difficult insect to combat. Bad- 
ly infested trees should be burned at once. 
Keep the trees in good health and they will 




Fig. 26i.^Work of 
the Fruit-tree 
Bark- beetle i n 
Twig of Apple, 
natural size. (U. 
S. Div. of Ento- 
mology.) 



196 DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 

be less liable to attack. Deterrent washes have not been very 
successful ; probably applications of kerosene-water, tar, or 
crude petroleum would be as helpful as anything. 

The Cherry Aphis {Myzus cerasi) is a blackish plant-louse 
which often appears on the leaves of cherry-trees in immense 
numbers, causing the leaves to curl badly. It often checks 
the growth of the trees, and is sometimes a serious pest in 
nurseries. It winters over on the twigs as minute black eggs. 

" Lady-bugs " and other enemies often aid materially in 
checking its injuries. It will succumb to the same remedial 
measures as the apple-aphis ; it is important to spray early 
in the season before the leaves are so badly curled that one 
cannot readily hit the lice. 

The Cherry Fruit-fly or Maggot {Rhagoletis cingulata) is a 
new fruit pest which has recently appeared in the cherry 
orchards of New York and neighboring States. It is closely 
allied to the apple maggot, and has a similar life-historj'. It 
has ruined from one-third to one-half of the crop in some 
orchards. It will prove a very difficult pest to control, for in- 
fested fruits do not drop from the tree, nor do they show any 
external evidences of their being inhabited by a maggot until 
they are overripe. Cherry-growers should be on the lookout 
for this new enemy. No successful remedial measure has 
yet been found. 

The Quince Curculio {Conotracheliis cratcegi), as its name in- 
dicates, is a near relative of the plum curculio. It is the 
cause of most " wormy " and " knotty " quinces, and often mars 
or nearly ruins much of the crop. The beetle resembles the 
plum curculio, except it is broader just back of the head, and 
has no humps in its back. It lays its o^^'g in a pit in the 
flesh and makes no crescent slit, and it also difl'ers much in 
its life-history, as it winters in the grub stage in the soil. 

This quince pest can best be controlled by the jarring 
method, as described for the plum curculio. As quince trees 
are usually branched much lower than plum trees, it will be 
nceesary to use lower " curculio-catchers " in collecting quince 
curculio. 

The Grape Phylloxera (^Phylloxera vastatrix) is a small plant- 
louse, one form of which works on the roots, causing excres- 
cences on the smaller roots, and eventually killing suscepti- 



DESTRUCTI VE INSE C TS. 



197 



Die varieties (Fig. 262) ; another form of the insect works on 
the leaves, forming irregularities on the under sides. The in- 
sect has always existed on American wild vines, yet it was 
not until it had been introduced in Europe, where it has 
wrought incalculable damage, that it attracted attention as a 
vine pest. It rarely does serious damage in this country, ex-' 
cept in California, where European vines are grown. 

"The use of American vines, either direct for the produc- 




PlG. 262.— The Grape-vine Ph5'lloxera. a, Root-galls ; b, enlarg-ement of same, 
showing- disposition of lice; c, root-gall louse, much enlarged. (U. S. Div. 
of Entomology.) 



tion of fruit or as stocks on which to graft susceptible Euro- 
pean and American varieties, has practically supplanted all 
other measures against the insect in most of the infested 
vineyards of the world." 

Grape-vine Flea-Beetle {Haltica chalybea (Fig. 263). — This is 
a small shining beetle about one-sixth of an inch long, usually 
of a steel-blue color, but often varying from green to purple. 
Many grape-growers have awakened some morning to find all 
of their prospective crop of grapes literally " nipped in the 
bud " by this pest. It has recently thus devastated hundreds of 
acres of vineyards in the great grape-growing regions of New 
York. Sometimes the insect apparently attacks a certain 
variety in preference to others, and it also works on the Vir- 
ginia creeper. 

After the beetles have satisfied their appetites, keen from 



198 



DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 



their long fast in hibernation, on the opening grape buds, 
they then lay their yellow eggs in the crevices around the 
buds. From these eggs hatch small brown grubs which eat 
irregular holes in the leaves (Fig. 265) in June. These grubs 
(Fig. 264) go into the ground and transform to the pretty blue 
beetles in about ten days. The beetles emerge and feed upon 
various plants during the rest of the season, but lay no eggs 








Pigs. 263, 264. 

The Grape-vine Flea-beetle. 

Fig. 263. — Beetle. Fig. 264.— I.arva. Fig. 265. — Beetles and larv« at work on 
leaves, natural size. Figs. 263 and 264 much enlarged. (U. S. Div. of Ento- 
mology.) 



for another brood of grubs until the next spring. They hiber- 
nate in any sheltered place around the vines. 

This serious pest of the grape-growers can be easily con- 
trolled by the thorough use of a poison spray on the bursting 
buds in early spring ; use Paris green at the rate of one pound 
in fifty to seventy-five gallons of water, to which two pounds 
of freshly slaked lime are added, and be sure not to let the 
beetles get the start of you in the spring. Or the beetles may 
be jarred from the buds into pans of kerosene, or on to sheets 
•soaked in kerosene; the beetles quickly drop when the vine 



DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 



[99 



is jarred. Follow up this treatment in the early part of June 
by spraying the infested portioas of the vines with Paris green 
(one pound to one hundred and fifty gallons of water) to kill 
the grubs then feeding on the upper surfaces of the leaves ; 
every grub killed then means one less beetle to hibernate and 
attack the buds the next spring ; it is thus very important to 
kill these grubs in June. 

The Rose-Chafer or " Rose-bug " {Macrodactylus subspinosus). — 
This beetle suddenly appears in great numbers in portions of 
the country, and in occasional years proves exceedingly de- 
structive to the flowers and foliage of various plants, more par- 
ticularly of the rose, apple, and grape. 

It is an awkward, long-legged, light-brown beetle (Fig. 266) 
about a third of an inch in length. By the end of July the 
unwelcome hordes often disappear as sud- 
denly as they came. The insect is par- 
ticularly destructive in New Jersey, Dela- 
ware, and in sandy regions in New York 
and neighboring States. Its early stages 
are passed in grass or meadow land, usu- 
ally where the soil is sandy. The grubs 
feed on the roots of grasses. The beetles 
lay their eggs in the ground in June and 
July, and the grubs get their growth by 
autumn, and transform to pupae, and then 
to beetles the following spring. 

It is a most difiicult pest to control or 
kill, as they sometimes come in hordes 
of thousands. Substances applied to the 
vines to render them obnoxious to the beetles have proved of 
little value. The arsenicals usually will not kill them quickly 
enough or in sufficient numbers noticeably to reduce their 
ranks. When they come in swarms, the only hope is in 
collecting them in nets or in an inverted umbrella-shaped 
apparatus provided with a vessel of kerosene and water 
at the bottom to wet and kill the beetles. A few valu- 
able vines or trees could be covered with netting to protect 
them. Their numbers may be considerably reduced, espe- 
cially where tney are a local pest over a limited area, by 
devoting their breeding grounds, usually' a sandy locality 




Fig. 266. — The Rose- 
Chafer, enlarged. 



2 00 DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 

near by, to the growth of annual crops which require frequent 
cultivation. 

The Grape-vine L€af-hopper {Typhlocyba conies'). — When grape 
leaves have a blotched appearance, or are covered with little 
yellowish or brownish patches, as at/" in Fig. 267, and event- 
ually dry up and fall, it is usually the work of little jumping 
insects, called leaf-hoppers (Fig. 267). They are minute in- 
sects about an eighth of an inch in length, and have a peculiar 
habit of running sidewise when disturbed, and dodging to the 




Fig. 267.— The Grape-vine Leaf-hopper, b. Adult; d and t?, nymphs;/, work 
of insect on leaf ; ^, cast skins of nymphs on leaf ; b^ d, and e, much enlarged. 
(U. S. Div. of Entomolog-y.) 



other side of the leaf. The adults jump or fly away quickly 
when the vine is disturbed. Their wings and back are vari- 
ously colored with red, yellow, and brown, while the body 
color is light yellowish-green. In May they begin to appear, 
and continue on the vines until the leaves fall. The adult 
hoppers spend the winter in masses of rubbish or leaves ac- 
cumulated against fences or other obstruction, where thou- 
sands of them may be seen on warm winter days. The eggs 
are thrust under the skin of the lower side of the leaves of 
the vine in June. The nymphs (Fig. 267 ^ and e) live on the 
under sides of the leaves and suck out the substance of the 
leaf. As the nymphs grow they shed their skins four times, 



DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 201 

and the empty skins often remain attached to the leaves in 
large numbers (Fig. 267 g). The nymphs run rapidly but do 
not jump like the adult hoppers. Apparently there is but one 
full brood annually in New York. All varieties of grapes are 
attacked, but the thin-leaved sorts suffer the most. 

The adult hoppers are so active that it is difficult to hit 
them, and insecticides that will kill them damage the vine 
leaves. We have killed many adults in June by knocking 
them off and down to the ground with a 5-per-cent. kerosene- 
water spray and then quickly hitting them on the ground 
with a 25-per-cent. kerosene-water spray. Another practicable 
method is to catch them on sticky shields. Make a shield by 
stretching a cloth over a frame and treat it with tar or resin 
and castor oil ("tanglefoot"), then in the warm part of the 
day, when the insects are most active, carry the shield along 
near the vines and shake the vines. Thousands of them will 
fly or jump against the shield and be caught. Practise this 
every day or two until relief is gained. In July the nymphs 
or young hoppers quickly succumb to a spray of whale-oil 
soap (one pound in ten gallons of water), but it requires thor- 
ough and intelligent work to hit them on the under sides of 
the leaves. 

Currant Borers often work considerable havoc by burrow- 
ing up and down the stems, usually killing them. There are 
two species of insects engaged in this nefarious work. One is 
the caterpillar of a moth allied to the peach-tree borer and 
known as the Imported Currant Borer {Sesia tipieli/ornns) ; the 
other species is the grub of a beetle known as the American 
Currant Borer {Psenocerus super notatus). The two kinds have 
similar habits, and remain in the stems over winter. It is 
thus an easy matter to stop their depredations by cutting out 
and burning all sickly or hollow stems either in the autumn 
or early spring. 

The Imported Currant Worm {Fteronus ribesii) must be seri- 
ously considered when one attempts to grow currants or 
gooseberries in most parts of the country ; it defoliates mil- 
lions of these bushes every year. 

The adult insect is a pretty little yellow-bodied saw-fly (Fig. 
268) which emerges from its cocoon in the soil in the spring 
when the first few currant leaves have expanded, and at once 



202 DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 

proceeds deftly to place its white eggs along the principal 
veins on the under sides of the leaves. The eggs soon hatch 
into twenty-legged larvae or "worms" of a green color, with 
black heads and numerous black dots on the body (Fig. 270). 
They are about three-fourths of an inch long when full grown. 
When, as usually happens, they occur in large numbers, the 
leaves are rapidly consumed, and whole rows of bushes have 
been entirely stripped in forty-eight hours. Hence the impor- 
tance of close watching and prompt attention in applying the 
remedies to destroy them. A single defoliation, while it does 
not kill the bushes, retards growth, and commonly greatly 



Fig. 268,— Male. Fig. 269.— Female. 

Adults of Imported Currant Worm. 

injures or prevents the ripening of a crop. When the larvae 
attain full size, they burrow underground, or hide under scat- 
tered leaves, and spin an oval brown cocoon. After some 
weeks the perfect insect comes out and lays eggs, from which 
a second brood may appear in Southern localities. The win- 
ter is passed as larv^ in their cocoons in the soil beneath the 
bushes. 

Fortunately this currant pest is easily destroyed by the ap- 
plication of poisons. White hellebore has been the standard 
remedy for many years. It is either dusted on to the bushes 
or a water mixture of it sprayed on. It is the only safe thing to 
use after the fruit is over half-grown. But extensive currant- 
growers now use a Paris-green spray (one pound to one hun- 
dred and fifty gallons of water) freely when the larvs first ap- 
pear, and often so effectually destroy the first brood that the 
insect is not a serious menace to the crop during the rest of 
the season. 



DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 



203 



The Native Currant Worm {Gymnonyc/ius appendiculattis) is 
now rarely seen on cultivated currants or gooseberries ; hence 
need not be discussed here. 

The Currant Spanworm {Eujitchia ribearia) (Fig. 271), is 
occasionally destructive to currants and gooseberries in cer- 
tain localities. It is a bright yellow looping caterpillar with 
black spots, that hatches in the spring from eggs laid on the 
twigs in the fall by a 
pale yellowish moth 
with several dusky spots 
on its wings. Hellebore 
or Paris green, used as 
recommended for the 
green currant worm, 
will destroy these span- 
worms. 

T h e Raspberry - cane 
Borer {Oberea bimacu- 
■ lata) is sometimes a se- 
rious pest in raspberry 
and blackberry planta- 
tions. The adult insect 
is a slender dark-colored 
beetle, about one -half 

an inch long, and with a yellow thorax. The beetles appear in 
June, and the female with her mandibles makes two rows of 
punctures, about an inch apart, around the growing cane near 
the tip. She then deposits an Q'g% in the cane midway be- 
tween the punctures which serve to girdle the cane and cause it 
to droop and wither. The little white grub soon hatches from 
the egg, and proceeds to tunnel its way down the pith of the 
cane. Recent observations indicate that the grub lives in the 
cane for two seasons, often extending its tunnel down to the 
ground, where it transforms through the pupa stage to the 
beetle. 

This borer is easily controlled by cutting off when first no- 
ticed all canes with drooping tips several inches below where 
they are girdled ; this will destroy the young grubs. Later, 
when harvesting the fruit, the infested canes can often be 
detected by their sickly appearance or the drying of the 




Fig. 270. — Imported Currant V/orm. — Larvae, 



2 04 



DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 



leaves ; all such canes should be cut oflf near the ground and 
burned. 

The Snowy Tree-Cricket {(Ecanthus niveus) sometimes seri- 
ously injures raspberry canes by depositing its eggs in longi- 
tudinal rows in the canes, forming a long ragged scar, as 





Fig. 271. Fig. 272. 

Fig. 271.— Currant Span Worm. Fig. 272.— The Snowy Tree-cricket, a, b. 
Stems of raspberry with eg-gs ; c, d, egg-, enlarged with details. 

shown is Fig. 272. These eggs are laid in late summer or fall 
and do not hatch until the early part of the next summer. 
Except for the injury caused by the female in laying her eggs, 
this tree-cricket is not an injurious insect, but is said to feed 
upon plant-lice and other insects. 

Canes containing these ragged slits full of eggs should be 
cut off and burned, especially in the fall and winter. 

The Raspberry Saw-fly {Monophadnoides rubi) attacks the 
foliage of raspberries, blackberries, and dewberries, and often 
occurs in sufficient numbers nearly to ruin the crop. The 



DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 205 

"black-bodied, four-winged saw-fly emerges from its cocoon in 
the soil in May, and the female, with her saw-like ovipositor, 
inserts her eggs into the tissue of the under side of the leaf 
near the veins. The eggs hatch in from seven to ten days. 
Although the insect is closely allied to the common currant 
saw-fly, the larvae differ remarkably in having their body pro- 
fusely ornamented with spiny tubercles. When full grown in 
June, the larvas of this raspberry saw-fly are about three- 
fourths of an inch long and are nearly the color of the rasp- 
berry leaf ; the spines on the back are blackish and those on 
the sides pale green. They devour the whole leaf except the 
mid-rib and larger veins. During the latter part of June they 
enter the ground two or three inches and make an almost 
waterproof brown cocoon, in which they remain all winter, 
gradually changing through the pupa stage to the adult or saw- 
flies the next spring. There is thus but one brood of the 
larvae each season. 

The larvae are easily jarred or shaken from the leaves, and 
some have reported success in controlling this pest on small 
areas by hiring boys and girls to jar off the little feeders by 
giving the canes light blows with a heavy, leafy switch, as a 
light pine branch with a bunch of needles at the end ; the 
larvae find it difficult to return to the bushes, especially if the 
ground between the rows be left well cultivated and crumbly, 
and if the jarring be done in the heat of the day. 

An easier, cheaper and more effective method is to spray 
infested bushes with Paris green or some similar poison, using 
one pound in one hundred and fifty to two hundred gallons 
of water. One thorough application is sufficient to destroy 
most of the larvae. After the fruit is more than half formed, 
use hellebore, either as a spray (one ounce to one gallon of 
water) or dusted on when the dew is on. 

White Grubs {Lachnosterna sp.) (Fig. 273) are often a very 
serious menace to successful strawberry culture. They are 
the larvffi of the large brown beetles (P^ig. 274), commonly 
known as May Beetles or " June-bugs." White grubs live upon 
the roots of plants, and their usual feeding grounds are grass 
lands. Hence, when strawberries are set on land which has 
been in sod for several years, it often follows that they are 
attacked by the grubs which had been living on the grass 



2o6 



DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 



roots. Affected plants present a peculiar wilted appearance, 
readily distinguished by the practised eye. The grubs feed 
during three seasons, finally transforming in the soil through 
the pupal stage (Fig. 275) to the May beetles early in the 
autumn ; the beetles, however, remain in the soil and do not 
emerge until the next May or June. Most of the damage is 
done in strawberry beds by the nearly full-grown grubs. 

The first precaution for the strawberry-grower to observe in 
trying to escape the ravages of white grubs is to avoid setting 




Fig. 273.— The Grub. Fig. 274.— Beetle/ Fig. 275.— Pupa. 

The White Grub and its Parent, the May Beetle. (U. S. Div. of Entomology. > 



his plants on old sod lands. If this must be done, then plough 
and thoroughly pulverize or cultivate such soil in the fall, 
thus disturbing and killing many grubs, pup^, and recently- 
formed beetles. It will also pay to stir the soil frequently be- 
fore and after setting the strawberries in the spring or summer,, 
as thorough cultivation is a great discourager of white grubs. 

Salt or similar applications to the soil around the plants- 
rarely give relief. Experienced strawberry-growers can 
usually detect an infested plant, and they often practise the 
sure and not difficult method of digging out the culprit ; the 
relieved plant often pays for the trouble later on. 

The Stratvberry Root-louse {Aphis forbesi) is a very small 
greenish-black plant-louse which attacks the roots of straw- 
berries. In Maryland, New Jersey, and Delaware, it is said 
that hundreds of acres of vines have been rendered valueless 
by these lice. The insect also occurs westward through Ohio, 
Illinois, and into Wisconsin. It is a comparatively new pest,. 



DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 207 

but it usually becomes a serious one wherever it gets thor- 
oughly established, especially in light soils. The wilting of 
the vines, as if for want of water, is said to be an indication 
of the presence of the insect on the roots. One should dig up 
and carefully examine the roots of such wilted plants. If the 
insect is found, the most stringent measures should be taken 
to prevent its spread. 

It is said to be accompanied by ants, which may spread it 
from plant to plant. It is spread into new localities on the 
roots of the plants sent out by dealers. 

Thus far, no one has succeeded in devising a practicable 
method of killing the lice on the plants after they are set. 
Some claim to have been successful with tobacco dust, but 
others have failed. Badly infested fields had better be 
plowed under at once and other crops grown there for a year 
or more. The only sure way to avoid the insect is to buy 
plants entirely free from it (doubtless plants which had been 
properly fumigated with hydrocyanic acid gas would be safe 
to use), and then set them on land where the louse has never 
existed. 

TJie Strawberry-crown Borer ( Tyloderma fr agar ice) is one of 
the most destructive strawberry insects in the Mississippi 
Valley. The adult insect is a small brown snout-beetle allied 
to the plum curculio. It cannot fly, as its wings are rudi- 
mentary. The female lays her eggs on the crown of the 
plant in the spring, and the thick, footless, white grub which 
hatches therefrom excavates the crowns during the sumraer. 
In its subterranean cavity the grub transforms to a pupa, 
and finally, in August and September, to the beetle, which 
emerges from the crown, and, after feeding on the leaves, 
hibernates in the strawberry field. Old fields are especially 
liable to injury. 

As the beetles cannot fly, it is desirable to isolate the new 
plantations from the old ones. If new plants must be taken 
from an infested field, use those which started after July and 
dig them early in the spring, to avoid carrying the eggs or 
larvae of the insect with the plants. The plowing under of 
the infested field about July ist will destroy the insect. The 
frequent rotation of other crops with the strawberry patch 
usually prevents the ravages of this crown borer. 



208 



DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 



The Strawberry Leaf-roller {Fhoxopteris comptana) is in 
many localities the most injurious insect pest of the straw- 
berry. A small greenish or brownish caterpillar folds the 
leaflets of the strawberry by bringing the .upper surfaces to- 
gether and fastening them by silken cords (Fig. 276). In this 
retreat the insect spends its whole larval life, feeding upon 
the leaf, and ultimately causing it to turn brown and shrivel 
up. The transformation through the brown pupa to the adult 
insect — a pretty little brown moth — takes place within the 
folded leaf. There are two annual broods of the pest in the 




Fig. 276. — Strawberry Leaves Folded b\- the Strawberry Leaf-roller. 



North, and at least three in Kentucky and southward. The 
winter is passed as a pupa in the rolled leaves. 

Spraying with poisonous mixtures is impracticable while 
there is fruit on the plants, and experiments indicate that 
such applications are not very effectual at an}- time, so se- 
curely protected are the feeding-grounds of the caterpillars. 

However, it is claimed that the pest can be almost exter- 
minated in a field by mowing it after the crop is gathered, and 
after leaving it a day or two to become dr3^ burn it over, per- 
haps with the aid of a little straw or rubbish. This can usually 
be done without the slightest injury to the plants. This will 
destrov the leaf-roller as well as several other kinds of insects, 



DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 



209 



and also the spores of some serious fungous diseases. On 
small areas it is practicable to crush by hand the insects in 
the rolled leaves. 

The Strawberry Weevil {A?ithonomus signatus) is a little 
snout-beetle, measuring only a tenth of an inch in length (Fig. 
277), which deposits an Q^'g in a strawberry bud and then 
punctures or cuts the stem below it (Fig. 278) in such a way 
that in a few days the bud drops to the ground. Within the 
severed bud the grub hatched from the ^%% develops and 
transforms to a pupa, and soon to the beetle, which hibernates. 




Fig. 277.— Strawberry- 
Weevil. 




Fig. 278. —a, b. Strawberry spray, showing work 
in bud and stem, natural size ; d, larva ; /, 
pupa ; rf, /, much enlarged. (U. S. Div. of En- 
tomology.) 



The beetles often feed upon the pollen and petals of the flowers, 
but the insect never attacks the fruit or foliage. 

This pest is widely distributed throughout the Eastern 
United States; Maryland and Virginia strawberry-growers 
have suffered severely, half the crop in the former State being 
destroyed in 1896, it is estimated. The insect restricts its 
work to the staminate varieties and to the pistillates which 
furnish a considerable quantity of pollen. It also attacks the 
buds of the wild strawberry, the blackberry, and the red-bud 
tree. 

14 



2IO DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS. 

This weevil is an extremely difficult pest to control. Poi- 
sonous and other sprays have not thus far given very encour- 
aging results. It would be practicable to cover small areas 
or valuable plants with a muslin protector, put on about a 
week before the first blossoms appear. Grow as few staminate 
plants as practicable. 



CHAPTER XIII. 

THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. 

Fruit growing is frequently interfered with by various dis- 
eases. So serious have these become in many instances that 
considerable attention of late years has been paid to them by 
the United States government and the various Experiment 
Stations. It is the purpose in the following few pages to con- 
sider the leading diseases of those fruits that are described 
under their separate heads in subsequent pages of this book. 

By way of introduction, it may be stated that these diseases 
are generally due to very small plants known as fungi that 
prey upon the substance of leaf, flower, stem, or root, and 
thus check the activity of the parts or destroy them alto- 
gether. These fungi are, perhaps, best known to the people 
generally in the conspicuous forms they assume as toadstools, 
puff-balls, and the various hard shelf-like outgrowths often 
seen upon the trunks of standing trees or fallen logs. Those 
forms that are charged with doing injury to crop plants are 
so small as to be entirely microscopic. The mould that comes 
upon bread when left too long in a moist, warm place is more 
like the destructive fungi of the orchard and fruit garden than 
the mushroom or toadstool. These fungi consist of very 
slender threads, which absorb nourishment from the substance 
they penetrate and reproduce their kind by means of minute 
bodies that are usually produced in great abundance. These 
spores bear the same relation to the fungus that seeds do to 
flowering plants ; they are, in short, the offspring, and being 
microscopic, their distribution, chiefly through the moving 
air and flowing water, takes place unobserved by men. 

These fungi are creatures of circumstance, and the spores 
do not germinate and grow unless there is the proper food at 
hand and moisture and warmth abound. It is during the 
moist warm days of August, for example, that the provisions 



2 12 THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. 

in the pantry quickly spoil, while those kept at a low temper- 
ature in the ice-box may be wholesome for a much longer 
time. 

Fungi are divided into two groups as regards the nature of 
the substances upon which they thrive. Thus there are a 
:great many sorts that live only upon dead organic matter, as 
in the case of the mould upon bread and cake, while others 
grow only upon substances that are alive. These are called 
parasites, and to this group the fungi producing the diseases 
of plants belong. 

With this short general introduction the subject in hand will 
be entered upon, and it is hoped that with the aid of the pict- 
ures the text will be clear to all those who seek these pages 
for help in coping with one of the most serious of the groups 
of enemies to cultivated plants. 

It is the purpose to consider each of the leading fruits, giv- 
ing a brief description of the most prominent of its diseases, 
and follow immediately with any suggested remedies. 

The Poinaceous Fruits. 

The Apple : Rust. One of the leading enemies in the apple 
orchard is the Rust caused by a fungus with a long botanical 
name, which it is well to give here that any interested reader 
may thereby have a means of looking up this rust in other 
places. The rust of the leaves, 5tems, and even fruits of the 
apple, is due to Gymnosporangium macropus Lk. It is not our 
purpose to enter into a discussion of the literal meaning of 
these botanical names. It is usually from some microscopic 
characteristic ; but however that may be, the botanical name 
of a fungus, like that of any other plant, is the same in all 
languages and lands, and removes the doubt and confusion 
that constantly arise when only the local name is used. In 
further justification for giving the botanical name of each 
fungus herein considered (when the species is described, and 
therefore known to science, it may be said that the apple rust 
in question is fully treated under its botanical name in the re- 
port of the chief of the Section of Vegetable Pathology for 
1888, with a colored plate, showing its forms and structure. 

The apple rust appears upon the foliage in oval patches con- 



THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. 213 

sisting of a few deep cups in which the spores are produced. 
In connection with this fungus there is an interesting life 
cycle, a knowledge of which is essential for the rational ap- 
plication of the necessary remedies. The common red cedar 



Fig. 279.— Branch of Cedar with Gall, showing- the soft horns that produce the 
spores in springtime. (From Galloway.) 



214 THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. 

is associated with the apple in the propagation of the rust 
fungus. In autumn small chocolate galls form upon the cedar 
branches, which may increase in size until an inch in diameter 
when mature in spring. When the moist days of April and 
May come, these galls have long, orange-yellow, gelatinous 
horns develop from them, and then the galls become conspic- 
uous, resembling somewhat a small chrysanthemum bloom, 
and from this showy appearance they are often considered the 
flowers of the cedar (see Fig. 279). In the golden jelly spores 
are produced by the million, and as the horns dry down, the 
spores are carried away by the winds, and falling upon the 
young tender, unfolding apple leaves, soon grow and produce 
the rust spots above mentioned. 

As the rust matures upon the apple, the spores are set free 
from it, and these, finding their way to the cedar trees in mid- 
summer, start a new crop of galls for the propagation of the 
rust upon the apple the following spring. 

Remedies. It is seen from the nature of this fungus that, 
when it is destructive in the orchard, the cedar trees near by 
should be either cut away or the galls upon them picked off 
and destroyed before the spores are matured. It should be 
said that some varieties of apples are more susceptible than 
•others, and the Russian sorts seem to be exempt. It goes 
without saying that orchardists should be upon the watch for 
this difference in susceptibility, and in regions where the rust 
is destructive be governed accordingly. 

The Scab (^Fusciladmm dendriticiim Fcl.) is perhaps the most 
common destructive enemy of the apple. The fungus attacks 
both the foliage and the fruit, producing upon the former 
brown patches, with the leaf somewhat distorted at the place 
of attack. The fruit is often attacked just as it is passing out 
of the flower stage, and may cause a dwarfing of the speci- 
men, and giving it a blotched and misshapen appearance (see 
Fig. 280). Unlike the rust, the scab fungus is not a deep feeder ; 
but growing close beneath the skin of leaf or fruit produces 
vast numbers of brown spores, thus giving the dirty discolor- 
ation to the affected parts. The spores are disseminated by 
winds and water and germinate quickly when the conditions 
are favorable, all of which is a full explanation of the rapid 
development of the scab at certain times. 



THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. 



215 



Remedies. Several of the Experiment Stations have been 
making extensive tests of remedies for the apple scab, per- 
haps none more satisfactorily than the one at Geneva, New 
York. Three sprayings with the Bordeaux mixture are rec- 
ommended : the first between the breaking of the bud and the 
opening of the blossom, followed by the second shortly after 




Fig. 280.— An Apple, showing the blotches and distortions produced by the 

Apple Scab. 

the petals have fallen, and the last about two weeks later. 
It is seen by this that the attack of the fungus, upon the fruit 
at least, is chiefly while it is young. Later on the skin be- 
comes smooth and tough, and a foothold is not likely to be 
obtained. 

The Bordeaux mixture now generally employed, after ex- 
tensive experiments extending over several years, is as fol- 
lows : 

Copper sulphate (bluestone), . . . 6 pounds 
Quicklime, . . . . . . . 4 " 

Water, . . . . . . .60 gallons 

Slake the lime with hot water and strain through coarse 
cloth or sacking. Place the copper sulphate in a bag of sim- 
ilar material and suspend it over night near the surface of a 



2l6 THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. 

tub or other v/ooden vessel filled with water. Hot water will 
greatly hasten the solution if it is desired. In preparing the 
full formula of sixty gallons, slowly pour a ten-gallon solution 
of the copper sulphate into twenty gallons of the lime wash, 
stirring thoroughly, after which the mixture is to be diluted 
to sixty gallons. 

For the application a force pump of some durable kind at- 
tached to a tank and mounted upon wheels is necessary. 



/•' 



\ 



Fig. 281.— An Apple, showing the decayed spots of the Ripe Rot. (From 

Alwood.) 

There are several reliable manufacturing firms paying special 
attention to spraying machinery, and bulletins iipon the sub- 
ject of fungicides and their application are published by the 
Experiment Stations, while information in abundance and 
proper form may be obtained of the general government 
through the Department of Agriculture at Washington. 

The Ripe Rot {Glocosporiiivi fructigenum Berk.), as the name 
suggests, is confined more particularly to the maturing fruit 
or after it is stored. The first suggestion of the disease is a 
circular spot upon the surface of the apple, slightly sunken 
and pale-brown colored. The diseased area increases rapidly, 
and soon the pimples containing the spores appear, often in 
concentric circles. When several rot spots appear at nearly 
the same time, they will shortly coalesce, and the fruit decays 
rapidly (see Fig. 281). 



THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. 217 

Remedies. — From the fact that the fungus comes late in the 
development of the apple and often grows most rapidly after 
the fruit is picked, it is evident that the early sprayings recom- 
mended in the case of the scab will be sufficient. The subject 
has been extensively studied at the Virginia Experiment 
Station and from the bulletins therefrom published it is 
clearly shown that the Bordeaux mixture is an effective rem- 
edy, but the sprayings need to extend through the season. It 
seems to be a fact that this fungus is much aided in its en- 
trance into the fruit by an injury that may have happened to 
it. A worm hole may provide the open door, or the scab 
fungus furnishes a place for the lodgment of the spores upon 
an otherwise smooth impervious skin. In the same manner 
. any bruising, especially if the surface is broken, will give an 
opportunity for the ripe rot germs to enter. It follows from 
this that early sprayings that keep off the scab and any in- 
secticide to keep away destructive insects will indirectly have 
a good effect. It goes without saying that in the harvest 
care should be exercised that the fruit is gathered without 
any rough handling, and of course any specked fruit must be 
discarded, as the ripe rot propagates rapidly by contact. 

The Black Rot {Sphceropsis malorum Berk) is similar to the 
ripe rot in coming late in the development of the fruit, but is 
distinguished from the latter by the great difference in micro- 
scopic structure, by the dark color of the diseased flesh, and 
by the production of innumei^able pimples of considerable size 
upon the surface of the affected parts in which the brown 
spores are borne. 

Remedies. — There is nothing under this head to add to that 
given for ripe rot, with which this fungus is often closely 
associated. Sometimes a single tree or variety in an orchard 
will have the black rot much worse than others, and if it is an 
early variety it may furnish a source of infection ; in such 
cases the rotten fruit should be gathered up and burned. 

The Fire Blight {Bacilhcs amylovorus Burl.) is sometimes 
common upon the apple, causing the young twigs to die and 
the leaves to hang lifeless for the remainder of the season. 
This is much more vigorous and destructive upon the pear 
and will be treated later with the suggested remedies. 

The Pozvdery Milde^v {^Podosphcera oxycanthce D C.) is often 



2i8 THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. 

met with upon apples, but it is more destructive to the cherry, 
and will be considered with remedies under the latter fruit. 

There are several other diseases of the apple, as, for exam- 
ple, some leaf-spot fungi, Phyllosticta ponece Sacc, etc., that 
injure the foliage, but the sprayings recommended will suffice 
for them. 

The Pear. — Fire Blight (^Bacillus amylovorus Burl.j. This 
old, widespread, and dreaded disease in the pear orchard is 
easily recognized by the brown dead leaves clinging to dying 
branches, giving the appearance of having been scorched by 
fire. Sometimes only a single branch or even a small twig is 
blighted, and in other cases the whole tree may have been 
destroyed, seemingly all at once or in a very short time. 
This is one of the bacterial diseases and the fungus is very 
different from any previously treated in this paper. Instead 
of long slender filaments, as with ordinary fungi like mildews 
and moulds, there are only exceedingly minute organisms that 
multiply with great rapidity in the substance of the pear tree. 
These germs winter over in the growing layer of the twig 
and may ooze out through a rift in the bark along with the 
juices of the stem. This exudation attracts insects; by means 
of these busy creatures the disease is carried to the opening 
buds of the pear, and particularly the blossoms. The nectar 
glands of the flower furnish a very acceptable food for these 
germs, and in it they thrive and multiply with astonishing 
rapidity, a single individual producing thousands in a few 
hours. From the blossom the disease is carried to other 
flowers and soon begins to spread down the twig from the 
point of inoculation, the tender tissue and rich juices of the 
shoot forming a suitable, well-protected place for the disease. 
As it works its way down the stem, the line of march is along 
the growing layer and protected from the outside world by the 
overlying covering of bark. 

The amount of infection varies with the years and is some- 
what dependent upon the weather. When, for example, 
there are a rainy May and June there is apt to be an excess of 
the blight. Fungi as a rule are favored by abundant moisture 
and the bacteria are no exception to this rule. After the 
germs are deeply seated in the older stems- the amount of 
rainfall may not have so much influence as the temperature. 



THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. 219 

There are three points of attack, namely, the flowers, the 
opening leafbuds, and, thirdly, any exposed portion of tissue 
upon the main branches and stem, and as a result there are 
as many varieties of fire blight in common speech. However, 
the " flower blight," " twig blight," and " body blight" are all 
caused by the same organism and differ only in the place 
of invasion. The blight of the apple, previously mentioned, 
is chiefly of the blossom sort and ' rarely more than a few 
inches of the stem bearing the flowers with its leaves becomes 
killed by the germs. Occasionally all the blossoms are de- 
stroyed and the crop is lost, but as frequently the result is a 
natural thinning of the fruit before it forms and no great harm 
is done. 

With the pear the blight is most at home, and here the 
whole tree may be invaded and destroyed. Some varieties are 
more susceptible than others, but some that were considered 
immune are now badly afflicted. In setting out new orchards 
the fruit-grower should consider among the most important 
things the liability of the variety to the fire blight. 

In connection with this fatal disease there is not much to 
show in a picture; the blighted tree is unmistakable. The 
germs themselves are exceedingly small, and each organism 
is provided with whiplash-like motile organs, by means of 
which they are usually in motion. 

Remedies. — Mr. Waite, of the Department of Agriculture, 
who has made a prolonged study of this subject, is of the 
opinion that the germs live over winter in the margins of 
blighted places, where the diseased cambium joins that which 
is healthy, and not in the dead twigs or the soil. While 
blighted twigs should be removed whenever seen, autumn is 
the best season to go over the orchard in a searching manner 
and remove all of the blight. The branches should be cut off 
a foot or more below the least sign of the blight or else it will 
hold over in the stump and the neighboring new shoots may 
be killed the next season. The greatest difficulty in removing 
the germs in a tree is when there is the so-called body blight, 
but in many instances this dies out of its own accord. 

It is evident from the nature of the disease that spraying 
as for ordinary fungi will be of very little avail. If the inocu- 
lation is chiefly through the flower it comes at a time when 



2 20 THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. 

spraying is in itself injurious and is general!}'' proscribed. 
Therefore but little remains but to use the knife judiciously. 

It has been determined that the vigor and growth of the 
tree have their influence, and any highly nitrogenous manures 
that stimulate to an undue growth of succulent wood is con- 
ducive to blight. When it is remembered that the long withy 
water sprouts are the most certain to blight, it suggests that 
the feeding and culture should be such as to give a medium 
growth of strong health}^ wood; in fact, the orchardist should 
strive for the development that is the most likely to bring the 
best crop of fruit. 

The Leaf Blight {Entomosporium maculatuni Lev.) is one of 
the most common and destructive of the diseases of the pear. 
It is recognized by the ashy spots upon the foliage and the 
premature falling of the leaves. Sometimes whole orchards 
will become bare of foliage in midsummer, and the half-grown 
fruit shrivels and becomes worthless. The pears are not ex- 
empt from the disease, the fungus causing at first blotches 
that may be purple or brown, followed by a cracking of the 
fruit and a failure to develop to useful size. The difference 
between the appearance of the blight upon the foliage and 
fruit would suggest unlike causes, but under the microscope 
the fungus is seen to be the same. This is a good illustration 
of the influence of the infested substance upon the appearance 
of the fungus, there being a much firmer tissue in the fruit 
than in the leaf and a consequent cracking of the former while 
the latter is sooner killed and turns to an ashy gray. 

Remedies. — There have been many extended trials of fun- 
gicides for the Leaf Blight, and they all show that the disease 
can be controlled. At the Geneva, New York, Experiment 
Station the results have been favorable with Bordeaux mixt- 
ure, the formula for which is given under the head of reme- 
dies for apple scab. (See Fig. 282, where the scab is shown 
upon the unsprayed fruit and the pears are nearly free when 
sprayed.) ' 

The writer has had excellent results with Cupram, made 
according to the following formula : 

Copper carbonate, . . . . .5 ounces 

Strong ammonia, ... . . . 3 quarts 

Water, 50 gallons 



THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. 221 

This mixture is easily made by dissolving the copper com- 
pound in the ammonia and diluting with water to the required 
strength. With this mixture there is no lime to clog the 
sprayer and coat the fruit, the latter being a serious objection 
when Bordeaux is used after the pears are nearing maturity. 




Fig. 282. — From a photograph of average fruit of sprayed and of unsprayed 
white Doyenne Pears. (From Beach.) 



It is often the practice to use the Bordeaux for the first three 
sprayings, one before the flowers open and two at intervals of 
two weeks thereafter, and follow these with cupram. 

Some varieties are much more inclined to the " fruit crack," 
as the disease is sometimes called. The P'lemish beauty and 



222 THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. 

Clairgeau are among the most susceptible, but fine crops of 
fruit may be gathered of these sorts from trees that formerly 
were worthless after thorough spraying has been adminis- 
tered. 

It only needs to be said in passing that the blight foliage 
and diseased fruit are sources of contagion, and the progres- 
sive pear grower will see to it these are burned so far as prac- 
ticable and thus reduce the number of germs of the disease. 
There is an orchard sanitation as essential to good health of 
trees as that which should obtain around the house for the 
well-being of its inmates. 

Pear Scab i^Fusicladium ph'imim Fcl.) is a very conspicuous 
fungus and one that is easily confused with the Entomosporium 




Fig. 283. — Microscopic view of a section through scab spot upon pear fruit 
showing spores at s, erect tips at /, cuticle at c, epidermis at e^ and corky cells 
at ^. (From Duggar.) 



previously treated, but under the microscope the appearance 
is strikingly different. Instead of the compound spores of the 
Entomosporium, which curiously resemble the form and vari- 
ous body parts of an insect, and hence its generic name, the 
Fusicladium has simple oval brown spores that are produced 
singly upon the ends of short irregular threads (see Fig. 283). 
The fungus, by means of a network of fine threads, makes a 
firm attachment to the tissue of the fruit or leaf. The twigs 



THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. 



223 



are likewise sometimes attacked, and by means of these the 
fungus is carried over the winter season. 

Remedies. — In the first place let it be understood that the 
scab fungus may be in the twigs, and it follows that any dead 
stems and branches should be removed by pruning before the 
growing season opens. That the scab starts early is also well 
known, and fruits may be attacked before the blossom stage 
is past. 

The sprayings with Bordeaux or cupram should begin early 
and be timed as for the leaf blight above mentioned. Some 
varieties are more susceptible than others, and in the setting 
of orchards the selection should be made with this in mind. 

There are several other fungous diseases, as an anthracnose 
{Colletotrichum sp.), but they need the same treatment as men- 
tioned above. 

The Quince. — Rust {Gynmosporangium sp.) of the quince is 
quite destructive in some places. It infests chiefly the stems 




Fig. 284.— Two rusted young Quince fruits. The left-hand one is attacked at 
the blossom end and the other at the stem end. (From Bailey.) 



and fruit, upon the latter producing contorted forms with an 
orange fringe-like coating (see Fig. 284). It is a close relative 
of the apple rust, and like it has its corresponding winter form 
also upon the cedar trees. Practically all that has been said re- 
garding the life cycle of the apple rust applies with equal force. 



2 24 THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. 

Remedies. — It goes without further writing that the cedar 
trees need to be removed from quince trees that are suffering 
from the rust. As the quince twigs may become infested and 
it is possible that the rust will live over winter, then it be- 
comes essential that the diseased stems are destroyed. In 
orchards where spraying has been carried out for other dis- 
eases it is observed that the rust is less abundant, and it there- 
fore seems probable that with the Bordeaux mixture the rust 
may be held in check. 

The Black Rot (^Sphceropsis nialorum Pk. ) is the same fungus 
as previously mentioned with the same name under apples and 
need not be considered further here. It is quite apt to begin 
its destructive work at the blossom end of the fruit and fur- 
nishes a good illustration of this place as being a favorite one 
of attack. 

The Fire Blight {Bacillus amylovorus Burl) is frequently met 
with upon the quince, and is demonstrated as being the same 
in nature as that of the pear, under which head it has been 
considered, with remedies. The disease as a rule is confined 
to the upper parts of the twigs and rarely descends to the 
larger stems. 

The Leaf Spot {Entomosp07'ium macidatum Lev. ) is another 
quince enemy that is more frequently met upon the pear and 
has been considered under the latter. It is interesting to note 
in passing that plants when closely related are apt to have the 
same diseases. 

The same thing will be observed under the next groups, 
namely, the stone fruits, when a list of enemies is met with 
quite different from those thus far considered. 

77/1? Ripe Rot ( Glozosporium fructigenimi Berk. ) is the same 
as that upon the apple, and requires the same precautionary 
measures. It is not unusual for an old neglected quince bush 
to be the source of infection for diseases of both the apple and 
pear trees that are grown with good care near by. There are 
various leaf blights of the quince which will need the Bor- 
deaux mixture or cupram for holding them in check. 

The Stone Fruits. 

The Peach. — Yellows, — There is no disease that is more 
disastrous than the Yellows, which in general is recognized 



THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. 



225 



by the premature ripening of the fruit which, enlarging to 
more than the normal size, takes on an unnatural spotting of 
purplish and red, with the flesh streaked with pink. The 
fruit when apparently mature is bitter in taste and worthless. 
This " forcing," as it is sometimes called, may be confined to a 




Fig. 285.— a four-year-old Peach-tree, with yellows showing as "brooms' 
"pennyroj^al sprouts" upon the main branches. (From Smith.) 



few fruits upon the tree or a single branch ; but when at its 
worst the whole crop is highly colored, full-sized, and soft 
some weeks before the natural time for maturing. 

The trees show the disease even before they come into bear- 
ing, and of course in years when there is no fruit other char- 
acteristics than the prematuring need to be considered. The 
yellows is recognized in the tree itself by the presence of small 
shoots that spring from the main branches and bear long, nar- 
15 



2 26 THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. 

row leaves, often of a yellowish color, the latter fact giving 
rise to the common name by which this trouble is known 
throughout the United States. The tufts of fine-leaved 
branches are sometimes spoken of as "brooms," or "penny- 
royal sprouts," and trees that show these are victims to the 
disease (see Fig. 285). The yellows is a very contagious 
affliction of the peach and will spread rapidly through an 
orchard. 

Professor Smith, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, 
has made a prolonged study of the yellows, and concludes that 
it is quite general over a wide range, first becoming prominent 
in the peach belt of Michigan, where it threatened the leading 
industry in that section. It is now thought that the yellows is 
closely related to the phenomenon of variegation, which may 
be due to an oxydizing enzyme ; that is, a substance not asso- 
ciated directly with any fungus or micro-organism, but capa- 
ble of inducing a sort of ferment of some chemical change, the 
result of which is the destruction of the green of the foliage 
and rendering the parts unhealthy. It is possible that this 
ferment may be present to a limited amount in all peach trees 
and only increases to a destructive extent when certain condi- 
tions obtain. That it is contagious is abundantly demon- 
strated by the scientific expert who has transmitted it by bud- 
ding, and this agrees with the practical working of the disease 
in the orchard. 

There is a disease somewhat similar to the above, called 
Peach Rosette, that threatens destruction in some localities. 

Re77iedies. — As yet under this head nothing can be recom- 
mended in the way of sprays. The contagion may come into 
the orchard in the trees from the nursery, and therefore great 
care needs to be taken in the purchase of healthy stock. The 
grower should be able to recognize the disease in its incipient 
stages and take heroic measures to remove it from the orchard. 
In many States laws have been enacted for the protection of 
orchards from this dire pest, and in some localities trees of 
all ages and by the thousands have been uprooted and burned 
until at present in such regions the yellows has been checked 
and peach-growing is restored to its former importance. 

There are many yellow peach trees that are so from lack 
of congenial soil, situation, and adequate food supply. Manure 



THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. 



227 



and fertilizers do much toward removing the " starvation yel- 
lows"; but such is not contagious. It goes without saying 
that profitable peach growing is a high art that only the care- 
ful student of the subject is able to understand. When the 
genuine yellows is suspected, appeal should be made at once 
to all the many sources of information upon the subject, and 
even then the orchard may need to be destroyed for the sake 
of future crops of peaches there and elsewhere in the neigh- 
borhood. 

The Leaf Curl {Exoascus deformans Fcl.) is perhaps the 
most conspicuous of the well-established fungous diseases of 




Pig. 



-Branch of Peach, showing the Leaf Curl. 



the peach. The presence of this enemy is quicky recognized 
by the distortions it causes in the foliage, some of the leaves 
becoming highly colored, yellow and red (see Fig. 286). The 
curl usually comes with the first leaves if it comes at all, and 
in the worst cases all the foliage is affected and largely falls 
away, as later leaves unfold. The fungus hibernates in the 



2 2« THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. 

buds and young twigs, and its development evidently depends 
largely upon the conditions of the weather during winter or 
spring, or both. It has been observed that a wet May is par- 
ticularly favorable for the development of the leaf curl, while 
in other years, when the spring months are comparatively dry, 
the disease is almost absent. 

Remedies. — Spraying of the peach trees in winter with the 
Bordeaux mixture has often had a remarkably good effect, as 
it prevented the disease from destroying the foliage and blast- 
ing the flowers. At other times the early spraying of the trees 
has had very litle effect. It should be borne in mind that no 
other tree is so tender as the peach, and its foliage is quickly 
burned by a mixture that is harmless to the apple or pear. 
A half-strength solution of Bordeaux is recommended for the 
peach. 

The Frtiif Eot {Monilia fructigena Vers.) i^ the disease that 
carries off a large fraction of the peaches, especially in a sea- 
son with much wet weather at the time of maturing the fruit. 
TheMonilia is sometimes called gray mould, because it covers 
the affected fruit with a gray layer with the feel of powdered 
soap-stone. The fungus, after destroying the fruit, will spread 
to the less congenial stems, sometimes causing them to die. 
These twigs furnish a place for the wintering of the mould, 
as also do the fruits which dry down and frequently adhere 
as mummies to the stems or fall to the ground and harbor the 
fungus there. 

Remedies. — From the fact that the Monilia is a very rapid 
grower in the soft pulp of a maturing peach and favored 
greatly by moist weather, it follows that spraying has not al- 
ways given the most satisfactory results. In the first place, as 
a preventive measure, all mummy fruits should be destroyed 
during the winter season, along with any twigs that are dead 
or affected with the mould. At the same time the trees may 
well be sprayed with Bordeaux to cleanse them of thousands 
of adhering spores. Some good results have been obtained 
from the spraying of the trees at the time when the trees are 
in bearing, but this should be with cupram or other clear mixt- 
ure, bearing in mind that the peach in leaf is a very tender 
subject. 

The Scab {Cladosporium carpophilum Thum.) appears as dark 



THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. 



229 




Spots upon the fruit, usually the upper side being the most 

affected, which is often dwarfed, and the flesh may crack and 

expose the inner substance to the inroads of the gray mould 

previously mentioned (see Fig. 287.) The growth of the 

scab fungus seems to depend largely upon the conditions which 

obtain upon the upper side of the 

fruit, whether this be the greater 

heat upon the sun-exposed side, or 

the fact that the spores are more 

apt to find lodgment there than 

elsewhere. This scab is similar in 

its results to that of the apple and 

pear, but not the same as either of 

them, and therefore no spreading 

of the disease may be expected 

from the pomaceous fruits to the 

stone fruits. This fungus, when 

upon the foliage, produces spots of fig. 287.— a half-grown Peach, 
J J , . 1 • 1 i: 11- i. 1 showine the Scab upon one 

dead tissue which, falling out, leave . ., ^, , ■ .u f . 

^ ' side with cracks m the fruit. 

round vacant places, sometimes (From Smith.) 
called " shot holes." The same ap- 
pearance is often caused by Cercospora persica Sacc. 

Remedies. — It has often been observed that overladen trees 
are more affected than those with only a proper amount of 
fruit, and this suggests that one of the best methods of hold- 
ing the scab in check is by judicious thinning, which should 
be done as soon as the time for the natural dropping (" June 
drop ") is past. It is likewise true that the best way to thin 
the fruit is by using the pruning shears early in the season. 
The young peaches, when attacked by the scab, are so thickly 
coated with fuzz that it almost prohibits any close contact of 
a liquid fungicide with the fruit. Sulphur dusted through the 
trees has been recommended, but the satisfactory method of 
dealing with the scab is yet to seek. 

The Apricot. — Rust {Puccinia pruni Pers.) of the apricot is 
very destructive to the orchards in California. It attacks al- 
most all the drupaceous fruits from prune to almond, but it is 
only in the warmer portions of the United States that it is a 
serious pest. 

Remedies. — This is one of the few genuine rusts that have 



23° 



THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. 



been satisfac- 
torily held in 
check by spray- 
ing with fungi- 
cides. The or- 
chardists upon 
our western coast 
may well seek 
the information 
for them in the 
partment of Agriculture 

The Plum. — Black Knot 
{Plowrightia morbosa Sacc ) 
is the most conspicuous 
fungous enemy of the plum. The 
attack is made upon the young 
twigs in the spring, which soon 
begin to swell, the bark cracks, 
and upon the surface of the fissure 
the fungus produces an olive coat- 
ing of spores by means of which 
the disease is spread. This is 
one of the very deeply - seated 
fungi, its threads being located 
chiefly in the growing layer be- 
neath the bark, and when the 
final spores are produced they are 
located in sacs embedded in a 
hard black crust of the distorted 
branch, from which the common 
name is naturally derived (see 
Pig. 288). 

The black-knot fungus attacks 
a number of kinds of wild plum 
and cherry trees. It is not infre- 
quent that the hedge row sur- 
rounding an afflicted orchard con- 
tains many wild shrubs and trees 
conspicuous, especially during the 
winter, for the many black excrescences upon their branches. 




Fig. 288. — A portion of a Plum 
Branch with the Black Knot in 
mature form. (From Farlow. ) 



THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. 231 

Remedies. — Owing to the fact that the fungus lives from year 
to year in the growing layer of the branch, it is evident that 
when once a tree is infested, ordinary spraying is not effective 
as a cure. The only successful method of treatment thus far 
determined is the knife and saw, by which the diseased parts 
are removed, care being taken to cut several inches below any 
signs of the knot, or otherwise a new excrescence will form 
upon the stump. The spores are abundant in such knots, and 
they need to be burned, for if thrown into a brush heap the 
germs will escape as well from there as when upon the tree. 
All similar knots upon wild plants should be treated in the 
same way, and this is not the only case where the fruit grower 
needs to go beyond the garden fence to stay an enemy lurking 
close at hand. 

Experiments have been made with some success in checking 
the fungus by using fungicides. Spraying at a time when the 
trees are most susceptible in early spring, and the painting of 
the knots with a destructive liquid, have given some encour- 
agement ; but the only reliable method thus far suggested is 
that of cutting away the diseased parts as soon as they are 
found by careful search. 

Plu7?i Pockets {Exoascus pruni Yd.) are well named abnormal 
fruits that become many times their natural size and usually 
very spongy and often hollow (see Fig. 289). The same 
fungus attacks the twigs sometimes so extensively as to de- 
stroy all the young branches. These affected tips becorne like 
the young fruits above noticed, and dying give the tree an ap- 
pearance similar to that caused by the fire blight upon the 
apple. The "pockets" are often abundant during moist or 
wet springs, and some varieties seem more susceptible than 
others. 

Remedies. — Experimental tests for the control of this fungus 
have not been extensive, and while spraying may prove suc- 
cessful it can only be suggested for trial. The fungus is of 
the same class as that causing the black knot, and like it may 
require the heroic method of severe pruning. As the Exoascus 
attacks the young portions, the removal of the parts is an easier 
matter than with the black knot, especially if the latter has 
been upon the tree for some years. 

The Leaf Blight {Cylindrosporitim Padi Karst) produces brown 



232 



THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. 




Fig. 289. — Portion of Plum branch, show- 
ing both the normal fruit and the en- 
larged "pockets" due to 'One. Exoascus 
Priefzt Fc\. (From Galloway.) 



patches upon the leaves 
and causes the premature 
falling of the foliage. In 
general appearance the work 
of this fungus resembles that 
of the leaf blight of the pear. 

Remedies. — Fairly good 
results have been obtained 
by the use of fungicides, 
and plum growers who suffer 
from a defoliation of their 
orchards should see to it 
that sprayings are resorted 
to, beginning early in the 
season. 

The Scab ( Cladosporium 
carpophiluni Thum.) is the 
same as that upon the peach 
treated above, to which the 
reader is referred. 

The Fruit Rot {Monilia 
fructigena Pers.) is also the 
same as that of the peach, 
and is another illustration 
of a common enemy to plants 
that are closely related. 

The Cherry. — Black Knot 
{Flowrightia morbosa Sacc.) 
of the cherry is the same as 
that of the plum, and the 
peculiarities of the species 
and method of treatment 
need not be again given here. 

The Leaf Blight {Cylin- 
drosporium Padi Karst.) is 
the same enemy as men- 
tioned above for the plum. 
This " shot hole " fungus is 
very common upon cherry 
foliage. 



THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. 233 

The Fruit Rot {Mojiilia friictigena Pers.) is a common fungus 
of the stone fruits generally and one that has been considered 
under the diseases of the peach. It is perhaps most rapid in 
its development upon the cherry, because of the thinner skin 
and softer pulp of the latter fruit than that of the peach, and this 
may account for the unusual rapidity with which it will work 
ruin to a maturing crop of cherries when the days are rainy. 

The Mildew {^Podosphcera oxycanthcR D C.) is frequently met 
with upon the peach, plum, and cherry, and is mentioned be- 
cause most destructive to the latter plants. It works particu- 
larly upon the young stems and their leaves and causes the 
latter to become coated over with the fungus when they coil 
up and are comparatively worthless. 

Remedies. — This is a superficial fungus, and like many others 
of its class is easily controlled when spraying is resorted to. It 
is particularly destructive to nursery stock, and a few applica- 
tions of Bordeaux sometimes make all the difference between 
a good healthy growth and a stunted plant. 

The Vine Fruits. 

The Grape. — Black Rot {Lcestadia Bidwellii Ell.) of the grape 
is a fungus that attacks both the leaves and the fruit and oc- 
casionally is met with upon the young canes, producing there 
dark sunken spots. Upon the foliage the disease assumes the 
form of reddish-brown, oval blotches situated between the 
veins, and greatly interferes with the activity of the leaves. 
The greatest injury is done to the fruit, which becomes dis- 
colored, then turns black, shrivels upon the stem, and is cov- 
ered with the spore-bearing pimples similar to those upon the 
dead areas of the leaf (see Fig. 290). The fungus remains 
alive over the winter in the mummy fruits, the dead fallen 
leaves, and the injured canes. 

Remedies. — The ordinary pruning and burning will dispose 
of the greater portion of the disease present upon the canes 
and berries that may remain attached. It is well to rake up 
and burn the leaves and any fallen fruit in any vineyards 
where the rot has been injurious. Some growers of grapes 
take the further precaution of removing the clusters while 
they are still green when the rot has ruined them. During 



234 



THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. 



the winter the vines and trellises may well be treated with a 
wash of copper sulphate, one pound to thirty gallons of water. 
This use of the plain bluestone solution is of special value as a 

cleansing solution, and can be 
safely employed upon stems 
not leaf-bearing at the time. 

Last, but not least, is the 
use of Bordeaux upon the 
vines during the growing 
season, with cupram as the 
fruit nears maturity. In this 
way there is usually ample 
opportunity for the removal 
of the lime in the Bordeaux 
by natural causes and the fruit 
will be acceptable in the mar- 
kets. Should the Bordeaux 
only be used it can be re- 
moved from the fruit by dip- 
ping in a very weak solution 
of vinegar. The bagging of 
the clusters while quite small 
will prevent the access of the 
germs and help to save the 
fruit, and protect them as 
well from the loss of the deli- 
cate bloom that adds to their 
attractiveness. 

The Anthracnose {Sphaceloma 
ampilinum DeBy.) causes a serious disease of the grape, easily 
distinguished from the black rot by producing sunken spots 
and lines upon the new growth of canes developing a purplish 
border and a gray centre. The fruit spots are usually circular, 
and with the deep depression and reddish border they some- 
what resemble bird's eyes. Similar spots and patches are 
often found upon the main veins of the leaves. 

Remedies. — The distribution of this fungus is similar to 
that of the black rot, and the same precautionary measures 
there given hold good with the anthracnose. which is, how- 
ever, not so easily controlled by spraying as the black rot, 




Fig. 2go. — A Cluster of Grapes ruined 
by the Black Rot. (From Galloway.) 



THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. 



235 



and the burning of the diseased parts is all the more impor- 
tant. 

The Downy Mildew {Plasjnopara viticola B. & C.) is a fungus 
quite different in appearance from any thus far considered. 
As its name suggests it 
produces a downy coating 
upon the affected part, usu- 
ally the under side, with a 
yellow discoloration of the 
upper side of the leaf. The 
affected fruits while half 
grown turn brown prema- 
turely, and for this reason 
the term " brown rot " is 
sometimes given to this 
disease. The browned ber- 
ries remain hard and never 
become edible and rarely 
show the fungus upon the 
surface. Sometimes the 
canes are infested, when 
the 3'' are coated with the 
downiness common to the 
leaves. The filaments of the 
fungus come to the surface 

through the StomateS and Fig. 291.— Shows threads of Grape Mildew 

,, , . 1 T T ,. arising through " breathing pore "of leaf, 

then they branch and SUbdl- ^^^^^^^^^ branching and bearing spores 

vide, producing the spores upon their tips. (Prom Scribner.) 

upon the tips (see Fig. 291). 

Remedies. — The same treatment is recommended here as for 
the diseases of the grape already considered. As all these 
troubles may be upon the same vine, or even single leaf, it 
follows that the remedy applied for one will answer for all. 

The Powdery Mildeiv {Uncinula necator Schw.) is another 
fungus of the vine that while the leading enemy in Europe is of 
secondary consideration here. This is a superficial mildew — 
that is, it grows upon the leaf and does not penetrate the 
tissue, and on this account may be easily controlled as by sul- 
phur dusted over the vines. The sprayings recommended for 
the other vine diseases will be sufficient for this one. 




236 THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. 

The Ripe Rot {Glceosporium frucfigenum Berk.), previously 
mentioned under apple, is a common trouble with the matur- 
ing grapes. It need not be further considered here, except to 
note that in this instance widely different plants are affected 
with the same fungus. It should, however, be kept in mind 
that this is a disease of a substance — namely, the flesh of a 
maturing fruit — that is more of the nature of a lifeless tissue 
and has lost its specific vital qualities. In the same way the 
common bread mould will thrive upon mature sweet potatoes 
and turnips, while the living leaves and stems of the same 
plants are not attacked by it. 

The Bush Fruits. 

The Blackberry. — Rust {Piiccinia Peckiana Howe) is the 
leading fungus of the blackberry and is quickly recognized by 
the more upright dwarfed canes with multitudes of blisters 
upon the leaves which upon rupturing expose orange colored 
spores that give an appearance of iron rust to the affected 
parts. The disease threads extend all through the plants, and 
when the rusted cane is cut down to the ground it is soon fol- 
lowed by a new growth that shortly shows the rust throughout. 
The same disease is frequently found upon the wild brambles, 
and it is also observed that some of the cultivated varieties 
are more susceptible than others. 

Remedies. — From the deeply seated nature of the disease it 
is evident that spraying will not effect a cure. Like the black 
knot the knife and burn heap need to be resorted to when plants 
are badly diseased, and should be removed root and all. It 
would be folly to attempt successful blackberry culture in 
places where the wild brambles are badly rusted until these 
have been destroyed. The grower needs to be assured that 
the waste land is not a place for the propagation of a fungus 
that may destroy the garden plants. 

The Anthracnose {^Glceosporium venetuin Speg.) is similar to the 
one upon the grape and like it is found upon leaves and canes, 
forming oval patches with gray centres and purple borders. 

Remedies. — The winter treatment of the canes with a solu- 
tion of copper sulphate as mentioned under grape is recom- 
mended. The experiments made in spraying the plants dur- 



THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. 237 

ing the growing season have not shown that this anthracnose 
is easily checked ; but further tests need to be made before a 
conclusion in the matter is reached. 

The Raspberry, — The chief diseases here are the rust and 
anthracnose mentioned already under blackberry, with which 
the raspberry is very closely related. There are some leaf- 
spot fungi also common to these two species of brambles. 

The Currant. — Cane Blight {Nectria cinnabarina Fr.) is one 
of the newer diseases, but is becoming quite abundant in some 
localities. This affects the whole cane, causing it to die some- 
times when bearing fruit of nearly full size. Along with the 
shriveling of the berries and fall of the leaves the diseased 
canes show numerous bright pink pimples (see Fig. 292). 
This disease is related to the black knot of plum and cherry, 
and like it has taken a firm grip upon its victim before its 
presence is observed. 

Remedies.— The whole plant should be removed and burned 
as soon as the blasted canes are found. Spraying is too slow 
a treatment, even if it were effective, with a disease so contagi- 
ous as this upon plants that are small and easily rooted out 
and the ground occupied with some other crop. 

The Anthracnose {Gleeosporium ribis M. & D.) causes minute 
dark spots upon the leaves, followed by yellowing and their 
dropping from the canes. When very severe, the green fruit 
is left to shrivel upon the defoliated branches, but usually the 
fall of the leaves is shortly after the crop is harvested. 

Remedies. — This fungus is closely related to other anthrac- 
noses previously considered and may be controlled by the 
use of the standard fungicides. 

The Leaf Spot {Septo?-ia ribis Desm.) is a fungus that pro- 
duces effects similar to those of the anthracnose, while its 
microscopic structure is quite different. 

Remedies. — Spraying should be thorough and begin early in 
the season. The currant is well adapted in size for the ap- 
plication of fungicides, and any adhering lime upon the smooth 
fruit is easily removed. To avoid this coating a clear mixture 
may be used instead of one containing lime. 

The Gooseberry. — The diseases of the currant are practi- 
cally the same as those of the gooseberry, and all that has been 
remarked above regarding them generally applies here. 



238 



THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. 



The Mildew {Sphcerotheca mors-uvce Schw.) is a fungus that 
is very destructive to the gooseberry, but is rarely met with 
upon the currant. The European varieties are particularly 




Fig. 292.— Currant Canes, showing the Blight as projections from the surface. 
(From Durand. ) 



susceptible and usually are considered not worthy of cultiva- 
tion because of the prevalence of this disease. This mildew 
produces a felt-like brown coating upon the young growth of 
stems, including the leaves and fruit, which are much dwarfed 
and distorted. The fungus is. entirely superficial and consists 
of filaments lying upon the surface with upright branches that 



THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. 239 

bear the spores. There is a second form of spore produced in 
spherical thick-walled bodies, designed for preserving the 
mildew through the winter. These form later in the season 
than the small naked spores previously mentioned. 

Remedies. — Satisfactory results are obtained from spraying 
the gooseberry plants, partly because the mildew is upon the 
surface only. With a similar fungus upon greenhouse roses 
flowers of sulphur has long been in use, dusted upon the plants 




Fig. 293.— a Leaf of the Strawberry showing the Spot. (From Bailey.) 

or placed upon the heating pipes where it gives off fumes. At 
some Experiment Stations sulphide of potassium has been 
found effective against the gooseberry mildew, the formula 
being one ounce to a gallon of water. This is a solution easily 
made and applied and is a comparatively clear liquid. Good 
results follow the use of Bordeaux, but this of course tends to 
coat the fruit. 

The Ground Fruits. 

The Strawberry. — Leaf Spot {SphcErella fragarice Tul.) is 
the most conspicuous and common of the fungous enemies of 
the strawberry. This causes purple spots upon the leaves, the 



24° THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. 

centres becoming ashy gray (see Fig. 293). The fungus also 
attacks the fruit-stalks, cutting off the supply of nourishment 
and thereby injuring the crop. During winter the fungus 
remains in the affected parts, particularly the old leaves. 

Remedies. — Many remedies have been used upon the straw- 
berry, some of them with indifferent results, probably because 
of the difficulty of reaching the under surface of the foliage. 
Bordeaux, however, is recommended, and cupram at times 
when the fruit might be defaced with the lime of the former 
mixture. Some growers with scythe and rake remove the 
blighted leaves in the autumn and burn them, while others 
have employed a weak solution of sulphuric acid as a spray, 
and thus destroy the foliage, letting the new spring growth 
supply the fresh healthy leaves for the production of the com- 
ing crop. 

There are other fungous diseases of the strawberry, but they 
are indistinguishable from the leaf-spot except by close in- 
spection. 

The Cranberry. — Scald. — There are several fungous dis- 
eases of the cranberry, but as this crop demands peculiar con- 
ditions, is limited to few localities, and does not admit of the 
ordinary, methods of treatment, only a word need be said. 
The Scald, or Rot, as it is sometimes called, attacks the fruit 
and other parts of the plant, causing upon the former a soften- 
ing of the fruit, usually first upon the sun-exposed side. 

Remedies.- — All attempts to check the Scald by the use of 
fungicides have failed. The fact that the land is under water 
for much of the time, and a bog at best in the dry period of 
the year, renders it difficult to apply fungicides satisfactorily. 
Besides, the cranberry bogs are often large low-priced areas, 
with many weeds, and the industry is extensive instead of 
intensive, making spraying improfitable no matter how effec- 
tive the applications might be. 

Root Galls. — As a last word, and going to the root of the 
subject, it may be said that of late years much complaint has 
been made of galls upon the roots of various orchard plants, 
especially the peach. The subject has been studied by Prof. 
J. W. Toumey, of the University of Arizona Agricultural Ex- 
periment Station, with the result that the disease has been 
found to be caused by a species of slime-mould living in the 



THE DISEASES OF FRUITS. 241 

tissues of the root and causing the development of the galls. 
Careful experiments were made which showed that the disease 
was easily communicable, thus demonstrating the great neces- 
sity of avoiding its introduction into the nursery or orchard, 
especially since no very effective remedy for it was found. It 
seems wise, therefore, for all growers to reject all peach, 
plum, apple, or other plants whose roots are in any degree 
malformed. The fact that the trouble is underground adds 
much to the difficulty of checking it, and therefore all diseased 
roots should be excluded at the time the trees are set. 

In conclusion, it is remarked that only the leading sorts of 
fungi have been considered, but enough, it is hoped, is pre- 
sented so that the fruit grower will find some clew to any 
disease that is serious. It may be said, as a final word, that 
there are several experts at work upon fungous diseases, and 
further information upon the subjects, herein considered, may 
be obtained of the division of Physiology and Vegetable Pathol- 
ogy, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, or 
through the Experiment Stations of the various States. 

The fruit-grower should not hesitate to make complaint and 
call for information through the avenues created by the Gov- 
ernment for the special help of the crop-growers of this coun- 
try. It may be that an old and well-known enemy has made 
its first appearance in a community, and methods for its treat- 
ment are well worked out. Should it be a new disease, or of 
recent importation from some other country, it then becomes 
of special interest to the expert as it is to the plaintiff, and 
it is an advantage to all that the call is made for help. In 
this age of the world, all obstacles to successful fruit-growing 
as far as possible should be removed. It is argued that the 
person who is sufficiently wide awake to observe fungous 
troubles as they arrive and strive to remove them at the out- 
set will not fail because of oversight in selection of orchard 
site, or varieties of fruits, through careless pruning, neglect 
of thinning, improper feeding, or any such thing. He will do 
his best and take pride in his work along with the profits as 
they come to him. 
16 



CHAPTER XIV. 

THE SPRAYING OF FRUITS. 

The most important advance in the management of fruit 
plantations within the past quarter-century has been the re- 
markable increase in the means of checking the ravages of 
ir.sects and fungi by the use of liquid sprays. The spraying 
of orchard trees with poisons for the purpose of destroying 
insects is, at least in its modern development, of American 
origin. Arsenic in the form of Paris-green was early used 
against the potato-beetle, and in 1872 Le Baron, State ento- 
mologist of Illinois, suggested its use upon trees for the de- 
struction of the canker-worm.* As early as 1876, this poison 
had attained to some popularity as a means of combating the 
canker-worm in Illinois and in Michigan, in the latter State 
under the advocacy of Prof. A. J. Cook. It appears to have 
been as late as 1878 that the first record was made of its use 
in New York, but a most important discover)^ followed the 
experiment there. In the spring of that year, J. S. Wood- 
ward, of Lockport, advised Edward P. Haynes to spray his 
apple-trees with Paris-green to destroy the canker-worm. In 
the fall, Mr. Haynes observed that the apples upon the 
sprayed trees were less wormy than those upon the others. 
The results of the experiments were reported the following 
winter before the Western New York Horticultural Society at 
Rochester. It is a curious fact that similar results were ob- 
served in this very year in Iowa in sprayings made with 
London-purple, under the auspices of Prof. J. L. Budd and 

* See Lodeman, "The Spraying of Plants," for a complete history and dis- 
cussion of spraying. 

242 



THE SPRAYING OF FRUITS, 243 

John M. Dixon. Fruit-growers were at first incredulous as 
to the value of the arsenites for the destruction of the larva 
of the codlin-moth, but by 1885 sufficient experience had ac- 
cumulated to entitle the practice to the careful consideration 
of every progressive farmer. Spraying for the codlin-moth 
and many other orchard insects is now demonstrated to be 
of the greatest value, and it is a practice which every intelli- 
gent pomologist must employ. 

The practice of spraying for fungous diseases had a sepa- 
rate origin. It originated in Southern France, in an attempt 
to check the mildew of the grape, a disease which had been 
introduced from America. The first definite efforts to treat 
plant-diseases by sprays in this country were made in 1884. 
and 1885, by Saunders and Goff, In the latter year, the De- 
partment of Agriculture began to publish advice, at first 
gleaned largely from French sources, respecting the treat- 
ment of these serious disorders ; and it has prosecuted the 
work up to the present time with a persistence and efficiency 
"which should win the admiration of the world. 

The kerosene emulsions, and like compounds used for the 
destruction of various scales and other sucking insects, were 
of still independent origin. The kerosene emulsion is an 
American invention. The first successful emulsion with soap 
was probably made by Prof. A. J. Cook, of the Michigan 
Agricultural College, in 1877 and 1878. It was soon after rec- 
ommended independently by Hubbard and Riley as the result 
of investigations upon the scale of the orange ; and emulsions 
with milk were at the same time perfected by Barnard and 
Hubbard as the result of work upon the cotton-worm. Vari- 
ous soaps and oils have long been known to be effective in- 
secticides. As early as 1840, whale-oil soap was used in this 
country for the destruction of the rose-chafer, although its 
application to that insect is no longer considered to be effica-, 
cious. 

Spraying is only one of several practices which are of fun- 
damental importance in the care of fruit-plantations. Tillage, 
fertilizing, pruning and other care are cardinal methods in 
pomology, and their importance is none the less because 
spraying has been lately proved to be so essential. Spraying 
is a wholly secondary operation, and its importance is the 



244 THE SPRAYING OF FRUITS. 

greater in proportion as the other care of the plantation is 
efficient, for the value of. the product is thereby heightened. 
Many old and neglected orchards are scarcely worth the 
trouble and cost of spraying. The operation of spraying is 
not always necessa^3^ and it does not, therefore, always give 
beneficial results. Unless insect or fungous troubles are 
present, there is no occasion for the operation ; but inasmuch 
as these enemies are nearly always troublesome, and as no 
one can definitely prognosticate their absence, spraying comes 
to be an insurance. The risk is too great to allow the practice 
to be omitted in any year in apple and some other orchards ; 
and the practice is efficient only when it anticipates the 
trouble. 

The amount of spraying which shall be done in any par- 
ticular case, as well as its kind and seasons, depends entirely 
upon the conditions and the enemies which it is desired to 
reach. The operator must first of all make a diagnosis of 
what his trouble is or is likely to be. If fungous troubles are 
present, or are likely to be, some of the compounds of copper 
or sulphur must be used. If leaf-eating or chewing insects — 
like canker-worm, codlin-moth larva, bud-moth larva, tent- 
caterpillar — are at work, some arsenical poison is to be used. 
If scale-like or lice-like insects — as bark-louse, San Jose 
scale, aphis — are present, soap, oil, or emulsion should be em- 
ployed. In some fruits the operator can prognosticate given 
troubles with tolerable certainty. For instance, it is safe to 
assume that the apple will be attacked by the scab-fungus — 
except in very dry regions — and by the codlin-moth larva. 
Bordeaux-mixture is a specific for the former, and Paris- 
green for the latter. These materials may be combined and 
applied together with as good results as if each were applied 
separately. As a rule, two insurance sprayings are advised 
for the apple-orchard, the first one just as the blossom buds 
have opened, but before the flowers themselves have begun 
to expand, and the other about as soon as the last petals have 
fallen. The grower must determine if more sprayings are 
needed. If insect or fungous enemies are threatening, spray 
again. The fungous diseases are commonly most serious in 
wet seasons. As a general rule, there should be two spray- 
ings for codlin-moth larvae on the apple and pear (the apple- 



^ THE SPRAYING OF FRUITS. 245 

worm) after the petals have fallen ; but in average years the 
two early sprayings of Bordeaux-mixture advised above are 
sufficient for the scab-fungus. This first spraying will be too 
early to reach the codlin-moth larvae, but inasmuch as vari- 
ous leaf-eating insects are common upon trees at this time, it 
will be well to add the Paris-green to the Bordeaux-mixture, 
particularly as the poison is cheap and does not in any way 
interfere with the application of with the fungicidal action of 
the Bordeaux-mixture. 

It is a prevalent notion that spraying is bound to make 
orchards productive. Nothing could be more fallacious. The 
causes of unproductiveness are many. When such cause is 
insect or fungous injury, then spraying is a specific ; but when 
the cause of unproductiveness is poor soil, lack of tillage and 
other care, poor varieties, and the like, spraying can have 
ojily a secondary and incidental effect in correcting the bar- 
renness of the plantation. The general efficiency of spray- 
ing is well tested. The practice is now beyond the experi- 
mental stage, and the fruit-grower who does not resort to it 
is far behind his opportunities. There is still much to learn 
about mixtures, machinery, and the habits of insects and 
fungi; but spraying as a feature in the management of fruit- 
plantations rests upon as solid a basis of fact and demonstra- 
tion as tillage or pruning does. This proof has been so un- 
equivocal and so widely published, that it is doubtful if it is 
any longer incumbent upon the experiment stations to urge 
farmers to spray. The facts and methods are all accessible, 
and if, in the face of this evidence, the fruit-grower does not 
care to spra3^ he should be allowed to reap the harvest which 
he desires. It is very doubtful if laws designed to enforce 
spraying can be made of any service, for such laws always de- 
pend upon enlightened public sentiment for their support, and 
any mere perfunctory performance of the operation would 
profit nothing. Spraying must be deliberately and very thor- 
oughly done if any benefit is to come of it, and such spraying 
is possible only when the operator is unreservedly convinced 
of its importance for his own plantations. 

The efficacy of a spray depends upon hitting the enemy or 
in placing poison upon every portion of the surface upon 
which it works. Effective spraying, therefore, must cover 



246 



THE SPRAYING OF FRUITS. 



the entire surface of the plant. One completely thorough 
spraying, in which the plant is drenched, is more useful than 
a half-dozen perfunctory or half-hearted operations. The 
spray should be applied until the liquid begins to drip from 
the tree. If the operation is stopped as soon as this dripping 
begins, it is considered that there is no danger of turning 
stock into the orchard to feed upon the grass. At least, no 
cases of injury from such practice are on record. The num- 
ber of sprayings can never make good the lack of thorough- 
ness. Prepare for the operation in advance, preferably dur- 
ing the winter season. Be sure to know what the spray is to 
be applied for. Secure strong pumps and a variety of noz- 
zles. Be on time with the work, do not be in a hurry while 
doing it, and consider that the spray protects the plant in 
proportion as the plant is well covered. 



The Apparatus. 

There is no one best pump or nozzle for all purposes. The 
operator needs different styles of tools for spraying as much 
as he does for working his land. The first requisite is that 
the pump be strong and capable of throwing much liquid. It 




Fig. 294. — Knapsack Sprayer. 

should be brass-lined, have a long, strong handle, a large (two 
inches in diameter or upward) cylinder, and it should be low 
and compact, so as not to catch in the limbs, or be top-heavy 
when mounted on a barrel or tank. As a rule, from ten to 
fifteen feet of hose should be used for each deliver5\ and one 



THE SPRAYING OF FRUITS. 



24: 



man should manipulate only one hose. In large orchards one 
man should give his entire attention to pumping and driving, 
allowing the operator of the spray to give his entire thought 




Fig. 295.— Bordeaux Nozzle. 




Fig. 297. — Reducer to attach half- 
inch to three-quarter-inch con- 
nection. 



Fig. 296. — Improved Vermorel Nozzle 
with Disgorger. 




Fig. 298.— Another form of 
Vermorel Nozzle. 





Pig. 299. — McGowen Nozzle. 





Fig. 300. — Y-Fixture for Vermorel 
Nozzles. 



Fig. 30T.— Y-Attachment for using 
Two Nozzles. 



to his work. In tall trees the nozzle may be elevated upon 
a bamboo fishing-pole, or the operator may stand upon a plat- 
form above the tank. The exact form of the rig must depend 



248 THE SPRAYING OF FRUITS. 

wholly upon the lay of the land and the character of the or- 
chard. If the trees are high, far apart and well pruned, some 
kind of a high platform-rig will be useful. In thick orchards 
of low trees, a stone-boat may be used, the operator standing 
on the ground and raising his spray into the trees by means 
of a pole. This pole, with the hose secured near its top, is 








Fig. 302.— Barrel Outfit Complete with Wheels. 

often used. Many persons use a length of light gas pipe in 
the place of so much hose. There is now a pipe-lined bam- 
boo pole which answers the purpose very well. 

The various illustrations show some of the kinds of pumps 
which can be confidently recommended. For spraying or- 
chards and vineyards, they should be mounted upon large 
casks or tanks, and these placed upon a wagon ; but for limited 
plantations of small fruits, various cart and wheelbarrow 
sprayers are useful. It is generally advisable to mount the 
pump on the side of the cask, for the rig is then not top-heavy, 
the cask is easily filled with water, and the movement of the 
liquid in the barrel insures more perfect agitation than occurs 



THE SPRAYING OF FRUITS. 



249 



if the cask stands on end. Some agitator should be employed, 
however, for, if the material settles, the work is likely to be 
very unsatisfactory. For cask-outfits it is quite as well to 
stir the liquid wdth a stick just before spraying each tree as 
to depend upon some of the agitating devices which are in 
the market. Power pumps — unless run by steam — are ineffi- 
cient in orchards of large trees, because sufficient liquid can- 
not be thrown Avhile the machine is passing the tree. For 
vineyards, dAvarf pears, small fruits and potatoes, however, 
the power sprayers are often very satisfactory. The knap- 
sack sprayers are useful only for small areas or small plants, 
or where hand-labor is cheap. 





Fig. 303. 



Fig. 304. 



Barrel Outfits with Agitators. 



The best general nozzle for tall trees is probably the Mc- 
Gowen. It is a self-cleaning device and can be adjusted for 
coarse or fine spray. It throws more liquid than some other 
nozzles, but for this reason it allows of very expeditious work. 
Every orchardist should provide himself with the Vermorel, 
Bordeaux, and various other nozzles, however, and he will 
find them all useful for particular purposes. Some of the 
smaller of these nozzles, like the Vermorel, may be used twin 
by placing them upon a Y-fixture, as shown in the engraving. 



2SO THE SPRAYING OF FRUITS. 



Materials and Formulas. 



Paris-gj'een. — This compound of arsenic (aceto-arsenite of 
copper) is the standard insecticide for all chewing and biting 
insects, such as larvae (" worms") and most beetles. A pound 
of it is used in two hundred to three hundred gallons of water 
for fruit-plants. For apple and pear and plum trees, the 
denser strength is generally preferred, but for peach-trees 
(upon which it is seldom necessary to use it) the weaker 
strength is recommended. If this mixture is to be used upon 
fruit-trees, one pound of quicklime should be added, for re- 
peated applications will injure most foliage, unless the lime 
is used. Paris-green and Bordeaux-mixture can be applied 
together with perfect satisfaction. Use at the rate of four 
ounces of the arsenite to fifty gallons of the Bordeaux mix- 
ture. The action of neither is weakened, and the Paris green 
loses all caustic properties. Paris-green itself has slight fun- 
gicidal properties. 

It sometimes happens that material which is obtained as 
Paris-green contains no arsenic. If the material is genuine Pa- 
ris-green, it will quickly and completely dissolve in common 
strong ammonia, giving a beautiful, rich, dark blue, clear 
liquid, while any of the compounds which would ordinarily be 
substituted for Paris-green on account of their color and tex- 
ture, will not behave in this manner in ammonia. Any insol- 
uble residue is impurity. Chrome-green, which may be pro- 
Qured for Paris-green, will not dissolve in ammonia. 

London-purple. — This is used for the same pu'fposes as 
Paris-green, and in the same proportions. It is an arsenite of 
lime. Its advantages over Paris-green are its cheapness and 
the greater ease with which it is held in suspension in water, 
but these are not important merits. As it is very caustic, it 
should be applied with two or three times its weight of lime, 
or with the Bordeaux-mixture. The composition of London- 
purple is variable, and unless good reasons exist for suppos- 
ing that it contains as much arsenic as Paris green, it is better 
to use the latter poison. Do not use London-purple on peach 
or plum trees unless considerable lime is added. 

Substitutes for Paris-green. — Paris-green is still the standard 



THE SPRAYING OF FRUITS. 251 

insecticide for spraying purposes, yet it has several serious 
defects : it is costly, does not remain long in suspension when 
applied in water, often burns the foliage of tender plants, and 
is variable in composition. 

This has led several manufacturers to offer substitutes, 
■chiefly compounds of white arsenic, lime, and copper sul- 
phate, a few of which appear to be decidedly superior to 
Paris-green for spraying purposes. None of these trade 
arsenites, however, has been tested long enough to warrant a 
recommendation that it supplant the older insecticide. The 
only arsenite which has been thoroughly tested in many States 
and has given universal satisfaction is arsenite of lime. Two 
different compounds have been passing under this name. 
One is the " Taft Mixture, "made by boiling together for forty- 
iive minutes — 

White arsenic, . . . . i pound. 
Stone lime, .... 2 pounds. 

Water, ...... i gallon. 

This makes a stock solution which may be kept indefinitely 
in a stoppered vessel. One quart of the stock solution to 50 
gallons of water will be sufficient for most insects. 

The " Kedzie Mixture" is an arsenite of lime made by boil- 
ing together until the arsenic dissolves — 

Sal. soda, . . . . .8 pounds 
White arsenic, .... 2 pounds 
Water, ...... 2 gallons 

One pint of this stock solution and two pounds of slacked lime 
will make a barrel of spraying mixture equal in insecticidal 
value to one-quarter pound of Paris-green. The comparative 
merits of the two compounds are not yet determined, butlDOth 
have given satisfaction. The chief advantages of both over 
Paris-green are cheapness and efficiency. The same insecti- 
cidal effect may be got for one-third the cost of Paris-green. 
Neither one will injure the tenderest foliage at the ordinary 
strengths. Both of these compounds can be made at home by 
a careful man. They seem to be destined to replace Paris- 
green in many parts of the country. 

White Hellebore. — An ounce of the perfectly fresh material 
is applied in three gallons of water. Apply when thoroughly 



252 THE SPRAYING OF FRUITS. 

mixed. This poison is not so energetic as the arsenites, and 
may be used a short time before the sprayed portions become 
edible. For insects which chew, but chiefly used for the cur- 
rant-worm. 

Tobacco Water. — This solution may be prepared by placing- 
tobacco stems in a water-tight vessel, and then covering them 
with hot water. Allow to stand several hours, dilute the 
liquor from three to five times, and apply. For soft-bodied 
insects, especially for plant-lice. 

Whale-oil Soap. — Used for various scale insects, in the pro- 
portion of one pound to five gallons of water. Some tender 
plants may be injured by this strength, if it is applied when 
they are in active growth. For San Jose scale, in winter, two 
pounds to the gallon. 

Kerosene Evmhion. — Hard soap, one-half pound; boiling 
water, one gallon; kerosene, two gallons; dissolve the soap in 
the water, add the kerosene, and churn with a pump for five 
to ten minutes. Dilute four to twenty-five times before 
applying. Use strong emulsion for all scale insects, including 
the San Jose scale. For such insects as plaht-lice, mealy- 
bugs, red spider, thrips, weaker preparations will prove effec- 
tive. Cabbage-worms, currant-worms, and all insects which 
have soft bodies, can also be successfully treated with this 
emulsion. It is advisable to make the emulsion shortly before 
it is used. 

Crude Oil and Water Mixture. — -This is rapidly superseding 
kerosene emulsion for combating sucking insects. It is more 
economical than the emulsion and is easier to apply. For scale 
insects use a 15-per-cent. to 25-per-cent. luixture; for plant 
lice and thrips the 5-per-cent. streiigth is strong enough. 
Cabbage-worms, currant-worms, and other soft-bodied insects 
may also be treated successfully. This mixture, or emulsion, 
is made by pumps (of several patterns'), which mix it auto- 
matically. 

Bordeaux Mixture. — The leading fungicide, made of six 
pounds of copper sulphate (blue vitriol or blue-stone), four 
pounds of quicklime, forty to fifty gallons of water. This is 
the normal or 1.6 per cent, mixture. Dissolve the copper sul- 
phate by putting it in a bag. of coarse cloth and hanging this 
in a vessel holding at least four gallons, so that it is just cov- 



THE SPRAYING OF FRUITS. 253 

ered by the water. Use an earthen or wooden vessel. When 
dissolved, pour the solution into the spraying barrel and fill 
the barrel half full of water. Slake the lime, dilute it to 
10-15 gallons, and pour this milk of lime into the barrel 
through a wire strainer. Do not mix the copper sulphate and 
lime when less dilute than this, or the resulting Bordeaux will 
settle quickly. Add enough water to make forty to fifty gal- 
lons. It is then ready for immediate use. If the mixture is 
to be used on peach foliage, it is advisable to add two pounds 
of lime in the above formula. When applied to glossy-leaved 
plants, it will adhere better if about a pound of hard soap be 
dissolved in hot water and added to the mixture. Instead of 
weighing out the ingredients, the operator may simply add 
lime to a sulphate of copper solution and add occasionally a 
drop of a solution of ferrocyanide of potassium. When this 
ferrocyanide ceases to give a red or red-brown color upon 
being added to the mixture, the operator may know that suffi- 
cient lime has been added. Five cents' worth of this ferro- 
cyanide (or yellow prussiate of potash) may be dissolved in a 
quart or two of water. 

The tendency now is to use a weaker strength of Bordeaux 
than the 1.6 per cent, mixture, especially on plants with tender 
foliage, as peaches and plums. Three pounds of copper sul- 
phate and four pounds of lime per barrel seems to give as 
good results in many cases as the stronger mixture. 

Prepare stock solutions for the Bordeaux-mixture, rather 
than to make each batch in the quantities called for by the 
formula, if large quantities are needed. The sulphate of 
copper may be put into solution and kept in this condition in- 
definitely, ready for use. A simple method is to dissolve forty 
or fifty pounds of the sulphate in as many gallons of water, 
pulverizing the material and hanging it in a coffee-sack in the 
top of the barrel. A gallon of water, therefore, means a pound 
of sulphate. The lime may also be slaked and kept in readi- 
ness for use. Slake it into the creamy condition familiar to 
masons, cover lightly with water, and then close the box or 
vessel to prevent the water from evaporating. When making 
the Bordeaux-mixture, pour the requisite quantity of the stock 
solution of sulphate of copper into the barrel, and then dilute 
with four or five times the quantity of water. Now add the 



2 54 THE SPRA YING OF FRUITS. 

creamy lime^ and then add enough water to satisfy the formula. 
If the ferrocyanide test is used, place a spoonful of the mixture 
in a saucer or plate, and add a drop of the test solution. If a 
red color appears, the mixture needs more lime. If the test 
solution is added directly to a tank or barrel of the mixture, 
the color reaction is apt to be lost in the mass. An excess of 
lime insures the safety of the mixture, and it is always advis- 
able to add a little more lime even after the ferrocyanide test 
is satisfied. 

If the lime is thoroughly slaked and is allowed to settle be- 
fore being used (only the thick, creamy portion being dipped 
off for making the mixture), the sediment will fall to the 
bottom of the slaking-box, and if the McGowen nozzle is used, 
the material will not need to be strained. 

Ammoniacal Copper Carbonate. — ^Copper carbonate, one 
ounce; ammonia, enough to dissolve the copper; water, nine 
gallons; before making the solution the ammonia should be 
prepared as follows : Use 26° ammonia and dilute with seven 
to eight volumes of water. Then gradually add the necessary 
amount to the copper carbonate until all is dissolved. It is 
best treated in large bottles, and in them it will keep indefi- 
nitely. Dilute as required. For same purposes as the Bor- 
deaux mixture, and used chiefly upon fruits after they are 
nearly grown, and upon ornamental plants, to avoid the dis- 
coloration which follows the use of Bordeaux mixture. Gen- 
erally considered to be inferior to the Bordeaux mixture in 
fungicidal action. 

Copper Sulphate Solution. — The simple solution of copper 
sulphate is now being used more extensively as a substitute 
for Bordeaux in spraying dormant trees and in place of the 
ammoniacal carbonate of copper for spraying ripening fruit. 
For the first purpose it may be used at the rate of one pound 
to 15-25 gallons. This strength should never be applied to 
trees which are in foliage. For spraying fruit (especially for 
the plum rot) the strength should be one pound to 200-300 
gallons. Use the weaker solution on peaches and Japanese 
plums. It does not stick like Bordeaux, and must be applied 
about twice as often in order to be effective. 



THE SPRAYING OF FRUITS. 255 

Potassium Sulphite Solution. 

Potassium Sulphite, . . . >^ to i oz. 
Water, i gal. 

This loses strength on standing and should be used at onceo 
The standard fungicide for gooseberry mildew, but scarcely 
superior to Bordeaux for this purpose. 

Iron Sulphate a7id Sulphuric Acid Solution. — Water (hot) 100 
parts ; iron sulphate, as much as the water will dissolve ; sul- 
phuric acid (commercial), i part. 

The solution should be prepared just before using. Add 
the acid to the crystals, and then pour on the water. Used 
for grape anthracnose, the dormant lines being treated by 
means of sponges or brushes. 

Spray Calendar. 

(Adapted from Lodeman, Bulletin 114, Cornell Experiment 

Station.) 

In the following directions, only the most common and 
serious orchard pests — both insects and fungi — are mentioned. 
The number and sequence of the sprayings are indicated by 
the figures. The sprayings which are commonly of least im- 
portance in parentheses. No absolute rules can be given for 
the sprajnng of plants. The fruit-grower must be able to 
diagnose his trouble and to judge for himself how the weather, 
abundance of the enemy, and other conditions should modify 
the treatment. The calendar gives simply a few general 
suggestions. The operator must fill in all the details. 

I. The Orchard. 

Apple — Scab. — i, Copper sulphate or Bordeaux before buds 
swell ; 2, Bordeaux mixture when fruit-buds are opening, but 
before flower-buds expand ; 3, repeat as soon as blossoms have 
fallen; 4, Bordeaux mixture ten to fourteen days after the 
third; (5, 6, repeat 4 at intervals of about two weeks). Two 
or three sprayings are usually sufficient. Canker-worm. — i. 
When first caterpillars appear, apply arsenites very thor- 
oughly; 2, repeat i after three or four days; (3, 4, repeat 



256 THE SPRAYING OF FRUITS. 

every few days if necessary). Everything depends upon 
being on time. Sticky bands or straps placed around the 
trunks of the trees are effective in keeping the female moths 
from ascending. Bud-moth. — i, As soon as leaf-tips appear in 
buds, arsenites; 2, repeat i before the blossom-buds open ; 
(3, repeat 2 when blossoms have fallen). Codlin-moth. — i, 
Arsenites immediately after blossoms have fallen; 2, repeat 
I, seven to ten days later; (3, 4, arsenites at intervals of one 
to three weeks, after 2 especially, if later broods are trouble- 
some). Arsenites may be added to the Bordeaux mixture 
and the two applied together with excellent effect. Two 
sprayings are commonly sufficient for the codlin-moth larva. 
Case-bearer. — As for bud-moth. 

Pear — Leaf -blight or Fruit-spot. — i. Just before blossoms 
open, Bordeaux mixture ; 2, after fruit has set, repeat i ; 3, 
the same two weeks later. If further applications are neces- 
sary, use copper sulphate or ammoniacal carbonate of copper. 
Leaf -blister. — \, Before buds swell in spring, kerosene emul- 
sion, diluted five to seven times. Psylla. — i, When first 
leaves have unfolded in spring, kerosene and water, 5-10 per 
cent. ; 2, 3, etc., at intervals of two to six days repeat i until 
the insects are destroyed. Slug. — Treat the same as for 
cherry slug. Codlin-moth. — Treat the same as for apple. 

The true pear-blight (or fire blight) cannot be controlled by 
spraying, so far as known. This disease is distinguished by 
the uniform dying of the entire leaf, and the leaves hang upon 
the tree. The leaf-blight, mentioned in the last paragraph' 
causes the leaves to become spotted and to fall. 

Plum — Brown-rot. — As for peach, which see. Leaf-blight. 
— I, Copper-sulphate solution, before buds swell; 2, When 
fruit has set, Bordeaux mixture; 3, 4, etc., repeat 2 at in- 
tervals of two or three weeks; use a clear fungicide after 
fruit is three-quarters grown. Black-knot. — \, During first 
warm days of early spring. Bordeaux mixture; 2, repeat i 
when buds are swelling; 3, during latter part of May, repeat 
i; 4, repeat i during middle of June; (5, repeat i in July). 
All knots should be cut out and burned as soon as discov^ered. 
Curculio. — Spraying is not always satisfactory; jar the trees 
after fruit has set, at intervals of one to three days during 
two to five weeks. Plum Scale. — i. In autumn when leaves': 



THE SPRAYING OF FRUITS. 257 

have fallen, 25 per cent, kerosene and water mixture ; 2 and 3, 
in spring, before buds open, repeat i. 

Peach — Brown-rot. — i, Before buds swell, copper-sulphate 
solution ; (2, before flowers open, Bordeaux mixture) ; 3, when 
fruit has set, repeat 2 ; 4, repeat after ten to fourteen days ; 
5, when fruit is nearly grown, amoniacal copper carbonate ; 6, 
7, etc., repeat 5 at intervals of five to seven days if necessary. 
Curculio. — See Plum. 

Cherry — Black-knot. — As for plum. Rot. — i, As for plum. 
A;phis. — I, 10 per cent, kerosene and water when insects first 
appear; 2, 3, repeat at intervals of three to four days if neces- 
sary. It is essential to be on time with this treatment. -5"/?/^, 
— I, When insects appear, arsenites, hellebore or air-slaked 
lime ; 2, 3, repeat i in ten to fourteen days if necessary. 
Curculio. — See Plum. 

Quince — Leaf-blight or Fruit-spot. — i , See under Pear. Rust. 
— Same treatment as for leaf-blight. Curculio. — See under 
Plum. 

Rose-Chafer or Rose-Bug. — A very difficult insect to com- 
bat. There is no good remedy. Spraying thick lime white- 
wash on the plants is a fairly good repellant. Kerosene emul- 
sion is also partially efficient. Hand-picking and bagging the 
fruit, where these means can be employed, are always to be 
recommended. The insects breed in sandy lands. These 
breeding places should be kept in constant tilth, and never 
seeded down. 

San Jose Scale. — For nurserymen with infested stock, fumi- 
gation with hydrocyanic-acid gas; for those with infested 
growing trees, a crude oil and water mixture from 60 to 80 per 
cent., dependent upon the specific gravity of the oil. Details 
on the methods of application may be obtained from many 
experiment station bulletins. Whale-oil soap and kerosene 
emulsion are no longer practicable remedies, because the}' 
are so costly and disagreeable to apply. Resin washes are 
used with success in California. 

2. The Vineyard. 

Anthracnose. — i. Before buds break in spring, sulphate of 
Von and sulphuric-acid solution; 2, repeat i after three or 
17 



258 THE SPRA YING 01 FRUITS. 

four days to. cover untreated portions. If spraying for rot, no 
further treatment is necessary ; if not, two or three applica- 
tions of Bordeaux will be beneficial. No treatment is wholly 
satisfactory. Black-rot. — (i, as soon as first leaves are fully 
expanded, Bordeaux mixture) ; 2, after fruit has set, Bor- 
deaux mixture ; 3, repeat 2 at intervals of two to three weeks 
until fruit is three-quarters grown ; 4, ammoniacal copper car- 
bonate when fruit is nearly grown; 5, 6, etc., repeat 4 at 
intervals of seven to fourteen days as required. Downy 
Mildew, Powdery Mildew. — The first application recommended 
under Black-rot is of especial importance. Ripe-rot. — Apply 
very thoroughly the later applications recommended under 
Black-rot. Steely-bug. — i, As buds are swelling, arsenites; 2, 
after ten to fourteen days, repeat i. Flea-beetle. — i, Arsenites 
as the buds swell. 2, Arsenites when worms appear on the 
leaves. 

3 . Small Fru its. 

Currant — Leaf -blights. — i, When injury first appears, be- 
fore the fruit is harvested, ammoniacal copper carbonate, to 
avoid staining the fruit ; 2, after fruit is harvested, Bordeaux 
mixture freely applied; 3, repeat 2 when necessary. Worm. — 
I, When first leaves are nearly expanded, arsenites; 2, after 
ten to fourteen days, hellebore ; 3, repeat 2 if necessary. 

Gooseberry — Mildew. — i, Before buds break, Bordeaux 
mixture; 2, when first leaves have expanded, Bordeaux mix- 
ture or potassium sulphite; 3, 4, etc., repeat 2 at intervals of 
seven to ten days, if necessary, throughout the summer. 
Avoid staining the fruit. Thorough and timely spraying 
will keep the mildew completely in check. Worm. — See Cur- 
rant, above. 

Raspberry, Blackberry, and Dewberry — Antkracnose. — i. 
Before buds break, copper-sulphate solution; also cut out 
badly infested canes; 2, when growth has commenced, Bor- 
deaux mixture; 3, 4, etc., repeat 2 at intervals of one to three 
weeks ; avoid staining fruit by use of clear fungicide. Only 
partially successful ; better treatment is short rotation, clean- 
ing off the old patch as soon as it becomes diseased. Orange- 
rust. — Remove and destroy affected plants as soon as dis- 
covered. Saw-fly. — I, When first leaves have expanded, 



THE SPRAYING OF FRUITS. 259 

arsenites; 2, after two to three weeks repeat i, or apply kero- 
sene and water (unsatisfactory). 

Strawberry — Leaf -blight. — i, When growth begins in 
spring, Bordeaux mixture ; 2, when first fruits are setting, 
repeat i ; 3, during fruiting season, ammoniacal copper car- 
bonate; 4, after fruiting, or on non-bearing plants, Bordeaux 
mixture at intervals of one to three weeks. Short rotations 
are best preventives of disease. Select resistant varieties. 
Saw-fly. — Spray plants when not in bearing with arsenites, 
repeating application if necessary. 



CHAPTER XV. 

TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING FRUITS. 

It is only by a uniform and definite use of terms that de- 
scriptions can be made intelligible to the reader. Hence a 
full explanation of these terms becomes a matter of impor- 
tance. Distinctive characters should be permanent, and not 
liable to variation with a change of locality, soil, season, or 
climate; or, if variable, the nature of such variation should 
be distinctly pointed out. To assist the cultivator the more 
fully to understand written descriptions, the devotion of a few- 
pages to a clear explanation of the terms used in this work 
may prove useful. 

I. Growth of the Tree, Shoots, and Leaves. 

The form of growth often affords a good distinctive char- 
acter of varieties, not liable to great variation. Young trees, 
only a few years old, usually exhibit peculiarities of growth 
more conspicuously than old trees of irregular spreading 
branches. Hence, in all cases where this character is men- 
tioned, it refers to young trees not more than three or four 
years from the bud or graft, unless otherwise expressed. 

I. Shoots are erect, when they rise nearly perpendicularly 
from the main trunk or stem, as in the Early Strawberry 
apple and Bartlett pear (Fig. 305). 

Diverging, when they deviate from the perpendicular at an 
angle of about forty-five degrees, considerable variation being 
found in the same tree ; as in the Domine and Ribston Pippin 
(Fig. 306). 

Spreading, when they more nearly approach a horizontal 
direction, as in most trees of the Rhode Island Greening (Fig. 

307). 

260 



TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING FRUITS. 



261 



Drooping, when they fall below the horizontal, a form which 
many spreading shoots assume, as they become the large 
branches of older trees. 

Ascendmg, when they curve upward, as in the Gravenstein 
apple, and small Red Siberian Crab (Fig. 308). Erect trees 
usually partake more or less of this quality, but the Early 
Harvest is free from it. 

Irregular, when they assume no very distinct growth, but 
more or less a mixture of the preceding, as Black Gilliflower 
and Summer Bonchretien pear. 





Fig. 307. Fig 

Sliowing Forms of Growth. 

Straggling, similar to the next preceding, but with shoots 
more slender and curved, as Winter Nelis and Black Worces- 
ter pear (Fig. 309)- 

Shoots are straight, as in the Early Harvest and Northern 
Spy apples ; jiexuous, or more or less deviating from a straight 
line, as in the Swaar and Roxbury Russet. This distinction 
is very apparent and uniform in young and very thrifty 
trees, but not in older ones of feeble growth. 

They are stout, as in the Red Astrachan ; slender, as in the 
Jonathan apple and Winter Nelis pear. 

Trees with erect straight shoots when young, usually form 
more regular and compact heads in older trees ; and those of 
a spreading habit, more irregular or drooping heads. 

Some trees which grow very rapidly when young, are small 
when of full size, examples of which are found in the Late 
Strawberry and Tallman Sweeting. Others at first grow more 
slowly, but ultimately become large, as the Esopus Spitzen- 
burgh. Some varieties, again, continue to increase rapidly 



262 TERMS USED IK DESCRIBING FRUITS. 

in size at all periods, as the Northern Spy; while others of 
feeble growth when small, never attain much magnitude, as 
the Early Joe and Sine Qua Non. 

2. The color of the shoots varies greatly in the same variety 
at different periods of the year, as well as with different de- 
:grees of exposure to the sun, and with a change of soil, cli- 
mate, and season. When fresh or very young, all have a 
■greenish color, but gradually assume various shades of yel- 
low, olive, brown, red, purple, and nearly black, as the season 
advances, and as they become bare and are exposed to the sun 
and weather. For this reason, in describing the color, the 
terms must be relative, and can only be correctly applied b}' 
a comparison at the time with the color of other sorts. Dur- 
ing winter, and early in the spring, the shoots of most trees 
become so much darker than at other times, that it is only 
by practice and by placing the different sorts side by side, that 
accuracy may be attained. Skilful culturists will readily dis- 
tinguish, by a glance at the color of the shoots, many of the 
kinds they cultivate ; but the peculiar cast is hard to describe 
in words, in the same way that it is impossible to describe the 
handwriting of an individual, so as to be known from fifty 
others, although many can, at a glance, know the penmanship 
of hundreds of different persons. A few of the most strongly 
marked cases, however, present peculiarities of color, which 
form useful points of distinction. No one, for instance, could 
-easily mistake the yelloiv shoots of the Bartlett and Dix pears, 
for the dark brown or purple of the Tyson and Forelle; or the 
light greenish cast of the Bough and Sine Qua Non apples, 
for the dark color of the Northern Spy, or dark brown of the 
Baldwin; nor the downy or grayish appearance of the Ladies' 
Sweeting and Esopus Spitzenburgh, for the clear shining 
brown of the Gravenstein and Red Astrachan. Nearly all 
shoots are more or less downy at first, but the down disap- 
pears as they grow older. Hence the term must be used 
relatively. In plums, the smooth or downy shoots afford in 
most cases good distinctive points. 

3. The Buds sometimes afford distinct characteristics. As 
examples, the large, compact, and projecting buds of the 
Summer Bonchretien always contrast strongly with the 
smaller, more rounded, and softer buds of the Madeleine. 



TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING FRUITS. 



263 



Buds are large on the Swaar and Golden Sweet, small on the 
Tallman Sweeting and Rhode Island Greening. 

4. The Leaves, in a large number of instances, are of use in 
distinguishing different varieties. 

They are even (not wrinkled), as in the Bartlett pear and 
Baldwin apple (Fig. 310). 






Fig. 310.— Even Leaf. 



Pig. 311. — Waved Leaf. FiG. 312.— Wrinkled Leaf. 



Ifaved as in the Tallman Sweeting and Beurre d'Aumalis 
pear (Fig. 311). 

Wrinkled, when the waves are shorter and more irregular, 
as in Green Sweet (Fig. 312). 

Flat, as in the Madeleine and Skinless pears (Fig. 313). 

Folded and recurved, as in the Easter Pear and Bonchre- 
tien (Fig. 314). 





Fig. 314. 
Folded Leaf. 





Fig. 316. 
Drooping Leaf. 



Large and wide, as in the Red Astrachan and Huling's 
Superb. 

Narroui, as in the Dyer apple, and Van Mons' Leon le Clerc 
pear. 

Erect, as in the Early Strawberry (Fig. 315). 

Drooping, as in Domine (Fig. 316). But these two last are 
indistinct characters, and only to be resorted to in a very few 
remarkable instances, as most leaves are erect on new shoots, 
and become spreading or drooping as they grow older. 

The color of the leaves may sometimes assist in description. 



264 



TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING FRUITS. 



as light green in the Yellow Bell-flower and Rambo ; deep 
green, as in the Rhode Island Greening; and bluish green, as 
Peck's Pleasant. Color varies with soil and tillage. 

The serraturcs, or saw-teeth markings on the 7nargins of leaves, 
are characteristics of importance, in many varieties of the 
apple, and on the peach they are so well defined as to form a 
basis of the classification of varieties. The latter will be 
found particularly described in the separate chapter on the 
peach. 




">-) 



Pig., ^17 Sharply Serrate. Fig. 318.— Double Serrate. FiG. 319.— Crenate. 

Leaves of apples are — 

Serrate, or cut with teeth like those of a saw. 

Sharply serrate, when every serrature ends in a sharp point, 
as in the Fall Pippin (Fig. 317). 

Doubly serrate, when the serratures themselves are again 
minutely serrated, as in the Vandevere and Drap d'Or (Fig. 318). 

Coarsely serrate, as in the Swaar. 

Crenate, when the teeth are rounded, as in the Esopus Spitz- 
enburgh (Fig. 319). 

Obtusely crenate, when the teeth are unusually rounded, as 
in the Boutjh. 



TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING FRUITS. 



265 




Fig. 320.— Toothed Leaf. 



Finely crenate, when the rounded teeth are small, as in the 
Summer Queen. 

When the serratures are partly rounded, and irregularly 
and rather deeply cut, they become 
toothed, as in Ladies' Sweeting (Fig. 
320). 

Many varieties present inter- 
mediate degrees, as — 

Serrate-crenate, partaking some- 
what of both, as the Jersey Sweet- 
ing and Summer Rose. 

Crenate -toothed, as in Sevan's 
Favorite. 

Serrate, slightly a pp r a c h i n g 
toothed, as in Rambo. 

5. The Fhnuers. — In apples, pears, 
cherries, plums but little external 
difference exists in the flowers. 
In the peach and nectarine, how- 
ever, an important division in classification is made by the 
great difference between those with large and small petals; 
one class, including the Early Ann, Grosse Mignonne, and 
others, having large, showy flowers; and another class, com- 
prising the Early Crawford, George IV., and many more, 
having flowers with small, narrow petals. 

II. Form of the Fruit. 

In the following pages, the base of a fruit or any other part 
of production of a tree is the portion toward the branch or 
root. This is in accordance with the lan- 
guage universally adopted in describing 
plants. It has, however, been more or less 
departed from in the common language used 
to describe fruits, and especially so as ap- 
plicable to the pear. This deviation from 
scientific accuracy tends to confusion, and 
if simplicity of expression is sought, am- 
biguity must be avoided. The apex of the 
stalk of a fruit, however, where it joins the fruit, may, in all 
cases, be termed the insertion. 



<j,pei °^ J>LSJ^- 




266 TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING FRUITS. 

The term apex should be understood as applying to the part 
most remote from the branch or root. In fruits, it is the part 
opposite to the insertion of the stalk. In pears, this part is 
usually denominated the crown. 

The axis is a line connecting the base and apex (Fig. 330). 

A longitudinal section is made by cutting an apple from base 
to apex. 

A transverse section, by cutting it at right angles to the axis. 

The length is the longitudinal diameter; the breadth the 
transverse diameter. 






Fia. 322.— Oblate. Fig. 323.— Conical. Fig. 324. -Ovate. 

A fruit is round when nearly spherical, as the Fameuse and 
Green Sweet. 

Roundish, when varying slightly from round, or when the 
length and breadth are nearly equal, as the Dyer and Graven- 
stein. 

Oblate, flat, or flattened, when the height is much less than 
the breadth, as the Rambo and Maidens' Blush (Fig. 322). 

Conical, when tapering from the base to the apex, as Bul- 
lock's Pippin (Fig. 323). 

Ovate, or egg-shaped, when the length rather exceeds the 
breadth, with a rounded taper from base to apex, as in the 
Esopus Spitzenburgh (Fig. 324). 

Obovate, or reversed ovate, is v/hen the smaller end of an 
egg-shaped fruit is at the base, as the Buffum and Dearborn 
Seedling pears (Fig. 325). 

Oblong, when the length exceeds the breadth, and the sides 
are nearly parallel, as Kaighn's Spitzenburgh (Fig. 326). 

Obtuse, when the parts are rounded or blunt. 

Acute, when any part as the neck of a pear, tapers to nearly 
a point (Fig. 327). 

Fruits may partake of forms variously combined, as — 



TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING FRUITS. 



267 



Round-ovate, when nearly round with a slight rounded taper 
to apex, as Ladies' Sweeting (Fig. 328). 

Round-co7iical, nearly the same as the last, but with the taper 
less rounded. 

Oblong-conical, as the Yellow Bell-flower. 

Obloftg-ovate, as the Black Gilliflower. 

Oblate-conical, as the Rhode Island Greening and Hawthorn- 
den (Fig. 329), 




Fig. 325. 
Obovate. 



Fig. 327. 
Acute, 



Fig. 328. 
Round-ovate. 



Fig. 329. 
Oblate-conical. 



Depressed, pressed down, sunk or shortened, applied to the 
apex of peaches, strawberries, etc. 

Flattened at the ends, when the base and apex only are flat-, 
tened, as the Winter Pearmain. An oblong fruit, though not 
flat, may be flattened at the ends ; a conical fruit may be flat- 
tened at base. 

Compressed, pressed together, when the sides are flattened, 
as in some apricots, plums, etc. 

The CAVITY is the hollow in which 
the stalk or stem of a fruit is placed 
(Fig. 330). 

The BASIN is the depression which 
contains the calyx, eye, or remains 
of the blossom (Fig. 330). 

A cavity may be shallow, narrow, 
deep, or broad. 

It may be obtuse, or somewhat 
blunt or rounded, at bottom, as in 
the Petre pear and Pomme Grise apple (Fig. 331). 

Acute, when simply ending in a sharp point at bottom, as 
the Baldwin (Fig. 332). 

Acuminate, when ending in a long-drawn-out taper, as the 
Fall Pippin (Fig. 333). The Holland and Fall Pippin are dis- 




2 68 



TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING FRUITS. 



tinguished from each other by the rather obtuse cavit}' of the 
former, and acuminate cavity of the latter. 

The BASIN is always narrow in any fruit having a narrow or 
pointed apex (Fig. 336) ; it is usually wide in fruits having a 




Fig. 331- 

Obtuse Cavity. 



Fig. 332- 
Acute Cavity. 



Fig. 333- 
Acuminate Cavit}-. 



wide or obtuse apex, as the Rambo (Fig. 334) ; but where the 
rim or boundary is broad and obtuse, the basin may be nar- 
row, as in the St. Lawrence and Gravenstein (Fig. 337). 

It is distinct when well defined. 

Abrupt, when the depression breaks off suddenly from the 
rim (Fig. 335). 

Fig. 334 "Wide Basin. Fig. 335 — Abrupt Basin. 




Fig. 336.— Narrow Basin. 



Fig. 337.^Narrow Basin. 



Even, when not furrowed or wrinkled. 

Angular, with several corners. 

Wrinkled, having small irregular hollows and ridges. 

Waved, with gentle and irregular undulations of surface. 

Furrowed, when more regularly channelled. 

Plaited, having small, straight, and regular ridges. 

Ribbed, with larger and more obtuse or rounded ridges. 

Pears have peculiar forms which render some additional 
terms necessary : 

Many pears have a neck, or narrower part toward the stalk, 
and a body, or larger part toward the crown (Fig. 338). 

They are distinctly /vrz/ir?;'/;; when the sides formed by the 



TERMS USED IiV DESCRIBING FRUITS. 269 

tody and neck are more or less concave or hollowed, as in 
Fig. 338, shown by the dotted lines. 

Turbinate, or top-shaped, when the body is nearly round 
and a short rounded acute neck, as in the Bloodgood (Fig. 

339). 

The form of different pears is further distinguished by the 
form of the different parts : 

The neck may be long, as in the Calebasse. 

Narrow, as in the Bosc (Fig. 340). 
> Short, as in the Glout Morceau (Fig. 341). 

Obtuse, as in the Bartlett. 

Acute, as in the Jargonelle (Fig. 342). 

Distinct, as in the Bosc. 

Obscure, as in the Seckel. 





Fig. 338. Fig. 339. Fig. 340. Fig. 341. Fig. 342. 

Pyriform. Turbinate. Narrow Neck. Short Neck. Acute Neck. 

The body may be heavy or large, when greatly exceeding in 
size the neck, as the Catillac. 

Light or small, when not much larger than the neck, as the 
"Washington; in which case the fruit approaches oblong in 
form. 

Oblate, or flattened, as in the Frederick of Wurtemburg. 

Round, as in the Jargonelle. 

Conical, as in the Vicar. 

Ovate, as in the Marie Louise. 

Cultivation influences considerably the form of pears. Thus, 
on a young, thrifty tree, the Seckel pear has a slight neck; on 
an old, heavih^ laden tree, the neck is obsolete. The body, 
when ovate or slightly conical on young trees, becomes 
rounded on older trees, and even flattened in rare instances. 

Cherries may be round, cordate or heart-shaped, or ovate. 

Stone Fruits usually have a furrow on one side, extend- 



2 70 TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING FRUITS. 

ing from the stalk to the apex, termed a suture (literally mean- 
ing a seam), which sometimes occurs on both sides. It is- 
large, when wide and deep; distinct, when clear or well de- 
fined ; obscure, when faint ; obsolete, when not existing, or only 
a faint line on the surface. 

Color of Fruit. — The lightest-colored fruit is white, as 
the Snow peach ; next, yellowish-white ; pale yellow ; yellow ;: 
and deep yellow. The addition of red produces, successively, 
orange yellow, orange, orange red, rich warm red. Shades 
of red — clear red, crimson when darkened, purple when blue 
is added, violet less blue than in purple. Amber is a very 
light yellowish-brown. Fawn color is a light reddish-brown, 
with a slight admixture of gray. 

A fruit is striped, when in alternating broad lines of color. 

Streaked, when the lines are long and narrow. 

Marbled, when the stripes are wide, faint, irregular, or wav- 
ing. 

Blotched, of different abrupt shades, without any order or 
regularity. 

Clouded, when the blotches are broader and more softly 
shaded. 

Stained, having the lighter shades of a blotched or clouded 
apple. 

Splashed, when the stripes are much broken and of all sizes. 

Mottled, covered with nearly confluent dots. 

Dotted, when these dots are more distinct. 

Spotted, when the dots become larger. 

Texture of Fruit. — Hard, those which need the artificial 
aid of cooking to soften them sufficiently, as the Catillac pear. 

Breaking, when tenderer than the preceding, but not yield- 
ing to the simple pressure of the mouth, as the Summer 
Bonchretien. 

Buttery, when the flesh forms a soft mass, yielding to the 
pressure of the mouth, as in the White Doyenne and Seckel 
pears. 

Melting, when the flesh becomes nearly or entirely liquid 
by this pressure, as in the Madeleine. These qualities may 
be combined, as breaking and melting, in the Washington r 
breaking and buttery, in the Onondaga; buttery and meltings 
in the Tyson, and in most of the best varieties of the pear. 



TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING FRUITS. 271 

The texture may be fine, granular, coarse, gritty, fibrous, 
tough, crisp, or tender. 

The Flavor may be sweet, neutral, slightly sub-acid or mild 
sub-acid, sub-acid, acid, very acid, or austere; aromatic or spicy; 
perfumed, or possessing odor, and with more or less of a 
shade of musk ; astringent, usually a defect, but sometimes an 
excellent quality, if in a very minute proportion; rough, 
astringent and austere ; vinous, rich, high-flavored, and rather 
acid ; sugary, or saccharine, sometimes nearly sweet, possessing 
the qualities of sugar, which may be mixed with acid. 

The Quality is designated hy first, second, and third rates;. 
and fruits perfectly worthless by still lower grades. A second- 
rate fruit, to be worthy of cultivation, must possess other 
good qualities in a high degree, as hardiness, productiveness, 
fair appearance, etc. Very few fruits as low as third rate, 
can ever be worth retaining, and only for extreme earliness 
or other uncommon quality. Fruits that possess desirable 
qualities are usually designated by three degrees of flavor; 
the lowest, including the best of second-rate fruits, or " good 
second rate," are termed good; the lower grade of first-rate 
fruits are termed very good, or fine; and the highest quality 
of all are best, very fi?te, or excellent. Examples — Maiden's 
Blush apple, Napoleon pear, Lombard plum, and Crawford's 
Early peach, are good; Rhode Island Greening, Bartlett pear, 
Graffion or Bigarreau cherry, and Red Gage plum, are very 
good or fine; and Swaar apple, Seckel pear, Downton cherry, 
and Green Gage plum, are excellent or best. 



CHAPTER XVI. 

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 

In the year 1887, President Cleveland signed an act then 
known as the " Hatch bill," passed after long discussion, pro- 
viding for the establishment in each State and Territory of a 
station for scientific investigation and experiments respecting 
the principles and applications of agricultural science, and for 
diffusing among the people such useful and practical informa- 
tion. Up to the close of the fiscal year, June 30, 1898, 54 sta- 
tions had been established. In Canada there are five experi- 
ment farms under government control. The results already 
attained by the hundreds of able and painstaking men con- 
nected with these institutions are of the utmost value. The 
bulletins constantly emanating from them, embodying the 
results of their enlightened research, conveying information 
and advice of the greatest practical value to every cultivator 
of the soil, cannot fail to add to their successes, to lessen the 
possibilities of disappointment, and to increase the comfort 
and enjoyment of the individual and the wealth of the nation. 

These bulletins are sent, on application, free to the resi- 
dents of every State in which the station is located. From 
these stations may be obtained the most reliable suggestions 
and advice as to the varieties of fruit of every kind, suited 
for cultivation in their State. No one should plant large 
orchards without first corresponding with his Agricultural 
Experiment Station. 

In consequence of the greater knowledge and accuracy 
concerning the adaptability^ of various fruits to the different 
States thus at the command of every one, the lists of fruits 
recommended for special States, which previous editions of 
this work contained, have now been omitted. 

272 



AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 273 

The Acts of Congress establishing Agricultural Experiment 
Stations, and a full list of them, are here given, together 
with their post-office address. Communications should in 
all cases be addressed " Director, Agricultural Experiment 
Station," followed by the post-office and State. 



Act of 1887 Establishing Agricultural Experiment 
Stations. 

An Act to establish agricultural experiment stations in con- 
nection with the colleges established in the several States 
under the provisions of an act approved July second, eigh- 
teen hundred and sixty-two, and of the acts supplementary 
thereto. 

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States of America in Congress assembled. That in order to 
aid in acquiring and diffusing among the people of the United 
States useful and practical information on subjects connected 
with agriculture, and to promote scientific investigation and 
experiment respecting the principles and applications of agri- 
cultural science, there shall be established, under direction of 
the college or colleges or agricultural department of colleges 
in each State or Territory established, or which may hereafter 
be established, in accordance with the provisions of an act 
approved July second, eighteen hundred and sixty-two, entitled 
" An act donating public lands to the several States and Terri- 
tories which may provide colleges for the benefit of agriculture 
and the mechanic arts," or any of the supplements to said act, 
a department to be known and designated as an " agricultural 
experiment station :" Provided, That in any State or Territory 
in which two such colleges have been or may be so established 
the appropriation hereinafter made to such State or Territory 
shall be equally divided between such colleges, unless the 
legislature of such State or Territory shall otherwise direct. 

Sec. 2. That it shall be the object and duty of said experi- 
ment stations to conduct original researches or verify experi- 
ments on the physiology of plants and animals; the diseases 
to which they are severally subject, with the remedies for the 
same ; the chemical composition of useful plants at their dif- 
18 



274 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 

ferent stages of growth ; the comparative advantages of rota- 
tive cropping as pursued under a varying series of crops ; the 
capacity of new plants or trees for acclimation ; the analysis 
of soils and water; the chemical composition of manures, 
natural or artificial, with experiments designed to test their 
comparative effects on crops of different kinds ; the adaptation 
and value of grasses and forage plants ; the composition and 
digestibility of the different kinds of food for domestic 
animals ; the scientific and economic questions involved in the 
production of butter and cheese ; and such other researches or 
experiments bearing directly on the agricultural industry of 
the United States as may in each case be deemed advisable, 
having due regard to the varying conditions and needs of the 
respective States or Territories. 

Sec. 3. That in order to secure, as far as practicable, 
uniformity of methods and results in the work of said stations 
it shall be the duty of the United States Commissioner of 
Agriculture to furnish forms, as far as practicable, for the 
tabulation of results of investigation or experiments ; to indi- 
cate, from time to time, such lines of inquiry as to him shall 
seem most important ; and, in general, to furnish such advice 
and assistance as will best promote the purpose of this act. It 
shall be the duty of each of said stations annually, on or before 
the first day of February, to make to the governor of the State 
or Territory in which it is located a full and detailed report of 
its operations, including a statement of receipts and expendi- 
tures, a copy of which report shall be sent to each of said 
stations, to the said Commissioner of Agriculture, and to the 
Secretary of the Treasury of the United States. 

Sec. 4. That bulletins or reports of progress shall be pub- 
lished at said stations at least once in three months, one copy 
of which shall be sent to each newspaper in the States or 
Territories in which they are respectively located, and to such 
individuals actually engaged in farming as may request the 
same, and as far as the means of the station will permit. 
Such bulletins or reports and the annual reports of said sta- 
tions shall be transmitted in the mails of the United States 
free of charge for postage, under such regulations as the Post- 
master-General may from time to time prescribe. 

Sec. 5. That for the purpose of paying the necessary ex- 



AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 275 

penses of conducting investigations and experiments and 
printing and distributing as the results as hereinbefore pre- 
scribed, the sum of fifteen thousand dollars per annum is 
hereby appropriated to each State, to be specially provided 
for by Congress in the appropriations from year to year, and 
to each Territory entitled under the provisions of section 
eight of this act, out of any money in the Treasury proceed- 
ing from the sales of public lands, to be paid in equal quar- 
terly payments, on the first day of January, April, July, and 
October in each year, to the treasurer or other officer duly 
appointed by the governing boards of said colleges to receive 
the same, the first payment to be made on the first day of 
October, eighteen hundred and eighty-seven : Provided, how- 
ever. That out of the first annual appropriation so received by 
any station an amount not exceeding one-fifth may be ex- 
pended in the erection, enlargement, or repair of a building 
or buildings necessary for carrying on the work of such sta- 
tion ; and thereafter an amount not exceeding five per centum 
of such annual appropriation may be so expended. 

Sec. 6. That whenever it shall appear to the Secretary of 
the Treasury from the annual statement of receipts and ex- 
penditures of any of said stations that a portion of the preced- 
ing annual appropriation remains unexpended, such amount 
shall be deducted from the next succeeding appropriation to 
such station, in order that the amount of money appropriated 
to any station shall not exceed the amount actually and neces- 
sarily required for its maintenance and support. 

Sec. 7. That nothing in this act shall be construed to impair 
or modify the legal relation existing between any of the said 
colleges and the government of the States or Territories in 
which they are respectively located. 

Sec. 8. That in States having colleges entitled under this 
section to the benefits of this act and having also agricultural 
experiment stations established by law separate from said col- 
leges, such States shall be authorized to apply such benefits 
to experiments at stations so established by such States ; and 
in case any State shall have established under the provisions 
of said act of July second, aforesaid, an agricultural depart- 
ment or experimental station, in connection with any univer- 
sity, college, or institution not distinctively an agricultural 



276 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 

college or school, and such State shall have established or 
shall hereafter establish a separate agricultural college or 
school, which shall have connected therewith an experimental 
farm or station, the legislature of such State may apply in 
whole or in part the appropriation by this act made to such 
separate agricultural college or school, and no legislature 
shall by contract express or implied disable itself from so 
doing. 

Sec. 9. That the grants of moneys authorized by this act 
are made subject to the legislative assent of the several States 
and Territories to the purposes of said grants : Provided, That 
payment of such instalments of the appropriation herein 
made as shall become due to any State before the adjourn- 
ment of the regular session of its legislature meeting next 
after the passage of this act shall be made upon the assent of 
the governor thereof duly certified to the Secretary of the 
Treasury. 

Sec. 10, Nothing in this act shall be held or construed as 
binding the United States to continue any payments from the 
Treasury to any or all the States or institutions mentii^ned in 
this act, but Congress may at any time amend, suspend, or 
repeal any or all the provisions of this act. 

Approved, March 2, 1887. 

Extract from An Act Making Appropriations for the 
Department of Agriculture for the Fiscal Year end- 
ing June Thirtieth, Eighteen Hundred and Ninety- 
five. 

Agricultural Experiment Stations : To carry into effect 
the provisions of an act approved March second, eighteen 
hundred and eighty-seven, * * * and to enforce the execution 
thereof, seven hundred and forty-five thousand dollars, twenty- 
five thousand dollars of which sum shall be payable upon the 
order of the Secretary of Agriculture to enable him to carry 
out the provisions of section three of said act of March second, 
eighteen hundred and eight^^-seven ; and the Secretary of 
Agriculture shall prescribe the form of the annual financial 
statement required by section three of the said act of March 
second, eighteen hundred and eighty-seven; shall ascertain 



AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 277 

whether the expenditures under the appropriation hereby 
made are in accordance with the provisions of the said act, 
and shall make report thereon to Congress ; and the Secretary 
of Agriculture is hereby authorized to employ such assistants, 
clerks, and other persons as he may deem necessary, and to 
incur such other expenses in travelling, stationery, and office 
fixtures as he may find essential in carrying out the objects of 
the above acts, and the sums apportioned to the several States 
shall be paid quarterly in advance. And the Secretary of 
Agriculture is hereby authorized to furnish to such institu- 
tions or individuals as may care to buy it copies of the card 
index of agricultural literature prepared by the Office of Ex- 
periment Stations, and charge for the same a price covering 
the additional expense involved in the preparation of these 
copies, and he is hereby authorized to apply the moneys re- 
ceived toward the expense of the preparation of the index. 

List of Experiment Stations, 

ALABAMA. 

Agricultural Experiment Station of the Agricultural 
and Mechanical College of Alabama, 

Auburn, Ala. 
Canebrake Agricultural Experiment Station, 

Uniontown, Ala. 

Tuskegee Agricultural Experiment Station, 

TusKEGEE, Ala. 



ALASKA. 

Alaska Agricultural Experiment Station, 

Sitka, Alaska. 

ARIZONA. 

Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of 
Arizona, 

Tucson, Ari. 



2 78 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 

ARKANSAS. 
Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, 

Fayettevxlle, Ark. 

CALIFORNIA. 

Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of 
California, 

Berkeley. Cal. 

COLORADO. 

Agricultural Experiment Station, 

Fort Collins, Col. 

CONNECTICUT. 

The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 

New Haven, Conn. 
Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station, 

Storrs, Conn. 

DELAWARE. 

The Delaware College Agricultural Experiment Station, 

Newark, Del. 

FLORIDA. 

Agricultural Experiment Station of Florida, 

Lake City, Fla. 

GEORGIA. 

Georgia Experiment Station, 

Experiment, Ga. 

HAWAII. 

Federal Station, 

Honolulu, Hawaii. 
Sugar Planters' Station, 

Honolulu, Hawaii. 
IDAHO. 

Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of 

Idaho, Moscow, Idaho. 



AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 279 

ILLINOIS. 

Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of 
Illinois, 

Urbana, III. 

INDIANA. 

Agricultural Experiment Station of Indiana, 



IOWA. 

Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station, 

KANSAS. 

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, 



Lafayette, Ind. 



Ames, Iowa. 



Manhattan, Kan. 



KENTUCKY. 

Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station, 



Lexington, Ky. 



LOUISIANA. 

No. I, Sugar Experiment Station, Audubon Park, 

New Orleans, La. 

No. 2. State Experiment Station, 

Baton Rouge, La. 

No. 3. North Louisiana Experiment Station, 

Calhoun, La. 

MAINE. 

Maine State College Agricultural Experiment Station, 

Orono, Me. 

MARYLAND. 

Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station, 

College Park, Md. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural 

College, 

Amherst, Mass. 



28o AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 

MICHIGAN. 

Experiment Station of Michigan Agricultural College, 

Agricultural College, Mich. 

MINNESOTA. 

Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of 
Minnesota, 

St. Anthonv Park, Minn. 

MISSISSIPPI. 

Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station, 

Agricultural College, Miss. 

MISSOURI. 

Missouri Agricultural College Experiment Station, 

Columbia, Mo. 
Fruit Station, Mountain Grove, Mo. 

MONTANA. 

Montana Agricultural Experiment Station, 

BOZEMAN, MoN. 

NEBRASKA. 

Agricultural Experiment Station of Nebraska, 

Lincoln, Neb. 

NEVADA. 

Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station, 

Reno, Nev. 

NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

New Hampshire College Agricultural Experiment 
Station, 

Durham, N, H. 
NEW JERSEY. 

New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Stations. 

New Brunswick, N. J. 



AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 281 

NEW MEXICO. 

Agricultural Experiment Station of New Mexico, 

Mesilla Park, N. M. 

NEW YORK. 

New York Agricultural Experiment Station, 

Geneva, N. Y. 
Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, 

Ithaca, N. Y. 

NORTH CAROLINA. 

North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, 

Raleigh, N. C. 

NORTH DAKOTA. 

North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, 

Agricultural College, N. D. 

OHIO. 

Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, 

WOOSTER, O. 

OKLAHOMA. 

Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station, 

Stillwater, Okla. 

OREGON. 

Oregon Experiment Station, 

Corvallis, Ore. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

The Pennsylvania State College Agricultural Experi- 
ment Station, 

State College, Penn. 

PORTO RICO. 

Agricultural Experiment Station, 

Mayaguez, Porto Rico. 

RHODE ISLAND. 

Rhode Island Agricultural Experiment Station, 

Kingston, R. I. 



282 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 

SOUTH CAROLINA. 

South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, 

Clemson College, S. C. 

SOUTH DAKOTA. 

South Dakota Experiment Station, 

Brookings, S. D. 
TENNESSEE. 

Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, 

Knoxville, Tenn. 
TEXAS. 

Texas Agricultural Station, 

College Station, Tex. 

UTAH. 

Agricultural Experiment Station, 

Logan, Utah. 

VERMONT. 

Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station, 

Burlington, Vt. 

VIRGINIA. 

Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College Experi- 
ment Station, 

Blacksburg, Va. 

WASHINGTON. 

Washington Agricultural Experiment Station, 

Pullman, "Wash. 

WEST VIRGINIA. 

West Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, 

Morgantown, W. Va. 

WISCONSIN, 

Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of 
Wisconsin, 

Madison, Wis. 

WYOMING. 

Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station, 

Laramie, Wy. 



CHAPTER XVII. 

Rules Adopted by the American Pomological Associa- 
tion FOR Naming and Describing Fruits. 

Rule I. — The originator or introducer (in the order named) 
has the prior right to bestow a name upon a new or unnamed 
fruit. 

Rule 2. — The society reserves the right, in case of long, in- 
appropriate, or otherwise objectionable names, to shorten, 
modify, or wholly change the same when they shall occur in 
its discussions or reports ; and also to recommend such changes 
for general adoption. 

Rule J. — The name of a fruit should preferably express, as 
far as practicable by a single word, a characteristic of the 
variety, the name of the originator, or the place of its origin. 
Under no ordinary circumstances should more than a single 
word be employed. 

Rule 4. — Should the question of priority arise between dif- 
ferent names for the same variety of fruit, other circumstances 
being equal, the name first publicly bestowed will be given 
precedence. 

Rule 5. — To entitle a new fruit to the award or commenda- 
tion of the society, it must possess (at least for the locality 
for which it is recommended) some valuable or desirable qual- 
ity or combination of qualities in a higher degree than any 
previously known variety of its class and season. 

Rule 6. — A variety of fruit having been once exhibited, ex- 
amined, and reported upon, as a new fruit, by a committee of 
the society, will not thereafter be recognized as such so far as 
subsequent reports are concerned. 

A rule governing the revision of names was authorized by 
the society at its meeting in Washington in September, 1891, 
as follows : 

283 



284 NAMING AND DESCRIBING FRUITS. 

Prefixes, suffixes, apostrophic terminations, and secondary 
words, together with words whose significations are expressed 
in the descriptive columns of the catalogue, are eliminated from 
the names of fruits, save in a few cases in which they may be 
needful to insure the identity of a variety and in a few time- 
honored names. 

The anglicising of foreign names is resorted to only in the 
interest of brevity or pronounceability. 

In questionable cases, subsidiary words are retained in 
parentheses. 



ON THE 

DIFFERENT KINDS OF FRUIT. 



The synonyms on all the following pages are given in 
parentheses. 

The dates for the ripening of fruits given in this book are 
mostly adapted to the Northern States ; they should be about 
three weeks earlier for the latitude of Southern Virginia, and 
six weeks earlier for the Gulf States. 



CHAPTER XVIII. 

APPLES. 

" The Apple," says Downing, "is the world-renowned fruit 
of temperate climates." Although less delicious than the 
peach or pear, it possesses, from its great hardiness, easy 
cultivation, productiveness, its long continuance through the 
whole twelve months, and its various uses, an importance not 
equalled by any other fruit. 

Nursery Management. — The mode of raising the seedlings 
or stocks, and of Budding and Grafting has been already de- 
scribed in Chapter III. of the first part of this work. The seed- 
lings are treated in three different ways. Thej^' may be set 
out into nursery rows in the spring, when a year old, to be 
budded the second summer; they may be taken up and root- 
grafted as soon as large enough ; or they may be planted into 
rows and grafted at any subsequent period. 

The following figures exhibit the difference between good 
and bad planting-out. Fig. 343 represents a graft well set 
out, the earth packed closely around the root, which is sending 
out new fibres, and the leaves expanding above. In Fig. 344 
the work has been carelessly done, the earth being closed 
around the top, but left with a cavity below. Grafts set in 
this way rarely grow. 

Fig. 345 represents the usual form of the dibble, and Fig. 
346 the appearance of the root-graft when ready to be set out. 

The most favorable soils are rich, well-pulverized, and 
rather strong loams. If light or gravelly, there is more dan- 
ger from midsummer droughts, which often prove quite de- 
structive. Grafting the whole root entire will much lessen 
the difficulty. 

The chief care afterward is to keep the ground constantly 
cultivated, and perfectly clean, which will increase the growth 
during summer, and exclude mice in winter; the trees are to 
be trained up to one leading-stem, not trimming so closely as 
to make them slender ; they are to be kept straight, by tying 

287 



288 



APPLES. 



them when necessary to upright stakes; and all destructive 
insects must be watched and destroyed. 





Fig. 343.— Root-Graft, set out well, with 
earth compactly pressed against its roots. 



Fig. 344.— Root-Graft, badly set 
out, with a cavity below. 



If the ground is rich and kept perfectly clean, they will 
grow from one and a half to two feet the first summer after 
grafting ; to three or four feet the second summer ; five to six 
or seven feet the third summer, when many of them will be 
large enough for removal to the orchard, and most of the re- 
mainder in one year more. 



Fig. 345.— Dibble. 



Fig. 346.— Root-Graft ready for setting. 



Root-grafting is extensively performed in large nurseries; 
but on unsuitable soils, budding is found the most certain of 
success, the buds being rarely destroyed, and only by the 
most unfavorable winters. The bud remaining dormant the 
first summer, the growth is one year later than on grafted 
stocks of the same age ; but this difference is made up by the 
more rapid growth of the shoot from the bud, which is usually 
twice as great as that of a graft on the root. To obtain 



APPLES. 289 

handsome and good trees, the bud should be set within two or 
three inches of the ground. Budded trees usually have better 
roots than root-grafted ones, and are the common stock in the 

East. 

Planting Orchards. 

Soil. — The apple is a vigorous and hardy tree, and will grow 
upon most soils. It does best, however, on those that are 
deep, rich, and fertile, such as will give good crops of Indian 
corn. Hard, shallow, and wet grounds are to be avoided. 
Improvement by manuring and deep cultivation is desirable, 
as a great difference in quality and productiveness results from 
a difference in fertility. 

Distance. — "Where the quantity of ground is limited, and in 
rare cases, trees may for a time stand within fifteen or twenty 



• •«»• • « « « ««« 

Fig. 347. — Diagram of Rows for Tree Planting. 

feet ; but for large and permanent orchards they should not 
be nearer than forty feet. There is, however, a material 
difference in the size of varieties, hence a variation may be 
allowed. But this variation in distance should not break the 
rows which are to be preserved for convenience in cultivation. 
The rows may be kept entire, by varying the distance in one 
way only, as in the annexed figure (Fig. 347). The middle 
portion is for trees of the largest size, as the Esopus, Fall 
Pippin, and Rhode Island ; those of smallest size, as Bough, 
Yellow Harvest, and Sine Qua Non, are on the left ; and those 
of middle growth, as the Swaar, Black Gilliflower, and Tol- 
man Sweet, are on the right. On the plains, the trees may be 
planted somewhat closer, as the trees do not attain such great 
size as in the Northeastern States. 

Transplanting. — Full directions have been given in a pre- 
ceding chapter, where the superior advantages of broad, deep, 
and loose beds of earth, made by heavy subsoiling and manur- 
ing, have been pointed out ; or in the absence of this excellent 
preparation, by digging large holes to be filled with rich 
mould, or manured surface-soil. 
19 



290 APPLES. 

Cultivation. 

The importance of thorough cultivation has been already 
noticed, and cannot be too well understood. If two speci- 
mens could be exhibited side by side, the one showing the 
stunted, lingering, mice-eaten, and moss-covered trees, caused 
by neglect ; and the other, the vigorous and thrifty growth, 
and the fair and abundant crops, resulting from fine and clean 
culture, — none could fail to be satisfied of the superiority of 
the one and impolicy of the other. 

Renovating an Old Orchard. 

It is not an easy matter to outline treatment for an old and 
barren orchard. One cannot often tell just why such an or- 
chard does not bear. Through long years of neglect the trees 
have got into a non-bearing habit, and it may be next to im- 
possible by any kind of treatment to thoroughly renovate and 
recuperate them. The one safe thing always to advise is better 
care and good tillage. If the orchard has not been ploughed 
for many years, it is probable that the roots are so high that 
ploughing is practically impossible. In that case it is well to 
make a surface mulch by cutting up the sod when rather 
moist and soft with a spading harrow, spring tooth harrow, or 
other strong surface-working tool. After the sod is once 
broken, it can be got into fine and mellow condition, and 
thereafter surface tillage may be employed to hold the mois- 
ture. In most cases it will be necessary to prune the lower 
limbs in order to allow a team to work in the plantation. If 
the heads are so low that a team cannot work in the orchard 
even ■ after the trees are pruned, it may be well to apply an 
annual mulch of straw or litter. After the ground is once 
mellow on top, it may pay to add stable manure or commer- 
cial fertilizer. If one has only a few such trees, he may dig a 
trench around the tree somewhere near the edge of the spread 
of limbs, and put manure therein. 

The trees should be pruned. Heavy pruning of the top in- 
duces wood growth. This pruning therefore will tend to 
reinvigorate the trees and to correct any of the mistakes of 
earlier years. Heavy pruning is not a direct means of setting 
trees into bearing; in fact, it is rather a means of setting 
them into growing. But after they have been renovated by 



APPLES. 



291 



this means, they may be expected soon to slow down and to 
come into bearing condition, after which time a moderate or 
light annual pruning should keep them in shape. Scrape off 
the hanging bark. Spraying with fungicides and insecticides 
should be begun with the other treatment. 

The way to make apple-trees bear well is to give good and 
thoughtful treatment from the time they are set. To begin 
with such treatment late in life is necessarily only corrective, 
and too much should not be expected of it. 

Bearing orchards commonly lose their vigor, and give small 
and poor fruit, when allowed to grow in grass-land, without 
any cultivation. If the soil is naturally rich, a shallow plough- 
ing and an occasional harrowing will restore their vigor. Or 
if ploughing cannot conveniently be given, they may be much 
improved by being converted to pasture for sheep, adding 
occasionally a top-tressing of manure in autumn. These ani- 
mals will serve in part to enrich the land, keep the grass 
grazed short, and pick up the prematurely fallen fruit, in- 
fested with worms or insects. 

The amount of cultivation or top-dressing to be given to 
such orchards must be determined by the annual growth of 
the shoots. If less than a foot in length, more vigor must be 
imparted to them. If more than a foot and a half, they are 
quite thrifty enough. 

Priming. — The mode of treating large trees has been already 
adverted to in the chap- 
ter on pruning. There 
are some owners of or- 
chards who most errone- 
ously suppose that when 
trees become old, heavy 
pruning will restore 
their vigor in the ab- 
sence of good cultiva- 
tion ; while the correct 
mode of treatment is 
very moderate and grad- 
ual pruning, in connec- 
tion with the best of cul- 
tivation. The forego- 
ing correct portraits of actually existing specimens of bad 




Fig. 348.— Illustration of Bad Pruning of 
Old Trees. 




292 APPLES. 

pruning unhappily have too many originals over the country 
(Fig. 348). This most unsightly mode of trimming is often 
adopted when a removal of the top by grafting is intended. 

Grafting New To_ps on Old lYees. — It often happens that 
fruit on large trees is worthless, and it becomes an important 
object to change the top by grafting or budding it with some 
better variety. In this case, instead of cutting off large 

branches and grafting them at once, 
it is better to prune the top in part, 
as shown by Fig. 349, which will 
cause an emission of vigorous 
shoots. These are then budded or 
grafted with ease and success. And, 
as the grafts gradually extend by 
growth, the remainder of the top 
may, by successive excisions, be en- 
tirely removed. Where trees are 
not too old, and the ground is kept 
FIG. 349. -Proper Pruning to Cultivated, good-sized trees are thus 
form New Heads on Old Trees, obtained much sooner than by set- 
ting out young ones. 
To give a well-shaped head to such newly formed trees, and 
to prevent the branches from shooting upward in a close body 
near the centre of the tree, the old horizontal boughs should 
be allowed to extend to a distance in each direction, while the 
upright ones should be lopped. This is distinctly exhibited 
in Fig. 349. 

The following judicious mode of renewing the old tops of 
trees formerly regarded as worthless, was given by the late 
George Olmsted, of Hartford, Conn., in the Horticulturist : 

" These trees I commenced grafting.six years ago last spring. 
I began on the top, and grafted one-third of the tree each year. It 
therefore required three years to complete the entire heads of 
the trees. 

" I like this method better than any I have ever tried for 
grafting large trees, as it gives the grafts a good opportunity 
to get well started. Cutting off and grafting the top first 
gives the grafts there the best possible chance, while the 
necessary reduction of the top throws the sap into the remain- 
ing side-branches, which fits them well for grafting the fol- 
lowing year; and the third year, the lowest branches being 



APPLES. 293 

made ready in the same way, may be grafted successfully. 
By this mode, it will be seen that when the grafts are put in 
the side-branches, they are not shaded by the heavy shoots 
above them, and they have an unusual supply of nourishment 
to carry them forward. Those who have attempted to graft 
the whole head of a large tree at once are best aware of the 
great difficulty in the common mode of getting the grafts to 
take on the side-limbs. 

" One of .these large trees so treated is probably more than 
seventy-five years old, and has now an entirely new and 
vigorous head, grafted with this excellent variety. When I 
began with it, the fruit was only fit for cider, and it was ques- 
tionable .whether the tree should not be cut down. By graft- 
ing it in this manner, I have added surprisingly to its value. 
Two years ago (the bearing year), I obtained from it ten 
bushels of apples; last year eight bushels; and this year (only 
six years from the time I began to graft it), I gathered twenty- 
eight and a half bushels of excellent fruit ! 

" I consider this tree now worth one hundred dollars ; the 
cost of grafting it was about five dollars ; and the latter was all 
repaid two years ago — the first season the grafts bore fruit." 

The bearing year of apple-trees which yield excessive crops, 
is only every alternate year ; but by thinning out a large por- 
tion of the fruit while yet small, the exhaustion will not be so 
great as to render the tree barren the second season, and it 
will bear annually. By picking off all the young fruit, the 
bearing year may be entirely changed, or one bough may be 
made to bear one year, and another bough 
the second year. 

De;predators. — The insect enemies of the 
apple have been already described. Mice, 
which sometimes girdle and destroy young 
trees, especially such as are neglected and 
allowed to grow in grass, may be excluded 
by a small mound of earth, thrown up about ^ 

^ . - , . , , , , . Fig. 350.— M ode of 

ten inches high around the stems late m Banking up Trees 
autumn. This earth should be compact and to Protect from 
smooth, and not consist of turf, which is ^^^' 
liable to cavities, instead of repelling the depredators. Fig. 
350 shows the mode of performing this operation. If well 




2 94 APPLES. 

done, it has never failed to protect the trees. One man will 
go over some hundreds in a day. In the following spring this 
earth is again levelled. 

Rabbits are excluded by tying woven wire netting or stiff 
painted paper around the stems eighteen inches high, or, 
easier, by rubbing fresh blood upon the bark every few weeks 
during winter, which may be done by using a piece of fresh 
liver for this purpose. 

Changes Wrought by Climate and Soil. 

This subject has been treated, as applied to fruits generall5% 
in a former part of this work ; a few brief remarks on the vari- 
ations in the apple may be interesting. 

The winter apples of the Northern States, when cultivated 
farther south, are changed to autumn apples; and as far south 
as Georgia, some of our good keepers ripen nearly by the end 
of summer. The Baldwin and Rhode Island, at Cincinnati 
and at St. Louis, cease to be winter fruits. There are few or 
none of the northern apples which succeed well as keepers as 
far south as Carolina. This is owing to the long southern 
summers. It has been found that varieties originated in the 
Southern States are generally best adapted to the climate of 
that region. 

Some varieties are greatly influenced by a change of cli- 
mate and others but slightly. The Ribston, so excellent at 
Montreal, is of little value a few degrees further south. 
The Rhode Island and the Roxbury, on suitable soils, through- 
out New York and New England, present the same charac- 
teristics of flavor and appearance ; the Baldwin, so fine at 
the east, greatly deteriorates in northern Ohio; and the 
Belmont, which has been pronounced the most valuable 
of all apples at Cleveland, is unworthy of cultivation at 
Cincinnati. These changes, in the latter instances, may 
perhaps be ascribed to a difference in soil ; and the applica- 
tion of special manures, as lime, potash, etc., on those unfavor- 
able soils, has improved the quality. The periods of ripening, 
given in the following pages, are intended to apply to the 
Northern States. A difference of about two or three weeks 
exists between fruits cultivated at Boston or Rochester, and 



APPLES. 



295 



in central Ohio and southern Pennsylvania, and other differ- 
ences of latitude nearly in the same ratio. 

Dwarf Apples. 

For summer and autumn sorts, dwarf apples are valuable in 
affording a supply to families. They begin to bear in two or 
three years from setting out, and at five or six years, if well 
cultivated, will afford a bushel or so to each tree. A portion 
of a garden as large as the tenth of an acre may be planted 
with forty or fifty trees, without crowding. All the different 
varieties of the apple may be made Dwarfs by working on the 
Paradise or Doucin stock — the former are smaller and bear 
soonest ; the latter are large and ultimately afford the heaviest 
crops. Among the handsomest growers as dwarfs are Red 
Astrachan, Jersey Sweet, Porter, Baldwin, Dyer, Summer 
Rose, Benoni, and Botigh. 

The Age at which Apple-Trees Begin to Fruit. 

To those who wish fruit at the earliest time after setting 
out trees, the following results of observations at the New 
York General Agricultural Experiment Station is of interest 
and value. Probably most trees obtained from nurseries are 
two to three years old, and the time of fruiting after this will 
no doubt vary somewhat with the location, soil, and cultiva- 
tion given them. The list is by no means complete, and 
from it are here quoted only those in general cultivation : 



Baldwin . 

Ben Davis 

Carolina June . 

Cooper's Market 

Dominie 

Oldenburg 

Early Harvest 

Early Strawberry had not fruited 

Esopus Spitzenburgh 

F alia water .... 

Fall Pippin .... 

Fameuse 

Gideon 



8 years 



4 
4 
5 
5 
2 

4 
at 9 

9 
5 

9 
S 
4 



296 



APPLES. 



Golden Russet . 






. 9 years 


Golden Sweet 






• 9 " 


Gravenstein 






. 8 « 


Green Newtown Pippin 






• 5 " 


Haas 






. 2 " 


Jefferis 






. 4 " 


Jersey Sweeting 






. 4 " 


Keswick . 






• 3 " 


King, Tompkins County- 






• 5 " 


Lady Sweet 






• 9 " 


Longfield . 






• 4 " 


Maiden's Blush 






• 4 " 


McMahon's White . 






• 4 " 


Melon 






. 4 " 


Monmouth 






■ 5 " 


Mother 






. 9 " 


Munson's Sweet 






5 " 


Northern Spy . 






9 " 


Peck's Pleasant 






. 7 " 


Pewaukee 






. 5 " 


Pomme Grise . 






5 " 


Primate 






3 " 


Pumpkin Russet 






9 " 


Pumpkin Sweet 






9 " 


Rambo had not fruited a1 






9 " 


Rawle's Janet . 






5 " 


Red Astrachan 






5 " 


Red Beitigheimer . 






8 " 


Red Russet 






9 "^ 


Rhode Island Greening . 






5 " 


Rome Beauty . 






2 " 


Sops of Wine . 






5 " 


Stump . . . . 






7 " 


Sutton's Russet 






9 " 


Tallman's Sweet 






8 " 


Tetofsky . . . . 






4 " 


Twenty Ounce. 






5 " 


Vandevere 






5 " 


Wagener . . . . . 






4 " 


Westfield Seek-no-further 






9 " 



APPLES. 297 

William's Favorite .... 3 years 

Winesap . . . . . • 5 " 

Yellow Bellflower . . . • 9 " 

Yellow Transparent . . . 4 " 



VARIETIES. 

SYNOPSIS OF ARRANGEMENT. 

Division I. Summer Apples. 

Class I. Sweet Apples. 

Section I. Color striped with red. 

Section 11. Color not striped. 
Class II. With more or less acidity. 

Section I. Color striped with red. 

Section II. Color not striped. 

Division II. Autumn Apples. 

Class I. Sweet Apples. 

Section I. Color striped with red. 

Section II. Color not striped. 
Class II. With more or less acidity. 

Section I. Color striped with red. 

Section II. Color not striped. 

Division III. Winter Apples. 

Class I. Sweet Apples. 

Section I. Color striped with red. 

Section 11. Color not striped. 
Class II. With more or less acidity. 

Section I. Color striped with red. 

Section II. Color not striped. 

Division IV. Crab Apples. 

The characteristics which constitute these divisions and 
subdivisions are not in all cases perfectly distinct. Summer 
apples gradually pass into autumn, and autumn into winter 
apples. A few, but the number is extremely small, possess 
nearly a neutral flavor between a dead sweetness and slight 
acidity. Again, apples classed with those that are striped 



298 APPLES. 

sometimes present a nearly uniform shade of red ; and in rare 
instances, the brown cheek of a green or j^ellow variety ex- 
hibits faint stripes. 

But these may be regarded rather as exceptions to general 
characters, which are on the whole as clearly defined as any 
other distinctive points of the different varieties. Controlling 
circurnstances will produce changes in all fruits, and descrip- 
tions are not founded on extreme exceptions, but on average 
characteristics. 

The SIZE is designated by comparison ; — for example, the 
Swaar and Baldwin are large; Herefordshire and Tolman 
Sweet are medium; English Golden Pippin and Lady are 
small. Qualifying terms give a more precise meaning — as the 
Fall Pippin and Monstrous are very large; Hawley and Mig- 
nonne are quite large; Bullock and Early Strawberry are rather 
S7jiall J and the Siberian Crab is very small. 



The illustrations in this chapter are all taken from average 
sized specimens of the fruit, and uniformly reduced in size one- 
half. The more valuable varieties are indicated by an asterisk, 
thus *. 

DIVISION I.— SUMMER APPLES. 

Class I. — Sweet Apples. 

Section I. — Striped with red. 

Beautiful Arcade. Medium, oblong, truncated, angular ; white, yel- 
low splashed with crimson on side. A marked characteristic is 
the roughened surface ; cavity slightly abrupt, slightly wavy, 
stem very short; basin wide, corrugated; flesh yellow, firm, fine- 
grained, sweet, and rich ; best quality. Summer. Fig. 358. Rus- 
sian . 

Foster. Large, roundish; indistinctly striped, pale red on yellow; 
stalk short, calyx open ; basin deep, ribbed, sweet, rich. August. 
Massachusetts. 

Sweet Borovinka. Medium, roundish, oblate ; yellow, striped, and 
splashed with red ; cavity acute ; stem short ; basin wide, shallow, 
corrugated; flesh white, firm, juicy, mild, quality good. Sum- 
mer. Fig. 355. Russian. 



APPLES. 299 

Section II.— Not striped. 

Golden Sweet.* Medium or rather large, roundish, slightly flat- 
tened ; greenish, becoming pale yellow ; stalk an inch or more 
long, slender ; cavity acuminate ; basin moderate ; flesh very 
sweet, good, of moderate quality. The fruit is always fair, the 
tree a free grower, and very productive. Buds large ; leaves 
sharply serrate. Late in summer. Valuable for culinary pur- 
poses. Tender far West ; succeeds well Southwest. Connecti- 
cut. Fig. 359. 

Hightop.* (Summer Sweet of Ohio, Sweet June.) Rather small, 
roundish, regular; skin smooth, light yellow; cavity deep, nar- 
row ; calyx small, in a shallow, slightly furrowed basin ; flesh 
yellowish, very sweet, rich : tree upright, productive. A valua- 
ble summer sweet apple at the West. Massachusetts. Fig. 353. 

Fig. 351.— Sweet Boug-h. 




Fig. 353. Fig. 354- Fig- 352. 

Hightop Sweeting. Early Harvest. American Summer Pearmain. 

Manomet. (Manomet Sweeting.) Size medium, roundish ; yello\y, 
with a rich cheek ; stalk rather slender, cavity shallow ; basin 
shallow, furrowed; flesh tender, sweet, rich. Late summer. 
Massachusetts. 

Sweet Bough.* (Large Yellow Bough, Early Sweet Bough.) 
Large, roundish, remotely conical-ovate, sometimes distinctly 
conical; pale greenish yellow, stalk one-half to an inch long; 
basin narrow, deep ; flesh white, very tender, with an excellent 
sweet flavor. Ripens from the middle to the end of summer. 
A moderate and regular bearer. Shoots yellowish, somewhat 
irregular, ascending ; tree round-headed ; leaves obtusely crenate. 
Fig. SSI- 
Class II.— With more or less Acidity. 
Section I.— Striped with red. 

American Summer Pearmain.* (Early Summer Pearmain, of Coxe.) 
Medium in size, oblong, slightly inclining to truncate-conical ; 
nearly covered with fine broken streaks and dots of red ; stalk 



300 



APPLES. 



nearly one inch long ; basin round, even, distinct ; very tender, 
often bursts in falling ; sub-acid, flavor fine. Continues to ripen 
for several weeks in late summer and early autumn. Needs 
good and rich cultivation. Growth rather slow. This is distinct 
from the English Summer or Aiitumn Pearmain, in its larger size, 
higher red, more oblong form, and superior quality. Fig. 352. 

Aromatic Carolina. Large, oblate-conic, oblique ; pale red with 
heavy bloom ; flesh tender and melting, flavor aromatic and ex- 
cellent. July. Tree spreading. An abundant bearer. South- 



Benoni.* Medium in size, roundish, sometimes obscurely conical ; 
deep red on rich yellow, in distinct broken stripes and dots; 
stalk half an inch long; basin small; flesh yellow, tender, rich; 
mild sub-acid, "very good." Late summer. Tree erect, good 
bearer. Has not succeeded well in all localities. A native of 
Dedham, Mass. Fig. 364. 




Fig. 355. Fig. 356. Fig. 357. Fig. 358. 

Sweet Borovinka. Sweet Pepka. Smoky Arcad. Beautiful Arcad. 



Carolina Red June.* (Red June, Blush June.) Size medium, ob- 
long, very red; flesh white, tender, juicy, sub-acid, with a 
sprightly, agreeable flavor ; quite early, and continues to ripen 
for four weeks, and will keep long after ripe for a summer apple ; 
profitable for market. The tree is a fine erect grower, very 
hardy, bears young and abundantly. The most valuable early 
apple in northern Illinois and adjacent region. Hardy at the 
West. North Carolina. Fig. 360. 

Carolina Watson. Large, greenish yellow, red, striped ; flesh 
white, tender, sub-acid ; tree vigorous. Alabama. Summer. 

Early Joe.* Size medium or rather small ; oblate, sometimes ob- 
scurely approaching conical ; smooth and regular ; color, with 
numerous short, broken, red stripes on yellow ground, a nearly 
uniform deep red to the sun, with conspicuous white specks; 
stem three-fourths of an inch long, rather thick; cavity shallow, 
acute ;_ basin small, even; flesh fine grained, very tender, slightly 
crisp, juicy, sub-acid, spicy, quality "best." Ripens the last two 
weeks of summer. Shoots dark, growth slow. A profuse bearer. 
Fig. 362. Origin. East Bloomfield, N. Y. 



APPLES, 301 

Early Norfolk. Medium, oblate ; yellow striped and blotched red ; 
flesh white, sub-acid. Said to bear transportation well. July. 
Virginia. 

Early Pennock. Fruit large, roundish, conical; striped bright red 
on greenish yellow ; stem long ; cavity deep ; irregular ; flesh 
yellowish white, rather coarse, sub-acid', of rather poor quality. 
Esteemed at the West for its hardiness and productiveness. 
August and September. 

Early Red Margaret. Medium, round-ovate ; striped with dull 
red, somewhat russeted ; stalk half an inch long, thick; basin 
plaited, narrow, very shallow ; flesh sub-acid, tender, good when 
fresh ; ripens at wheat harvest, scarcely earlier than Early Har- 
vest. Shoots erect, downy ; moderate bearer. England. 





Fig. 359.— Golden Sweet. Fig. 360.— Carolina Red June. 

Early Strawberry.* (American Red Juneating, of Manning.^ 
Rather small, roundish, varying to round-ovate, and sometimes 
quite conical ; surface indistinctly and finely striped with bright 
and deep red, tinging faintly the flesh ; stalk slender, three-quar- 
ters to an inch and a half long ; basin small and narrow ; flesh 
white, tender, sub-acid, rather brisk, pleasant, not very rich. 
Ripens one to three weeks later than Yellow Harvest. Growth, 
very erect ; leaves erect, finely crenate. Productive. Good in all 
localities. New York. Fig. 361. 

Fourth of July. Above medium, roundish oblate, often slightly 
conic ;_ striped red on pale yellow, with a white bloom; flesh 
yellowish, tender, rather acid, of moderate quality ; ripens 
very early, productive. Valuable for cooking and profitable for 
market. Cultivated at the West. Of foreign origin. 

Foundling. Rather large, oblate-conic, ribbed ; striped red on yel- 
lowish green ; stalk short, slender, cavity large, basin small, 
furrowed ; flesh yellow, tender, with a rich, sub-acid flavor. 
Late summer. Massachusetts. 

Garden Royal. Below medium, roundish, slightly flattened at ends, 
even and regular; surface with small, broken, red stripes on 
yellow ground, deep red to the sun ; stalk short, or half to three- 



302 APPLES. 

fourths of an inch long, slender, cavity acute; calyx large, open; 
basin very shallow; flesh yellowish white, exceedingly tender, 
and fine-grained ; flavor mild, sub-acid, fine. A poor grower, 
but a first-rate dessert fruit. Late summer. Origin, Sudbury, 
Mass. 

Hocking, (Townsend.) Rather large ; striped red on yellow ; cav- 
ity wide ; basin shallow, slightly ribbed ; flesh fine-grained, 
tender, mild sub-acid. August. An upright, vigorous, produc- 
tive tree. Valued at the West. Pennsylvania. 

Julian, (Julin.) Fruit medium, roundish, conical; calyx small in 
a narrow basin, stem short in a moderate cavity ; striped with 
fine red on yellowish white ; flesh white, tender, and fine 
flavored. One of the finest summer apples at the South, where it 
ripens at midsummer. 

Pig. 361.— Early Strawberry. Fig. 364.— Benoni. 




Fig. 362. Fig. 363. Fig. 365. 

Early Joe. William's Favorite. Summer Rose. 



Klaproth. Size medium, oblate ; streaked and stained with red on 
greenish yellow; stalk short, cavity deep; basin wide, even; 
flesh white, crisp, with a pleasant sub-acid flavor. Tree a strong 
grower and great bearer. Fruit bears carriage well. A good 
market sort. Lancaster County, Pa. August to October. 

Raspberry. {Red Cheek.) Small, oblong truncated; yellow, cov- 
ered rosy red ; cavity narrow ; basin wide, almost flat ; flesh white 
stained with red; sub-acid, juicy, sprightly, best. Resembles 
Red June. Tree hardy and healthy. Russian. Fig. 394. 

Sops of Wine.* Medium size, round-ovate, dark red ; stalk long, 
slender; flesh white, often stained red, moderately juicy, sub- 
acid, of good flavor. Valuable for its free growth and fair fruit. 
Late summer. The Sapson is smaller, firmer in flesh, and less 
valuable. Fig. 392. 



APPLES. 303 

Summer Hagloe. Size medium, roundish conic ; streaked with 
bright red on yellow ground ; stalk rather short and thick ; flesh 
very soft, rich, of fine quality. Ripens at the end of summer. 
An excellent culinary variety. Shoots dark, strong, thick ; termi- 
nal buds very large. 

This is wholly distinct from the Hagloe Crab, a late, small, ill- 
shaped, ovate fruit, cultivated only for cider. 

Summer Queen. Rather large, roundish-conical, somewhat ribbed ; 
striped with bright red on rich yellow ground ; stalk an inch and 
a half long ; cavity small, acute ; basin small, furrowed ; flesh 
yellowish, rather acid, spicy, very rich. Fine for cooking. Late 
summer. Good on warm, sandy soils, poor on cold clay. Shoots 
light colored, leaves finely crenate. Hardy far West. 

Summer Rose.* (Woolman's Early, Lippincott's Early, Wool- 
man's Striped Harvest.) Medium or rather small, roundish-ob- 
late ; yellowish, blotched, and streaked with red ; stalk rather 
short ; basin round, slightly plaited ; flesh very tender, slightly 
crisp, texture fine, mild sub-acid, juicy, excellent. Begins to 
ripen with wheat harvest, and continues a month. Tree a slow 
grower but productive. Too small for market but good for home 
use. New Jersey. Fig. 365. 

Williams' Favorite.* (Williams, Williams' Red, Williams' Favo- 
rite Red. Size medium, sometimes rather large ; oblong-ovate, 
remotely conical, very smooth ; color mostly fine dark crimson 
stripes ; stalk three-quarters to one inch long, enlarged at inser- 
tion, cavity shallow ; basin small and shallow, even, or some- 
what ribbed ; flesh yellowish white, moderately juicy, with some- 
times a tinge of red near the surface, mild, agreeable, fine. 
Ripens for several weeks late in summer. Its handsome appear- 
ance has partly contributed to its high reputation. Requires a 
rich soil and good cultivation. Fig. 363. Origin, Roxbury, Mass. 

Section 11. — Not Sirzped. 

Cole's Quince. Large, round, oblate, ribbed ; yellow ; mellow 
when ripe, mild, rich, high quince flavor. Cooks well before rijje. 
Productive. Maine. Hardy far West. 

Early Harvest.* (Yellow Harvest, Prince's Harvest, Early French 
Reinette, July Pippin. Size medium, roundish, usually more or 
less oblate, smooth ; bright straw color when ripe ; stalk rather 
short and slender ; calyx moderately sunk ; flesh nearly white, 
flavor rather acid, fine. Ripens at wheat harvest, and for three 
weeks afterward. Shoots erect, slightly diverging, straight, 
often forked. Productive. Needs rich cultivation to be fine. 
Good throughout the northern States and Southwest, tender North- 
west. Fig. 354. 

Fanny.* Fruit large, roundish ; skin deep crimson ; flesh tender, 
sub-acid, very good. Season, August. Popular in the East. 
Pennsylvania. 

Garrettson's Early. Size medium, roundish-conic ; skin greenish 
yellow with numerous dots ; stalk short, cavity shallow ; basin 
small, furrowed ; flesh white, crisp, tender, sub-acid, fair. July 
and August. Tree vigorous, productive. New Jersey. 

Switzer.* Tree vigorous, spreading, very productive ; fruit me- 
dium, roundish-oblate ; skin pale yellow, striped and blushed 



304 APPLES. 

with light crimson ; very handsome flesh, white, fine grained, 
juicy, very good. Russian. Valuable for market or culinary. 

Tetofski.* Medium, roundish, or oblate conic, handsomely striped 
with red and covered with a whitish bloom ; flesh white, sprightly, 
sub-acid, pleasant. Tree a moderate grower, very hardy and 
productive. Valuable for market. July and August. Russian. 

Horse. Large, varj'ing from oblate to round, ribbed ; yellow ; 
stalk short ; cavity and basin shallow ; flesh yellow, rather coarse, 
sub-acid. Tree vigorous, productive, valued at the South and 
\(Vest as a summer cooking and drying apple. North Carolina. 




Kirkbridge White, (Yellow June.) Size medium, oval, tapering 
to apex and base, equally blunt at ends with broad ribs, smooth ; 
pale yellow ; stem short ; cavity and basin very narrow ; flesh 
very tender, fine-grained, with a moderately "good" sub-acid 
flavor. Ripens soon after Early Harvest and for six weeks. 
Tree a slow grower, but a great and early bearer ; valuable at 
the West. Too tender for long transportation. 

Lowland Raspberry. Medium, roundish, conic, clear; waxen, 
white, shaded and marbled crimson ; cavity narrow, acute ; stem 
medium ; basin small ; flesh snow-white, tinged with pink next 
the skin ; tender, fine-grained, crisp, juicy, sub-acid, almost 
sweet,. quality good. Fig. 397. August. Russian. 

Lyman's Large Summer. Large, roundish, flattened at ends ; 
pale yellow ; sub-acid, high flavored, rather fine in quality. Ri- 
pens at the end of summer. Tree a poor bearer until large. Conn. 

Primate.* Above medium in size, roundish-conical, somewhat 
ribbed ; light green, becoming light j^ellow, often with a slight 
blush ; fine grained, very juic)', with a very agreeable, mild, 
sub-acid flavor. Ripens for several weeks through the latter 
part of summer. Often water-cores. Valuable for home use. 
New York. Fig. 366. 

Red Astrachan.* Rather large, sometimes quite large, roundish- 
oblate, slightly approaching conical, rather smooth ; nearly whole 
surface brilliant deep crimson, with a thick bloom like a plum ; 
stalk one-half to three-fourths of an inch long ; calyx in a small 
slightly uneven basin ; flesh white, rather crisp ; good, rather 
acid, slightly austere. A few days after Early Harvest. Excel- 
lent for cooking. Shoots stout, dark brown, diverging and ascend- 
ing ; leaves broad. This apple, although of second-rate flavor, 



APPLES. 



305 



because of its earlinessand very handsome and fair appearance, 
by the vigor and productiveness of the tree, and its excellent 
culinary qualities, is now in general cultivation. It should be 
picked a few daj^s before fully mature. Hardy far West. Rus- 
sian. Fig. 367. 

Sine Qua Non. Size medium, roundish, inclining to conical; 
smooth, pale greenish yellow, shaded with reddish brown to the 
sun ; stalk quite slender, nearly an inch long ; basin smooth or 
very slightly plaited ; flesh greenish white, fine grained, delicate, 
very tender, moderately juicy, of a fine, agreeable, sub-acid 
flavor. Shoots greenish yellow, growth slow. Ripens two weeks 
after Early Harvest. Origin, Long Island. 

Starr. Large, roundish oblate, regular, smooth ; pale green, often 
with blush on sunny side; flesh yellowish, firm, sub-acid, good. 
Summer. New Jersey. Fig. 368. 



Fig. 369.— Broadwell. 



Fig. 370. — Munson's Sweet. 




Fig. 371.— Porter 



Fig. 372.— Hawley. Fig. 373.— Pomeroy. 



Summer Pippin. (Sour Bough.) Rather large, oblong, oval, irreg- 
ular; skin pale yellow, with greenish dots and a crimson blush; 
stalk variable, deep set ; basin abrupt, furrowed ; flesh white, 
tender, with a pleasant sub-acid flavor. End of summer. A 
regular, handsome grower and good bearer. Westchester County, 
N. Y. 

Trenton Early. Size medium, roundish-oblate, ribbed; color yel- 
lowish, somewhat marked with green ; surface smooth, cavity 
wide, basin furrowed; flesh light, tender, with a pleasant sub- 
acid flavor. Late summer. Valued at the West. 

White Juneating. {Yellow May.) Small, round, sometimes 
slightly oblate, smooth, very regular ; pale greenish yellow, or light 
yellow ; very thin russet round the stalk ; stalk slender, three- 
quarters of an inch long, set shallow ; basin very shallow ; ten- 
der, sub-acid, not rich, becoming dry. Ripens a little before 
Yellow Harvest. Growth upright, rather stout. Productive. 
For cooking only. Old English sort. 



3o6 APPLES. 

The May apple, of Virginia, is a fruit similar to or identical in char- 
acter and quality with the White Juneating, where it ripens about 
the first of summer, bearing every year. Large quantities are 
sent to Baltimore for tarts. 

Warfield. Medium, very round ; fair, with a light blush ; tender, 
pleasant acid ; may be used for cooking in July when two-thirds 
grown. An excellent late summer market apple. Origin, Musca- 
tine, la. 

YelloTW Transparent.* Medium, round conic; skin yellow,, almost 
transparent ; basin shallow, regular, cavity acute ; flesh crisp, 
sub-acid, good. Largely grown all over the country as an excel- 
lent early market apple. Especially valuable for the kitchen. 
Russia. 



DIVISION II.— AUTUMN APPLES. 

Class I. — Sweet Apples, 

Section 1. — Striped with red. 

Jersey Sweet.* Size medium, round ovate, often oblong-ovate, 
somewhat conical ; thickly striped with fine red on greenish yel- 
low ; stalk one-half to an inch long ; cavity rather irregular ; 
basin wrinkled, distinct; flesh whitish, very sweet, juicy and 
tender, good flavor. Succeeds well in most localities. Early 
and mid-autumn- — immediately follows Golden Sweet. Shoots 
stout, short jointed ; leaves crenate-serrate. New Jersey. Fig. 
376. 




Fig. 375. Fig. 376. 

Prolific Sweeting. Jersey Sweet. 

Richmond. Large, roundish-oblate, slightly ribbed ; splashed and 
striped with crimson on yellow ground, with numerous dots ; 
stalk short, cavity large ; calyx large, open ; basin large, fur- 
rowed ; flesh white, tender, sweet, rich. Late autumn. Origin, 
Sandusky, O. 

Section 11. — Not striped. 

Autumn Swaar. (Sweet Swaar.) Large, oblate, sometimes very 
slightly ribbed ; rich yellow ; stalk an inch or more long, varying 
from long and slender, to thick and fleshy at insertion ; cavity 



APPLES. 307 

and basin wide and slightly ribbed ; flesh tender, yellowish, not 
juicj', with a very sweet, spicy, agreeable flavor. Mid-autumn. 
Growth vigorous, shoots diverging, tree spreading. A large, 
roundish-conical apple, with a good, mild, sub-acid flavor, is 
grown under this name at the West. 

Autumn Sweet Bough. (Autumn Bough, Fall Bough, Late Bough, 
Philadelphia Sweet.) Size medium, conical, angular; pale yel- 
low ; stalk slender, deep set ; basin deep, furrowed ; flesh white, 
tender, with a very good flavoi". Early autumn. Tree vigorous, 
and productive. 

Haskell Sweet. Large, oblate, regular ; greenish, a warm brown 
cheek ; stalk one-half to three-fourths of an inch long, moderately 
sunk ; basin rather deep, nearly even ; flesh tinged with yellow- 
ish brown, very tender, sweet, good. 

Munson Sweet.* Size medium, oblate, smooth, and regular ; pale 
yellow, with a brown blush ; stalk short, in a broad cavity ; calyx 
in small basin ; flesh yellowish white, tender, with a very good, 
sweet flavor. Tree a strong grower and uniform bearer. Last 
half of autumn. A valuable sweet apple. Mass. Fig. 370. 

Prolific STveet. Medium, oblate conical, base and apex very 
irregular ; smooth yellowish white, lined green ; flesh white, firm, 
juicy, sweet, with clear water spots. Good. September in Ver- 
mont. Fig. 375. Russian. 

Pumpkin Russet. (Sweet Russet.) Large, round, slightly flat- 
tened ; yellowish green, partly russetted ; cavity wide, shallow ; 
basin small ; flavor rich and sweet. Through autumn. Distinct 
from the Sweet Russet cultivated through western New York, 
w^hich is a more conical fruit. Connecticut. 

Pumpkin Sweet. (Lyman's.) Very large, roundish, ribbed most 
toward the stalk ; pale green ; stalk short ; calyx small, basin 
abrupt ; flesh white, sweet, tender, not juicy, of moderate qual- 
ity. Ripens through autumn, into winter. A valuable culinary 
sort. Connecticut. 

Stump.* Fruit medium, oblong-conic ; yellow, striped bright red ; 
sub-acid, very crisp, excellent. Resembles Chenango. Remark- 
ably prolific. A very desirable home or market variety. Monroe 
County, N. Y. 

Summer Sw^eet Paradise. Large, roundish, sometimes remotely 
oblong, and slightly flattened at the ends, regular ; pale green ; 
stalk rather thick, three-quarters of an inch long ; basin large, 
distinct ; flesh tender, sweet, rich, aromatic. Ripens first of 
autumn. Shoots spreading, leaves sharply serrate. Origin, 
Pennsylvania. 

This is totally distinct from the Dwarf Paradise, used for stocks, - 
which bears a small, poor, sweet, summer fruit. 

Svreet Longfield. Large, regular, oblong-conic ; truncated green- 
ish yellow, usually blushed on sunny side ; cavity regular, acute ; 
stem medium ; basin small and abrupt ; flesh white, fine-grained, 
rich, very sweet, quality good. Late autumn. Fig. 381. Rus- 
sian. 



3o8 APPLES. 

Sweet Pepka. Small, obloug-conic, angular ; yellowish white ; 
cavity regular, narrow ; stem short ; basin wide, shallow, wrin- 
kled ; flesh white, juicy, hne-grained, sweet, quality fair. Au- 
tumn. Fig. 356. Russian. 

Tifft Sweet. Medium in size, flat ; greenish yellow with ru.s- 
set network and a warm, light brown cheek ; stalk one inch long ; 
cavity wide, obtuse ; flesh yellowish, rich, sweet, fine in flavor. 
A light bearer. New England. 

Class II. — With More or Less Acidity. 
Section 1. — Striped witJi red. 

Alexander. Very large, oblate, inclined to conic, regular ; streaked 
with bright red on greenish-yellow ; stalk small, cavity rather 
deep ; calyx large, basin deep, even ; flesh rather crisp, sub-acid, 
good ; a coarse sort, only for cooking. A moderate or poor bearer. 
Late autumn. Very showy, its chief recommendation. Russian. 

Beauty of Kent. Very large, rounding, somewhat flattish-conical, 
fair, smooth, and rather obtuse ; nearly the whole surface striped 
with rich purplish red ; stalk three-fourths to an inch and a half 
long, slender; cavit}' acuminate; calj^x small, basin deep, nar- 
row ; flesh tender, slightly sub-acid, of rather poor flavor. One 
of the most beautiful and magnificent in appearance of all apples, 
but of little or no value, except for cooking. Late autumn. 
Growth strong and upright, shoots dark. English. 

Bonum. Large, oblate ; red ; basin cavity shallow ; stem medium 
length ; flesh yellow, sub-acid, rich, delicious. An early and 
abundant bearer. North Carolina. 

Buckingham.* (Bachelor, Equinetel}-, Fall Queen of Kentucky, 
Kentucky Queen.) JMedium to large, oblate, inclining to conic ; 
striped, shaded and splashed with crimson on greenish yellow, 
with many light brown dots ; cavity large : stalk short ; basin 
wide and deep, somewhat furrowed ; flesh yellowish, tender, 
breaking, mild sub-acid, very good in quality. Late autumn and 
early winter. A popular and profitable sort in the southwestern 
States. Tree hardy and healthy, and moderately productive, 
forming a round-headed top. Virginia. Fig. 383. 

Carnation. W. N. White, of Georgia, gives the following descrip- 
tion of this apple : Medium size ; a delicious, sub-acid apple, fully 
first rate ; dark red, splashed with russet ; flesh white, brittle, and 
very juicy ; both stalk and calyx are sunk in deep depressions ; 
no autumn apple is superior. Ripe August loth. 

Chenango Strawberry.* (Frank, Buckley, Jackson, Sherwood's 
Favorite, Strawberry.) Rather large, oblong-conic, angular; 
striped and splashed with light crimson on whitish yellow ground ; 
cavity narrow and deep ; basin narrow ; flesh white, very tender, 
with a pleasant, mild, sub-acid flavor. September, October. 
Growth upright, vigorous, shoots light colored. Origin, Chenango 
County, N. Y. An excellent dessert or market variety. 



APPLES. 



309 



Clyde Beauty. Large, roundish-conical, slightly ribbed ; striped 
and mottled red on greenish yellow ; stem short, slender, deep 
set ; basin furrowed ; flesh white, fine-grained, sub-acid, fair. 
Late autumn. Wayne County, N. Y. 

Cooper. Rather large, round oblate, sides unequal ; greenish yel- 
low and pale red ; stalk slender, deep set ; basin deep ; flesh 
crisp, juicy, pleasant, but not very high flavor. Mid-autumn. 
Cultivated in Central Ohio. 

Cornell. (Cornell's Fancy.) Medium, oblong conic; shaded and 
splashed red on yellow ; stalk medium, cavity large ; basin 
abrupt, furrowed ; flesh white, tender, with a pleasant sub-acid 
flavor. September. Originated and valued in central Pennsyl- 
vania. 



Fig. 378. 
Red Summer Calville. 



Fig. 3S0. 
Lubsk Queen. 




Fig. 379- 
Basil the Great. 



Fig. 
Sweet Longfield. 



Doctor. (De Witt.) Medium in size, or large; regular, oblate; 
yellow, clouded and streaked with red ; stalk and calyx deep set ; 
flesh breaking, tender, aromatic, brisk, fine flavor. Late au- 
tumn and early winter. Succeeds well in Pennsylvania and 
Ohio; less esteemed farther north. Origin, Pennsylvania. 

Fairbanks. Size medium, rather oblate, inclining to conic; skin 
light yellow, striped with red, with patches of russet ; stem long, 
set in a broad and shallow cavity; flesh yellowish, juicy, with a 
rich sub-acid and vinous flavor. September and October. Ori- 
gin, Winthrop, Me. 

Fall Seek-no-further. Very large, oblate ; shaded and striped with 
red on yellow; stalk long; cavity large, russeted ; basin broad, 
uneven; flesh whitish, tender, pleasant, sub-acid. Productive. 
Connecticut. 



/ 



3IO APPLES. 

Fall Wine.* Medium to large, roundish-oblate ; color a rich red, 
faintly striped on a rich yellow skin ; stem slender ; flesh yellow, 
crisp, tender, juicy, with a mild, rich, scarcely sub-acid flavor. 
Mid-autumn till winter. Fig. 382. Succeeds best in the West— 
often scabby at the East. 

Fameuse.* (Snow-apple, Pomme de Neige.) Medium in size, 
round, often oblate, even ; handsomelj' striped and blotched with 
fine deep red on whitish ground — where much exposed, a deep, 
nearly uniform red; stalk three-fourths of an inch long, slender , 
cavity small ; basin quite small, slightly wrinkled ; flesh very 
white, juicy, sub-acid, a little spicy, exceedingly pleasant, but 
not very rich. Late autumn. Shoots dark, diverging, some- 
what flexuous. Much admired as a table fruit for its handsome 
appearance and pleasant, refreshing flavor. Fig. 388. 

Gabriel. Size medium, roundish-ovate, regular; striped and 
splashed with pale red on yellow ; stalk slender ; calyx and 
basin small ; flesh yellowish, sub-acid, of excellent flavor. 




Fig. 382. Fig. 383. 

Fall Wine. Buckingham. 

Gravenstein.* Rather large, roundish, slightly oblate, obtusely and 
obscurely ribbed, surface a little wavy ; striped and splashed 
with bright red on a yellow ground ; stalk three-quarters of an 
inch long ; cavity rather deep ; calyx large ; basin deep, narrow ; 
flesh tender, juicy, very rich, sub-acid or rather acid, high 
flavored. Mid-autumn. Productive, handsome, and excellent. 
Fine in all localities. Shoots strong, becoming smooth and shin- 
ing, ascending. Fig. 391. German. 

Hurlbut. Size medium, oblate, conic; yellow striped with red; 
stalk small; cavity large; basin shallow; flesh white, crisp, 
tender, with a mild sub-acid flavor. Connecticut. 

Jefferson County. Medium, roundish, regular; striped and shaded 
red on yellow ; cavity deep ; calyx small ; basin deep, smooth ; 
flesh crisp, tender, with a very good mild sub-acid flavor. Late 
autumn. Tree vigorous, productive. Jefferson County, N. Y. 

Jefferis. Medium or rather large, round oblate; yellow, red, and 
deep red, striped ; stalk very short, slender ; cavity and basin 



APPLES. 311 

deep ; flesh yellowish white, remarkably tender and juicy ; flavor 
very pleasant. Ripens first of autumn. Fig. 390. Origin, West- 
Chester, Pa. Hardy far north. 

Jewett's Red. (Jewett's Fine Red, Nodhead.) Medium or rather 
large, roundish, slightly oblate ; striped red on yellow or slightly 
greenish yellow ground, with conspicuous white dots ; stem 
nearly an inch long; cavity acuminate; basin rather shallow; 
flesh remarkably tender, fine grained, mild sub-acid, slightly 
aromatic. Mid-autumn into winter. Cultivated in the northern 
parts of New England. Hardy at the West. New Hampshire. 

Fig. 386 — Late Strawberry. FiG. 3S8.— Fameuse. 




Oldenburg. FiG. 385.— Twenty Ounce. FiG. 389. —Melon. 



Kane. (Cane, Cain.) Size medium, roundish-oblate, often ob- 
scurely conical, regular ; surface fair and beautiful, highly pol- 
ished, indistinctly striped with brilliant light crimson, gradually 
merging into delicate blush color on the shaded part ; stalk often 
very short; cavity acute, narrow; basin regular; flesh yellow- 
ish white, with a pleasant, good flavor. Hardly of the highest 
quality, but much admired for its beauty. Late autumn. A 
native of Kent County, Delaware. 

Late Strawberry.* (Strawberry, Autumn Strawberry.) Size me- 
dium ; roundish, slightly conical, sometimes faintly ribbed ; 
nearly whole surface with small broken streaks of light and dark 
red ; stalk slender, about an inch long ; basin ribbed ; flesh yel- 
lowish white, slightly fibrous, very tender and juicy, with a fine, 
very agreeable, sub-acid flavor. Young trees of remarkably 
thrifty growth, leaves sharply serrate, which at once distin- 
guishes them from the crenate leaves of the Early Strawberry. 
Ripens early in autumn, and often keeps till winter. Very pro- 
ductive. Fig. 386. One of the best early autumn apples. Suc- 
ceeds well in the West. New York. 



312 



APPLES. 



Leland Spice. (Leland Pippin.) Large, roundish, obscurely coni- 
cal, slightly ribbed ; whole surface with brilliant red streaks on 
yellow ground, dotted with yellow; stalk half an inch long; 
cavity and basin ribbed ; flesh yellowish white, sub-acid, spicy, 
rich, fine. October. Origin, Sherburne, Mass. 

Long Island Seek-no-further. Large, oblate, conical ; skin yellow, 
striped and splashed with red ; flesh tender, with a good sub- 
acid flavor. October to February. An old variety. Tree pro- 
ductive. Origin unknown. 

Lyscom. Large, round, with broad, broken, distinct, pale red 
stripes, on yellowish or greenish yellow ground ; stalk three- 
fourths of an inch long, slender; calyx deep set; flesh fine 
grained, mild, slightly sub-acid, moderately rich, good flavor. 
Middle and late autumn. Massachusetts. 




FIG. 390. 
Jeffens. 



Fig. 391. 
Gravenstein. 



Fig. 392. 
Sops of Wine. 



Magnolia. Size medium, oblate-conical ; striped and mottled with 
crimson on yellow; stalk short; cavity^broad, uneven; basin 
small; flesh white, tender, with a brisk aromatic flavor. Growth 
moderate, productive. Mid-autumn. 

Mangum. (Gullej'. ) Medium, oblate, slightly conic, ribbed; 
shaded and striped with red on yellow with numerous dots ; 
stalk small, in a broad, russeted cavity ; basins lightly furrowed ; 
flesh yellow, very tender, with a mild sub-acid excellent flavor. 
A valuable Southern apjjle. Tree thrifty, productive. Alabama. 

Melon.* (Watermelon. Norton's Melon.) Medium or large, round- 
ish, often slightly conical, frequently a little irregular; color, 
with stripes and dots of bright red on yellow ground, or clear 
red on pale yellow ; stalk an inch long, slender ; cavity acumi- 
nate ; basin deep ; flesh white, tender, ver}?- juicy, fresh, and 
pleasant, spicy, sub-acid or slightly sub-acid, fine flavored. 
Growth rather slow. Late autumn and early winter, but often 
keeps longer. Fig. 389. An excellent table apple, but a moder- 
ate bearer. Origin, East Bloomfield, N. Y. 

Melt in the Mouth. Medium or rather small, roundish, slightly 
flattened; skin greenish yellow, indistinctly striped and shaded 
with red, with russet dots; stalk short; cavity shallow, obtuse; 
calyx open; flesh yellow, with a rich, aromatic, rather acid, and 
very good flavor. Ripens through autumn. Pennsylvania. 



APPLES. 313 

Mexico. Size medium, roundish ; striped light and dark red ; 
stalk large and long ; cavity broad, shallow, russeted ; calyx 
large, in a narrow basin ; flesh whitish stained with red, tender, 
with a very good flavor. A handsome New England fruit. Tree 
very hard}', productive. 

Myer's. (Ohio Nonpareil.) Large, roundish, slightly oblate; 
marbled and splashed red on yellow ; cavity and basin medium ; 
flesh yellowish white, with an excellent sub-acid flavor. Autumn. 
Growth strong and straight, forming a compact head. Produc- 
tive, and much valued at the West. 

Oldenburgh.* Medium or rather large, roundish, a little flattened 
at the ends ; light red in broad broken stripes and splashes on 
yellow ground ; stem short, in an acuminate cavity ; basin deep 
and narrow ; flesh yellowish white, sub-acid, very handsome. 
Good for cooking. Early autumn. Shoots dark, ascending. 
Very hardy. Suceeds well at the West and North. The strong 
growth of the tree, its early bearing and endurance of severe win- 
ters, and the fair and handsome appearance of the fruit, render it 
one of the most valuable sorts for the West. Russian. Fig. 387. 

Orndorf. Size medium, roundish ; slightly striped and shaded red 
on yellow ; stalk slender ; cavity and basin deep ; calyx open ; 
flesli 3'ellowish, crisp, with an excellent sub-acid flavor. A mod- 
erate bearer. October and November. Ohio. 

Rambo.* (Romanite of New Jersey-.) Size medium, oblate, 
smooth ; streaked and marbled with dull yellowish red on pale 
yellowish ground ; dots large ; whitish ; stalk an inch long, rather 
slender ; basin broad, slightly plaited ; flesh tender, rich, mild 
sub-acid, fine flavored, often excellent. Fine in nearly all local- 
ities. Late autumn and early winter. Known by the erroneous 
name of Seek-no-further in Philadelphia market. Pa. Fig. 374. 
Tender far West. 

Red Summer Calville. Medium, regular, oblong-conical ; j-ellow- 
ish white, mostly covered with rosy red, mottled and splashed 
with darker red, basin very shallow, almost wanting ; flesh white, 
fine grained, spicy, sub-acid, quality good. Early auturnn. Fig. 
378. Russian. 

Republican Pippin. Large, round-oblate ; striped with red on a 
mottled reddish ground, greenish yellow in the shade; stalk an 
inch long, slender; cavity sometimes with radiating russet rays; 
flesh tender, sub-acid, with a pleasant, peculiar, somewhat walnut 
flavor. Ripens early and raid-autumn, but is a good cooking apple 
in summer. Excellent for drying. Tree a strong and crooked 
grower— moderate bearer. Origin, Lycoming County, Pa. 

Ribston Pippin. Medium or rather large, roundish conical ; clouded 
and striped with yellowish red, on a yellow and slightly russeted 
ground ; stalk slender, often short ; cavity rather wide ; basin nar- 
row, angular; flesh yellow, crisp, granular, juicy, with a verj' rich 
and rather sharp or acid flavor. First-rate as far north as Maine, 
often second-rate farther south ; but its quality is usually suffered to 
deteriorate needlessly by remaining too long on the tree. Late 
autumn and early winter. Shoots diverging or spreading ; buds 
and young shoots rather hoary. English. 



314 APPLES. 

Richards' Graft. (Derrick's Graft, Red Spitzenburgh.) Rather 
large, roundish-oblate ; striped red on yellow ; cavity large ; basin 
deep; flesh fine grained, tender, with a refreshing, sub-acid, very 
good flavor. September and October. Cultivated on the Hudson 
River. 

Shiawasse Beauty. Medium, oblate, regular, smooth; deep bril- 
liant red on greenish yellow ground ; stalk very short, deepl}' sunk ; 
basin small, regular; flesh white, tender, crisp, sub-acid and aro- 
matic. October and November. Resembles Fameuse, but tree a 
stronger and more upright grower and fruit larger. Michigan. 

Smokehouse.* Medium or rather large, oblate, regular; mottled, 
and indistinctly striped with red on yellow ground ; a slight green- 
ish cast at the crown ; stalk one inch long, slender, cavity wide, 
acute ; basin rather distinct ; flesh yellowish white, rich, aromatic, 
fine sub-acid flavor. Mid-autumn to winter. Origin, Chester 
County, Pa. Succeeds in the Middle States. 

St. Lawrence. (Corse's St. Lawrence.) Large, roundish, slightly 
oblate, and sometimes a little conical, obtuse ; whole surface 
broadly and very distinctly striped with very dark red, on light 
greenish yellow ground ; stem rather short and slender, cavity 
wide; basin round, deep, with a very obtuse rim ; flavor rather 
acid, moderately rich, agreeable. A very handsome, hardy, and 
productive apple, of good flavor, ripening about mid-autumn. 
Canadian. 

Soulard. Medium, round oblate, slightlj' angular ; whitish, striped 
bright red, dots few, brown ; stalk short, cavity large ; basin me- 
dium, corrugated ; flesh white, tender, juicy, sub-acid. Very good. 
Late autumn. Fig. 384. Missouri. 

Titus. Large, round ; greenish yellow, striped with red; cavity 
deep, stem medium; basin wide, shallow; flesh fine-grained, 
juicy, sub-acid, the best of the Titus family of Russian apples. 
Late autumn. Fig. 434. Russian. 

Twenty Ounce.*- (Cayuga Red Streak, Twenty Ounce Pippin 
erroneously.) Verj' large, roundish, remotely conical; surface 
sometimes smooth, often very wavy; color striped rich yellowish 
red on greenish yellow or yellowish white ground; stalk three- 
fourths inch long ; sub-acid, rather coarse, second quality. Verj^ 
showy, fair, and productive. Fig. 385. A profitable market sort. 
Late autumn and early winter. Growth in large trees becoming 
straggling. Connecticut. The Twenty Ounce Pippin is a large, 
green, third-rate fruit. 

Vandevere. (Watson's Vandevere, Indiana Vandevere.) Large, 
oblate, remotel}' conic ; striped and blotched with light red on 
yellow; stalk short, cavity large; flesh greenish 3'ellow, firm, 
crisp, brisk sub-acid. Culinary. Western. November and De- 
cember. Delaware. 

Washington Strawberry. Rather large, roundish-conic, slightly 
oblate ; striped and splashed with deep crimson on j-ellow ; cavity 
deep ; flesh yellow, a little coarse, brisk sub-acid. Growth vigor- 
ous. September, October. Origin, Washington County, N. Y. 



APPLES. 



315 



Winter Pear. Rather small ; yellow striped, splashed and marbled 
with red; cavity rather deep ; stem medium, basin narrow, regular ; 
flesh yellowish, fine-grained, juicy, very spicy, mild sub-acid with 
a decided pear flavor. Early autumn. Fig. 393. Russian. 



Sectiofi II.— Not Striped. 

Bailey Spice. Fruit medium, roundish-conic; light 3'ellow with 
a faint blush ; stalk large, deeply set; calyx closed, basin moder- 
ate ; flesh fine-grained, tender, spicy, rich, sub-acid. Mid-autumn. 
Origin, Plattsburgh, N. Y. 

Bellerdovskoe. Large, round, regular, smooth ; greenish yellow, 
bronzed in the sun ; cavity regular, acute ; stem short, basin wide, 
shallow ; flesh white, juicy, sub-acid, good. Early autumn. 
Fig. 396. Russian. 



Fig. 393.— Winter Pear. FiG. 394.— Raspberry. 




Fig. 395. 
Blushed Calville. 



Fig. 396. 
Bellerdovslioe. 



Fig. 397. 
Liveland Raspberry. 



Bietigheimer. (Red Bietigheimer.) Very large, round, oblate; 
dark yellow, covered with purplish crimson ; flesh firm, sub-acid, 
good. Tree a vigorous grower and free beai-er, hardy. German. 

Blushed Calville. Medium, roundish oblate; yellow, blushed on 
side; cavity large, oblique; basin narrow, corrugated; flesh red- 
dish white, fine-grained, sub-acid, quality good. Season August, 
following Yellow Transparent. Fig. 395. Russian. 

Capron's Pleasant. Rather large, roundish-oblate ; greenish yellow ; 
stem rather stout ; calyx large ; cavity and basin medium ; flesh yel- 
low, tender, mild, sub-acid, agreeable. September and October. 

Cracking. Large, roundish ; light yellow, with a tinge of red in the 
sun ; stalk slender, in a deep, narrow, acuminate cavity ; basin deep 
and narrow; flesh a little coarse, yellow, with a pleasant breaking 
texture, and a good sub-acid flavor. Valuable at the West. Ohio. 



3i6 APPLES. 

Disharoon. Rather large, roundish-oblate, slightly conical ; yellow- 
ish green ; stalk short, cavity large, calyx small ; basin rather deep 
and narrow ; flesh white, with a fine sub-acid, aromatic flavor, 
resembling that of Newtown Pippin. November, December. 
Georgia. 

Drap d'Or or "Cloth of Gold." Large, roundish, sometimes slightly 
oblong-conical, more frequently rather oblate ; bright yellow, with 
numerous black specks ; stalk short ; basin shallow, plaited ; sub- 
acid, mild, agreeable. Early autumn, extending to mid-autumn. 
Tree regular, spreading ; leaves doubly serrate. 

Duckett. Rather large, roundish-oblate ; light greenish yellow, 
slightly ribbed ; stalk short, deep set ; basin deep ; flesh fine- 
grained, mild, sub-acid. Late autumn. A good southern fruit. 

Dyer,* (Pomme Royal, which is the original name.) Rather large, 
roundish, often approaching round oblong, sometimes slightlj' flat- 
tened, obscurely ribbed ; light yellow, rarely a faint brown cheek, 
and sometimes a slight russet network over the skin ; stalk three- 
fourths to one inch long ; basin often deep and large, ribbed ; flesh 
very fine-grained, tender, very juicy, with a rich, sub-acid, or rather 
acid, excellent flavor, having but few equals. Fig. 365. Season 
variable; November, December. Productiveness variable. An 
early bearer. 

Ernst's Pippin, Large, oblate, smooth; pale greenish yellow, with 
a brownish cheek ; cavity wide, basin wrinkled, calyx open ; flesh 
tender, sub-acid, very agreeable. Mid-autumn. Cincinnati. 

Esten. Large, oblong-ovate, slightly ribbed, smooth ; j-ellow, some- 
times a blush ; dots large, green and red ; stalk one inch long,, 
slender ; cavity very deep ; basin shallow' ; flesh white, fine-grained, 
mild sub-acid. Tree vigorous, very productive. Rhode Island. 

Fall Harvey, Large, roundish-oblate, nearly regular ; pale 3'ellow ; 
stalk slender, one inch long; cavity moderate ; basin medium in 
size, furrowed ; flesh fine-grained, juicy, good, mild sub-acid flavor. 
Moderate or poor bearer. Essex County, Mass. 

Fall Orange.* (Holden Pippin.) Large, roundish-ovate, or oval ; 
light .greenish yellow, becoming pale yellow, rarely a brown 
cheek ; stalk half an inch long, cavity narrow ; basin even-rimmed, 
slightly plaited ; sub-acid, tender, good, best when fresh from the 
tree. Shoots very stout, dark colored. Tree very hardy, bears 
while very young, fruit alwaj^s fair. Massachusetts. 

Fall Pippin.* (Holland Pippin, erroneously.) Very large, round- 
ish, obtuse, somewhat oblong-conical, a little flattened at the 
ends, sometimes with large obtuse ribs ; color greenish, becoming 
a high rich yellow when ripe, with some large shades of green about 
the crown before fully ripe ; stalk large, in an acuminate cavity, 
basin deep; flesh yellowish, rather firm, becoming tender, rich, 
aromatic, excellent. Leaves sharply serrate, shoots vigorous, 
rather dark, diverging, becoming spreading; tree large. Late 
autumn, keeping into mid-winter. Mostly a moderate bearer — 
fruit sometimes water-cored. Excellent for cooking. Fine in 
nearly all localities. Fig. 368. 



APPLES. 3^7 

Hawley. (Dowse.) Quite large, roundish, slightly conical, some- 
times nearly round, with a broad obtuse apex, and slightly flat- 
tened, smooth ; pale green becoming yellow, sometimes a very 
faint orange cheek ; stalk one-half to one inch long, slender ; cavity 
wide, deep, acute, sometimes slightly obtuse ; basin deep, slightly 
furrowed ; flesh yellowish white, fine-grained, quite tender, with 
a mild, rich, sub-acid, fine flavor. Ripens at mid-autumn. Shoots 
of rather slow growth. Origin, Columbia County, N. Y. Liability 
to dry rot and water-core has rendered it of little value. Fig. 372. 

Holland Pippin. Very large, roundish, somewhat oblong, and flat- 
tened at the ends, sometimes slightly oblate ; greenish yellow, be- 
coming pale yellow or whitish yellow, with a brownish red cheek ; 
stalk variable in length, usually short ; cavity wide, acute ; basin 
slightly plaited ; flesh nearly white, rather acid, with a moderate 
flavor. Ripens early and mid-autumn, but ise. good cooking apple 
some weeks previously. Wholly distinct from the Fall Pippin. An 
excellent culinary sort. 

Hunge. Rather large, roundish, somewhat irregular and oblique ; 
skin smooth, bright yellow, with a faint delicate blush ; stem half an 
inch long ; basin rather deep, slightly ribbed ; flesh fine-grained, 
tender, sub-acid, "very good." Cultivated in North Carolina. 
September and October. 

Keswick Codlin.* Rather large, somewhat conical, and ribbed; 
greenish yellow, becoming light yellow ; stalk short, deep set ; 
calyx rather large ; juicy, pleasant acid, quality moderate. Suc- 
ceeds well at the West. Fine for cooking ; very productive, bears 
early. Ripens in September but may be used for cooking in sum- 
mer. English. 

Lowell.* (Orange, Tallow Apple, Tallow Pippin, Queen Anne, of 
Northern Ohio.) Large, roundish-oblong, obtuse, slightly conical ; 
green, becoming rich yellow ; surfaces lightly oily ; stalk one inch 
long ; basin deep, furrowed or plaited inside, rim obtuse, even ; flesh 
yellowish white, rather coarse, rich sub-acid, or rather acid ; hardly 
first quality, but valuable for its fair surface and great and early 
productiveness. Early autumn. Tree rather slender and a mod- 
erate grower. 

Maiden's Blush.* Rather large, oblate, smooth, and regular; with 
a fine, evenly shaded red cheek or blush on a clear pale yellow 
ground ; stalk short ; cavity rather wide ; basin moderate, even ; 
flesh white, fine-grained, tender, pleasant sub-acid, but not rich. 
Mid-autumn. Tree spreading. Although deficient in richness, it 
is valued for its fair, tender, and beautiful fruit, and uniform pro- 
ductiveness. Fig. 400. Valuable at the West. New Jersey. 

Porter.* Above medium, oblong-ovate-conical, regular, often ribbed 
at apex ; bright yellow, sometimes a dull blush in the sun ; stalk 
one inch long, slender, cavity rather small; basin narrow; flesh 
tender, rich, rather acid, of fine flavor. Fair and productive. 
Early autumn. Succeeds in the Northern and Middle States. 
Leaves sharp, serrate. In some localities this fruit proves too acid 
for the table. Fig. 371. Massachusetts. 



3i8 APPLES. 

Roberson's White. Medium, oblong, flattened at ends ; green, with 
dark dots ; flesh yellowish, fine-grained, crisp, with a sub-acid, 
aromatic flavor. Late autumn. Tree vigorous, upright. A 
good bearer. Formerly grown in Maryland and Virginia. 

Oliver. Medium, red on greenish j-ellow ground, with grayish 
dots ; flesh yellowish white, stained with pink, crisp, sprightly, sub- 
acid. Arkansas. 

Star. Medium, flat, slightly conical, unequal, regular, smooth; 
greenish yellow ; dots numerous, dark, prominent; basin shallow, 
regular, eye small, closed, cavity shallow, regular, russeted ; stem 
short ; flesh white, tender, juicy, sub-acid, rich. 



Fig. 398.— Dyer. Fig. 399.— Am. Golden Russet. 




Fig. 400. Pig. 401. Fig. 402. 

Maiden's Blush. Fall Pippin. Monmouth Pippin. 

Stevenson's Winter. Medium, roundish oblate; greenish yellow 
and dark red ; vigorous and prolific. Autumn. Alabama. 

Wealthy. Medium, roundish, oblate; yellowish shade with dark 
red, oily ; flesh tender, white, juicy, sub-acid, very good. Tree 
hardy, vigorous and productive. A standard commercial variety 
in the plains region, and valued as an excellent culinary and 
market sort elsewhere. Minnesota. Fig. 469. 

Winthrop Greening. Large, oblate, remotely conical, slightly 
ribbed, nearly regular ; skin yellow, when ripe, with a little 
green, sometimes a faint red shade to the sun ; stem short, cav- 
ity shallow, basin moderate ; flesh ycillowish white, sub-acid, 
very good. Mid-autumn. A valued sort in Maine. 



APPLES. 319 



DIVISION III.— WINTER APPLES. 

Class I— Sweet Apples. 

Sectioti /. — Striped with red. 

Bailey Sweet.* (Patterson Sweet, Edgerly Sweet.) Large, regu- 
lar ovate, often slightly and sometimes considerably ribbed ; the 
whole surface frequently a full bright red, in small, broken, indis- 
tinct stripes and dots, on light ground ; stalk slender, one inch 
long ; cavity small, narrow, slightly ribbed ; basin small, plaited ; 
flesh very tender, not juicy; flavor mild, rich, sweet; fine. 
Early winter. Fig. 404. Origin, Perry, Wyoming Co., N. Y. 

Bentley's Sweet. Rather large, roundish-oblong, striped and 
blotched with red on yellow ground ; stalk in a deep, narrow 
cavity, calyx large, open ; basin deep ; flesh rather coarse, firm, 
of moderate quality. Keeps long. Virginia. 

Hartford Sweet. (Spencer Sweeting.) Rather large, roundish, 
slightly flattened ; striped with fine red on greenish yellow 
ground ; stalk slender, cavitj' rather shallow, round ; calyx large, 
basin shallow ; juicy, tender, rich, agreeable. Keeps through 
winter and spring. Productive. Although hardly first-rate in 
quality, valuable for its productiveness and long keeping. A 
native of Hartford, Conn. 

Hockett's Sweet. Large, roundish oblate, smooth ; lightly shaded 
and obscurely striped with light dull red on a dull rich, yellow 
skin ; flesh yellowish, coarse grained, somewhat crisp, compact, 
with a very sweet and rather rich flavor. Early winter. North 
Carolina. 

Ladies' Sweet.* Medium, roundish-ovate, apex narrow ; striped 
with red on pale yellow ground, a nearly uniform shade of fine red 
to the sun ; faintly marbled or clouded with white over the red, 
and cavity faintly rayed with white ; stalk short, cavity small ; 
calyx and basin small ; tender, juicy, agreeable, fine. One of 
the best winter sweet apples. A profuse bearer. Growth feeble. 
Fig. 403. Newburgh, N. Y. 

Maverack's Sweet. Large, roundish-oblate, approaching conical • 
striped and shaded with bright red on yellow skin ; stalk short, 
cavity rather large ; calyx open ; flesh flne-grained, tender, of 
sweet, very good flavor. Early winter. South Carolina. 

Phillips' Sweet. Medium or large, roundish, slightly flattened and 
conical, regular ; mottled red, yellow, and dark red ; flesh rich 
yellow, tender, juicy, crisp, sweet. Very handsome ; resembles 
Ladies' Sweeting, but more show)' and not equal in flavor. 
Early winter. Growth upright, vigorous. Central Ohio. 

Ramsdell's Sweet. (Ramsdell's Red Pumpkin Sweet.) Rather 
large, oblong, obscurely conical, regular ; dark rich red, with 
a blue bloom ; stalk short ; basin rather deep, even ; flesh yellow- 
ish, tender, sweet, rich, good second quality. Tree vigorous, 
upright, productive. Late autumn and early winter. Connecti- 
cut. 



320 APPLES. 

Sweet Pearmain. (Henrick Sweet.) Medium size, roundish or 
ovate-conical; dark rich red, with rough dots; stalk an inch 
long, slender, cavity wide, round ; calyx woolly, basin very small ; 
flavor sweet and rich. Through winter. Introduced from England 
before the Revolution. Much valued in central Ohio and farther 
West. 

Sweet Romanite. (Sweet Nonsuch, of Illinois.) Size medium, 
roundish oblate, regular; striped and shaded with bright red on 
greenish yellow; stalk short ; calyx large, open ; basin shallow, 
furrowed; flesh greenish yellow, firm, crisp, juicy, sweet. Keeps 
through winter. Fig. 405. Valuable at the West. 




Fig. 403. Fig. 404. Fig. 405- 

Ladies' Sweeting. Bailey's Sweet. Sweet Romanite. 

Sweet Vandevere. (Sweet Redstreak, Sweet Harvey.) Size me- 
dium, oblong, slightly conical ; shaded and striped dull red on 
greenish yellow; stalk small, cavity large, irregular; basin wide ; 
flesh tender, juicy, with a rich aromatic flavor. Growth crooked, 
a profuse bearer. Through winter. 

Wing- Sweet. Medium, roundish, slightly oblong, ribbed ; color 
bright red in small stripes and shades on yellow skin ; stalk slen- 
der, basin and apex very sharply ribbed ; flesh whitish 3'ellow, 
sweet, good. A good bearer, and when well grown ou strong soil, 
a handsome and fine sweet winter apple. 

SectioJi II. — Not Striped. 

Broadwell.* Rather large, slightly conical, somewhat oblate ; skin 
thin, smooth, greenish yellow ; stalk short, small, deep set ; 
flesh white, tender, sweet, juicy, fine — and one of the best winter 
sweet apples. Keeps through winter late into spring. Ohio. 
Fig. 369. 

Camak Sweet. Size medium, roundish-conical ; light green with a 
warm cheek ; stem short or long, cavity narrow ; calyx open, 
basin deep ; flesh firm, sweet, very good. North Carolina. 



APPLES. 



321 



Danvers Winter Sweet.* Medium or rather large, roundish, re^ 
motely oblong or conical, obscurely ribbed ; greenish yellow, be- 
coming a rather dull rich yellow, sometimes an orange blush ; stalk 
three-quarters to one inch long, cavity acute ; basin smooth, narrow ; 
flesh yellow, sweet, rich. Fig. 408. Growth vigorous, tree pro- 
ductive. Massachusetts. 

Green Sweet.* Large or medium, nearly round, slightly approach- 
ing ovate-conical, regular; surface green, with greenish white 
dots ; stalk about an inch long, moderately thick, cavity rather small 
and narrow, round, acuminate; basin small, slightly furrowed; 
flesh greenish white, with a very sweet, spicy, good flavor. Fair, 
productive, and a long keeper. Fig. 407. Mas.sachusetts. 

Higby's Sweet. Size medium, roundish, slightly oblate ; pale yel- 
low ; stalk short ; basin deep, slightly furrowed ; flesh white, tender, 
with a good, sweet flavor. Early winter. Northeastern Ohio. 




Fig. 406. 
Tallman Sweet 



Fig. 407. 
Green Sweet. 



Fig. 

Danvers Winter Sweet. 



Honey Greening. Large, oblong, oval ; greenish yellow wnth green 
and gray dots ; stalk long, slender, deeply set ; basin broad, deep ; 
flesh tender, mild, sweet, slightly aromatic. Grown at the West. 
Tree vigorous, upright, an early and constant bearer. November 
and December. 

Jacobs Sweet.* Tree vigorous, spreading ; fruit medium to large, 
roundish-oblate ; light yellow with numerous large greenish dots, 
occasionally blushed ; flesh white, crisp, somewhat coarse, but 
good. November to late winter. An excellent winter sweet. 
Mediord, Mass. 

Leicester Sweet. (Potter Sweet.) Rather large, oblate ; greenish 
yellow and dull red ; tender, rich, excellent, fine for dessert or bak- 
ing. Winter. Tree vigorous, not very productive. Origin, 
Leicester, Mass. 

London Sweet. (Heicke's Winter Sweet.) Rather large, oblate; 
pale yellow ; stalk very short, deeply set ; basin abrupt ; flesh 
whitish, tender, with a fine, sweet, aromatic flavor. Early winter. 
Tree upright, a good annual bearer. 

Tolman Sweet.* Medium or rather large, roundish-oblate slightly 
conical ; clear light yellow, with a clear brownish line from stalk 
to apex ; stalk nearly an inch long ; calyx in a distinct, slightly 



32 2 APPLES. 

wrinkled basin ; flesh white, firm, rich, very sweet. Excellent 
for winter baking. Keeps into spring. Young tree vigorous, 
upright, shoots becoming spreading ; leaves wavy. Fig. 406. 
Productive. Hardy. Rhode Island. 

Wells Sweet. Medium in size, roundish, tapering slightly to base 
and apex ; color light green, wtih a brownish cheek ; stalk short ; 
basin shallow ; flesh very white, tender, rich, agreeable. Early 
winter. Newburg, N. Y. 

Winter Sweet Paradise. Rather large, roundish ; skin pale green- 
ish yellow with a brown blush ; stalk short ; calyx and basin small ; 
flesh white, with a sweet, "very good" flavor. Ripens through 
winter. Origin, Pennsylvania. Succeeds well at the West. 



Class II. — -With More or Less Acidity. 

Section 1. — Striped ivith Red. 

Ailes. Large, oblate ; striped and shaded red on yellow ; stalk short, 
cavity narrow, basin medium ; flesh yellow, crisp, firm, -with a 
rich, sub-acid, "very good" flavor. Keeps through spring. Chester 
County, Pa. 

Anis. Small, oblate conical, ribbed ; yellow, nearly covered with 
dark crimson in strips and splashes ; cavity deep, stem short, stout ; 
basin wide, shallow; flesh firm, finegrained, sub-acid, aromatic; 
quality best when properly ripened. This apple belongs to a family 
grown on the upper Volga in Russia, on a large scale, all of which 
are valuable for cultivation in the northern limits of fruit culture. 
Fig. 432. Russian. 

Anisovka. Large, oblate ; yellowish, striped and splashed with red ; 
flesh yellowish white, juicy, sub-acid; cavity large, stem medium, 
basin wide, deep. This belongs to the Oldenburg family and re- 
sembles the Oldenburg in the tree and in the size, shape, and mark- 
ings of the fruit. It has also proven hardy in the Northwest. 
Fig. 451. Russian. 

Arkansas Black. Medium, slightly conical, I'egular, smooth, glossy; 
yellow, generally covered with deep crimson, small light-colored 
dots ; basin shallow ; eye small, closed ; cavity shallow, russeted ; 
stem medium ; flesh very yellow, fine-grained, firm, juicy, sub-acid, 
rich, very good. Late winter. Arkansas. Fig. 477. 

Babbitt. Large, oblate conical, angular, smooth ; greenish white, 
shaded and striped with red, dots light, few ; cavity large, deep, 
regular ; stem short ; basin medium, regular, furrowed ; calyx shal- 
low ; eye small, closed ; flesh yellowish white, fine-grained, juicy, 
brisk, sub-acid ; excellent cooking apple. Strong grower, hardy, 
productive. 

Baer. Rather small, roundish-oblate; striped red on greenish yel- 
low ; stalk long, cavity wide and deep ; basin small, plaited ; flesh 
tender, fine grained, pleasant, very good — keep still spring. Berks 
County, Pa. Identical with Hiester. 



APPLES. 



323 



Baldwin.* Rather large, roundish, with more or less of a rounded 
taper towards the apex; shaded and striped with yellowish red 
and crimson on yellow ground ; stalk three-fourths of an inch long, 
rather slender, calyx in a narrow, slightly plaited basin ; flesh yel- 
lowish white, with a rich, sub-acid flavor. Young tree vigorous, 
. upright, shoots dark brown, diverging and ascending. Fig. 380. 
Very productive. Ripens through winter. A first-rate winter apple 
in New England, New York, and Michigan ; mostly unsuccessful 
at the 'West and South. Too tender, and mostly fails, as far 
north as Maine, unless grafted standard height. Massachusetts. 
The Baldwin is liable to vary in character ; the Late Baldwin ap- 
pears to be identical, but modified b}' external causes. 

Ben Davis. (New York Pippin, Kentucky Streak, Carolina Red 
Streak, Victoria Red.) Large, roundish-ovate, slightly oblique, 
regular, smooth, striped red on yellow ; stalk long, deep set ; basin 
deep, wrinkled; flesh whitish, tender, with a mild, good, but not 
rich, sub-acid flavor. Fig. 409. Succeeds well at the West, where 
it proves one of the most profitable winter apples for market ; does 
not mature well at the extreme North. An early and abundant 
bearer. The leading commercial variety of America to-day. 
Kentucky. 



Fig. 409.— Ben Davis. 



Fig. 410.— Dutch Mignonne. 




Fig. 411— Prior's Red. Fig. 412.— Dominie. Fig. 413 — Baldwin 



Bethlehemite. Medium., roundish-oblate, remotely conical ; striped 
red on yellow ; stalk short, deeply set ; basin deep ; furrowed ; 
flesh yellowish white, tender, with a mild, sub-acid, very agreeable 
flavor. Ripens through winter. Growth strong, upright. Ohio. 

Black Gilliflower. Rather large, oblong-ovate, long conical, regu- 
lar, obscurely ribbed ; surface dark, dull, reddish purple, inclining 
to greenish yellow where densely shaded ; cavity very narrow, 
acumiinate ; basin very small, ribbed ; flesh greenish white, with a 
rich, good, slightly sub-acid flavor, becoming dry when ripe. 
Keeps through winter and late into spring. Shoots dark, rather 
crooked, fruit always fair ; very productive. Rejected by most cul- 
tivators on account of its very dry flesh, but a good baking variety. 
Totally distinct from the Red or Cornish Gilliflower. 



324 APPLES. 

Blue Pearmain.* Very large, roundish, inclining to oblong, slightly 
and obtusely conical ; dark purplish red in large broken stripes on 
lighter ground; bloom conspicuous ; dots large ; indistinct; stalk 
three-fourths of an inch long ; calyx deep set ; flesh yellowish, mild 
sub-acid, good. Early winter. A thin bearer. 

Boardman. Medium, roundish ; light yellow, splashed, streaked and 
dotted crimson ; stem short ; cavity open and rather deep ; basin 
large, deep ; flesh very white, crisp, juicy, sub-acid, good. Winter. 
Maine. 

Brightwater. Large, round, conical ; greenish yellow, mottled russet, 
splashed and striped dull red, dots minute yellow and brown ; skin 
thick; flesh greenish yellow, fine-grained, juicy, sub-acid, good. 
Arkansas. 

Bryant. Large, roundish oblate ; greenish yellow, shaded with dull 
red and striped darker, dots numerous, large, gray, many with 
rough prominent centres, gi'ay over all color ; flesh yellow, coarse, 
tender, juicy, mild sub-acid. Virginia. 

BufT. Large, round, oblate, smooth; distinctly striped with light 
and dark red; cavity broad and deep; basin round, furrowed; 
flesh white, tender, sub-acid, mild, agreeable, "good," or perhaps 
"very good," sometimes poor. Much valued at the South. 

Bullet. (North Carolina Greening, Green Abram.) Rather small, 
roundish ; striped with light and dark red on greenish yellow ; stalk 
short, often with a lip at base, cavity small ; basin deep ; flesh ten- 
der, juicy, with a pleasant sub-acid flavor. Valuable in Virginia 
and North Carolina as a long keeper. Tree productive. 

Cannon Pearmain. Rather large, roundish or oblong-conical ; red 
on yellow; cavity small, basin abrupt; flesh yellowish, firm, rich, 
spicy, mild sub-acid. Keep still spring. Tree vigorous, spread- 
ing, productive. North Carolina. 

Carnahan Favorite. Large, roundish conic; red on 3^ellow; cav- 
ity and calyx large, basin furrowed ; flesh fine-gi-ained, pleasant, 
sub-acid. Tree vigorous, productive. Keeps till spring. Ohio. 

Carolina Queen. (Carolina Winter Queen.) Rather large, round- 
ish, slightly oblate, smooth and regular; greenish 3'ellow shaded 
and striped with light dull red ; stalk three-fourths of an inch long, 
cavity wide and rather inclining to obtuse, basin ribbed ; flesh yel- 
lowish white, sprightly sub-acid, of an excellent flavor. Early 
winter. Popular in North Carolina. 

Carter.* (Mangum.) Medium to large, roundish-ovate; red on 
orange yellow ; stalk rather short, cavity deep, calj-x large, open, in 
a wide, deep, somewhat furrowed basin ; flesh tender, mild, pleas- 
ant. One of the best apples in the Southern States. Alabama. 

Carthouse.* (Gilpin, Romanite, Red Romanite, and Small Roman- 
ite, of the West.) Medium or rather small, roundish-oblong, 
nearl)' regular, apex flattened ; striped and shaded deep red on 
greenish yellow ground ; stalk one-half to an inch long, slender ; 
basin slightly furrowed, wide, distinct; flesh tough, crisp, fresh. 



APPLES. 325 

agreeable, mild sub-acid, nearly sweet, of moderate quality. Keeps 
fresh till late in spring. Much cultivated as a long keeper at the 
West. Virginia. 

Chandler. Large, roundish, slightly flattened, somewhat angular ^ 

. striped and shaded red on greenish yellow ; stalk short, cavity 

large, calyx small, in a wide, plaited basin ; flesh greenish white, 

tender, with a moderately rich, sub-acid flavor. Early winter. 

Connecticut. 

Cogswell. Rather large, roundish-oblate, regular; striped rich red 
on yellow ; stalk small, cavity large, russeted ; calyx short, basin 
small ; flesh yellowish, compact, tender, scarcely sub-acid, with a 
fine, rich, aromatic flavor. Through winter. An excellent dessert 
fruit. An abundant bearer every other year. Connecticut. 

Cooper's Red. (Cooper's Market.) Size medium, oblong conical p 
shaded and striped with red on yellow ; stalk short, cavity deep, 
narrow ; basin small ; flesh white, tender, with a brisk sub-acid 
flavor. Through winter. Shoots long, slender. Profitable, al- 
though not of highest quality, New Jersey. 

Cranford. Large, oblate; yellow, covered with brownish red,, 
splashed and streaked with light crimson ; stem short, thick ; basin 
broad, deep, russeted ; calyx wide, deep ; flesh yellow, juicy, sub- 
acid, sprightly. Tree good grower, fair bearer. Winter- 
Arkansas. 

Cross. Medium, regular, oblate ; yellow, splashed and striped with 
crimson, much like Fameuse ; cavity deep ; basin shallow; flesh 
white, sub-acid, very good. Fig. 412. Midwinter. Russian. 

Cullasaga. Rather large, roundish; slightly conical, striped crim- 
son on yellow; stalk short, slender; cavity deep, russeted; calyx 
open ; basin shallow, furrowed ; flesh yellow, tender, very mild, 
aromatic, rich. A well-known, long-keeping, valuable Southern 
fruit. North Carolina. 

Detroit. (Red Detroit.) Medium or rather large, roundish or 
slightly conical; skin thick, smooth, dark purple when mature; 
cavity deep ; basin shallow, plaited ; flesh white, often stained 
with red, crisp, of an agreeable sub-acid flavor. 

The Black Detroit, or Grand Sachem, is a larger apple, more irreg- 
ular ; rather dry fruit of. inferior quality. 

Domine.* (Wells, of Ohio.) Rather large, roundish oblate ; sur- 
face with narrow and distinct stripes of light red, on whitish 
yellow ground ; dots or specks large, rough ; stalk three-fourths of 
an inch long; cavity wide, deep, acute; basin deep, obtusely 
ribbed; flesh white, firm, mild sub-acid, spicy, fine flavored. 
Fig. 412. Shoots very long, vigorous, diverging, leaves drooping, 
coarsely serrate. Productive. Keeps through winter. Tender at 
the West. New York. 

Dutch Mignonne. Quite large, roundish, regular; rich orange, 
dotted, mottled, and obscurely striped with bright red, slightly 



326 APPLES. 

russeted ; stalk nearly an inch long, slender ; calyx large, open ; 
basin large, round, even ; flesh firm, becoming tender, with a 
high, rich, rather acid flavor. Fig. 410. Early winter. Native 
of Holland. A large, handsame, high-flavored, but coarse fruit. 

Walbridge. Large, roundish, oblate ; red streaked ; flesh tender, 
juicy, sub-acid, vigorous, hardy. Tree prolific bearer, good. 
Winter. 

Elkhorn. Large, oblate, regular; yellowish, striped red and brown, 
dots light gray, large, and numerous ; basin large ; eye closed ; 
cavity wide, deep, russeted ; stem very short, slender ; flesh yel- 
lowish, coarse, juicy, sub-acid, pleasant, good. Arkansas. 

FIG. 415. 
Belle de Boskoop. 

n 

Herren. 




Fig. 418. 

Fig. 417.— Cross. Grandmother. FiG. 419— Sandy Glass. 

Eustis. (Ben.) Rather large, roundish, very slightly ovate; 
striped and dotted with light rich red on rich yellow ; stalk very 
short; basin narrow, rather deep ; flesh yellowish, rich, sub-acid, 
fine. Origin, Essex County, Mass. 

Evening Party. Rather large, oblate, slightly oval ; yellow, striped 
with red; stalk short, inserted in a round, deep cavity, often 
russeted; calyx closed, basin large; flesh juic}', tender, crisp, 
with a vinous, aromatic flavor. An excellent dessert fruit. Tree 
health, vigorous, a good bearer. December and January. Penn- 
sylvania. 

Flushing Spitzenburgh. Medium, roundish conical; rich red on 
yellow, with large whitish or fawn spots; cavity, basin, and calyx 
small ; flesh whitish yellow, crisp, with a very mild sub-acid, mod- 
erate flavor. Early winter. Shoots strong, brown, unlike the 
slender, gray shoots of Esopus Spitzenburgh. 

Gano.* (Ozark Reagan.) Fruit medium large, oblate, irregular ; 
red striped, handsome ; sub-acid, brisk, good ; season medium to 
late. Grown for market in Middle West. 



APPLES. 327 

Good Peasant. Medium ; greenish yellow, splashed and striped red 
on the sunny side ; cavity russety ; basin deep, wrinkled ; stem 
medium ; flesh fine-grained, sub-acid, very good ; season, mid- 
winter. Russian. 

Grandmother. Medium, regular, roundish oblate ; green, striped 
and splashed with red ; calyx broad, large ; basin narrow ; stem 
short, stout ; flesh firm, juicy. Fig. 418. Mid-winter. Russian. 

Granite Beauty, Large, roundish-ovate, longest at middle, ribbed; 
skin 3-ellow, striped bright red ; stalk short, slender ; cavity rather 
small, ribbed ; basin medium, furrowed ; flesh juicy, rich sub-acid, 
quality medium. Early and mid-winter. Growth rather spread- 
ing. New Hampshire. 

Hall.* Rather small, roundish, slightly oblate; striped red on 
greenish yellow, with russet dots ; stalk slender, curved ; cavity 
round, medium ; basin small, plaited ; flesh yellowish, fine-grained, 
with a very rich, mild sub-acid, aromatic flavor. Through winter. 
A widely cultivated and highly esteemed Southern variety. 
Growth moderate, upright, shoots slender, reddish. Fig. 420. 
Hardy. North Carolina. 

Herefordshire Pearmain. (Royal Pearmain, Winter Pearmain, 
erroneously.) Medium in size, round-oblong, approaching obtuse- 
conical; surface mostly covered with indistinct stripes and soft 
clouds of light red on greenish yellow, which on ripening becomes 
a pale clear yellow ; stalk half an inch long, cavity small ; calyx 
large, open ; basin narrow, plaited ; flesh yellowish white, flne 
grained, with a pleasant, mild sub-acid, aromatic, fine flavor. 
Early winter. Best on light soils. Distinguished from Winter 
Pearmain by its stronger shoots, less oblong form, and by the soft 
shades and clouds of fine red, which cover the surface. Fig. 424. 

Herren. Medium, regular, oblate; yellow, nearly covered with 
dark red, splashed crimson ; basin wide ; stem medium ; flesh white, 
sub- acid. Early winter. Poland. Fig. 416. 

Hess. Medium, roundish or conical; striped with red ; stalk short, 
rather stout ; cavity narrow, deep ; basin deep, narrow ; flesh green- 
ish white, tender, with a very good, aromatic flavor. Through 
winter. Pennsylvania. 

Hollow Crown. Size medium, oblong, oval, flattened at crown; 
skin yellow, striped and splashed with red ; stalk short, in a 
moderate cavity ; calyx closed, basin broad ; flesh yellowish, with a 
sprightly excellent flavor. October, January. (Downing.) 

Hubbardston.* Large, round-ovate, largest at the middle, nearly 
regular ; color with small broken stripes and numerous dots of light 
rich red on a rich yellow ground ; stalk three-fourths to one inch 
long ; cavity acute, russeted ; calyx open, basin ribbed ; flesh yel- 
lowish, very rich, slightly sub-acid, with a strong mixture of a rich 
sweet flavor, excellent. Early winter. A famous New England 
sort— fine at the North and 'Northwest. Shoots rather slender, 
gray. A native of Hubbardston, Mass. Loses flavor by keeping. 
Coming into favor as a commercial sort. 



328 



APPLES. 



Indiana Favorite. Medium, oblate, regular, handsome ; shaded and 
striped with red on rich yellow, with large yellow russet specks; 
stem short, cavity wide, calyx open, in a moderate even basin; 
flesh yellowish, crisp, a mild sub-acid, agreeable flavor, "very 
good." Tree spreading, excellent bearer. Keeps remarkably well. 
It is a seedling of the Vandevere Pippin and resembles it, except in 
being of a deeper red and much less acid, and superior in flavor. 

Ingram. (Ingram Seedling.) Medium, roundish conical ; yellow, 
splashed and striped crimson ; cavity regular, medium depth, stem 
short and stout, basin medium ; slightly leather cracked ; flesh 
yellowish, fine, tender and juicy when fully ripe, sub-acid, good. 
Late winter. Seedling of Ralls. Good South. Missouri. 

Jersey Black. Size medium, round, somewhat irregular; striped 
blackish red on lighter red, with numerous small dots ; flesh often 
stained; stalk variable, cavity deep; basin shallow, plaited; flesh 
yellow, crisp, juicy, mild sub-acid, agreeable. Early winter. 
Tree vigorous, but does not grow large ; spreading, productive. A 
valuable market apple at the West. 



Fig. 420.— Hall. 



Fig. 421. — King. 



Fig. 422.— Jonathan. 




Fig. 423.— Smith's Cider. 



Fig. 424. — Herefordshire Pearmain. 



Jonathan.* Medium in size, round-ovate, or approaching truncate- 
conical ; regular, nearly covered with brilliant stripes of clear red 
on a pale yellow ground ; stalk slender ; basin very distinct, rather 
deep; flesh white, very juicy, spicy, sub-acid, moderately rich. 
Keeps through winter. Shoots slender, diverging ; tree very pro- 
ductive ; fruit always handsome and fair. Fig. 422. Kingston. 
N. Y. The slender growth of the tree is an objection with cul- 
tivators. It succeeds well in most localities and is a popular 
market variety in many sections, both East and West. 

Jones' Seedling. Medium, round conical ; light yellow, striped 
red ; flesh sub-acid, almost sweet. Winter. Tennessee. 

Kaiser. (Red Seek-no-further.) Size medium, roundish-oblate, 
often slightly oblique ; shaded and obscurely striped with red on 
greenish yellow ; stalk short, cavity large ; basin shallow, some- 
times deep, furrowed ; flesh fine-grained, mild sub-acid, slightly 



APPLES. 329 

aromatic, with a very good flavor. Small specimens have a small 
cavity and are smooth, regular, and are free from ribs. Early 
winter. Southeastern Ohio. Growth resembles Rambo. 

King.* (Tompkins County King.) Large, sometimes quite large, 
roundish, ribbed ; color a deep red, in stripes ; flesh tender, 
juicy, rich, high flavored. Tree . a strong grower with few 
branches. Shoots slightlj' flexuous : a good but not heavy bearer. 
Drops its fruit rather early, and should be gathered soon. Early 
winter, and keeps through winter. Fig. 421. Succeeds East and 
West at the North, but not so well farther South. New Jersey. 

Lacker. Rather large, oblate, somewhat irregular ; striped light 
and dark red on greenish yellow, with conspicuous whitish specks ; 
stalk half an inch long ; basin furrowed ; flesh white, fine-grained, 
firm, crisp, fresh, mild, agreeable, sub-acid. Keeps through 
winter. Cultivated in Western New York ; originally from Lan- 
caster, Pa. 

Large Anis (Cross.) Large, irregular conic ; yellowish green, 
splashed and striped with red ; cavity deep, stem medium, basin 
regular, deep ; flesh fine-grained, mild acid, good. Will prove 
valuable north of parallel 43°, where it will keep through the win- 
ter. Fig. 433. From the Upper Volga, Russia. 

Lawver. Large, roundish, regular ; with surface handsomely 
striped with red, sub-acid, good. It is not very productive and 
does not promise well for a market variety. Winter. West. 
Fig. 468. Missouri. 

Limbertwig.* (James River.) Large, roundish, slightly conical ; 
striped and splashed with red on yellow ; stalk long, slender, 
calyx rather small ; flesh yellowish, very compact, not high flav- 
ored, but cultivated in the South and West for its keeping prop- 
erties. The tree is ill shapen, with pendent branches, whence 
its name. Distinct from the Willow Twig. North Carolina. 

Long Stem of Pennsylvania. Rather small, roundish-oval ; shaded 
and slightly striped Avith red or crimson on yellow ; stalk long, 
slender, curved, cavity large; basin somewhat furrowed; flesh 
tender, crisp, with a rich, aromatic, sub-acid, excellent flavor. 
Berks Co. , Pa. A fine dessert fruit. 

McLellan. (Martin.) Medium in size or rather large, nearly round, 
smooth, regular ; striped and mottled with lively clear red on 
yellow ground ; stalk three-fourths of an inch long, slender ; cavity 
narrow; basin narrow, waved; seeds small; flesh nearly white, 
finegrained, very tender, slightly sub-acid, agreeable, but not very 
rich. Early winter. Very productive. Connecticut. Fig. 429. 

Mallett. Large, roundish oblate ; greenish yellow, marbled red 
with crimson slashes ; cavity shallow, stem medium; basin wide, 
wrinkled ; flesh white, coarse-grained, juicy, sub-acid, quality 
good. October. In Minnesota it keeps well into the winter. 
Fig. 435. Russian. 

Marston's Red Winter. Large, roundish-oval, regular, slightly 
narrowed to each end, smooth; striped with bright red and 
crimson on yellow ground ; stalk half an inch long, slender ; cavity 



330 



APPLES. 



russeted ; basin abrupt, round, smooth ; flesb yellowish, fine- 
grained, tender, juicy, high flavored. Ripens through winter. 
Origin, New Hampshire. 

Mickel. No. i. Large, oblate, smooth; glossy, greenish white, 
striped light red, dots few, white ; cavity large, very deep, 
slightly russet ; stem short, slender; basin medium, deep, abrupt, 
folded ; eye small, closed ; flesh white, fine-grained, tender, juicy, 
slightly sub-acid, good. Wisconsin. 

Milam. Rather small, roundish ; greenish, shaded and striped with 
red; flesh rather firm, with a pleasant, sub-acid, moderate flavor. 
A good keeper. Although not of high flavor, it is widel}^ culti- 
vated at the West and Southwest on account of its hardiness, pro- 
ductiveness, and good keeping qualities. Does not succeed well 
farther North. Fig. 425. 



Fig. 425.— Milam. Fig. 426.— Mother. Fig. 427-— Roxbury Russet. 




Fig. 428.— Rawle's Janet. FiG. 429-— McT^ellan. FiG. 430.— Nickajack, 



Minister. Large, rather irregular, oblong-conical, ribbed, surface 
more or less wavy, base broad, apex very narrow ; very distinctly 
striped with red on greenish yellow ground ; stalk one inch long, 
slender; cavity usually wide, shallow, and irregular; flesh yellow- 
ish, moderately rich, sub-acid, flavor second quality. Productive, 
fair, and showy. Early winter. Apt to be warty. Mass. 

Mother.* Rather large, oblong-ovate, approaching conical; slightly 
and obtusely ribbed ; color a high warm rich red on yellow 
ground ; deep red to the sun— in obscure broken stripes and spots ; 
stalk three-fourths of an inch long, cavity moderate ; basin small, 
plaited ; flesh yellow, more so toward the outside, moderately 
juicy, rich, very spicy, very mild sub-acid, w-ith an admixture of 
sweet. Somewhat resembles the Esopus Spitzenburgh in external 
appearance, and in its rich yellow flesh and spiciness. Growth 
slow. Fig. 426. Late autumn and early winter. Worcester 
County, Mass. 

Monk's Favorite. Large, roundish, slightly oblate, ribbed; mot- 
tled and striped red on yellow ; stalk short, cavity wide, caXyx. 



APPLES. 



331 



small in a broad basin ; flesh yellowish white, with a very good 
snb-acid flavor. A long keeper. 

Newark King. Size medium, conical; skin smooth, red in streaks 
on j^ellow ground ; flesh tender, rather rich, pleasant. Early win- 
ter. Origin, New Jersey. 

New York Vandevere.* (Newtown Spitzenburgh, Ox Eye.) Me- 
dium in size, round-oblate, regular; color light red in indistinct 
streaks on yellow ground, often a high red where exposed; dots 
numerous ; stalk uniformly about half an inch long, cavity and 
basin wide ; flesh lightyellow, with arich, mild, sub-acid, excellent 
flavor. Early winter. Not always fair — succeeds best on light 
soils. Shoots spotted ; leaves doublj^ serrate-crenate. New York. 

Nickajack.* (Summerour, Berry, Edwards, Carolina Spice, Red 
Hazel.) Rather large, smooth, handsome, roundish, slightly ob- 
long; splashed, striped, andmottled with deep red, and with large 
whitish spots ; stalk short, deep set, basin moderate, rim obtuse, 
calyx open; flesh yellow, rather firm, sub-acid, spicy, very good. 
Fig. 430. Keeps till spring. Growth irregular — a good bearer. 
A standard Southern variety, and a good market sort in lower Ohio 
valley. Georgia. 

Fig. 431.— Recumbent. Fig. 432.— Anis. Fig. 433.— Large Anis. 




Fig. 434.— Titus (Riga). FIG. 435.— Mallett. FiG. 436.— Rambour Queen. 



Northern Spy.* Large, roundish-conical, often flattened, slightly 
ribbed ; handsomely striped with red ; stalk and calyx deep set ; 
flavor rich, aromatic, mild sub-acid, fine. Keeps through winter 
and late into spring ; preserves its flavor remarkably fresh. 
Shoots dark, spotted, erect, stout. A tardy bearer. To afiiord fine 
fruit, the tree must be kept thrifty by good cultivation. A native 
of East Bloomfield, N. Y. A fruit of the highest quality, and profit- 
able for market under proper cultivation, and with care in picking, 
assorting, and packing. Succeeds throughout the North and 
Northwest, but less valuable farther South. Fig. 439. 

Osceola. Size medium, roundish-oblate, angular; skin yellowish, 
shaded and striped with red ; stalk small ; cavity large, russeted ; 



332 APPLES. 

basin deep; flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, mild sub-acid," very good." 
A good keeper. Indiana. Resembles New York Vandevere. 

Perry. Medium, oblate, regular, smooth ; yellow shaded and striped 
bright red, dots numerous, large, russety ; cavity large, deep, 
russet ; stem short, medium ; basin medium, folded ; calyx short ; 
flesh }^ellow, fine-grained, tender, juicy, mild sub-acid, good. A 
good bearer and long keeper. Ohio. 

Pewaukee.* Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate ; striped with 
dark red on a bright yellow ground ; flesh white, tender, brisk, 
sub-acid. Seedling of Oldenburg. Valued for its hardiness. 
Wisconsin. 

Pilot. Medium, round, regular, smooth ; yellow covered by dull red, 
with brighter splashes of lighter red, dots numerous, large, gray, 
sometimes star-shaped; basin deep, regular; eye small, closed; 
cavity shallow, narrow, slightly russeted, stem short ; flesh yellow, 
fine-grained, firm, juicy, mild sub-acid, rich ; very good. Fig. 440. 
Virginia. 

Pig. 437 Willow Twig. Fig. 438.— Winesap. 




Fig. 439. — Northern Spy. FlG. 440.— Pilot. Fig. 441. — Rome Beauty. 



Pryor's Red.* (Pryor's Pearmain.) Medium or rather large, 
roundish, irregular, varying, apex often broad, sometimes narrow, 
considerably or slightly ribbed ; color dull brick red on greenish, 
yellow in dots, shades, and obscure streaks, slightly russeted ; stalk 
longer short, cavity small; calyx open, basin narrow; flesh very 
tender, mild, rich, sub-acid, agreeable. Highly esteemed in In- 
diana, Kentucky, and Virginia — where it keeps till spring — and 
succeeds well farther North. Often a poor bearer. Fig. 411. Va. 

Ragan. Large, roundish ovate ; striped and marbled with red on 
light greenish yellow ground; stalk medium to long, cavity deep, 
basin deep ; flesh yellowish white, of a rich, spicy, rather acid 
flavor. Early winter. Putnam County, Ind. 



APPLES. 333 

Rambour Queen. Large, irregular oblate ; greenish yellow, splashed 
with crimson ; cavity medium, stem medium, basin wide, irregu- 
lar ; flesh white with greenish veinings, v&xy juicy, sub-acid, 
good. Late autumn. Fig. 436. Good for keeping in cold stor- 
age. Russian. 

l^all's Genet.* (Rawle's Jenneting. Neverfail, Rockremain.) 
Medium in size, roundish, approaching oblong or obtuse-conical, 
often oblique; color pale red, distinct stripes on liglit yellow 
ground; stalk half an inch long; flesh nearly white, fine, mild, 
sub-acid, fine texture, crisp, juicy. Growth slow ; a profuse 
Taearer, with a portion of the crop knotty or under size. Keeps 
through spring. Highly esteemed in the Ohio valley ; does not 
succeed farther North. The blossoms open ten days later than 
usual, thus sometimes escaping spring frosts ; hence the name 
Neverfail. Hardy far West. Fig. 428. France. 

Recumbent. (Lieby.) Large, irregular, oblate; yellow splashed 
red and crimson ; cavity deep, regular, basin wide ; skin astringent, 
good for cooking. Fig. 431. Russian. 

Red Canada.* (Nonsuch, Old Nonsuch of Massachusetts, Richfield 
Nonsuch of Ohio.) Medium in size, roundish-conical, regular; 
nearly the whole surface covered with red, and interspersed with 
large and rather indistinct whitish dots ; stalk about an inch long, in 
a very wide and even cavity; basin nearly even, moderate; flesh 
fine-grained, compact, with a rich, sub-acid, high and excellent 
flavor. Keeps through winter. Shoots rather slender, leaves wavy. 
Productive. Succeeds in New England, New York, and Ohio. 
This is wholly distinct from the Nonsuch of England, to prevent 
confusion with which the name Red Canada is preferred. One of 
the finest table apples, often keeping late in spring. The slender 
growth of the tree, the frequent scabbiness of the fruit, and its 
moderate crops in some localities, are the chief drawbacks on its 
value. Fig. 450. 

Red Winter Pearmain. (Red Lady Finger, Meigs, Red Fall Pippin, 
and Red Vandevere of Tennessee.) Size medium, oblong conical ; 
dark purplish red on yellow, with numerous whitish dots ; stalk 
short, cavity narrow ; basin small ; flesh whitish, very tender and 
juicy, with a mild, slightly sub-acid, slightly aromatic flavor. 
Mid-winter. Growth moderate, upright : a regular bearer. 

Robey's Seedling. Large, roundish conic ; obscurely striped with 
lively red; flesh yellowish, juicy, with a rich, high flavor. Early 
winter. Succeeds in Middle and Western States. Tree vigorous 
and productive. 

Rome Beauty.* Large, roundish, very slightly conical; mostly 
covered with bright red on pale yellow ground ; flesh tender, not 
fine-grained, juicy, of good quality. Ripens early in winter. The 
large size and beautiful appearance of this Ohio apple render it 
popular as an orchard variety. Fig. 441. 

Royal Table. Medium, conical, ribbed, greenish vellow, red 
stripes on yellow side ; cavity wide, shallow ; basin' wide ; flesh 
greenish white, quality good. Early winter. Russian. 



334 APPLES. 

Russet Pearmain. Size medium, roundish-conical; faint red stripes 
on greenish yellow ground ; flesh juicy, tender, rich, fine sub-acid 
flavor. Through winter. 

Shockley, (Waddel's Hall.) Medium, roundish-oblong, narrow- 
ing to the eye ; yellow striped and clouded with red, with dark 
greenish russet blotches ; stalk long, slender ; cavity narrow, deep ; 
flesh firm, of good but not high flavor. Georgia. Ripens from 
October to March. Wm. N. White. 

Siloam. Medium, oblate, regular, smooth ; yellow, with dull red 
stripes and splashes, dots numerous, small, light gray ; basin shal- 
low, regular ; eye small, closed ; cavity shallow, russeted ; stem 
very short; flesh yellow, juicy, sub-acid, rich, very good. Arkan- 
sas. 

Skrnishapfel. Medium ; flat, conical, ribbed ; yellow, flushed and 
striped with red ; cavity and basin shallow and ribbed ; flesh firm, 
sub-acid. Mid-winter. Belongs to Cross apple family, and may 
prove identical with the Russian Baldwin. Russian. 




Fig. 442. Fig. 443.— Westfield, Fig. 444. 

Esopus Spitzenburgh. Seek-no-Further. Wagener. 

Smith Cider.* Medium or rather large, roundish-oblong, some- 
what flattened at the ends ; shaded and slightly striped with light 
red on pale greenish yellow, with a few conspicuous whitish, 
yellow dots ; stalk slender, cavity rather deep, calyx large ; basin 
shallow, wrinkled ; flesh whitish, tender, crisp, with a sub-acid, 
moderate flavor. Grown in Pennsylvania and the Ohio valley. 
Valued for its hardiness, productiveness, and handsome fruit. 
Pennsylvania. Fig. 423. 

Spitzenburgh, Esopus.* Rather large, round-ovate, slightly coni- 
cal ; surface a high rich i"ed, rather obscurely striped ; stalk 
three-fourths of an inch long, rather slender ; basin shallow, 
slightl}^ furrowed ; flesh yellow, firm, crisp, spicy, rather acid, 
nearly unequalled in its high rich flavor. Keeps through winter. 
Shoots ascending and erect, rather slender leaves crenate. Usually 
a moderate bearer. Fig. 442. Succeeds best in New York, its 
native State. 

Sutton Beauty.* Fruit large, roundish ; skin waxen yellow, striped 
and shaded with crimson, very handsome; flesh white, tender. 



APPLES. 335 

sprightly, very good. A late keeper. Tree a free grower and 
productive. Coming to be one of the most profitable market 
varieties in the East. Massachusetts. 

Wagener.* Medium, oblate, distinctly ribbed; shaded and indis- 
tinctly striped with pale red, and a full, deep red in the sun on 
warm yellow ground ; often streaked with russet ; stalk three- 
fourths of an inch long ; cavity wide, rather obtuse ; basin even, 
rather large ; flesh yellowish, fine-grained, tender, compact, mild 
sub-acid, aromatic, excellent. Ripens through winter. From 
Penn Yan, N. Y. Fig. 444. Succeeds well at the West. An early 
bearer. 

Wellford's Yellow. Rather small, roundish oblate ; faintly streaked 
with red on pale yellow ; flesh yellow, fine-grained, juicy, with a 
rich, aromatic flavor. R.apid grower, great bearer, and long 
keeper. Cultivated in Maryland and Virginia. 

Westfield Seek-no-Further.* (Connecticut Seek-no-further, New 
England Seek-no-further.) Medium or large, roundish, often 
slightly conical; obscurely striped with light dull red, more or less 
russeted, rarely covered wholly with russet; stalk slender; calyx 
partly open ; flesh tender, rich, spicy, of fine flavor. Early and 
mid-winter. Tree productive, fruit always fair. Connecticut. 
Fig. 443. Succeeds well throughout the Northern States. 




Fig. 445.— Scott's Winter. Fig. 446.— Windsor. Fig. 447.— Wolf River. 

Willow Twig.* Large, roundish, slightly conical, obtuse, very 
regular ; greenish yellow, striped and mottled faintly with dull red ; 
stalk short ; basin very wide and deep, rim obtuse ; flavor sub-acid, 
or rather acid, not rich. A long keeper. Shoots slender. Culti- 
vated as a market apple in Southern Ohio. Fig. 447. 

Windsor. (Windsor Chief.) Small, oblate; greenish yellow suf- 
fused with red splashes, gray dots ; flesh pale yellow, fine-grained 
juicy, sub-acid, good. Tree early bearer and prolific. Winter. 
Wisconsin. Fig. 446. 

Wine. (Hays' Apple, Hays Winter.) Rather large, often quite 
large, roundish, slightly flattened ; obscurely striped and mottled 



SS^ APPLES. 

with red on yellow ground ; stalk quite short ; cavity deep, acumi- 
nate ; calyx large, open ; basin large ; flesh yellowish white, 
with a rich sub-acid flavor. Early winter. There are several 
spurious varieties under this name. Delaware. 

Winesap.* Size medium, round-ovate, slightly conical, sometimes 
obscurely flattened ; color a lively deep red ; stalk slender, three- 
fourths of an inch long ; cavity acute ; calyx small, in a finely 
plaited basin ; flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, with a rich sub-acid or 
rather acid flavor. Keeps through winter. One of the best apples 
for baking. Growth rather irregular, fruit formerly always fair,, 
of late years more imperfect. Widely cultivated at the West and 
Southwest. Fig. 438. 

Winter Aport. Large, flat, conical ; greenish yellow, red striped; 
cavity deep ; basin shallow, ribbed ; stem medium ; flesh yellow- 
ish, firm, sub-acid, good. Season, winter. Russian. 

Wolf River. Very large, round oblate, regular, smooth ; yellowish 
white, splashed with bright red, dots large, scattering, light 
gray ; basin shallow, spiall ; eye medium, open, segments re- 
flexed ; cavity deep, wide, very russet ; stem short, stout ; flesh 
yellowish white, coarse, tender, dry when ripe, sub-acid, not 
rich, medium quality only. Valuable in the Northwest. Winter. 
Fig. 447. Wisconsin. 




Fig. 448. Fig. 449. 

Yellow Transparent. York Imperial. 

Yacob. Large, oblate, smooth; yellow, striped and splashed crim- 
son, dots few, gray; cavity regular, deep, abrupt, green; stem 
short, slender, basin deep, calyx twisted, eye small, closed; flesh 
yellowish white, slightly tinged with red, fine-grained, tender, 
juicy, sub-acid, spicy, good. Pennsylvania. 

Yates. Small, oblate ; yellow, covered with dark red stripes, small 
white dots ; flesh yellow, spicy, sub-acid. Great bearer and good 
keeper. Georgia. 

York Imperial.* (Johnson's Fine Winter.) Medium, oblong, 
angular, oblique, often varies in form, smooth ; yellow, shaded 
red, indistinct red stripes ; basin deep, wide ; eye nearly closed ; 
cavity deep, narrow, russeted ; stem short; flesh yellow, firm, 
juic}', sub-acid, good. Winter. Pennsylvania. An excellent 
shipping apple, always brings high prices. Fig. 449. 



APPLES. 337 

Section 11. — Not Striped. 

Antonovka. Roundish oblate ; yellow with white bloom ; basin 
deep and cavity acute ; flesh 5'ellow, sub-acid, crisp, good. Tree 
not so hardy as some varieties received from Northern Europe 
which much resemble it in form and fruit. Fig. 452. Russian. 

Arabsko. Large, conic ; green covered with purplish red ; cavity 
medium, stem medium, basin shallow ; flesh greenish white, sharp, 
sub-acid. Winter. Fig, 459. Russian. Often rots on the trees. 

Aunt Hannah. Size medium, roundish, approaching ovate ; straw 
color, with a very pleasant mild sub-acid, fine flavor, resembling 
in character the Newtown Pippin. Origin, Essex County, Mass. 

Basil the Great. (Vasilis Largest.) Large, roundish, oblong, 
unequally truncated, irregular; yellow, mostly covered with dark 
red and crimson ; cavity deep, acute ; stem very short ; basin 
wide, deep, abrupt; flesh coarse grained, red next skin, juicy, 
sub-acid, excellent for culinary use. Very showy apple and is a 
profitable market one. The trees are said to endure drought with- 
out lessening the size of the fruit. Russian. Fig. 379. 

Fig. 452. — Antonovka. Fig. 453. — Iowa Blush. 




Fig. 451.— Bergamot. Fig. 454.— Anisovka. 

Belle et Bonne. Large, roundish, flattened at ends, obtuse; green- 
ish yellow ; stem short ; calyx in a wide, deep basin ; flesh yellow, 
tender, large grained, sub-acid, agreeable, and very good. Early 
winter. A Connecticut apple ; a strong growing and productive 
variety, much esteemed in the neighborhood of Hartford. 

Belmont.* Rather large, roundish-conical or ovate-conical, apex 
usually narrow, but sometimes quite obtuse ; faintly ribbed, 
smooth ; color clear pale yellow, with sometimes a light vermilion 
blush, and rarely with large thinly scattered carmine dots; stalk 
varying from half an inch long and stout, to an inch or more long 
and slender ; basin in conical specimens, narrow and shallow ; in 
obtuse specimens, narrow and deep, with an obtusely ribbed rim ; 
flesh yellowish white, compact, crisp, becoming quite tender, with 
a mild, rich, sub-acid, fine flavor. Leaves crenate. Early win- 
ter. A profuse bearer. Excellent in New York, Michigan, and 
Northern and Central Ohio — worthless at Cincinnati. Tender at 
the West. Fig. 466. 
22 



33^ APPLES. 

Bergamot. Medium, regular, oblong, cylindrical ; yellow with 
white bloom, has much the appearance of Grimes' Golden ; cavity 
regular, deep ; stem very short ; basin deep, ribbed ; flesh yellow, 
crisp, sub-acid, good. Fig. 451. Russian. 

Boiken. Medium, roundish conic ; yellowish green, reddened on 
sunny side, cavity large ; stem short ; basin large ; flesh white, 
acid. Very late keeper, good culinarj? apple. Fig. 456. Russian. 

Brooke's Pippin. Large, roundish, slightly conical; greenish yel- 
low, with a faint blush; stalk short and stout; cavity deep, rus- 
seted ; basin small, shallow, furrowed; flesh crisp, aromatic. 
November to March. Productive. Maryland and Virginia. 

Bullock's Pippin, or American Golden Russet.* (Golden Russet, 
Sheepnose.) Rather small, conical; light yellow, sprinkled and 
sometimes overspread with thin russet ; stalk long, slender ; basin 
very small and narrow, ribbed; flesh yellowish white, very fine 
grained, becoming very tender, with a mild, rich, slightly sub-acid 
flavor. Growth erect, shoots rather slender ; leaves sharply serrate ; 
tree overbears. Early winter. When well ripened, this apple is 

Fig. 455.— Longstem. FiG. 456.— Boiken. FiG. 457.— Rosenhager. 




Fig. 458.— Red Queen. FiG. 459.— Arabsko. 

exceedingly delicate and tender ; sometimes it does not become soft 
in ripening, when the quality is poor, and often worthless. It is 
too small to become very popular. Generally rendered worthless at 
the East by black mildew, and becoming more affected with it at 
the West. Fig. 399. New Jersey. 

Canada Reinette. (Reinette du Canada, Canadian Reinette.) 
Quite large, somewhat conical and flattened ; rather irregular, 
ribbed, apex obtuse; greenish yellow, sometimes a brown cheek; 
stalk short, cavity wide ; calyx large ; basin rather deep, irregular; 
flesh nearly white, rather firm, becoming quite tender, juicy, with 
a good, lively sub-acid flavor. Early and mid-winter. 



APPLES. 339 

Clarke Pearmain. Size medium, roundish, slightly conical ; 
skin inclining to rough yellow and russety in shade, light rich red 
in the sun, thickly dotted with whitish russet ; cavity and basin 
medium ; flesh yellowish white, with a very good sub-acid flavor. 
Tree productive. A well-known Southern variety. North Caro- 
lina. 

Cumberland Spice. Rather large, varying from roundish conical to 
long conical, the tapering sides being nearly straight and not 
rounded ; color waxen yellow, with a slight vermilion tinge near 
the base, and with black specks on the surface ; stalk half to three- 
fourths of an inch long ; cavity wide, slightly russeted ; calyx open, 
basin even ; flesh yellowish white, breaking, rather light; core hol- 
low ; flavor mild sub-acid, with a peculiar and agreeable spiciness, 
of good quality. 

Dansic Pepka. Large, roundish oblong ; greenish yellow with 
blush; cavity very narrow, deep; stem short; basin small, wide, 
shallow ; flesh white, juicy, sub-acid, fair. Late winter. Rus- 
sian. Fig. 460. 

English Russet.* (Poughkeepsie Russet.) Medium or rather 
small, roundish conical, regular ; surface more or less overspread 
with brownish russet on light greenish yellow ground ; in large ex- 
posed specimens, wholly russeted ; stalk one-half to three-fourths 
of an inch long ; cavity moderate, round ; basin smooth ; flesh green- 

FiG. 460.— Dansic Pepka. FiG. 461.— Lead. 




Pig. 462.— Zugoff Winter. Fig. 463.— Romna. 

ish or yellowish white, texture fine, rather firm, with an aromatic, 
sub-acid flavor. Keeps through spring, and often through sum- 
mer for twelve months. Growth upright, shoots lively brown. A 
profuse bearer. A profitable market variety, but of rather poor ^ 
quality. New York. 

Fallawater.* (Tulpahocken, Fornwalder.) Rather large, round- 
ish, and slightly ovate-conical, very regular, smooth ; color a 
smooth shade of dull red on light greenish yellow, with a few- 
large whitish dots ; stalk slender ; cavity narrow, acuminate ; basin 
small; flesh greenish white, fine-grained, with a mild, slightly sub- 



340 APPLES. 

acid, moderate flavor. Early winter. A native of Pennsylvania. 
Although this fruit is of quite moderate quality, its large size and 
fair appearance render it very popular in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and 
portions of the West. Fig. 464. 

Fulton. Rather large, roundish, flattened at ends, slightly oblique ; 
skin smooth, yellow, often with a handsome blush ; stalk rather 
short, cavity deep; basin large, slightly wrinkled; flesh yellowish, 
■white, fine-grained, with a mild sub-acid flavor. Illinois — valued 
at the West. 

Golden Ball. Large, often quite large, roundish, remotely conical, 
ribbed ; fine yellow ; stalk short, slender, with fine green rays or 
furrows radiating from the centre of the cavity ; basin very shal- 
low; flesh tender, rich, aromatic. Ripens late in autumn, and 
keeps through winter. Liable to vary in size and fairness. Ex- 
cellent for cooking. Tree very hardy ; a poor bearer. Cultivated 
chiefly in Maine. 




Fig. 464.— Fallawater. FiG. 465.— Huntsman. FiG. 466.— Belmont. 

Golden Pippin, of Westchester County. (American Golden Pippin, 
New York Greening.) Form variable, oblate, globular or conic, 
ribbed ; skin golden yellow ; stalk short, deeply set ; basin irregu- 
lar; flesh yellow, tender, juicy, with a rich, refreshing, aromatic 
flavor. Early winter. Tree spreading — very productive. 

Golden Russet.* (Golden Russet of Western New York.) Size 
medium, roundish, usually a little oblong, sometimes slightly flat- 
tened, nearly regular ; surface sometimes wholly a thick russet, 
and at others a thin broken russet on a greenish yellow skin ; stem 
slender, from half an inch to an inch long, being longest on oblate 
specimens; flesh fine-grained, firm, crisp, with a rich, aromatic 
flavor. Shoots speckled ; tree rather irregular. Keeps through 
-winter. This is distinct from the English Russet, of straight up- 
right growth, and a very long keeper, and from the American 
Golden Russet or Bullock's Pippin. English. 

Green Seek-no-further. Large, often quite large, roundish, slightly 
approaching oblong obtuse conical ; greenish yellow becoming yel- 
low, specks large and conspicuous ; stalk very short ; calyx large, 
basin slightly ribbed, deep ; flesh rather coarse, sub-acid, of good 
flavor. 



APPLES. 341 

Grimes' Golden.* Above medium, roundish, slightly oblong, regu- 
lar ; skin yellow, with large russet dots ; stalk slender, in a deep 
cavity ; basin deep, slightly wrinkled ; flesh of yellowish white, 
with a mild sub-acid, agreeable, very good flavor. November. 
Virginia. Unexcelled for home use. 

Hughes. Large, roundish ; skin greenish yellow, with a blush ; 
stalk slender ; calyx large, open ; basin wide, deep ; flesh fine 
grained, tender, with an excellent, agreeable, aromatic flavor. 
Berks Co., Pa. 

Huntsman. (Huntsman's Favorite.) Large, unequal, oblate, 
smooth ; yellow, large distinct dots ; stem medium to short, basin 
wide, deep, eye open ; cavity wide ; flesh yellow, fine-grained, 
firm, juicy, sub-acid, rich, very good. Winter. Western. Fig. 
465. Missouri. 

Iowa Blush. Medium, conical, regular, smooth ; yellow, blushed 
red on sunny side ; cavity regular, deep ; stem medium ; flesh 
fine grained, juicy, sub-acid, good. A seedling originating in 
Iowa. Midwinter. Fig. 453. Russian. 

Kinnard. (Kinnard's Choice.) Medium, oblate ; yellow, covered 
with dark red ; flesh tender and juicy. Tree vigorous, hardy. 
Bears young. Tennessee. 

Lady Apple.* (Pomme d'Api.) Quite small, regular, flat ; a 
brilliant deep-red cheek on light clear yellow ; stalk and calj-x 
deep set ; flesh tender, delicate, sub-acid, flavor good. A fancy 
dessert apple, sometimes selling for $10 a barrel. Winter and 
spring. Tree rather tender. France. 

Lead. Medium, irregular, oblate ; greenish yellow, red blush ; 
cavit)' acute, stem long ; basin very wide, shallow ; quality good. 
Mid-winter. Fig. 461. Russian. 

Ledenets. Large, roundish oblate ; yellow, with white veinings ; 
cavity regular, basin wide, stem medium ; flesh white, sub-acid, 
juicy. Mid-winter. Russian. 

London Pippin. Large or very large, roundish, slightly flattened, 
obtuse-conical ; greenish yellow ; stalk very short ; calyx large, 
in a smooth even basin ; flesh sub-acid, of a good second-rate 
flavor. Early winter. Much cultivated in Northern Virginia ; 
and from its large size and handsome appearance sells well in the 
Washington market. Productive. 

Longfield.* Medium, round-conic, regular ; yellow ; cavity nar- 
row ; stem large, slender ; basin small ; flesh white, melting, 
juicy, sub-acid, quality good. A fine fall or early winter apple. 
Fig- 374' Russian. 

Lubsk Queen. Medium, irregular oblique ; white, more or less 
covered with rosy red ; very smooth, polished and waxy ; cavity 
small, acute ; stem medium ; basin wide, rather shallow ; flesh 
snow white, firm, juicy, sub-acid, very good. Late autumn. 
Keeps well in cold storage until March. Fig. 380. Russian. 

Mann. Fruit large, roundish oblate ; yellow, with a brownish-red 
cheek ; mild, juicy, good. Tree an upright grower and annual 
bearer. Keeps till April. New York. 

Marshall Red. Large, oblong ovate ; bright red all over ; acid, 
good bearer ; a cross between Yellow Bellflower and Red June. 
Does well in the West. 



342 , APPLES. 

Michael Henry Pippin.* Size medium, roundish-ovate, apex nar- 
row ; yellowish green ; stalk short, rather thick ; basin narrow ; 
flesh yellow, tender, juicy. Growth upright. Through winter. 
Origin, Monmouth County, N. J. Fig. 467. 

Monmouth Pippin.* (Red-cheeked Pippin.) Rather large, round- 
ish-oblate, light greenish yellow, with a fine red cheek ; flesh crisp, 
juicy, mild sub-acid, with a good rich flavor. Keeps through 
winter. Fig. 402. New Jersey. 

Monstrous Pippin. (Gloria Mundi, Ox Apple, Baltimore.) Very 
large, roundish, somewhat flattened at the ends, slightly angular or 
ribbed ; skin smooth whitish green, becoming whitish yellow ; stalk 
stout, short ; calyx large ; basin wide, deep, somewhat ribbed, with 
an obtuse rim ; flesh white, tender, rather coarse, sub-acid, not 
rich. Late autumn and early winter. A good cooking apple. 

Fig. 467.— Michael Henry Pippin. Fig. 468. — Lawver. 




Fig. 469.— Wealthy. Fig. 470. Fig. 471.— White Pippin. 

White Winter Pearmain. 

Newtown Pippin.* (Pippin, Green Newtown Pippin.) Medium or 
rather large, roundish, oblique, slightly irregular, remotely conical 
or else a little flattened ; dull green becoming yellowish green, 
often with a dull brownish blush ; stalk short, deep set, and sur- 
rounded by thin, dull, whitish russet rays; basin narrow, shallow; 
flesh greenish white, juicy, crisp, fine-grained, with a high, fine 
flavor. Keeps through spring, and retains remarkably its fresh- 
ness. Tree of rather slow growth, with a rough bark. The fruit 
is very liable to black spots or scabs, unless under high, rich, and 
constant cultivation. One of the best fruits for foreign markets. 
A native of Newtown, Long Island. Extensively grown in Vir- 
ginia and California. 

Newark Pippin. (French Pippin, of some.) Rather large, round- 
oblong, regular ; greenish yellow, becoming yellow ; stalk and 
calyx deep set ; flesh tender, rich, and high flavored. Growth 
crooked, irregular. Early winter. 



APPLES. 343 

Northwestern Greening. Tree a free grower, spreading ; fruit 
large, oblate, inclined to conic ; skin pale yellow when fully 
ripe ; flesh coarse, juicy, mild, good. Season December to April. 
Wisconsin. 

Ortley.* (White Detroit, Ortley Pippin, Warren Pippin, White 
Bellflower, Woolman's Long, Detroit, Jersey Greening, Detroit of 
the West.) Large, roundish, somewhat oblong-ovate ; pale yellow, 
slightly tinged with pink in the sun ; stalk about an inch long ; 
sometimes short, but always slender ; cavity deep and narrow ; 
basin rather deep, nearly even or slightly plaited ; flesh sub-acid, 
crisp, sprightly, rich, fine. Shoots slender. This fine fruit has had 
a high reputation in the Ohio Valley, but it is becoming much 
affected with the black mildew or scab." Fig. 476. New Jersey. 

Peck Pleasant.* Large, often quite large, roundish, sometimes 
remotely oblong, often a little oblique, usually slightly flattened ; 
smooth and regular; color light green, becoming yellow, with a 
brown blush ; stalk very short, one-fourth to one-half an inch long, 
thick, rarely longer and somewhat slender; calyx open, basin 
abrupt, rather deep ; flesh compact, very tender, with a mild, rich, 
fine, clear sub-acid, Newtown Pippin flavor. Early winter; poor, 
if too ripe. Growth rather erect. Shoots somewhat diverging. 
A good bearer; fruit always fair. Fig. 473. R.I. Tender far West. 




Fig. 472. Pig. 473. Fig. 474. 

Switzer. Peck's Pleasant. Green Mt. Pippin. 

Pittsburg Pippin. (Father Apple, William Tell.) Large, round- 
ish-oblate ; pale yellow ; stalk small, cavity large ; basin broad- 
furrowed ; flesh tender, with a mild sub-acid flavor. Early win- 
ter. Valued in Pennsylvania. An irregular, spreading grower. 

Pomme Oris.* (Gray Apple.) Rather small, roundish-oblate ; a 
gray russet ; stalk slender, cavity wide, rather obtuse ; calyx 
small, basin round ; flesh very tender for a russet, and fine- 
grained, rich, and high flavored. Canada. One of the best 
dessert apples for the extreme north. 

Pound Royal. (Pomme Royale, erroneously.) Large, sometimes 
furrowed, roundish, slightly oblong, a little uneven ; surface whit- 



344 APPLES. 

ish yellow ; stalk slender, an inch and a quarter long, cavity- 
large ; basin furrowed, regular ; flesh tender, breaking, fine- 
grained, mild, agreeable, sprightly. Ripens through winter. 
Tree vigorous, productive. Origin, Pomfret, Conn. 

Progress. Rather large, roundish-conical, often slightly oblate; 
smooth, yellow, often with a brownish cheek ; stalk short, cavity 
russeted ; calyx large, basin shallow ; flesh crisp, with a pleasant 
sub-acid flavor. Connecticut. 

Red Russet. Large, roundish-conical ; yellow, shaded with dull 
red and deep carmine in the sun ; thickly dotted with some rough 
russet ; stalk short and thick ; calyx with long segments, basin nar- 
row, uneven; flesh yellow, solid, crisp, tender, with an excellent, 
rich, sub-acid flavor, somewhat resembling Baldwin. (C. Down- 
ing.) Said to be a graft hybrid between Baldwin and Roxbury 
Russet. 

Red Queen. Medium, irregular conical ; greenish yellow, red blush 
on sunny side ; cavity small ; stem short, stout ; basin small ; flesh 
white, green veinings, quite acid. Late winter. Fig. 458. Rus- 
sian. 




Fig. 47S-—R- I. Greening. FiG. 476.— Ortley. FiG. 477.— Arkansas Black. 



Rhode Island Greening.* (Greening.) Large, roundish oblate ; 
green, becoming greenish yellow, always fair, a dull brown blush 
to the sun ; stalk three-fourths of an inch long ; basin rather small, 
often slightly russeted ; flesh yellow — a rich yellow if much exposed 
to the sun, and whitish yellow or greenish white if much shaded — 
tender, juicy, with a rich rather acid flavor. Growth strong, young 
trees crooked or oblique, shoots rather spreading, leaves sharp 
serrate ; very productive, single trees sometimes yielding forty 
bushels of fair fruit in favorable years and orchards 500 bushels 
per acre. Fine in New England and New York. Fig. 475. Ten- 
der far West. Susceptible to scab. Rhode Island. 

Roman Stem. Medium in size, round ovate ; whitish yellow, with 
a faint brownish blush ; stalk one-half to three-fourths of an inch 



APPLES. 345 

long, with a fleshy protuberance at insertion ; cavity shallow ; basin 
narrow, slightly plaited ; flesh tender, juicy, mild sub-acid, good 
flavor. Keeps through winter. A New Jersey fruit which suc- 
ceeds well throughout the Ohio Valley and Middle States. 
Hardy far West. 

Romna. Medium, oblate; greenish yellow, dull red blush; cavity 
deep, basin wide, shallow ; flesh firm, mild sub-acid, juicy, good. 
"Winter. Fig. 465. 

Rosenhager. Medium, round; partly yellow, nearly covered with 
bright red; cavity medium, deep, stem medium, basin shallow; 
flesh white, mild sub-acid. Late winter. Fig. 460. Russian. 

Roxbury Russet.* (Boston Russet, Putnam Russet of Ohio.) Me- 
dium or large, roundish-oblate, remotely conical ; partly or wholly 
covered with rather rough russet on greenish yellow ground, some- 
times a dull brown cheek ; stalk one-half to an inch long, cavity 
acute ; basin round, moderate ; flesh greenish white, rather granu- 
lar, slightly crisp, with a good sub-acid flavor. Keeps late in 
spring. Large specimens become conical, with short thick stalks; 
small specimens are more flat, and with longer and more slender 
stalks. Growth spreading, shoots downy. Although not of the 
highest flavor, its productiveness, uniformly fair fruit, and long 
keeping, render this variety one of the most profitable for orchard 
culture. It succeeds well throughout the Northern States, but par- 
tially fails in a few localities at the West. Fig. 431. Mass. 

Sandy Glass. Large, regular, oblate ; green ; cavity acute ; basin 
very wide; shallow, regular; stem short; flesh yellow, firm, sub- 
acid; quality very good, and best for culinary use. Season, 
winter. Fig. 421. Russian. 

Streintown. Medium, ovoid conical ; greenish, blush on side; flesh 
white. A good cooking apple. Winter. Pennsylvania. 

S'waar.* Rather large, roundish, slightly flattened at the ends, 
often considerably oblate, sides regularly rounded, crown as wide 
as base ; color greenish yellow, becoming a rich yeJlow, sometimes 
faintly russeted, and a small blush near the base, when much ex- 
posed to the sun ; stalk rather slender, three-fourths of an inch 
long; cavity round, moderate, or often small; basin small, even; 
flesh yellowish, fine-grained, compact, tender, with a very rich, 
mild, aromatic, agreeable, slightly sub-acid flavor. Esteemed by 
some as the finest winter table apple. Ripens through winter and 
keeps into spring. Shoots ascending, buds large, leaves coarsely 
rounded serrate. Fruit apt to be scabby on old overloaded trees. 
Not successful in all localities. Fig. 480. New York. 

Tewksbury Blush. (Tewksbury Winter Blush.) Small, round 
oblate ; yellow with a red cheek ; flesh yellow, juicy, with a good 
flavor. Keeps till midsummer. Very productive. New Jersey. 

Virginia Greening. Large, oblate ; skin yellowish, with large brown 
dots ; stalk and cavity large ; calyx open, basin large, abrupt ; flesh 
yellow, coarse, with a rather pleasant sub-acid flavor. A good 
keeper. Southern. 



346 APPLES. 

Western Spy. Large, round-ovate, very regular and even, with a 
beautiful red cheek on a lemon yellow skin ; stem short, in a 
small cavity ; flesh yellowish white, sub-acid, of a fine flavor — 
hardly first-rate. Proved as yet only at the West. 

White Pippin.* (Canada Pippin.) Large, roundish, oblong, flat- 
tened at ends ; light greenish yellow ; cavity large ; basin abrupt, 
furrowed ; flesh yellowish white, sub-acid. Good, but not very 
rich. Winter. Fair and productive, valued at the West and South- 
west. Fig. 473. 

White Rambo. Rather large or medium, roundish-oblate, remotely 
conical ; skin greenish yellow, becoming yellow ; cavity large ; 
basin wide; flesh j-ellowish, with a mild sub-acid, "very good" 
flavor. Early winter. Ohio. 

White Spanish Reinette. (Reinette Blanche d'Espagne.) Very 
large, roundish,- ,oblong, slightly conical, somewhat angular, 
ribbed ; yellowish green in the shade, rich brownish red next the 
sun ; stalk short, cavity small and even ; calyx large, open ; basin 
deep, angular; flesh yellowish white, crisp, flavor rich sub-acid. 
Growth of tree and fruit resemble that of Fall Pippin, but it keeps 
longer. 

White Winter Pearmain. * Rather large, conical, angular or ribbed ; 
light yellowish green, with a brownish red cheek ; stem short ; flesh 
whitish, fine-grained, with a mild sub-acid, rich, fine flavor. This 
is distinct from the Michael Henry Pippin, which it resembles, and 
at the West is one of the best and most productive winter apples. 
Fig, 472. 

Winter Cheese. (Green Cheese.) Medium in size, oblate; green 
in the shade, red in the sun ; flesh very crisp, very tender and deli- 
cate, sprightly, and of a fine, pleasant flavor. One of the most 
highly esteemed early winter apples of southern Virginia, closely 
resembling the Fall Cheese, but a longer keeper. Becomes mealy 
and insipid after maturity. 

Winter Pippin of Geneva. Large, oblate, slightly angular ; yellow, 
with crimson cheek sparsely covered with gray dots ; stalk small, 
cavity narrow ; calyx open, segments long ; basin open ; flesh yel- 
low, tender, vinous, excellent. Ripens through winter. Tree 
and fruit resemble Fall Pippin. (C. Downing.) 

Wood's Greening. Large, roundish, little oblique, slightly flat- 
tened, obscurely conical; pale green, smooth; stalk very short, 
cavity acuminate; calyx rather large, basin distinct, slightly 
plaited; flesh greenish white or nearly white, fine-grained, 
slightly crisp, tender ; flavor very agreeable, mild sub-acid, first- 
rate, but not very rich. 

Yellow Bellflower.* (Bellflower, Yellow Belle Fleur.) Large, 
often quite large, oblong-ovate, apex quite narrow and conical, 
more or less irregular ; surface pale yellow, often with a blush ; 
stalk slender ; basin ribbed ; seeds long ; flesh very tender when 
ripe, fine grained, crisp, juicy, acid, becoming sub-acid, excellent, 
keeps through winter. Shoots yellowish, rather slender ; growth 



APPLES. 347 

of the tree rather upright ; succeeds best on rather light soils. 
Adapted to the climate of the Northern and Middle States, as far 
south as Kentucky', but fails by premature dropping in many- 
localities. More tart and less rich in cold summers, and far 
North. Hard)' at the West. Fig. 481. New Jersey. 

Yellow Newtown Pippin.* Medium, or rather large, roundish, 
oblate and oblique, more or less flattened ; yellow, with a brownish 
red cheek, purplish before ripe ; stalk very short ; flesh firm, crisp, 
with a rich, mild flavor. Closely resembles the Green Newtown 
Pippin, and believed by many to be identical, differing only by a 
warmer exposure. It is fairer in some localities than the Green, 
but is usually inferior to it in flavor. C. Downing gives the fol- 
lowing distinguishing points between these two sub-varieties : 
"The Yellow is handsomer, and has a higher perfume than 
the Green, and its flesh is rather firmer and equally high fla- 
vored; while the Green is more juicy, crisp, and tender. The 
Yellow is rather flatter, measuring only about two inches deep, 
and it is always quite oblique — projecting more on one side of 
the stalk than the other. When fully ripe, it is yellow, with a 
rather lively red cheek and a smooth skin, few or none of the spots 
on the Green variety, but the same russet marks at the stalk. It 
is also more highly fragrant before and after it is cut than the 
Green. The flesh is firm, crisp, juicy, and with a rich and high 
flavor." Fig. 482. 




Fig. 478. Fig. 479. Fig. 480. 

Swaar. Yellow Bellflower. Yellow Newtown Pippin. 

Zukoff' s Winter. Large, irregular conical, greenish, nearly cov- 
ered with dark red; cavity medium, basin small; flesh white, sub- 
acid, juicy, quality good. Mid-winter. Fig. 462. Russian. 



34^ APPLES. 



DIVISION IV. CRAB APPLES. 

Crabs belong to an entirely distinct branch of the Apple family, 
the type of the former being the well-known Siberian Crab, Pyrus 
baccata, while all our common apples are varieties of Pyrus malus. 
Hybrids of the two are freely produced, and of recent years many 
new sorts have been introduced, some of divided merit and beauty. 
The common idea concerning Crab apples is that they are pretty 
miniature apples of more or less astringency and fit only for making 
jellies and preserves. The following descriptions show that they 
vary from less than one to over two inches in diameter — that they 
are sweet, sub-acid, acid, and bitter. It is probable their great 
hardiness will make the choicer varieties valuable for cultivation in 
the extreme North. ~ 

Cherry. Very small, round oblate ; light yellow, red blush, dots 
small ; stem very long, slender ; cavity narrow, shallow ; calyx 
small; basin narrow, very shallow. Flesh yellow, juicy, sub-acid 
astringent. August. Fig. 484. 

Dartmouth. Large ; crimson and orange, with a light brown, 
handsome ; sub-acid. Tree vigorous and productive. Late. 

Excelsior. Very large, roundish-oblate ; stem long and slender ; 
skin yellow, shaded and splashed with red, sprinkled with many 
russet dots, handsome ; flesh white, juicy, good. Early. Min- 
nesota. 

Florence. Large, very handsome, hardy dwarf. Bears early and 
profusely. Western. 

Gibb. Large, round oblate; bright orange yellow, flushed in sun; 
stem short, thick ; cavity wide, deep ; calyx medium, open ; basin 
very wide, shallow, ribbed ; flesh deep yellow, firm, crisp, juicy, 
sub-acid. Tree vigorous, hardy, and productive. One of the 
best. Autumn. Fig. 482. Wisconsin. 

Gideon. Large, oblate conical ; light yellow ; stem long, slender ; 
basin narrow, shallow ; calyx medium ; cavity narrow, deep ; flesh 
yellowish white, tender, juicy, sub-acid, good. Autumn. Fig. 
483. Minnesota. 

■ Hyslop.* Large, round ; in clusters ; bright, deep crimson, blue 
bloom ; sub-acid, only fair quality, handsome. Tree very hardy 
and vigorous. October. The most popular variety. 

Hewes. Cider Crab. Small, round, dull red, juicy, acid. Good 
for cider only. 

Lady. {Lady Elgin) . Rather large, whitish and red, juicy, sub- 
acid. Late. Illinois. 



APPLES. 



349 



Lady Finger. Large, oblong ovate, ribbed ; light yellow, covered 
with bright red ; stem long, slender ; calyx small ; basin narrow, 
shallow ; flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, brisk acid, good. Late 
autumn. Fig. 485. Kansas. 

Looker Winter. Large, oblate ; yellow with red cheek ; juicy, 
sub-acid. Late keeper. 

Martha,* Medium, oblate ; yellow with a red cheek ; acid, good. 
Season early. Minnesota. 

Marengo. Medium, round ; yellow, bright red over ; crisp, sub- 
acid. Keeps all winter. Illinois. 



Fig. 483.— Gideon. 



Fig. 481.— Orange 



Fig. 485. 
Lady Finger. 




Fig. 482.— Gibb. 



Fig. 484. 
(Sfnall. ) 
Cherry. Fig. 486.- 



-Van Wyck. 



Minnesota. Very large, roundish, irregular; skin pale yellow; 
shaded or marbled with red and with russet dots, covered with a 
thin, white bloom ; flesh juicy, crisp, mild, good. Late. Minn. 

Montreal Beauty. Large, round-obovate ; bright yellow, shaded 
red ; flesh yellowish white, firm, acid. Fair. Tree a free grower 
and very ornamental. Late. 

Orange. Medium large, round ; yellow ; flesh crisp and juicy. 
Tree a slow grower, free bearer. Ripens late. Fig. 481. 

Paul's Imperial. Medium, yellow, nearly covered with bright 
red, acid. Ripens early. Tree vigorous. 

Quaker Beauty. Large, in clusters; yellow, with crimson cheek; 



35° APPLES. 

very mild. Tree a strong grower, hardy, productive. West. 
Winter. 

Queen's Choice. Medium, round ; bright crimson ; flesh white, 
brisk flavor, handsome. Tree vigorous and proliflc. Orna- 
mental. Late. 

Red Siberian.* Medium, about an inch in diameter, round-oblate ; 
yellow, one side scarlet. A free-growing, handsome tree, but the 
fruit not so good for culinarj'^ purposes as larger varieties. 
France. 

Richland Sweet. Large, conical ; bright red ; juicy, sweet, and 
rich. Tree a handsome grower and profuse bearer ; does not 
blight. Winter. 

Snyder. Large, oblate conical ; yellow, splashed and striped car- 
mine ; dots medium, yellow ; flesh yellowish, juicy, sub-acid. 
September. Wisconsin. 

Sweet Russet. Large, round, inclined to conical, yellow russetted. 

Sylvan Sweet. Very large, bright red, tender, juicy, and sweet. 
Wisconsin. 

Transcendent.* Medium large, round ; j-ellow striped with red ; 
flesh crisp, juicy, good. Tree vigorous and productive. Said to 
blight badly. Early. 

Van Wyck. Large, round conical ; whitish, shaded light red ; 
dots small ; stem long ; basin medium, shallow ; cavity narrow, 
deep, russeted ; flesh yellowish, very sweet, moderately juicy, 
good. Early. Fig. 486. New York. 

Whitney.* Medium large, roundish, very good, handsome, rich. 
Very hardy. Illinois. 

Yellow^ Siberian.* Medium, round, golden yellow. Vigorous 
grower. Early. 



CHAPTER XIX. 

• THE APRICOT. 

It is remarkable that a fruit of such excellence as the apri- 
cot, and ripening from one to two months before the best early 
peaches, should be so little known. In its natural character, 
it is more nearly allied to the plum than the peach, resembling 
the former in its broad leaf, and in the smooth stone of its 
fruit; but downy like the peach, and partaking largely of its 
flavor and excellence. 

The apricot is budded on seedling apricots, and on peach 
and plum stocks, Plum stocks are preferred, and are more 
especially adapted to heavy soils; on light soils the hard- 
shelled almond and the wild plum have proved excellent. 

The soil should be deep and dry. Young trees have fre- 
quently perished from a wet sub-soil, even where the surface 
is not unusually moist. On suitable soils, the tree is as hardy 
as most early peaches, but its greatest drawback is that it 
blossoms so early as to be caught by frost, and the young fruit 
is very attractive to the curculio. The trees have been com- 
monly planted in the warmest situations, as on the warm side 
of buildings, or other sheltered site, facing the hot sun, where 
they have blossomed early, and, as a consequence, the crop 
has not unfrequently been destroyed by vernal frosts. Hence, 
a northern or more exposed aspect would be far preferable. 
If trained on a building, the eastern side should be especially 
avoided, as a hot morning sun upon frosted buds would be 
nearly certain destruction. 

The liability to the attacks of the curculio, and the very 
common destruction of the whole crop by this insect, have con- 
tributed to the general conclusion that the apricot is not suited 
to our northern climate. Several cultivators, as far north as 
forty-three degrees of latitude, by a systematic destruction of 

351 



352 



THE APRICOT. 



this insect, and by selecting a dry sub-soil, are able to obtain 
heavy crops of this delicious midsummer fruit. 

More recently varieties from southern Russia have been in- 
troduced, which, so far as hardiness and vigorous thrifty 
growth are concerned, appear to have advantages over the 
older kinds in cultivation. But thus far in producing satisfac- 
tory crops of fruit for market purposes, apricots east of the 
Rocky Mountains neither North nor South have been very 
successful except with a few skilful growers. 

By careful management, of which it is surely worthy, suffi- 
cient for family use may be obtained wherever the fruit will 
grow, but that apricots may be expected to be about as pro- 
ductive as the peach, as one prominent authority has recently 
stated, unless indeed in a few favored localities, is hardly prob- 
able. The following varieties are the most worthy of culti- 
vation : 



Varieties. 

Alexander. Medium, oblong, orange yellow, spotted red, sweet, 
juicy, early. Good. Prolific. Freestone. Russian, 

Alexis. Large, yellow, red blush, sub-acid, rich and good. Does 
well in West. Ripens about July 15th. Russian. 

Black. (Purple Apricot, Noir, Violet.) Small or medium, round; 
pale red where densely shaded, dull deep purple or nearly black 
in the sun ; surface with a thin down ; flesh red near the skin, 
yellowish at the stone, somewhat fib- 
rous, sweet, slightly astringent, with 
a pleasant, good flavor, inferior to the 
common apricots in quality. Kernel 
sweet ; adheres to the stone. Hardy 
as an apple-tree, and very produc- 
tive. A distinct species {A. dasy- 
carpa) from the other apricots. Ri- 
pens with the Breda. Reproduces 
itself from the stone. There is an- 
other quite different apricot, called 
Violet or Red Angoumois ; small, ob- 
long, lighter red, free from the stone. 




Fig. 487.— Breda. 



Blenheim. (Shipley.) Large, oval, 
surface orange ; flesh deep yellow, 
juicy, rather rich. Stone roundish, not perforate. Kernel bit- 
ter. A popular variety for canning in California. 

Breda.* (Holland, Amande Aveline.) Rather small, sometimes 
nearly medium (an inch and a half diameter), roundish, ob- 
scurely foursided, suture distinct ; surface orange, with a dark 
reddish orange cheek ; flesh deep orange, free from the stone, 



THE APRICOT. 353 

rich, and high flavored. Sweet kernel. Quite earlj', or a week 
or two after midsummer. Hardy for an apricot, and very pro- 
ductive. Fig. 487. Africa. 

Brussels. Size medium, rather oval, compressed ; pale yellow, 
dotted white in the shade, russety brown to the sun ; suture deep 
at base ; flesh 3'ellow, rather firm, moderatelj' rich. Rather late. 

Budd. Small, oblong, 5'ellow with fine red cheek ; sweet, juicy, 
rather fibrous. Good. Ripens early in August. Russian. 
Too small for market. 

Burlington. Rather large, oblong, suture distinct ; skin golden 
yellow, dotted red, and a blush to the sun ; flesh j-ellowish, 
sweet, good. Last half of July. New Jerse5\ 

Dartmouth. Medium, an inch and a half in diameter, round ; 
dark crimson and orange, with light bloom. Quality very good. 
Tree a free grower. 

Early Golden.* (Dubois' Apricot.) Small, an inch and a fourth 
in diameter, round-oval, nearly smooth ; suture narrow, distinct ; 
surface wholly pale orange ; flesh orange, moderately juicy, 
sweet, good, free from the stone. Kernel sweet. Early, or ten 
days before the Moorpark. Hardy, very productive, profitable for 
market. Origin, Dutchess County, N. Y. 

Early Moorpark. Medium large, round orange, compressed, very 
good. Ripens about three weeks earlier than Moorpark. 

Gibb.* Medium, roundish, very light yellow, sub-acid, jui.cy, 
good.^ Ripens early. Russian. Freestone. 

Harris. Medium, roundish oval, flattened, suture distinct, bright 
yellow, red cheek, juicy, good. Hardy, productive. Ripens 
middle of July to first of August. New York. 

Hemskirke.* Large, roundish, compressed ; surface orange, with 
a red cheek ; flesh bright orange, rich, juicy, sprightly. Kernel 
bitter. Stone rather small. Resembles Moorpark, but smaller ; 
a little earlier, and stone not perforate. English. 

Lafayette. Very large, oval, light yellow, marbled red in the sun ; 
flesh high flavored and excellent. Ripens in August. 

Large Early. Size medium, oblong, compressed, suture deep, 
slightly downy ; pale orange, with a spotted bright orange cheek, 
verj' handsome ; flesh free from the stone, pale orange, rich, 
juicy. Ripens at or a little before midsummer. Fig. 488. South 
of France. 

Montgamet. (Alberge de Montagmet.) Small, roundish, slightly 
compressed; deep yellow ; flesh reddish, firm, with a rather brisk 
flavor; stone compressed. Early. Leaves with stipules. One 
of the best for preserving. 

Moorpark.* (Anson's, Dunmore's Breda, Temple's.) Large, two 
inches in diameter), nearly round, slightly compressed ; surface 
orange, with a deep orange-red cheek, and with numerous darker 
dots ; flesh free from the stone, bright yellowish orange, rather 
firm, quite juicy, with a rich, high flavor. Kernel bitter. Stone 
2X 



354 THE APRICOT. 

perforate, or with a hole lengthwise under one edge, so that a pin 
may be thrust through. Season medium, or two weeks after 
midsummer. The tree is somewhat tender and the fruit ripens 
unevenly in most places, which has led to its rejection in many 
parts of California. English. Old. 

Musch. (Musch-Musch.) Rather small, round, deep yellow, with 
a slight orange-red cheek ; flesh yellow, translucent, tender, sweet. 
Tree rather tender. Little known in this country. Origin, Musch, 
in Asia Minor. 

Orange. (Early Orange, Royal Orange. Royal George, Persian, 
Royal Persian.) Size medium, roundish, suture distinct, deep at 
base ; surface orange, often a ruddy cheek ; flesh dark orange, half 
dry, partly adhering to the stone — dry and poor unless house 
ripened. Stone small, roundish. Kernel sweet. Culinary. 
Ripens at midsummer. 




Fig. 488.— Large Early. 

Peach.* (Anson's Imperial, Peche, De Nancy.) Very large, 
slightly larger than Moorpark. roundish ; yellowish orange, ^vith a 
brownish orange cheek, and mottled with dark brown to the sun ; 
flesh rich yellow, juicy, with a rich, high flavor. Kernel bitter. 
Stone perforate. Ripens about the time of the Moorpark, which 
it closely resembles, but is of larger size. Origin, Italy. 

Red Masculine. (Early Masculine, Brown Masculine, Abricotin, 
Abricot, Precoce, Abricotier Hatif.) Small, nearly round, suture 
distinct ; bright yellow, with deep orange cheek and red spots ; 
flesh yellow, slightly musky, sub-acid. Stone thick, obtuse at ends. 
Kernel bitter. Flowers rather small. Very early or about mid- 
summer. Hardy for an apricot. Valuable only for its earliness. 

Ringgold. Large, roundish, slightly oblong ; light orange, darker 
in the sun ; flesh yellow, juicy, excellent. Ripens soon after the 
Orange. Georgia. 



THE APRICOT. 355 

Roman.* (Abricot Commun.) Medium in size, rather oval, com- 
pressed, suture small or obscure ; surface pale yellow, with a few 
red dots to the sun ; flesh very fine grained, half juicy, with a mild 
pleasant flavor. Kernel bitter. Worthless in England, but greatly 
improved by our warm summers. Productive. Season rather 
early or medium, or two weeks after midsummer. It is dissemi- 
nated in this country under various erroneous names. 
The Blotch-leaved Roman differs only in the yellow spot or stain 
of its leaves. 

Royal.* Rather large, round-oval, slightly compressed, suture shal- 
low ; dull yellow, faintly reddened to the sun ; flesh pale orange, 
firm, juicy, sweet, high flavored, slightly sub-acid, free from the 
large, oval, nearly impervious stone. Ripens a week before 
Moorpark, smaller than the latter, and with a less bitter kernel. 
French. A profitable market variety, particularly in California. 

Texas. Small, round, dark maroon ; flesh juicy and pleasant, as- 
tringent at stone ; clingstone. Athens, Ga. 

Turkey. Size medium, round, not compressed ; surface deep yel- 
low, with a mottled, brownish, orange cheek ; flesh pale yellow, 
firm, juicy, with a fine mixture of sweet and acid ; very free from 
stone. Rather late, or middle of August. Somewhat resembles 
Moorpark, but differs in being rounder, paler, with an impervious 
stone, and sweet kernel. 

The Blotch-leaved, or Golden Blotched, is identical with the pre- 
ceding, with a yellow spot on the centre of each leaf. 

Turkish of Western New York. Large, oval, compressed, orange- 
yellow shaded red. Productive. This is undoubtedly a different 
variety from the old Turkey. 

White Masculine. (White Apricot, Early White Masculine, Abricot 
Blanc.) Small, roundish; nearly white, rarely a faint reddish 
cheek, rather downy ; flesh white, delicate, a little fibrous, adhering 
to the stone. Kernel bitter. Closely resembles the Red Mascu- 
line, except in color and being rather better, and four or five days 
later. 



CHAPTER XX. 

THE BLACKBERRY AND DEWBERRY. 

The Blackberry requires nearly the same treatment as the 
Raspberry ; but being more a rampant grower it should have 
more room, and needs more pruning or pinching. The dis- 
tances of the rows may be six to eight feet apart, and the 
plants, if kept single, two feet in the row. Sometimes they 
are allowed to grow thickly or in a continuous line, in which 
case they should be kept well cultivated and properly pruned. 

Constant cultivation is always better than much manuring. 

Pruning the blackberry is commonly but little understood. 
"We hear complaints of the rambling and straggling growth of 
this bush, extending across alleys, tearing dresses, at the 
,same time proving unproductive. This is owing to a neglect 
of summer pruning. As soon as the new shoots have reached 
two and a half or three feet in height, the ends should be 
pinched off with the thumb and finger, which will cause the 
protrusion of laterals. These in turn may be pinched off 
when they have grown from twelve to eighteen inches. As 
soon as the fruit is off (or the operation may be delayed until 
winter) the canes which have fruited should be cut off at the 
ground. In the mean time, three to five new canes have been 
allowed to grow for fruiting the following season. That is, 
blackberry canes fruit but once (the second year), and the old 
canes choke the plant, take its strength, and afford breeding 
places for insects and fungi. The old canes .should be burned 
to destroy diseases and insects. 

The Dewberry is much like the blackberry in fruit, but the 
canes are trailing. The fruits are earlier than blackbemes, 
and therefore prolong the blackberry season. Cut out the 
canes, as in blackberries. To facilitate cultivation, tie the 
growing canes to stakes (one stake for each hill). Cut the 

356 



THE BLACKBERRY AND DEWBERRY. 



357 



cords, in late fall, and let the canes lie on the ground for win- 
ter protection. Tie up again in the spring. 

Covering Blackberries. — The following mode of cover- 
ing is described in The Country Gen- 
tleman, by Amos Fish, of Bethlehem, 
N. Y., and is adapted to cold regions : 
" At the approach of winter re- 
move the stakes and lay the bushes 
at right angles from the rows, fiat 
on the ground, and cover them two^ 
or three inches deep with earth, as. 
follows: Cut off the limbs withia 
one and a half inches of the canes, 
at the right and left hand sides of the 
row, making flat bushes. 'Shorten 
in' the remaining limbs by cutting 
off the slender ends; then, with a. 
^^^jj/I^M digging or dung fork, loosen the 

^wUHV earth about the roots, and remove 

^^ some, laying the roots loose on one 

side, so that in laying down the roots 
shall be bent instead of the canes 
being broken. When laid down use bricks to hold them 
down while covering, and remove the bricks when in the 
way. The bushes should be raised up and the stakes re- 
placed as early in the spring as the frost is out of the 
ground, which can be easily done with a fork if the rows are. 
laid down singly instead of lapping over one another." 



I** ' 

r- t .V f ^■ 

^0 * > 



Fig. 489. ~ Ancient Briton 
Blackberry. CSee Index.) 



Blackberry Varieties. 

Agawam. Medium to large, round-oblong, bright black, juicy, 
sweet ; flavor excellent. Canes generally stout, sometimes 
drooping. Productive, hardy, suckers freely. Season early. 

Ancient Briton.* Large, oblong to oval, sweet, very good. Mid- 
season, ripening with Snyder. Bush a sturdy grower, hardy and 
one of the most productive. A standard variety in many places, 
particularly in the middle West. Fig. 489. Wisconsin. 

Dorchester. Rather large, oblong (sometimes an inch and a fourth 
long) , nearly sweet, color shining black. It bears carriage well.. 
Vigorous, productive, ripening at the North the first of August. 
Fig. 490. Massachusetts. The first cultivated variety. 



358 



THE BLACKBERRY AND DEWBERRY. 



Early Cluster.* Canes erect, healthy, and remarkably productive ; 
berries medium, short-oblong, sweet, without a hard core, very 
good. Entire crop ripens within a few days of first picking. 
One of the best very early varieties, equal if not superior to Early 
Harvest. 








Fig. 490.— Dorchester. 



Fig. 491. — Kittatinny. 



Early Harvest.* Medium, round-oblong, tender, verj^ juicy, sweet, 
very good. Canes red, moderately vigorous ; thorns few, small. 
Season very early. Good. Illinois. 





Fig. 492. — Lucretia Dewberry. 



Fig. 493. — Loganberry. 
(See Index.) 



Erie. Large, nearly globular, not very sweet, but good. Canes 
vigorous, upright, branched, green, tinged with red. Very pro- 
ductive and largely grown for market. Winter kills. Pennsj-l- 
vania. 

Kittatinny.* Large, sometimes an inch and a half long, oblong 
ovate, glossy black ; flesh moderately firm, nearly sweet, rich. 



THE BLACKBERRY AND DEWBERRY. 359 

excellent. Canes very vigorous. Quite hardy, very productive, 
medium late. One of the best family blackberries. The berries 
become duller in color after picking and less showy in market. 
Fig. 491. New Jersey. 

Loganberry. Probably a cross between the Western dewberry and 
an unknown variety of the European red raspberry. Originated 
by Judge J. H. Logan, Santa Cruz, Cal., in 1882. Has the dew- 
berry habit of growth and propagates by tips, its principle resem- 
blance to the raspberry being in color and flavor. Berries very 
large, very long (often 2%. inches) shining ; not high flavored 




Fig. 494. — Snyder. 

but good. Season early, with the raspberries. Not hardy in the 
North unless the vines are covered. Appears promising in some 
sections. 

Lucretia Dewberry.* Large, coreless, glossy black, juicy, sweet; 
ripens a fortnight earlier than Wilson's Early. Vine vigorous, 
procum.bent, thorn)', hardj', but does better if lightly covered in 
winter. The best dewberry yet introduced. Fig. 492. Texas. 

Mayes Dewberry (Austin) . Plant trailing when young, more up- 
right when old ; productive ; fruit very large, oval-conic, hand- 
some, of good quality. Very early. Very promising in the mid- 
dle West. Texas. 

Mersereau.* A selected strain of Snyder, to which it is superior by 
being larger, of better quality, and less liable to turn red after 
being picked. Very promising. New York. 

Minnewaska. Large, nearlj- round, juicj-, sweet. Canes branched, 
shaded red, thornj'. Winter kills. Mid-season. New York. 



360 



THE BLACKBERRY AND DEWBERRY. 



Missouri Mammoth. Large, black, firm, sweet. Hardy, produc- 
tive. Not entirely hardy north of New York. Missouri. 




Fig. 495.— Wilson. 

NeTvman. Rather large, oval, quality very good. Canes of mod- 
erate growth, nearly free from spines. Early August. Some-^ 
times productive, usually not. Ulster County, N, Y. 




XrXmMJ 





Fin. 496 



Fig. 497. 



THE BLACKBERRY AND DEWBERRY. 361 

New Rochelle. (Lawton.) Large, oblong-oval, black, soft and 
sweet when fully ripe. Middle of August. Canes tender in 
severe climates. New Rochelle, N. Y. The second variety in- 
troduced into cultivation. 

Snyder.* Medium, oblong-oval, juicy, sweet, fine flavor. Canes 
strong, upright, thorny. Very productive and extremely hardy. 
A standard market variety. Fig. 494. Mid-season. Indiana. 

Taylor,* Canes a peculiar greenish-yellow, moderately vigorous, 
productive ; berries medium large, oblong, juicy, sweet ; very 
good. One of the very best late dessert or market varieties. Very 
hardy. Indiana. 

Wilson.* Very large, oblong-oval, black ; quality good. Canes 
tender at the North, hardy as far south as Philadelphia, where it 
is very productive. Introduced in 1854 and still largely grown. 
Early. Fig. 495. New Jersey. 

Wilson, Jr. Medium to large, very juicy ; good. Canes moderately 
vigorous, thorny. Good in New Jersey and South. Winter kills 
north of New York. Origin in New Jersey, 1875. Can hardly be 
distinguished from Wilson. 



CHAPTER XXI. 

THE CHERRY. 

Propagation. — The cultivated varieties of the Cherry con- 
sist of two distinct classes of sorts ; the first, comprising the 
Mazzards, Hearts, Bigarreaus, and Dukes, is characterized 
usually by the tall, upright growth and pyramidal form of the 
tree, by the large, vigorous, and straight young branches, and 
by a sweet or bitter, but not a sour, taste. The second class, 
or round-fruited, including the Morelloes, Kentish, and the 
common pie cherry, has small, irregular, and thickly growing 
branches, and a decidedly acid fruit. Observation will soon 
enable any one to distinguish these two classes, even where 
the trees are not more than a foot in height. It is the former 
only that are commonly used as stocks for grafting and bud- 
ding, on account of their straight and rapid growth. At- 
tempts are not unfrequently made to propagate the common 
cherry on the wild Black Cherry {Frunus Virgi7iiana), or on 
the Choke Cherry {P. serotina). Such attempts prove to be 
failures, the sorts being too dissimilar in their natures to favor 
union. These two species, it will be observed, have racemose 
inflorescence, while in the cultivated cherry the flowers are 
simply in fascicles or umbels. Some of the wild species (as 
the Sand and Pin cherries, P. Besseyi and P. Pemisylvanica) 
having the latter kind of inflorescence, have been successfully 
used as stocks, and their adoption might possibly prove useful 
at the South and West, where the Heart cherries fail. In the 
East, at least, the Mahaleb cherry (yP. Mahal eb), is now exten- 
sively used as stocks. The stocks are mostly imported. 

The stones, as soon as they are taken from the fruit, should 
be dried only enough to prevent mouldiness, and then mixed 
with an equal quantity of cleanmoist sand. The best way to 
keep them till spring is to burj^ them in shallow pits on a dry 

362 



THE CHERRY. Z^^Z 

spot of ground, covering them with flat stones and a few 
inches of earth. 

The seed may be planted in autumn or spring. If in au- 
tumn, the ground should be dry, and entirely free from all 
danger of becoming flooded or water-soaked. Unless the soil 
is quite light, the surface should be covered with leaf mould 
or pulverized manure, to avoid the formation of a hard 
crust upon the surface, which would prevent the young 
plants from breaking through. But usually spring is the best 
season, if the planting is done the moment the frost is out of 
the ground; for the seeds sprout and grow on the first ap- 
proach of warm weather. The distance should be the same 
as for the peach and apple ; and nearly the same directions 
are applicable to their management in the nursery rows. 

Good seedlings, averaging a foot and a half high, may be 
transplanted from the seed-beds when a year old, and if well 
cultivated in good soil, may be budded the same season. 
Where the buds fail, the trees may be grafted in the follow- 
ing spring. 

Bidding can only succeed with thrifty, freely growing 
stocks and with well-matured buds. About the time, or a lit- 
tle after the most vigorous stage of growth, or just as the 
terminal buds on the shoots commence forming, is the best pe- 
riod. If earlier, the buds will usually be too soft ; if later, the 
bark will not peel freely, nor the buds adhere well. This 
period usually commences about midsummer, and continues, 
under the various influences of season and soil, for two or 
three weeks, and sometimes more than a month. Success 
will be found to depend also upon cutting out with the bud a 
larger portion of the wood than is common with other bud- 
ding, or equal to one-third the diameter of the shoot. This 
will be found particularly useful where the buds are slightly 
immature, retaining in them a larger portion of moisture, 
and preventing their curling off from the stock. 

Difficulty is often experienced in successfully grafting the 
cherry. It succeeds well, if performed very early in the 
spring, before the slightest swelling of the buds, and before 
the frost has disappeared from the ground. After this period 
it is very liable to failure. . 

In propagating the slower-growing, sour-fruited varieties. 



364 THE CHERRY. 

good trees are often soonest obtained by grafting or budding 
them at standard height on large straight stocks. If grafted, 
they soon form a handsome head; if budded, care must be 
taken by judicious pruning to prevent the young shoots from 
growing all on one side. 

Pruning the cherry, except to form the head, is rarely 
needed. 

Soil. 

The cherry being a very hardy tree, will thrive in the 
Northern States in nearly all good soils. But a dryer soil 
than for most other species is found preferable ; a sandy or 
gravelly loam is best. In wet places, or on water-soaked sub- 
soils, it does not flourish, and soon perishes. 

Dwarf Cherries. 

These are, as yet, cultivated to a limited extent in this 
country. They are chiefly adapted to village gardens, or 
other grounds of limited extent, as they may be set as near 
each other as five or six feet. They may be easily covered 
with netting, and thus protected from the birds ; and what is 
most rare and desirable, the fruit permitted to remain until 
fully ripe, so important to the flavor of all cherries of an acid 
character. 

The stocks used for this purpose are the Mahaleb {Frunus 
Mahaleb), which also possesses the advantage of flourishing 
on heavy clay ground. The buds usually grow quite vigor- 
ously, their branches being so pruned that seven, nine, or 
more may come out from the centre of the plant, like a well- 
managed gooseberry bush. These branches will put forth 
early in summer, as in pyramidal pears, several shoots at 
their extremities, all of which must be pinched off to within 
two or three buds of their base, leaving the leading shoots 
untouched till near the close of summer, when they must be 
shortened to eight or ten buds. If trees on Mahaleb roots are 
allowed to grow at will, they are not much dwarfed as orchard 
trees, Systematic heading-in each year, as for dwarf pears, 
will tend to keep them dwarf. 



THE CHERRY. 365 

The cultivation of dwarf cherries would greatly facilitate 
the use of net screens for covering entire orchards, as some- 
times practised in Holland and England. The boundary fence 
is made of wire (or wood) lattice, so as to exclude small birds. 
At regular distances, through the inclosed area, are inserted 
into the earth wooden or tile sockets for the reception of poles 
or props to support the net. These poles have each a small cir- 
cular board nailed on their tops, to prevent injury to the net- 
ting. The boundary fence is supplied with hoops, to which 
the net is readily attached. When the cherries begin to ripen, 
it is elevated on several of the poles, each carried by a man, 
and spread over the garden, the rest of the poles being easily 
inserted in their sockets afterward. All birds are thus com- 
pletely excluded. During rain or dewy evenings, the net is 
stretched to its utmost extent. In dry weather it is slackened, 
and forms a festooned vault over the whole cherry garden. 
Its durability is increased by soaking it in tan once a year. 
Ten square rods of ground, comprised within a circle of fifty- 
nine feet in diameter, would contain forty dwarf cherry-trees 
at eight feet distance, or ninety trees at five feet distance. 

Sometimes the cherry crop is much lessened by premature 
rotting of the fruit. This is due to a fungous disease. Pick 
the cherries before they are fully ripe, and when 'Ca.o.y are dry. 
Spraying with Bordeaux will help. 

At the South and West the finer varieties of the Heart and 
Bigarreau cherries do not flourish. This is supposed to be 
caused by the hot sun upon the bark of the trunk, and by 
rapid growth preventing a sufficient hardening of the wood. 
The Mayduke, Early Richmond, and the Morelloes generally 
succeed well. Grafting the Heart varieties upon these hardy 
sorts has been found useful, and training the trees with low 
heads, or with but little bare trunk, is an additional security. 
The cracking and bursting of the bark at the West are partly 
prevented by these precautions ; but the safest way is to con- 
fine the culture of this fruit to the sorts above named, which 
are least affected. Cherries of any kind are unsatisfactory in 
the Southern States, those only which are grafted upon Maha- 
leb stock giving any satisfaction. 



366 THE CHERRY. 



SYNOPSIS OF ARRANGEMENT. 

Class I. Fruit Heart-Shaped. 

(Fruit inclining to sweet, tree vigorous and regular in growth.) 

Heart and Bigarreau Cherries. 

Section I. Fruit black, dark red, or crimson. 
Section II. Fruit bright red, or lighter. 

Class II. Fruit Round. 
Duke and Morello Cherries. 
Section I. Fruit black, dark red, or crimson. 
Section II. Fruit bright red, or lighter. 

Class III. 
Native Dwarf Cherries. 



Class I. Fruit Heart-Shaped. 
Section I. Fruit black, dark red, or crimson. 

Afghanistan. Large, black, sweet ; flesh firm : good shipper. Tree 
vigorous, prolific. 

Black Eagle. Rather large, obtuse heart-shaped, roundish, nearly- 
black ; stalk an inch and a half long, rather slender, slightly sunk ; 
flesh dark, deep purplish crimson, with a very rich, high, excel- 
lent flavor. Season medium, after Tartarian. Shoot stout, 
diverging or spreading. A cross of the Graffion and May Duke. 
English. Not always of the highest character. A moderate 
bearer. Fig. 502. 

Black Hawk. Large, heart-shaped, often obtuse, sides compressed, 
surface uneven ; color purplish black, glossy ; flesh dark purple, 
rather firm, rich, high flavored. Last week of June. Dr. Kirt- 
land, Cleveland, Ohio. 

Black Heart.* Medium or rather large, heart-shaped, slightly irreg- 
ular ; blackish crimson, becoming black ; stalk an inch and a half 
long, moderately sunk; tender when ripe, with a high, "very 
good" flavor. Season medium, or rather early. Productive and 
hardy ; growth rather erect, or with diverging shoots. 



THE CHERRY. 



367 



Davenport (or Davenport' s Early) oXo^eVy resembles Black Heart, 
but is a few days earlier, and the leaves are larger and lighter 
green. 



Fig. 498. 
May Bigarreau. 



Fig. 499. 
Knight's Early Black, 




Fig. 500- 
Early Purple Guigne. 



Fig. 501. 

Black Tartarian. 



Fig. 502. 
Black Eagle. 



Black Tartarian.* (Frazer's Black Tartarian, Black Circassian, 
Black Russian, Ronald's Large Black Heart, Ronald's Heart.) 
Quite large (often an inch in diameter) , on crowded old trees only 
medium ; heart-shaped, often rather obtuse, surface slightly un- 
even ; nearly or quite black ; stalk an inch and a half long, 
slightly sunk; flesh dark, half tender, with a peculiar liver-like 
consistency, rich, nearly destitute of acid, with a very fine, mild 
flavor. Ripens early, or about the middle of June. Shoots very 
erect. The vigorous growth and great productiveness of the tree, 
and the large size and mild, sweet flavor of the fruit, render this 
variety a general favorite. Fig. 501. Russian. 

Brandywine. Rather large, broad heart-shaped ; crimson, mottled; 
flesh tender, slightly sub-acid, very good. Last of June. Origin, 
Wilmington, Del. 

Brant. Large, heart-shaped ; reddish black ; flesh dark purplish 
red, sweet, half tender, juicy, rich. Middle of June. Cleveland, 
Ohio. Dr. Kirtland. 



368 THE CHERRY. 

Conestoga. Large, obtuse heart-shaped ; dark purple ; stalk long, 
slender ; flesh firm, with a rich, pleasant flavor. Lancaster 
County, Pa. 

Cumberland Seedling. (Triumph of Cumberland.) Large, obtuse 
heart-shaped; purplish crimson; flesh firm, very good. Middle 
of June. Carlisle, Pa. 

Early Purple Guigne.* Size medium, round heart-shaped, distinctly 
dotted when ripening ; dark red, becoming nearly black ; flesh 
dark, tender, juicy, rich, sweet. Growth less vigorous than most 
heart cherries ; shoots dark brown, spreading ; leaves rather small, 
drooping on long petioles. Very early, ripening first ten days in 
June. One of the best early cherries. Fig. 500. 

Elkhorn. (Tradescant's Black Heart, Large Black Bigarreau.) 
Large, heart-shaped, surface slightly uneven ; black; stalk rather 
short, or an inch and a fourth long ; cavity rather deep ; flesh 
solid, firm, not juicy, with a high, fine flavor, bitter before fully 
ripe. Rather late. Shoots dark gray. 

Hoskins. Very large, round heart-shaped, dull purple ; flesh dark 
mottled, firm, sweet. Seedling of Napoleon. Oregon. 

Jocosot. Large, regular, heart-shaped, indented at apex ; glossy, 
nearly black ; flesh tender, with a sweet, rich flavor. Last of 
June. Ohio. 

Kennicot. Large, oval heart-shaped; amber-yellow, mottled and 
shaded with bright red; flesh firm, rich, sweet. Early in July. 
Cleveland, Ohio. 

Knight Early Black.* Large, obtuse heart-shaped, surface 
slightly uneven ; black ; stalk an inch and a fourth or an inch and 
a half long, rather stout ; cavity deep, narrow ; flesh dark purplish 
crimson, tender, juicy, with a very rich, high, excellent flavor. 
Ripens nearly with the Black Tartarian. Shoots diverging or 
spreading. Much resembles the Black Eagle, but larger, earlier, 
more heart-shaped, and with a much deeper cavity. English. In 
some localities it appears to need a rich soil and warm situation to 
develop its excellence. A moderate and sometimes poor bearer. 
Fig. 499. 

Leather Stocking. Medium, heart-shaped ; reddish black ; flesh 
firm, sweet. Last half of July. Cleveland, Ohio. 

Logan. Rather large, obtuse heart-shaped, indented at apex ; pur- 
plish black; flesh rather firm, sweet, rich. Last half of June. 
Cleveland, O. 

Manning Late Black. Large, roundish; deep purple or black; 
flesh purplish, half tender, sweet, excellent. Endofjune. Salem. 
Mass. 

May Bigarreau. (Baumann's May of Downing, Bigarreau de Mai.) 
Rather small, oval heart-shaped, becoming as it ripens nearly 
round ; color deep red, becoming black ; stalk an inch and three- 



THE CHERRY. 369 

fourths long, rather stout at the ends ; cavity narrow ; flesh dark 
crimson, juicy, rather sweet, not high flavored. Very earlj', or 
first ten days of June. Productive. Shoots diverging, brown, 
resembling in color those of the Mayduke, Fig. 489. 

Mezel.* (Great Bigarreau, Great Bigarreau of Mezel.) Large, ob- 
tuse heart-shaped; surface uneven, dark red, becoming black; 
stalk long, slender ; flesh rather firm, rich, very good. Late. 
Shoots slightly flexuous ; tree great bearer. France. 

Osceola. Rather large, heart-shaped ; dark red, nearly black ; flesh 
tender, sweet, very good. End of June. Cleveland, O. Dr. 
Kirtland. 

Pontiac. Large, roundish heart-shaped ; dark red, becoming nearly 
black ; flesh half tender, sweet, and agreeable. Cleveland, O. 
Dr. Kirtland. 

Powhatan. Size medium, roundish ; dark purple, glossy ; flesh pur- 
plish red, half tender, with a pleasant flavor. End of July. 
Cleveland, O. 

Richardson. Large, heart-shaped ; blackish red ; flesh deep red, 
half tender, sweet. Last of June. Massachusetts. 

Tecumseh. Rather large, obtuse heart-shaped ; reddish purple ; 
flesh dark red, half tender, with a rich sub-acid flavor. End of 
July. Cleveland, O. 

Wendel Mottled Bigarreau. Medium or rather large, obtuse 
heart-shaped; dark red, becoming nearly black, mottled with dark 
streaks or points ; suture a dark line on one side ; stalk medium ; 
cavity round, irregular; flesh firm, crisp, high flavored; stone 
small. Rather late. Growth upright. Albany, N. Y. 

Werder Early Black Heart. Large, roundish heart-shaped ; skin 
black; flesh purplish, tender, very good. First half of June. 

Section 11. Bright red or lighter. 

y^merican Heart.* Medium or rather large, four-sided heart- 
shaped; color light red or pink, mixed with amber; stalk nearly 
two inches long, slender ; cavity small and shallow ; flesh half ten- 
der, adhering to the rather tough skin, juicy, sweet, good. Very 
productive. Early. 

Belle d'Orleans.* Rather large, roundish heart-shaped ; light yel- 
low, with pale red ; flesh tender, with a sweet, excellent flavor. 
Middle of June. Tree a good grower. Productive. A valuable 
early sort. 

Burr Seedling. Rather large, distinct heart-shaped, smooth ; a 
fine deep clear red, often spotted or marbled; stem an inch and a 
half long ; cavity moderate ; flesh half tender (about as firm as 
American Heart, from which it probably originated) , sweet, rich, 
with a fine flavor. Growth vigorous, very product' ve. Season 
medium. Origin, Perrinton, N. Y. 
24 



37° 



THE CHERRY. 



Carmine Stripe. Rather large, heart-shaped ; a carmine line on the 
suture, amber yellow with bright carmine; flesh tender, agree- 
able. Last of June. Ohio. 

Caroline. Rather large, roundish oblong ; pale amber mottled with 
red; tender, sweet, delicate. Last of June. Cleveland, O. 

Centennial. Large, yellow, marbled crimson, verj' sweet, good 
shipper. A seedling of Napoleon. Fig. 
503. California. 

Champagne. Medium, roundish heart- 
shaped; reddish pink; stalk medium, 
cavity shallow ; flesh amber colored, sub- 
acid, rich. Last of June. Raised by C. 
Downing, Newburg, N. Y. 

China Bigarreau. Medium in size, oval 
heart-shaped, somewhat roundish, sut- 
ure distinct ; color amber mottled with 
red, becoming red ; stalk long, slender, 
cavity shallow ; flesh half tender when 
ripe, with a rather rich and peculiar sec- 
ond-rate flavor. Season rather late. 
Shoots spreading. Origin, Flushing, 
L. L 

Cleveland. (Cleveland Bigarreau.) Large, 
round heart-shaped ; suture broad and 
deep half way round; color bright, clear, 
delicate red on amber yellow ; stalk an 
inch and a half long, curved ; fiesh firm, 
juicy, sweet, rich. Season early, or with Black Tartarian. Ori- 
gin, Cleveland, O. 

Coe's Transparent.* Size medium, nearly globular, very regular; 
skin thin, pale amber, reddened in the sun, with peculiar pale 
spots or blotches ; stalk nearly an inch and a half long, moderately 
sunk ; very tender, melting, sweet, excellent. Early, just before 
Black Tartarian. Growth thrifty. Origin, Middletown, Conn. 
One of the most valuable of all cherries for home use. Fig. 504. 

Delicate. Rather large, roundish, oblate; stalk medium in length, 
cavity rather large ; color yellow, mottled and shaded with car- 
mine, translucent; flesh light yellow, flavor excellent, ist of July. 
Tree spreading, forming a round head. Cleveland, O. 

Doctor. Size medium, round heart-shaped; color light yellow and 
red, blended and mottled; stalk an inch and a half long; cavity 
round, regular; flesh white, tender, juicy, sweet, fine. Very 
early. Resembles American Heart, but two weeks earlier. 
Growth moderate, spreading leaves, narrow. Origin, Cleveland, O. 

Downer.* (Downer's Late, Downer's Late Red.) Size medium, 
round heart-shaped, smooth ; red, light amber in the shade ; stalk 
an inch and a half long, slightly sunk ; fruit in clusters ; flesh 
tender, melting, rich, very high flavored — not good till fully ripe. 
Rather late. Growth erect. Plangs late, and does not rot easily. 
Origin, Dorchester, Mass. Fig. 506. 




Fig. 503.— Centennial. 



THE CHERRY. 



371 



Downing's Red Cheek. Size medium or rather large, obtuse heart' 
shaped, regular ; suture distinct ; color with a broad crimson cheek ; 
stalk an inch and a half long; cavity of medium size; flesh half 
tender, delicate, sweet, rich, very good. Rather early. Origin, 
Newburg, N. Y. 

Downton. Large, round heart-shaped, apex quite obtuse, or 
slightly indented ; light cream color, stained with red ; stalk an 
inch and three-fourths or two inches long, slender ; cavity wide ; 
flesh yellowish, tender, adhering slightly to the stone, rich, deli- 
cious. Season medium or rather late. Growth rather spreading. 
Fig. 505. 

Early Prolific. Medium, roundish heart-shaped; color bright red. 
on yellow ground; stalk long; flesh half tender, very good.. 
Early. Cleveland, O. 

Fig. 504. 
Coe's Transparent. 




White Heart. Medium, or rather small, heart-shaped, slightly ob- 
long, often a little one-sided, suture distinct ; color dull whitish 
yellow, tinged and spotted with pale red ; stalk an inch and three- 
fourths long, cavity wide, shallow ; flesh rather firm, tender 
when ripe, sweet, pleasant. Quite early. Growth erect. An 
old sort, now becoming superseded. Fig. 507. 



372 



THE CHERRY. 



Elliott's Favorite. Size medium, round, regular, slightly com- 
pressed ; color pale amber yellow, with a bright, marbled, carmine- 
red cheek ; stalk an inch and a half long ; cavity even and regular ; 
flesh pale amber, translucent, tender, delicate, juicy, with a sweet, 
fine flavor. Season medium, ripening with Belle de Choisy. 
Shoots vigorous, diverging. Origin, Cleveland, O. 




Fig. 509. 
Elton. 



Fig. 510. 
Holland Bigarreau. 



Fig. 511. 

Bigarreau or 

Yellow Spanish. 



Elton.* (Flesh-Colored Bigarreau.) Large, pointed heart-shaped, 
somewhat oblong ; pale yellow, blotched and shaded with red ; 
stalk two inches long, slender ; flesh firm, becoming rather tender, 
rich, high flavored ; " very good. " Season medium. Not desira- 
ble for market because of its light color, tender flesh, and liabilitj' 
to rot, but excellent for home use. English. Rather tender in 
very severe climates. Fig. 509. 

Florence. (Knevett's Late.) Large, heart-shaped, regular, smooth ; 
amber yellow marbled with red, and with a red cheek ; stalk an 
inch and a half long; flesh firm, juicy, sweet; season rather late. 
Resembles Yellow Spanish, but hardly so large, and ten days 
later. Fig. 508. 

Dr. Wiseman. Large, yellowish, shaded red; resembles Gov. 
Wood. Tree tender, does well in North Carolina. 



THE CHERRY. 



373 



Governor Wood.* Large, roundish heart-shaped ; light yellow, 
shaded and marbled with light red ; stalk an inch and a half 
long, cavity wide ; rather tender, nearly sweet, rich, excellent. 
Early to mid-season. Tree vigorous, shoots diverging, forming a 
round head. Cleveland, O. As the trees grow older, they often 
overbear and yield a smaller and less excellent fruit — hence re- 
quiring thinning. 

Hoadley. Rather large, roundish heart-shaped ; light clear red on 
pale yellow ; flesh tender, rich, sweet, excellent. Last week of 
June. Origin, Cleveland, O. 

Hovey. Large, obtuse heart-shaped; amber, with a fine red cheek; 
stalk an inch long, deeply set; flesh rather firm, pale amber, "very 
good." Last half of July. Boston, Mass. 

Hyde's Late Black. Medium, obtuse heart-shaped ; purplish black ; 
flesh half firm. First week in July. Newton, Mass. 




Fig. 512. Fig. 513. 

Rockport. Napoleon. 

Kirtland's Mammoth. Very large, obtuse heart-shaped; rich red 
on bright, clear yellow ; flesh rather tender, with a fine, high 
flavor. A moderate bearer. End of June. Cleveland, O. 

Kirtland's Mary.* Quite large, round heart-shaped, regular, base 
somewhat flattened ; color light and dark red, deeply marbled on 
a yellow ground ; stalk an inch and a fourth to an inch and a half 
long; flesh light yellow, half tender, rich, juicy, sweet, high 
flavored. Season medium, or with the Elton. Origin, Cleveland, O. 

Manning Mottled. (Mottled Bigarreau.) Medium or rather large, 
round heart-shaped, suture distinct ; color amber, shaded and 
mottled with red ; semi-transparent, glossy ; stalk slender, cavity 
shallow; flesh yellow, tender when ripe, sweet, good. Stone 
rather large. Season, end of June. Shoots dark. Productive. 
Origin, Salem, Mass. 



374 



THE CHERRY. 



Napoleon.* (Royal Ann.) Very large, regularly heart-shaped, 
remotely oblong ; skin pale yellow and amber, spotted and shaded 
with deep red ; stalk an inch and a fourth long ; flesh very firm, 
juicy and sweet, very good. Rather late. Shoots with a light 
greenish cast. Growth rather erect, vigorous. Very productive, 
good for market, and especially valuable for canning. Fig. 513. 
Europe. 




Fig. 514. — Windsor Cherry, 



The Holland Biga7-reaii closely resembles the above, and is 
thought by some to be identical. 

Ohio Beauty. Very large, oblate heart-shaped ; dark red on a pale 
red ground, somewhat marbled, very handsome ; stalk an inch and 
a half long, rather stout ; cavity wide and deep ; flesh white, ten- 
der, juicy, with a fine flavor. Early, or about ten days before 
Napoleon Bigarreau, which it equals in size. Origin, Cleveland, O. 

Red Jacket.* Large, obtuse heart, shaped ; color light red ; flesh 
half tender, with a good sub-acid flavor. Ripens with Downer. 
Keeps well without rotting. Cleveland, O. 

Rockport Bigarreau.* Quite large-round heart-shaped ; color, when 
fully ripe, a beautiful clear red, shaded with pale amber, with 
occasional spots; stalk an inch and a half long, cavity wide ; flesh 
firm, juicy, sweet, rich, with an excellent flavor. Mid-season. 
Tree upright, vigorous. Origin, Cleveland, O. ; one of the best 
of Dr. Kirtland's seedlings. Fig. 512. 



THE CHERRY. 375 

Sweet Montmorency. Medium in size, round, slightly flattened at 
base, with a depressed point at apex ; color pale amber, mottled 
with light red ; stalk an inch and three-fourths long, slender ; 
cavity small, even ; flesh yellowish, tender, sweet, excellent. 
Season very late or past mid-summer. Approaches somewhat in 
character the Morello. Origin, Salem, Mass. 

Townsend. Large, obtuse heart-shaped, high-shouldered, suture 
distinct ; light amber with red ; flesh rather tender, with a rich, 
pleasant flavor. End of June. Lockport, N. Y. 

White Bigarreau. (Large White Bigarreau, White Ox-Heart.) 
Large, heart-shaped, tapering to obtuse apex ; suture distinct ; 
surface slightly wavy, yellowish white marbled with red ; flesh 
moderately Arm, or half tender, very rich and delicate. Season 
medium. A moderate beai'er when young, more productive 
afterward; liable to crack after rain. Tree rather tender ; growth 
spreading. 

Windsor.* Tree upright, vigorous; a heavy bearer ; fruit large, 
roundish oblong ; very firm, yellow, nearly overspread with red ; 
juicy, very good. One of the most desirable late cherries, espe- 
cially for market or preserves. Ontario. Ripe at Fourth of July 
in New York. Fig. 514. 

Yellow Spanish.* (Bigarreau, Graffion.) Very large, often an 
inch in diameter, obtuse heart-shaped, very smooth, regular, 
base flattened ; surface clear, pale waxen yellow, with a hand- 
some light red cheek to the sun ; stalk an inch and three-fourths 
long ; cavity very wide, shallow ; flesh firm, with a fine, rich fla- 
vor. Season medium. One of the best and most popular of light- 
colored cherries. Fig. 511. Europe. 

The Late Bigarreatc, originated with Dr. Kirtland, of Cleveland, 
resembles this, but is slightly less in size, deeper red, and ripens 
about ten da3's later. 



Class IL Fruit Round. 

Section I. Fruit black, dark red, or crimson. 

Archduke. (Portugal Duke, Late Archduke.) Very large, round 
heart-shaped, slightly flattened, dark shining red, becoming 
nearly black ; stalk an inch and a half long, slender, deep sunk ; 
flesh light red ; when matured rich sub-acid, slightly bitter till 
fully ripe ; of fine flavor, hardly equal in quality to Maj^ Duke. 
Mid-season. One-fourth larger than May Duke, and tree more 
spreading, and with thicker and darker foliage. Rare. 

Donna Maria. Size medium, dark red ; rich, acid. Late. Suc- 
ceeds well at the West. 

Early Morello. Size small, round-oblate, red, small pit, flesh firm, 
juice uncolored. A little earlier than Early Richmond. 

Eugenie.* Medium large, round-obtuse, heart-shape; skin amber 
red ; of the very best quality. Early. An excellent dessert vari- 
ety which should receive more attention. France. 



376 



THE CHERRY. 



Late Duke.* Large, obtuse, roundish heart-shaped, slightly oblate ; 
color light, mottled with bright red at first, becoming rich dark 
red when ripe ; stalk an inch and a half long, rather slender ; 
cavity shallow ; flesh pale amber, sub-acid, not rich, much less so 
than May Duke ; season very late, or a little after mid-summer. 
Tree more spreading than May Duke, and foliage rather more 




Fig. 515. — Montmorency Cherry. 



compact, approaching somewhat the character of a Morello. 
English. 

LcAveliing. Very large, black, round, heart-shaped ; flesh firm, 
solid. Valuable. 

Louis Philippe. Size medium, roundish ; dark red ; flesh red, acid, 
tender. Middle of July. French. Succeeds well at the West. 

May Duke.* Large, roundish, obtuse heart-shaped ; color red at 
fii'st, becoming when mature nearly black ; flesh reddish, becom- 
ing dark purple, very juicy and melting, rich, acid, excellent. 
It is frequently picked when red, immature, and not fully grown, 
and imperfect in flavor. Quite early, but often varying greatly 
and permanently in its season of rii^ening, even on the same 



THE CHERRY. 



377 



tree. Holman's Duke and Late May Duke are only late variations 
perpetuated by grafting. Growth upright for a Duke. Very 
hardy, and adapted to all localities. France. 

Montmorency.* Large, round, bright red, acid. Tree hardy, 
great bearer ; fruits early. A good market variety, especially 
valuable for preserving. There are several sub-varieties ; that 
sold as Montmorency Ordinaire is usually considered the best. 
France. 



Montmorency Ordinaire. 

rich red, tender, a fine 
after Early Richmond. 
Sis- 



Fruit medium large, round-oblate, dark 
acid ; very good. Season early ; a week 
A profitable market sort. France. Fig. 




Fig. si6.— English Morello Cherry. 



Morello.* (Wragg.) (English Morello, Large Morello, Dutch 
Morello, Ronald's Large Morello.) Rather large, approaching 
medium ; round, obscurely heart-shaped ; dark red, becoming 
nearly black ; flesh dark purplish crimson, of a rich acid, mixed 
with a slight astringency. Season very late, or after mid-summer. 
In England its ripening is retarded till autumn by the shading of 
a wall. The common Morello is a smaller sub-variety, a little 
darker and with smaller branches. English. Fig. 516, 

Olivet.* Large, roundish, deep red ; flesh rich, vinous, good ; 
season early. A favorite market variety in some parts of the 
East, but its greatest value is for canning. French. 

Ostheim. Large, roundish, dark red ; flesh liver color, tender, 
juicy, sub-acid, when fully ripe nearly sweet ; good. Very hardy, 
slender growth. Russian. Mid-season. 



378 



THE CHERRY. 



Royal Duke. (Royal Tardive.) Very large, roundish distinctly 
oblate ; surface dark red ; flesh reddish, tender, juicj-, rich ; 
season rather early. Growth like the May Duke. France. 

Shannon. Medium, round, flattened at base; dark purplish red; 
stalk long,- slender, open ; flesh reddish purple, rather acid. Mid- 
dle of July. Cleveland, O. 



Section II. F7'uit bright red or lighter. 



Fig. 517.— Belle de Choisy. 



Belle de Choisy.* Size medium, round, very even, obscurely ob- 
late ; skin thin, translucent, showing 
the netted texture of the flesh ; stalk 
rather short, slender; flesh pale am- 
ber, mottled with yellowish red, be- 
coming in the sun a fine carnelian 
red; skin very tender, with a fine, 
mild, sub-acid flavor, becoming nearly 
sweet. Season rather early. Moder- 
ately productive ; needs good cultiva- 
tion. French. Fig. 517. 

Belle Magnifique.* Quite large, round- 
ish, inclining to heart-shaped ; color 
a fine rich red, portions of the surface 
often a lighter hue ; stalk slender, 
nearly two inches long, cavity large ; 
flavor rather mild for this class, fine, 
but not of the highest quality. One of 
the best late varieties, ripening about 
midsummer. Productive. Fig. 518. 
Growth resembles that of the May 
duke in form. French. 

Belle de Sceaux. Size nearly medium, 
roundish ; red ; stalk moderate ; flesh 
rather acid — the tree and fruit some- 
what resembling Early Richmond, but 
later. 

Carnation. Large, round, yellowish 
Fig. S18.— Belle Magnifique. white, mottled and marbled with fine 
orange red ; stalk an inch and a fourth 
long, stout ; flesh slightly firmer than most of this class, a little 
bitter at first, becoming mild acid, and with a rich, fine flavor. 
Growth spreading, leaves resembling those of a heart cherry. 
Mid-season. Europe. 

Pri7tce' s Dtike is a large sub-variety, but a very poor bearer and of 
little value. 

Coe's Late Carnation. Rather large, medium ; color amber and 
bright red ; sub-acid, sprightly. Last half of July. 

Duchesse de Palluau. Size medium, roundish heart-shaped; dark 
purple; stalk long, slender; cavity large; flesh dark red, mild, 
acid. Middle of June. 




THE CHERRY. 379 

Early May. (Cerise Indulle.) Small, round, approaching oblate, 
bright high red; stalk an inch long ; flesh juicy, acid, good. Very 
early. Tree dwarfish. Of little value. 

Early Richmond.* (Virginian May, Kentish, Kentish Red, English 
Pie Cherry.) Rather small, becoming medium when -well ripened, 
round, slightly oblate, growing in pairs ; color a full red ; stalk an 
inch or an inch and a fourth long, rather stout ; flesh very juicy, 
acid, moderately rich. Stone adhering strongly to the stalk, often 
withdrawing it from the frtiit when picked. Very productive ; fine 
for early cooking ; ripens early and hangs long on the tree. 
Valued everywhere. Europe. 




Fig. 519. — Rocky Mountain Cherry. 

Jeffrey Duke, (Jeffrey's Royal, Royale.) Size medium, round, 
obscurely oblate ; color a fine lively red ; stalk medium ; flesh 
amber with a tinge of red, rich, juicy, of fine flavor. Growth slow, 
very compact, fruit in thick clusters. Season medium. Resem- 
bles Mayduke, but smaller, rounder, and lighter colored. Rare in 
this country. 

Large Morello. (Kirtland's Large Morello.) Rather large, round- 
ish ; dark red, with a good, rich, sub-acid flavor. Early, July. 
Cleveland, O. 

Pie Cherry. (American.) (Late Kentish of Downing. Common 
Red, American Kentish.) Size medium, approaching small, 
roundish, slightly oblate ; stalk an inch to an inch and a half long, 
stout ; color light red ; flesh very juicy, quite acid, moderately 
rich. Rather late. Stone not adhering to the stalk, as with the 
preceding. Very productive ; a good culinary sort. 

Plumstone Morello. Large, roundish heart-shaped ; color deep 
red; stalk an inch and a half long, slender, straight ; cavity mod- 



380 THE CHERRY. 

erate ; flesh reddish, of a rich acid flavor. Very late, or after mid- 
summer. Stone rather long and pointed. 
Reine Hortense.* Quite large, roundish oblong ; bright red, 
slightly marbled and mottled ; suture a mere line ; sub-acid, rich, 
excellent. Last half of July. Tree a handsome, good grower, a 
moderate bearer. French. 

Vail's August Duke. Large, obtuse heart-shaped ; brightred; stalk 
medium ; sub-acid, with a Mayduke flavor. First of August. 
Vigorous and productive. Troy, N. Y. 

Class IIL Native Dwarf Cherries. 

The four varieties described below are as yet the only ones which 
have been at all cultivated or experimented upon. They are of 




Fig. 520.— Sand Cherry. 

little value for commercial purposes, or for home use, but are 
worthy of planting on barren soils and for ornamental purposes. 
It is quite within the range of possibility that valuable seedlings 
or hybrids may spring from them under intelligent cultivation. 

Compass. Fruit about one inch in diameter, round, bright red, of 
good quality. A very rapid grower, and bears heavily every 
year. Originated with H. Kundson, Springfield, Minn., by 
pollinating Sand Cherry with Miner Plum. Thought to be of 
value on the plains. 

Rocky Mountain. (Improved Dwarf.) Small, roundish, jet black, 
not very sweet. Tree small, bushy, not over four feet high, 
very hardy ; bears profusely. Worthy of cultivation as an orna- 
mental shrub. Colorado. Fig. 519. The species is Prunus 
Bessayi. 

Sand Cherry. Small, roundish oval, black, variable in quality, 
usually very acid ; ripens about August ist. A very hardy 
shrub ; branches irregular, coarse, and scrawny ; bears profusely. 



THE CHERRY. 3^1 

grows on the poorest soils. Fig. 520. The species is Prufius 
ptimila. 

Utah Hybrid. Small, round, dark-reddish black, with a plum-like 
bloom ; flesh soft, juicj', skin bitter. A bush three or four feet 
high. Hybrid of Priimts Besseyi and P. Watsoni. 



CHAPTER XXII. 



THE CRANBERRY. 



The American Cranberry {Vaccinium niacrocai';poii) is much 
larg-er than the European (K oxy coccus), and superior in flavor. 
While growing it is light green, "changing to a light or dark 
red, crimson, or mottled color, as it ripens. It blossoms in 

June, and the fruit ripens in 
September and October. The 
running stems are often sev- 
eral feet in length, the small 
oblong leaves remaining dur- 
ing winter, on the approach 
of which they become brown. 
There are three types recog- 
nized. The Bell type (Fig. 

521) is so called from its pe- 
culiar form ; the Bugle (Fig. 

522) somewhat resembles a 
bugle head ; and the Cherry 
(Fig. 523") is nearly round. 

While the differences in 
the external appearance of 
cranberries offered for sale are manifest to the most casual 
inspection, there seem to be few generally recognized named 
varieties. In parts of the country where its cultivation is ex- 
tensively carried on, as Cape Cod, local names have been given 
to choice kinds, but they are not as yet catalogued by dealers 
in nursery stock. 

The cranberry is successfully cultivated in this country 
between 38° and 45° north latitude; but its limit may extend 
farther southward in the mountain ranges. 

382 




Fig. 521.— Bell Cranberry. 



THE CRANBERRY. 



Soil. 




Fig. 522.— Bugle Cranberry. 



The best soil and situation consist of peat and muck bottoms, 
coated with pure sand obtained from adjacent banks, and the 
ground thus prepared must be capable of being flooded with 
clear running water at pleasure during winter, and thoroughly- 
drained at other times, for it is absolutely essential that it 
should be dry during the blooming and growing season. Drift 
soils have proved unsuc- 
cessful. Muddy water run- 
ning over the plants injures 
them. 

In preparing the soil all 
wood and rubbish must be 
cleared off, called " turfing," 
and the surface, or " turf," 
removed with a hoe made 
for the purpose. It is then 
provided with drains by 
clearing out the main water- 
course and making parallel 
open side ditches at regular distances of about two to five 
rods. The whole surface is then covered with from four to 
six inches of pure sand. The chief object of this coating of 
sand is to retard the growth of the vines and thus increase 
their productiveness. An embankment or small dyke should 
surround the whole to allow the plantation to be flooded or 
drained at pleasure. 

Setting the plants. After sanding, the plants are set in rows 
about two feet apart. Some prefer a greater distance, to ad- 
mit more freely the passage of a horse cultivator. They 
should be ten or twelve inches in the row. 

Flooding should be continued at intervals from December to 
May, and furnishes, among other advantages, protection from 
insects as well as from early frosts. 

The plantation should be carefully kept clear of weeds for 
the first two or three years, after which, if well managed, the 
cranberry plants will cover the surface and render this labor 
comparatively light. 



384 



THE CRANBERRY. 



Gathering the fruit is begun in September, and lasts several 
weeks. It is an arduous labor ; various devices have been in- 
vented to facilitate it, such as the Lambert picker, used on Cape 
Cod. Raking with an ordinary steel garden-rake is sometimes 




Fig. 523.— Cherry Cranberry. 



practised, but tears the vines badly, 
from six to ten bushels a day. 



Good pickers will gather 



Varieties. 

A. D. Makepeace, said to be one of the most experienced 
cranberry growers in the country, and the owner of the larg- 
est cultivated bog in the world, states that there are now many 
distinct and named sorts, all originating from the types figured. 
Nurserymen, however, cannot be depended upon for supply- 
ing varieties true to name, which can only be had from repu- 
table cultivators of cranberry bogs. 

Dennis. Large, bright scarlet, prolific. Belongs to the Bugle type. 

Early Black. Large, rich purple-black ; good bearer; leaves turn 
purple in fall. A Bell berry. Ripens three weeks earlier than 
other sorts. 

Early Red. Medium, bright red. A Bell berry. 

Franklin. A new Bell sort. 

Gould. Medium, bright purple, bell-shaped berrj' ; light-colored 
foliage. Productive. Mid-season. 

Lewis. Medium, bright glossy scarlet, bell-shaped. A beautiful 
berry. Mid-season. 

McFarlin. Very large, dark red, oval berry. Late. 
Makepeace. Very large, bright rose-purple. Belongs to the Cherry 
type. Early. 

Neville. Medium, oval, deep crimson ; flesh firm, skin decidedly 



THE CRANBERRY. 385 

astringent, which becomes prominent after cooking. More desir- 
able for jelly than for sauce. 

Shaw. Medium, broad ovate, purplish red ; flesh deeply colored, 
moderately acid ; good. Very hardy. 

Bell. Medium, pear-shape, bright red, occasionally mottled with 
lighter red ; flesh firm, stained with red ; rich acid, without 
astriugency. 

Cherry. Very large, roundish-oblate, yellowish white, mostly cov- 
ered with patches of light red. Flesh firm ; very good. A late 
keeper. 

25 . 



CHAPTER XXIII. 

THE CURRANT. 

The currant, irom its hardiness, free growth, easy culture, 
great and uniform productiveness, pleasant flavor, and early 
ripening, is one of the most valuable of our summer fruits. 

It is propagated, like the gooseberry, from, cuttings, for 
which vigorous shoots of the last year's production should be 
chosen. As soon as the leaves ripen, cut off the new growth 
and make cuttings about six inches long. Set them in rows 
fifteen inches apart and two inches in the rows. Just as winter 
sets in, cover them over with coarse litter — taking it off in 
spring, and keeping them well hoed, and by fall they will 
have large fine roots. Half the_ buds only at the' top of the 
shoot should be left; and the plants may be kept trained up 
to a single stem, a few inches high, when the branches should 
radiate on all sides in an upward direction so as to form a 
handsome spreading top. Currant bushes, if permitted to 
sucker moderately, will, however, endure for a longer time, 
as the new shoots, sending out roots of their own, afford, in 
fact, a spontaneous renewal. But care is needed that they do 
not form too dense a growth. 

The currant being one of the hardiest and most certain fruit- 
producing bushes is, for this reason, badly neglected. Good 
cultivation and pruning will more than triple the size of the 
fruit. Old bushes should have the old and stunted wood cut 
out, and thrifty shoots left at regular distances. Old manure 
should be spaded in about the roots, and the soil kept clean, 
cultivated, and mellow. As the currant starts and expands 
its leaves very early, this work should be performed as soon 
as the frost leaves the soil. A resident in Canada says that 
the best currants he ever had, produced in great abundance, 
were obtained in a dry season, by covering the whole surface of 
the ground with cow manure as a mulch, three inches thick. 

386 



THE CURRANT. 



387 



On looking under, the soil was always moist. Heavy pruning 
must follow the luxuriant growth thus produced. Currants 
thrive also when they are somewhat shaded, and consequently 
an excellent position for them is in the rows of young orchard 
trees. Clean cultivation cannot be too strongly insisted upon. 
The different varieties of the currant succeed nearly alike 
in the Northern, Middle, and some Western, but fail in the 
Southern States. 

Pruning the Currant. — In the culture of the currant 

three distinct modes are 
adopted. The first, 
which is quite common 
in this country, is to 
plant the bushes along 
garden fences, where 
they often grow up with 
grass, and being neither 
cultivated nor cared for, 
the fruit becomes small 
and of little value. This 
is the worst mode. 

The next is to culti- 
vate, but not to prune. 
The fruit on such bushes 
is fine while they are 
young, but as they be- 
come filled with a profu- 
sion of old bearing wood 
it diminishes in size. 
The third and best mode is to give them good, clean culti- 
vation, and to keep up a constant supply of young bearing 
wood, yielding large and excellent crops. 

The currant, like the cherry, bears its fruit on shoots two or 
more years old; and it is important that a succession of strong 
young shoots be maintained for this purpose. When a cane 
has borne two or three crops, the fruit usually begins to de- 
teriorate in size ; therefore cut it out. In the mean time, a 
young cane should be coming on to take its place. After a 
bush has been in bearing three or four years, one or two of 
the eld canes should be cut out each year. A good bush may 




Fig. 524.— Raceme of Currants. 



THE CURRANT. 



be allowed to have four to eight bearing canes at any time. 
The fewer the canes, the larger the fruit. 

When a young currant bush is set out, all the buds or suck- 
ers below the surface of the ground should be previously cut 





Fig. 525.— Chen-}' Currants. 



Fig. 526.- North Star. 



off clean, so as to form a clear stem. It is often recommended 
that this stem be a foot high before branching — which does 
well for the moist climate of England ; but under our hot suns 
it is better that the branches begin near the surface of the 
ground. 

Class I. Red and White Cjirrants. 



Attractor. Large, very white, handsome, strong grower and pro- 
ductive. French. 



THE CURRANT. 



389 



Cherry.* Very large, nearly twice the size of the common Red 
Dutch, often five-eighths of an inch in diameter ; round, dark 
red ; clusters moderately short, quite acid. Growth tall and 
luxuriant. The shoots sometimes go blind ; that is, the buds 
near the end are often imperfect or wanting. A standard variety. 
The flavor is improved by hanging long. Fig. 525. Italy. 





Fig. 528.— Red Cross. 



Fay.* (Faj^'s Prolific.) Bush vigorous, spreading, generally 
more productive than Cherry ; bunch long, well filled, with a 
long stem which facilitates gathering; berries variable in size, 
averaging large ; dark red, mild, good, mid-season. Generally 
considered better than Cherry, but reports on it are very conflict- 
ing. Largely grown for market. New York. 

Gondoin Red. (Raby Castle, May's Victoria, Rouge d'Holland.) 
Large, bright red, bunch long ; bush shoots strong, vigorous. 
The leaves and fruit hang long. It proves of good quality by 



39° 



THE CURRANT. 



the first of September, Much earlier, it is sour and unpalatable. 
France. 

Gondoin White. Fruit large, whitish-yellow, less acid than most 
other sorts, of excellent quality. A strong grower and productive. 

Holland. (Long Bunch.) Bunch long, well tilled ; berries medium 
to small, bright red ; quality good. Season medium. Bush 
unusually vigorous and holds foliage well. Popular in many 
parts of the West. Europe. 




Fig. 529.— Red Dutch. Fig. 530.— White Dutch. Fig. 531.— White Grape. 



Knight Large Red. Size of berries moderate, or nearly as large as 
Red Dutch— bright red. This is not a sweet currant, and is 
rather more acid than White Dutch. 

Knight Sweet Red. (Goliath, Fielder's Red, Palmer's Late Red, 
Pitmaston Red, Pitmaston Prolific, Large Sweet Red, Bertin 
No. I, Dauen's Selected.) Berries medium, bright red; bush 
strong and vigorous ; shoots mostly erect. 

London Market. Bunch medium, long ; berries large, light crim- 
son, resembling Fay. Sharp acid, good ; seeds large and numer- 
ous. Mid-season. England. 

North Star. Medium size berry on long stem, bright crimson, 
mild and rich. Very hardy. Bears early and profusely. Season 
late. Vigorous. More valuable for home use than for market. 
Minnesota. Fig. 526. 



THE CURRANT. 39 1 

Palluau. (Fertile Currant of Paluau.) Large, dark red. Pro- 
ductive, nearly the size of the Cherry Currant. French. Fig. 
527. Resembles Red Dutch. 

Prince Albert.* Bunch short, berries medium to large, light red, 
ripens quite late. Growth strong, productive. Popular for can- 
ning. 

Red Cross. Large, red berrj-, long cluster, and stem long between 
fruit and stem ; flavor mild, sub-acid, excellent. Mid-season. 
Growth vigorous, productive. A valuable variety. Fig. 528. 
New York. 

Red Dutch.* (Fertile. Fertile d'Angleterre, Fertile de Bertin, 
La Hative, Hative de Bertin, Bertin No. 9, Belle de St. Gilles, 
Chenonceaux, Grosse Rouge de Boulogne, Queen Victoria, 
Red Grape.) Bush generally dwarf, somewhat slender habit. 
Prolific bearer, ripens at mid-season. A little larger than the 
common old red currant, and clusters much longer and a little 
less acid. One of the oldest varieties in cultivation and still a 
prime favorite. Europe. Fig. 529. 

Transparent. Large, j'ellowish white, very productive. Said to 
be a seedling of White Grape, and resembles that variety. 

Versaillaise.* (La Versaillaise, Red Cherry.) Large, closely 
resembles Cherry, but slightly less acid ; deep red, bunches long 
but regularly filled, bush rank grown; the "young shoots break 
off very easil}'. Productive, valuable. A seedling of Cherry, 
and often confounded with that variety. One of the best market 
varieties. French. La Fertile and La Hative scarcely differ 
from Versaillaise. 

Victoria.* Bush a strong grower, upright, productive ; cluster 
medium ; berries large, bright red, mild acid, good. Mid-season 
to late. Partially exempt from the attacks of the twig borer, 
hence a leading variety in some places. Distinct from Red Dutch. 
England. 

White Dutch.* Full medium in size, yellowish white, bunches 
rather long ; less acid than Red Dutch and other red currants, 
quality best. Dana's White is nearly identical. Fig. 530. 

White Grape.* Large (rather larger than White Dutch) ; bunches 
rather short, quality excellent. Growth spreading and moder- 
ately vigorous. Fig. 498. Europe. 

Wilder.* Bush a vigorous, upright grower ; berries very large, 
fine color, lighter than Fay, remaining fresh on the bushes 
longer ; flavor mild, good. A seedling of Versaillaise which 
promises to become a standard. Indiana. 

Class II. BlacJz Currants. 

Black Naples. Large (sometimes five-eighths of an inch in diam- 
eter) , black ; bunches small, with a strong musky flavor. A 
coarse grower. Fig. 532. One of the best-known English sorts. 



39- 



THE CURRANT. 



Champion.* Large berries, black; flavor mild and good, prolific, 
superior to Black Naples. Mid-season. Good for cooking ; jams, 
etc. Best. Fig. 533. 

Common Black or Black English. Large, one-third of an inch in 
diameter, quite black, clusters very short, with a strong odor ; 
mi'd-season ; flavor poor. 





Fig. 532.— Black Naples. 



Fig. 533. — Champion. 



Crandall. Large, blue-black, mild, sub-acid, spicy. Bush vigor- 
ous and prolific. Season late. The thick tough skin makes it 
objectionable for most culinary purposes. A variety of the 
native Ribes aureum. Kansas. 

Lee's Prolific* Bush dwarf, upright, moderately vigorous, pro- 
ductive ; berries large, of good quality. Mid-season. Considered 
to be an improvement on Naples, especially in size. 

Prince of Wales.* Bush vigorous and productive ; fruit variable 
in size, averaging large, of milder flavor than most other black 
varieties. Nearly sweet when fully ripe. Mid-season. Good. 
Ontario. 



CHAPTER XXIV. 

THE GOOSEBEkRY. 

With the advent of the practice of applying fungicides new 
possibilities are opened tip for success in propagating and ob- 
taining satisfactory and profitable crops of the superb varieties 
of these fruits, so much esteemed abroad. The field is an in- 
viting and a promising one, and offers opportunities to the 
painstaking cultivator which will no doubt prove encouraging 
and remunerative. Few even of our native varieties of goose- 
berries are wholly free from mildew, and no one who plants 
them should neglect spraying. 

The propagation, pruning, and cultivation of the gooseberry 
are similar to that of the currant (see p. 386). 

Of the English gooseberries many hundreds have been 
named and described, and large numbers have been imported 
and tried in this country, but they have so generally mildewed 
and become worthless after bearing a year 
or two that they have been mostly dis- 
A few of the best are included 
list below and in the Index of 



carded 
in the 
Fruits. 




I. European Varieties. 



Chautauqua.* Bush vigorous, sometimes 
mildewing ; fruit large, roundish oblong, 
smooth, pale green, of the very best qual- 
ity. Unexcelled for home use. New York. 

Columbus.* Large, oval, greenish-5'ellQw, 
smooth, verj' good. Hardy, vigorous, pro- 
ductive, free from mildew. Fig. 534. A 
valuable mid-season sort. American seed- 
linaf. 







Fig. 534.— Columbus. 



Crown Bob. (Melling's Crown Bob.) Large, often an inch and 
a fourth long, roundish oval, red, hairy ; flavor of first quality ; 
early ; branches spreading or drooping. England. Fig. 535. 



Industry.* Very large, oval, dark red, hair3^ 

393 



Vigorous upright 



394 



THE GOOSEBERRY. 



growth, prolific. Season early. One of the best known and 
most successful varieties. Quality good. Fig. 536. 




Fig. 535,— Crown Bob, 

Lancashire Lad. Large, bright red, smooth, excellent quality. 
Vigorous and productive. A favorite English berry. Fig. 537. 




Fig. 536.— Industry. 



Fig. 537. — Lancashire Lad. 



Red Warrington. Rather large, roundish oblong, hairy ; flavor 
of first quality. Hangs long without cracking and improves in 
flavor. Branches drooping. 

Triumph.* A strong grower, comparatively free from mildew. 
Fruit large, oblong or roundish, pale j-ellow, smooth, sweet, very 



THE GOOSEBERRY. 395 

good. One of the best varieties of recent introduction. Ameri- 
can seedling. Columbus seems to be the same. 

Wellington's Glory.* Large, oval, very downy ; skin quite thin .; 
flavor excellent ; branches erect. Comparatively free from mil- 
dew and one of the most productive of English varieties. England. 




Fl(?. 538.— Whitesmith. 

Whitesmith. (Woodward's "Whitesmith.) Rather large, a little 
over an inch long, roundish oval, slightly approaching oblong ; 
yellowish white, very slightly downj- ; flavor of first quality ; 
branches rather erect. Fig. 538. England. 



II. American Varieties. 

Champion.* Bush vigorous, very free from mildew ; berries me- 
dium, round ovate, smooth, greenish-white, with a thin, almost 
transparent skin ; quality good. Early. Valuable. Oregon. 

Downing.* (Downing's Seedling.) Medium or rather large, oval, 
pale green, quality good; bush upright, productive. Mid-season. 
Larger than Houghton. Bush of strong, heavy growth, ver^' 
spiny. New York. Fig. 539. More widely grown than any other 
variety. 

Houghton's Seedling.* Fruit small, oval, commonly about three- 
fourths of an inch long; skin smooth, thin, gloss}', a pale dull 
reddish brown, marked with faint greenish lines ; flesh tender, 
juicy, sweet, pleasant. Ripens soon after mid-summer. Not high 
flavored as compared with the best European sorts, but a profuse 
bearer, free of mildew, and of very easy cultivation. A seedling 
from a wild American species. Fig. 541. Origin, Lynn, Mass. 



396 THE GOOSEBERRY. 

Mountain. This sort resembles the Houghton in color, but is- 
mostly larger in size, has a thicker skin, and is slightly inferior 
in qualit}'. Bush strong and upright. Probably a hybrid between 
R. cynosbati and a variety of R. grossularia. 





Fig. 539.— Downing. Fig. 540.— Golden Prolific. 

Pale Red.* Rather small, or size of Houghton, but darker in color 
when fully ripe. Sweet, quality verj' good. Mid-season. Bush 
a strong grower, very productive. One of the oldest cultivated 
varieties of the native species. 




Fig. 541.— Houghton. 



Pearl.* A cross between Downing and Ashton's Seedling, an 
English variety. Resembles Downing so closely that the two 



THE GOOSEBERRY. 397 

can hardly be distinguished. In some places it is superior to its 
parent. Ontario. 

Red Jacket.* Medium, oval, red, smooth, flavor good. Season 
early. Prolific, vigorous grower, free from mildew. Ontario. 




Fig. 542.— Smith. 

Smith.* Larger than Houghton, light or yellowish green, excellent 
in qualitJ^ Earl}'. Bush of moderate growth. Vermont. Fig. 
542. 



CHAPTER XXV. 

THE GRAPE. 

The production of new varieties of grapes by means of 
cross-fertilized and selected seeds is so eas}' that the number 
thus annually introduced is hardly, if at all, inferior to the 
new varieties of strawberries. While occasionally the merits 
of a new grape, either in the high quality of the berry, its 
ability to bear transportation, and its handsome appearance, 
or the hardiness of the vine and its freedom from disease, 
command for it a permanent place in our list of standards, still 
the great majority have but a fleeting existence, and seem to 
serve only to keep the Experiment Stations busy and to con- 
fuse and annoy the nurserymen. It is manifestly impossible, 
even if it were advisable, to include in the following list of 
varieties anything like a complete catalogue of all the experi- 
mental fruits* which have been produced and more or less- 
fully described and praised. It is believed, nevertheless, 
that all which have established a place in this country will be 
found enumerated. 

It must be borne in mind that with grapes, even more than 
some other fruits, the location in which they are grown has 
a great influence, favorably or otherwise, upon all the char- 
acteristics both of vine and berry. Varieties which are of 
superlative merit in some places are almost valueless in 
others, and vice versa. The safe rule in selecting and plant- 
ing is to consult the State Experiment Station and growers. 

In the recent past one aim of propagators was to grow vari- 
eties which by consecutive ripening would prolong the season. 
Since the general adoption of the cold-storage systems, how- 
ever, the question is now, which grapes of high quality are the 
best keepers. Good, plump, handsome-looking fruit thus 
kept over is to be purchased up to the first of April, and the 

398 



THE GRAPE. Z99 

possibilities are in favor of a still longer extension of their 
season. 

That period is now exceeded, among all our kinds of fruit, 
only by the apple and pear. The apple now fills the whole 
yearly circle — "it belts the year." The pear continues to 
ripen from midsummer until the following spring, although 
there are few sorts that keep well after January ; grapes may 
be kept in cold storage almost as easily as winter apples. 
The peach in the North continues to ripen scarcely two 
months at furthest — the plum about the same — while neither 
will keep long in a fresh state. The hardy grape will yet 
give us a delicious fruit remarkable for its wholesomeness, in 
unlimited quantity if we desire it, scarcely if ever failing 
with seasons — not less than eight out of the twelve months of 
the year. 

Propagation of the Grape. 

The vine is propagated by seeds, layers, cuttings, and by 
graftifjg. 

Seeds are planted only for obtaining new varieties, as de- 
scribed in an early chapter of this work. 

The facility with which the grape emits roots on its young 
stems, and the rapidity of its growth, render it one of the 
most easily propagated of all bearers of fruit. The new 
shoots, buried before mid-summer, with a few inches of per- 
manently moist earth, do not fail to throw out plenty of young 
fibres from every buried joint the first season. Cuttings and 
single buds under favorable circumstances will root with equal 
certainty. 

Layers — Summer Layering. — Layering is the easiest and 
most certain, but not the most rapid mode of propagating the 
grape. It may be done on a small scale, for amateur pur- 
poses, without any special preparation, by using accidental 
or straggling shoots, or those purposely left near the foot of 
the vine. Usually a little before mid-summer these shoots 
will have hardened sufficiently to prevent the rotting which 
might occur if buried too soft or green. Extend the shoot on 
the ground in order to determine the most convenient spot 
for excavating under the centre. Then make a small hole or 



400 ' THE GRAPE. 

depression with the spade, bend a shoot into this hole and 
cover it with a few inches of earth, as shown in the following 
figure (Fig. 543). The surface of the ground must then be 
kept clean and mellow for the purpose of preserving moisture 
in the soil ; and should the season be a very dry one, the sur- 
face should be mulched — that is, covered with a few inches of 
fine grass or short straw. If the shoot is a strong and thrifty 
one, and grows well at its extremity out of ground, every 
joint will emit a profusion of roots, before the end of autumn 
presenting the appearance shown in Fig. 543. The layer may 
then be taken up by cutting it close from the vine and short- 
ening-back its extremity, and then, by setting a spade far 





Fig. 543,— Grape Layer, the roots FiG. 544.— Grape Layer, separated 

formed. into two plants. 

under it, lifting the whole out of the ground. It is then cut 
in two and forms two strong plants as shown in Fig. 544. 
These layers may be then heeled-in or covered with earth for 
the winter, giving some protection from freezing by covering 
the surface with manure or leaves, or they may be packed for 
the winter in boxes of damp moss in the cellar. 

Spring Layering. — As layers, like unmolested runners on 
the strawberry, exhaust the main plant, they should be taken 
very sparingly from bearing vines. When they are required 
in large numbers, vines should be planted specially for this 
purpose — the soil to be made very rich and well cultivated, 
so as to produce a strong growth of shoots — unlike the moder- 
ate fertility required for bearing crops. The spaces between 
these, vines should be six or seven feet ; and generally two or 
three years are required, in connection with cutting-back to 
two or three buds, and training one or two shoots to upright 
stakes, before the canes become strong enough to layer profit- 
ably. When this is the case, begin the work late in spring, 
about the time the buds open, by laying down the strongest 



THE GRAPE. 40i 

cane of the two into a smooth, straight trench made for the 
purpose, about five inches deep. The cane selected should 
not be less than eight or ten feet long, but so much of the 
end should be cut off as to leave only strong buds, the re- 
maining part not being more than six or seven feet long. 
With short-jointed varieties it should be less in length. It is 
held in this position by pegs or stones. The object being to 
obtain a strong shoot at each eye, the end should not be bent 
up, which would draw the growth off in that direction. As 
soon as the new shoots have grown a few inches, the prostrate 
vines should be slightly covered with earth, which is to be 
increased as the growth advances. A more perfect way is to 




Fig. 545.— Shoots springing from a layered stem. 

sprinkle a little compost along the cane and then fill the 
trench a few inches with loose damp moss. This will pre- 
serve a proper humidity and afford sufficient light to the start- 
ing shoots. After they have become well hardened the moss 
is removed and mellow soil substituted. The earth, if applied 
too early, might induce rotting in the young stems. Fig. 545 
represents the appearance of this process after the shoots have 
attained full growth and rooted well at the bottom. Usually 
about half a dozen plants are a sufficient number to raise from 
one cane ; more will start, but they should be rubbed off to 
give strength to the remainder. When a part outgrow the 
others, they should be pinched back to equalize the growth. 
This process is repeated for successive years ; but as it tends 
to exhaust the main plant it is advisable to suspend it occa- 
sionally for a year if the vigor becomes diminished. 

These new plants are well rooted before winter ; and should 
be taken up, separated, and packed away as already described. 
Fig. 546 represents one of these new plants. 
26 



402 



THE GRAPE. 




Fig. 546.- 



-Newly formed layer 
plant. 



new roots are emitted. 



It will be observed that while these plants were forming 
from the layered cane, one, two, or three shoots, according to 
the strength of the plant, should be trained to a stake for next 
season's work, the cane having been 
properly cut back for this purpose. 
Cuttings in Open Ground. — 
This is the common method of 
raising commercial grape-vines at 
the present time. Much depends 
on the character of the soil for 
retaining moisture, and still more 
on the humidity of the air, which 
varies in different localities and 
with seasons. A rich, moderate- 
ly compact, deep, and mellow soil 
is required. It is especially im- 
portant that it possess fertility 
in order to give the young plants 
a strong impetus the moment 
Shoots of one season's growth are 
selected, of full medium size, omitting small or unripe por- 
tions. Where the winters are severe, this wood should be 
cut off late in autumn, shortened to convenient 
lengths, and packed in slightly moist earth, or, what 
is better, in damp moss, in boxes placed in a cellar. 
Sometimes the cuttings are placed in a bed in 
autumn, which answers well in mild climates, or 
where they are well protected during winter, with 
a thick layer of straw, manure, or leaves. 

The cuttings are 
usually made about 
seven or eight in- 
ches long, and each 
one should have 
two or more buds. 
It should be sev- 
ered by a sharp 
knife immediately 
below the lower bud and about an inch above the upper one, 
as shown in Fig. 547. A trench (Fig. 548) is made with a 



Fig. 547. 
Grape 

Cutting. 




Fig. 548.— Mode of Planting Cuttings. 



THE GRAPE. 403 

Spade next to a line, nearly perpendicular on one side and 
sloping on the other. The cuttings are placed upright 
against the steep side, about three inches apart, so that 
the upper bud shall be about an inch below the level sur- 
face. Fill the trench to the upper bud by adding suc- 
cessive portions, dressing each firmly with the foot, but 
leaving the soil more loose and mellow above. After 
the shoots have grown a few inches the surface may be 
levelled by burying the upper bud an inch beneath it. Some 
cultivators are more successful by covering the surface with 
an inch or two of fine manure for the retention of moisture in 
the soil. Roots will be emitted from both buds, and hand- 
somer plants will be formed by cutting oflE the lower part, 
leaving the roots of the upper bud only to remain. 

Propagation from Single Buds. — The various modes of 
propagating the vine from single buds admit the rapid multi- 
plying of numbers required for work on a large scale ; but arti- 
ficial heat is always necessary, either on a small scale in hot- 
beds, or more extensively in propagating-houses. 

Good, strong, well-ripened wood of one year's growth must 
be cut in autumn, and secured for winter as already described. 
The work of forming or planting the buds or eyes is usually 
done in March; and being inserted through the month by 
successive portions, the work of repotting and afterward set- 
ting out into open ground, may be also performed successively 
without crowding all the work into one period. It should not: 
be done much later than early in April, when warm weather 
without may prevent the operator from giving the low tem- 
perature to the house required for the leaves and shoots dur- 
ing the early stages of growth. 

The operation should be commenced by trimming the wood 
which holds the eyes into proper form — throwing them into 
water to prevent drying, until enough are prepared for setting 
in the beds or pots. Different modes or forms are adopted for 
these cuttings. One of the best for general practice is repre- 
sented in Fig. 549, the cut being about two and a half inches^ 
long, with the bud at the upper end about a fourth of an inch, 
from the top. 

When hot-beds are employed in giving bottom heat, the cut- 
tings are usually placed in pots; but in the more common 



404 'THE GRAPE. 

practice of employing propagating-houses, they may be placed 
either in pots, shallow boxes, which have been well soaked in 
litne-wash some months before to prevent the formation of 
mould or fungus, or directly in beds about three inches deep 
over the hot-water tanks in the house. The best material for 
receiving the buds is clean, pure building or lake sand, which 
is to be kept at all times at a uniform degree of moisture, but 
never wet. It is the practice with some to place a stratum of 




Fig. 549. 

prepared soil (hereafter described) an inch beneath the wood 
for the reception of the new roots, and sustaining the young 
plants for a longer time than sand alone — thus obviating so 
early a removal into pots as would otherwise be required. 
Each bud or eye need not occupy more than two square inches 
of surface. When properly imbedded in the sand, a moderate 
heat should be at first applied, not higher than fifty degrees — 
the object being to commence roots before sufficient warmth 
is given to expand the leaves. For this purpose also, the 
temperature of the air in the house should be kept at all 
times at least ten degrees lower than that of the sand. In a 
few days from the commencement, the heat may be gradually 
raised, and as the leaves expand, it may be cautiously in- 
creased to eighty and ninety degrees. It is of great impor- 
tance to avoid the checks given by sudden changes, from cold 
currents of air, cold water, or remitting fire. 

When the roots have reached three or four inches in length 



THE GRAPE. 4^5 

the plants should be potted off into a soil prepared for this 
purpose, by mixing about equal parts of clean sand and rich, 
rotten turf, or leaf mould in the place of turf. This mixture 
should be prepared several months beforehand, and be 
thoroughly pulverized and the parts mixed together ; and un- 
less the turf is quite rich, the addition of about one-fourth of 
rotten manure would be advisable. About a thirtieth part of 
wood ashes improves the mixture. Plenty of water should be 
given until the plants become established in their new home. 
■When the roots reach the exterior of these pots they may be 
either transferred to larger ones or to the open ground — which 
completes the process for the first season. 

Green Cuttings. — Propagating by cuttings of unripe wood 
is practised, when it is desired to increase new sorts rapidly, 
in connection with common propagation by single eyes. As 
they do not always mature well, or make strong vines the same 
season, they are objected to by many propagators. Occasion- 
ally, however, good strong vines may be obtained. They are 
made by taking strong shoots in summer, and making them 
into cuttings with one eye at the top, leaving on the leaf. 
These are inserted into sand (or the same kind of soil used for 
single eyes), as far down as the bud, the leaf resting on the 
surface. When small numbers are propagated, pots are used 
and moisture retained in the leaves by placing them under a 
glass frame in the propagating-house, where the proper de- 
gree of moisture is maintained without the excess which would 
cause rotting. On a larger scale the cuttings are placed in the 
borders of the propagating-house, the leaves forming one con- 
tinuous green surface. These are kept constantly moist by 
watering them from the watering-pot, three or four times a 
day. In about three weeks they will be fit to remove to pots, 
and are then to be treated like other plants. They generally 
succeed best by being kept in the house during the remainder 
of the season, the wood ripening better and the vines becom- 
ing hardier, than if planted out in open ground, where there is 
not sufficient warmth to mature and harden the green wood. 

Root Grafting. — This mode has also been somewhat 
adopted for propagating new varieties. It is done by taking 
a portion of the shoot with one bud, as shown in the annexed 
figure (Fig. 550), and inserting a piece of root cut wedge-form 



4o6 



THE GRAPE. 



into a cleft in the lower end of the cutting. Waxed strings 
bind the parts together, but they are left open below for the 
emission of roots. Varieties which furnish long, smooth roots 
are most convenient, of which the Concord is one of the best. 

J The grafts are placed in shallow boxes of a conven- 
' lent size, or about one by two feet, and three inches 
s^rm deep, and bottom heat given as before described, 
Y^ !| but less care is required in controlling the tempera- 
ture. 

Grafting in Open Ground. — Large vines and 
vineyards of undesirable sorts are sometimes 
changed to better by grafting. It is uncertain 
if carelessly done, although the grafts, when they 
do not fail to grow, push with great vigor, and fre- 
quently extend twenty feet or more in a single 
season. There are three different modes: one is 
to graft early in spring down into the root; the 
second is to defer the work until the buds swell 
and bleeding ceases, preserving the grafts in a do 
mant state in a cool place. The third, and gen^. 
ally the most successful, is grafting in autUi 
according to the mode described in Fuller's " Grape 
A cleft graft is made at or near the surface of 
the earth, and the parts firmly bound together. An inverted 
pot is then placed over it and banked with earth, except the 
top, which is covered with six inches of straw, and the 
whole then buried in earth. This is removed in spring. 
Grafting in the open air appears to be so easily influenced 
by so many external causes, as frequently to result in entire 
failure, even in the most skilful hands. 



Fig. sso. 

Root Graft 

Culturist. 



Training. 



Yotmg plants should be trained to a single strong shoot, like 
that represented in Fig. 551, for which purpose a stake should 
be used and the vine tied up as it advances. Spring plants 
set out early will often reach a height of six or eight feet by 
the end of the season. 

Cuttings of the first year's growth, as well as layers, are 
sometimes fitted for finally transplanting to the vineyard, 



THE GRAPE. 



407 



by one season's cultivation in nursery rows. During this time 
they should all be trained to a single shoot, kept upright by 
staking ; the young plants being cut down to two or three eyes 
when set out, and the strongest only being allowed to grow, 
rubbing oflE the others as soon as the young shoots are fairly 
developed. Pinching off the tips 
occasionally, after they have 
reached four or five feet in 
height, will render the shoot and 
buds stronger, and the wood will 
ripen better. 

Transplanting. — This is ef- 
fected most perfectly by making 
a broad hole, and rounding up 
the central portion of the bottom. 
The stem being cut down to two 
or three strong buds, and very 
long roots clipped off, the plant 
is placed with the centre on the 
rounded surface of earth, and the 
roots then spread out in every di- 
rection, as shown in the following 
figure (Fig. 552). The hole is 
filled with finely pulverized earth, 
which completes the transplant- 
ing. 

The following is the usual 
course for forming the plants into 
bearing vines — three years being 
required for this purpose, if 
strong plants are used and good cultivation given. One or 
two more years are, however, frequently required, if the 
growth is not sufficiently vigorous : 

First Year. — The plant having been cut down to two 
or three eyes when set out, the strongest is trained to 
a single shoot, the others being rubbed off. The tip should 
be pinched off after growing several feet, to strengthen the 
cane. 

Second Year. — Last year's shoot being cut down to two or 
three buds, or to a foot or more in height, the same course is 




Fig. 551. — One-year Vine. 



4o8 



, THE GRAPE. 



to be pursued; but two shoots, instead of one, are to be grown 
from the two upper buds. 

Third Year. — If the vine is not very strong, cut down these 
shoots again, and train two new and stronger ones from them, 
or cut them back part way and raise shoots frora the cut ends. 
If any fruit bunches are produced, remove them early in the 




1- IG. 552. 

season. The best rule to determine whether to cut back again 
the third year is obtained from the size of the canes, which 
should not be less than half an inch in diameter. If fully of 
this size the trellis may be erected, and the training of the 
vines upon it commenced. 

Trellis. — Different modes of constructing trellis have been 




Fig. 553.— Trellis with Upright Wires. 

adopted. It is not essential which is used, but the cheapest 
and most durable is to be preferred. Fig. 553 represents the 
mode recommended and adopted by Fuller. It is about four 
feet high, and is intended for a single series of horizontal 
arms with vertical bearing canes, now rarely adopted. If two 
series of arms are desired, the height may be increased to 
seven feet. It consists of durable posts placed ten or twelve 
feet apart, to which horizontal rails are nailed, the upper one 



THE GRAPE. 



409 



at the top and the lower one about a foot from the ground. 
Between these, vertical wires, about a foot apart, are stretched 
as shown in the figure. These wires being shorter than when 
stretched horizontally, need not be so large, and a saving is 
thus effected in the expense. Each bearing cane is trained to 
one of these wires. 

Another mode is to use wires stretched horizontally, as 
shown in Fig. 554. The lowest should be eighteen inches or 
two feet from the ground ; the next may be an equal height 
above, and to these the horizontal arms are tied, each twelve 
to sixteen inches higher. This is the prevailing method. 

Cultivators differ as to the size of the wire suitable to be 




Fig. 554.— Trellis with Horizontal Wires. 



employed. Some use even as large as No. 8, which is one- 
sixth of an inch in diameter, and is thirteen feet to the pound. 
Others severally employ No. 10, which is twenty feet to the 
pound; No. 12, which is thirty-three feet, and No. 14, which 
is fifty-four feet to the pound. For the vertical wire trellis, 
already figured, No. 16 is large enough, which is nearly one 
hundred feet to the pound. When the smaller wire is used, 
it should pass through holes in the end post, and be brought 
around at the side, and the end twisted around the main part. 
This may be easily done by using a strong, round piece of 
wood about a yard long, around which the end is brought, and 
which by using as a roller and lever combined, easily accom- 
plishes or renews the desired tension. No. 10 is most used. 

The wire used for this purpose should be annealed, and is 
best when galvanized. The wires are fastened to the other 
posts by staples ; or easier by two common nails, with heads 
touching, the lower one a ten-penny, and the upper a six- 
penny. Fig. 555. 

Trellis made wholly of wood also answers a good purpose. 



4IO 



THE GRAPE. 



whether of horizontal bars nailed to posts, or vertical rods 
nailed to an upper and lower horizontal bar. 
. Training on the Trellis. — Whatever mode of training is 
adopted, the following general rules should be observed : 

1, Allow no shoots to grow nearer than about one foot of 
each other. 

2. Cut back each bearing shoot at the close of the season to 
as many eyes or buds as will give the desired quantity of fruit 
the following year. 



No. of Feet to 
One Pound. 



Nos. 



K^ 



I6 



72 ,'iiiawiii'fh"ii| I ^^^as^^m^^'^^'m^^'m m ^s 

59 wwpw^^wtijmi&^jmaaisfesa^ 14 

34 
26 
20 
17 

Fig. 555.— Sizes of Wire for Trellises. 




3. Rub off, as soon as they appear, all shoots not wanted. 

In the following pages are described some of the methods of 
training which are interesting and successful in the home 
garden. 

After the two canes have been formed the third year on the 
young vine, as already described, they are to be cut off to 
within about four feet of the base, and spread out in opposite 



THE GRAPE. 



411 



directions horizontally, to form the arms. As buds always 
tend to break into shoots soonest where bent back from an 
upright position, and also from the extremities or tips of the 
canes, these arms, if brought out straight, as in Fig. 556, will 




Fig. 556. 



produce. shoots irregularly, the buds on the middle portions 
of the arms not breaking at all, while the others may have 
grown several inches. To prevent this difficulty, bend them 
in curves, as shown in Fig. 557 — the middle portions being 




Fig- SS7. 

highest will strike shoots equally with the other parts. As 
soon as these shoots are well under way, the arms may be 
brought into a straight horizontal position. If trained to the 
vertical wire trellis, each shoot should have its appropriate 




Pig. 5s8 — Bearing Vine. 

wire, and all others be rubbed off. If the horizontal wire trel- 
lis is used, each shoot should be tied to the second wire, as 
soon as it has grown sufficiently to reach it. When the young 
shoots have reached a few inches above the top of the trellis, 
they should be kept pinched back to this height, for the rest 
of the season. Each one will probably set two or three 



412 



THE GRAPE. 



bunches of fruit, and if the canes are strong enough, these 
may be allowed to remain and ripen, and will present in 
autumn the appearance shown in Fig. 558, or as in Fig. 559 
after the leaves have fallen. 

If the vine is intended to be laid down and slightly covered 
for winter, the pruning may be done at any time after the fall 

of the leaf. Or if it is desired to 
use the wood that is cut away for 
propagating new vines, the prun- 
ing should be done before the 
shoots are severely frozen. As all 
pruning in autumn increases the 
liability to injury by the cold of 
winter, one or two extra buds 
should be left on the stump, to be cut down the following 
spring. If the pruning is not done in autumn, it may be 
performed at any subsequent period before spring.* 

Mode of Pruning. — When the young arms are first attached 
to the trellis, each bud, which is intended to form its upright 




Fig. 559- 





Fig. 560. 



Fig. 561. 



bearing shoots, will present the appearance shown in Fig. 560. 
After growing one season, as in Fig. 559, each shoot is to be 
cut down to a good bud, as in Fig. 563. This bud is to grow 
and form the bearing shoot for next year. The pruning should 
be done as closely as practicable to the horizontal arms, pro- 
vided one good strong bud is left on the stump or spur. After 
the pruning is completed, the vines (already represented by 
Fig. 558) will exhibit the appearance in Fig. 562. The vine 
is now ready to throw up another set of bearing shoots for the 
coming year. It is the practice of some cultivators to leave 

* Bleeding, or the rapid escape of the sap by spring pruning, causes much 
less injury than is generally supposed, and many cultivators who have made 
the experiment thoroughly have scarcely perceived any unfavorable result on 
hardy grapes. 



THE GRAPE. 



413 



two or even three buds on each spur, so as to form two or 
three bearing shoots from each, in order to obtain a fuller 
crop. This is, however, drawing too severely on the vine for 
continued practice. To maintain the vigor of the vineyard, 
as well as to obtain large, well-developed, well-ripened 
bunches and berries, the vines should never be over-cropped ; 




Pruned Vine. 



and one shoot from each spur is, therefore, sufficient. The 
reports which are often made of six, seven, and eight tons of 
grapes from an acre, may be set down as evidences of bad 
management and over-exhaustion of the vines. Three to four 
tons per acre is the largest amount which good and continued 
success will warrant. 

By raising bearing shoots from the same spur for successive 





Pig. 563- 



Fig. 564.— Laterals. 



years, this spur will become lengthened several inches, or at 
the rate of about one inch annually. Although little incon- 
veniences result, it is desirable to keep them short ; and for 
this purpose the spur may be cut back to one of the smaller 
buds at its base, and a new shoot thus brought out to form the 
beginning of a renewed spur. As this new shoot springs from 
a small bud, it should not bear any fruit the same season, but 
its whole strength be given to the formation of wood to furnish 
next year's bearing shoot. By selecting each year a small 



414 THE GRAPE. 

number for this renewal, the process may be going on annually 
with but little interference with the general crop. Fig. 563 
shows the manner in which this result is effected, the dotted 
line marking the place where the old spur is cut out on the 
left, for the benefit of the new shoot on the right. 

Summer Pinching. — At every joint of each new shoot is a 
strong leaf. In the axil (or arm-pit) of each leaf-stalk, buds 
are formed, which if allowed to remain will grow into fruiting 
branches another year. Opposite to each strong leaf is a ten- 
dril ; or in its place a bunch of fruit, if near the base of strong 
shoots — tendrils being regarded as abortive fruit-bunches, 
serving also the purpose of clinging to supports and sustaining 
the vine. These, it will be observed, are opposite the leaf- 
stalk and bud. From the axil of the leaf-stalk a new and 
feebler shoot often springs, which is called a lateral — two of 
which are shown in Fig. 564. Vigorous laterals will some- 
times throw out others which are termed sub-laterals. Laterals 
should be allowed to remain, as displacing them tends to in- 
jure or destroy the buds. 

To prevent shoots or canes from growing too long, and also 
for the purpose of increasing the strength of the cane and its 
buds, the practice of pinching off is adopted, and is generally 
performed after midsummer. This pinching, giving a check 
to the cane, tends to the emission of laterals, which should 
also in turn be pinched at their tips. 

It is a common practice with most cultivators of hardy grapes 
to pinch off the shoots as soon as three leaves are formed 
above the upper bunch of fruit. A less number will be in- 
sufficient to furnish food for the forming berries; a greater 
number of leaves would doubtless be better, provided there is 
room on the trellis. A good rule in practice is to allow the 
bearing shoots, shown in Fig. 558, to pass a few inches above 
the top wire, before the tips are pinched off. After pinching, 
the upper bud will frequently "break," or start into a new 
shoot — in which case a second pinching should be given, and 
so on as long as the growing season continues. 

Summer pruning consists, in addition to this pinching, in 
rubbing off all useless shoots when they first appear. Bear- 
ing canes should be at least ten inches or a foot apart, and all 
shoots between them are useless and detrimental, by crowding 



THE GRAPE. 



415 



the foliage, lessening its health and vigor, and drawing 
strength from the vine. The process of rubbing off is gener- 
ally begun quite early in summer, or by the time the first 
shoots are but a few inches in length ; and it should be con- 
tinued or repeated as long as any intruding shoots spring from 
the vine. In commercial work, summer pinching is not em- 
ployed. It entails too much subsequent thinning. 

Modifications of Training. 

But one mode has been described, namely, that represented 
in Fig. 558. Some cultivators adopt a modification of this 




Fig. 565. 

plan, by employing a single horizontal arm, extended in one 
direction only (Fig. 565), instead of the two arms on opposite 
sides. This mode appears to succeed well, and is regarded 




Fig. 566.— Thomery System. 

as simpler than the other. Another mode is what is termed 
the Thomery system, and is represented in the foregoing fig- 
ure (Fig. 566). Its object is to cover a higher trellis where 
the ground is limited, or to extend the vine over the walls of 
buildings. It obviates the difficulty of two or more horizon- 
tal arms, one above the other, on the same vine, by allowing 
but a single arm from each, as will be seen by inspecting the 



41 6 THE GRAPE. 

figure (Fig. 566), Double the number of vines are planted 
along the trellis, and every alternate one carried up to the 
second tier. A greater number of vines may be planted, and 
the trellis raised to a corresponding degree. 

Spraying Grapes. 

No grower will undertake now to raise grapes without 
thorough spraying. Anthracnose and mildew and black rot 



Fig. 567.— Bagged Grapes. 

may not appear, but the chances are too great to risk when 
the prevention is so easy. For full directions see p. 242. 

Bagging Grapes. 

for a time was practised only by the amateur with a few vines, 
but the results attained are so manifest and so improve the 



THE GRAPE. 417 

market value of the fruit that not a few commercial growers 
regularly bag their fruit bunches. While the cheapest and 
thinnest paper bags oftentimes are equally effectual, good 
stout ones of manilla may be purchased at a low figure. 
Those commonly used by growers, holding about two pounds, 
are right. Enclose the bunch as soon as the berries are well 
formed ; do not wait for them to grow. Draw the top of the 
bag together, fold it over the stem of the vine, turn it over, 
and pin. It may be left thus until the grapes are fully ripe, 
when they will be found as large, as nicely colored, and 
much more perfect and handsome than those not so protected 
(Fig. 567). The illustration is from " Gardening." 

Soil for Vineyards. 

The long-established practice of highly enriching the deep 
vine borders of exotic grape-houses formerly misled some cul- 
tivators into the practice of heavily manuring the ground in- 
tended for vineyards of hardy American varieties. It is now 
fully proved that land of moderate fertility is much better. 
Rich soils produce a strong growth of canes and leaves, at the 
expense of the fruit, and render the wood more liable to win- 
ter-killing. A considerable proportion of clay in the soil, pro- 
vided there is a perfect underdrainage, is better than light 
sand or gravel. The most successful vineyards are planted 
along the borders of large open waters, where the soil is com- 
posed of what is termed drift — giving a perfect natural drain- 
age. The south shore of Lake Erie, from Dunkirk to San- 
dusky, extending a few miles inland, and the borders of 
Keuka Lake, in Western New York, have proved to be ad- 
mirably adapted to vineyard culture; and other places in 
proximity to open water, away from frequent fogs, and with 
a loose or shelly soil, will doubtless be found equally good. 

While such localities as these should be sought for extended 
or market cultivation, in nearly every portion of the country 
vines for a family supply may be raised by proper under- 
drainage, and the selection of hardy or productive sorts. 

At the same time that moderate fertility is to be sought, 
constant cultivation must be given through the growing sea- 
son. The best managers pass the cultivator once a week. 
27 



41 8 THE GRAPE. 

The slow-growing varieties, such as the Delaware, should 
have a richer soil than more rapid growers. Grapes on highly 
■ manured land will grow larger, and present a more showy ap- 
pearance — but the fruit at the same time will be more watery, 
and of inferior flavor. 



Distances for Planting. 

The European practice of placing the vines about four feet 
apart, each way, and training to a single stake, has been 
adopted to a considerable extent. It succeeds best on poor 
and light soils, and with the slower growing sorts. Al- 
though it does well for a few years, it is not to be generally 
recommended. Young cultivators also fall into the error of 
placing their vines too near together, when trained with hori- 
zontal arms on a common trellis. They bear and succeed 
well while young, but as they become older require more 
room. It is a common practice to place the lines of trellis 
eight feet apart, and the vines nine feet from each other, 
along each line of trellis. This distance appears to answer 
well ; but some of the best managers give at least twelve feet 
each way, and others as much as sixteen feet. The space 
thus given not only tends to a more healthy growth and free- 
dom from mildew, but develops larger, finer, and more per- 
fect grapes. 

Raising Grapes from Seed. 

New Varieties. — Procure well-ripened grapes, wash the 
seed from the pulp, and mix them at once with moist sand or 
leaf-mould. Bury them in open ground till early spring. 
They should not be allowed at any time to become dry, and 
care should likewise be taken to prevent their becoming 
water-soaked. They should, in fact, be treated as cherry- 
stones and pear-seeds are managed by nurserymen. Be care- 
ful to secure them from mice. Plant in spring, in beds of 
deef, rich soil, in drills a foot or two apart, and an inch or two 
apart in the drills, and about an inch deep. Shade the young 
plants for a few weeks. Provide small stakes for their sup- 
port, and mulch the surface with an inch or so of good fine 



THE GRAPE. 419 

manure. If dry weather occurs, give the ground a thorough 
soaking as often as once a week. Lay down and cover in 
winter. The great point is a deep and rich soil, so as to give 
the young plants a vigorous start. 



ARRANGEMENT OF VARIETIES. 

Class I. Dark red, purple, or black. 
Class II. Light red or browti. 
Class III. White, yellow, or green. 



Class I. Dark red, purple, or black. 

Adirondac* Bunches rather large, compact, shouldered.; berries 
medium, round; skin thin, dark, nearly black, covered with a 
delicate bloom ; flesh tender, with little or no pulp, with a mild, 
sweet, agreeable flavor. Vines and leaves resemble those of the 
Isabella, and are about as hardy. They are somewhat liable to 
mildew. Ripening very early, or with the Hartford Prolific, and 
successful and valuable in warm localities. 

Alexander. (Cape Grape, Schuylkill Muscadel, Spring-Hill Con- 
stantia.) Bunches not shouldered, compact; berries medium, 
nearly round, slightly oval ; skin thick, black ; pulp firm, coarse, 
acid until fully ripe. Season late. Worthless in New England 
and New York ; good farther South. A native of Pennsylvania. 

Alvey. Bunches medium, loose, shouldered; berries small, round; 
skin thin, black ; bloom thin, blue ; flesh without pulp, vinous. A 
strong grower. Good in quality ; not profitable. Pennsylvania. 

Barry. (Rogers' No. 43.) Bunch rather large, short, and broad, 
rather compact, sometimes shouldered ; berry large, roundish, 
black ; flesh nearly free from pulp, sweet and agreeable. Rather 
early, ripening with Concord. Vine a strong grower and good 
bearer. Massachusetts. 

Breckman's. Bunch medium, compact, ver}' round, dark wine 
color; flesh juicy, vinous, rich; pulp tender. A cross between 
Clinton and Delaware. V^ery good. Ripens September. South 
Carolina. 

Black Eagle. Bunch large, long, shouldered, not very compact ; 
berry above medium, roundish oval, black ; slight bloom ; flesh 
vinous, high flavor, small, tender pulp. Slow grower. Qualitjr 
varies in different localities and subject to rot. September, 



420 THEGRAPE. 

Brighton.* Bunch medium or ratlier large, shouldered, moderately 
compact, berries full medium in size, round, dark red or maroon 
when fully ripe, with a purple bloom ; flesh tender, pulp slight, 
quality very good. Vine a vigorous grower, very productive, 
rather early ; valuable. A cross of the Concord and Diana Ham- 
burgh, and one-fourth exotic. New York. 

Brilliant.* Bunch large, conical, shouldered, compact ; berry large, 
round, nearly black ; flesh sweet, juicy, rich, vinous ; pulp ten- 
der. A cross of Delaware upon Findly. Ripens a little earlier 
than Concord. Valued in the South. Texas. 

Campbell's Early. A strong, healthy grower ; bunch large, hand- 
some, well shouldered ; berries large, black, flesh tender, rich, 
sweet. Ripens before Concord. Promises to be of great value 
for the early market. Ohio. 

Carman.* Cluster medium, cylindrical, rather loose ; berries me- 
dium, round, purplish-black : skin thin and tough ; pulp tender, 
nearly sweet, good. Very late, ripening with Catawba. A seed- 
ling of the Post Oak crossed with Triumph. Valued in the South. 
Texas. 

Catawba.* Bunches medium in size, shouldered ; berries large, 
deep coppery red, becoming purple when fully ripe ; flesh slightly 
pulpy, juicy, sweet, aromatic, rich, slightly musky. Very late. 
Does not ripen well as far north as 43° latitude, except in warm 
exposures. Very productive. North Carolina. 

Cayuga. Bunch small, long ; berry medium size, round, inclining 
to oval, black ; light thin bloom ; pulp white, juicy, tender. Sep- 
tember. 

Clinton. Bunches medium or small, not shouldered, compact ; ber- 
ries nearly round, small, black ; bloom thin, blue ; pulpy, juicy, 
with a slightly harsh flavor. Very hardy and late. Western New 
York. Requires thorough maturity' to develop its flavor. A good 
keeper. Chieflj' valuable for wine. 

Concord. Bunches compact, large, shouldered ; berries large, 
round, almost black, covered with bloom ; skin ver)' tender ; flesh 
juicy, buttery, sweet. Ripens ten days before the Isabella ; is 
health)', vigorous, and very productive. The extreme hardiness, 
vigor, and productiveness of the vine, and the large size and fine 
appearance of the bunches and berries, have rendered the Con- 
cord one of the most popular market sorts, although inferior to 
several others in flavor. It succeeds well throughout the entire 
West. The fruit is too tender for shipping long distances. 
Massachusetts. 

Cornucopia. (Arnold's No. 2.) Bunch large, compact, shouldered ; 
berry above medium, black ; flavor pleasant, verj' good ; ripens 
with Concord. A cross of Clinton and Black St. Peter's. Hardy, 
productive. Said to split badly. 



THE GRAPE. 421 

Cottage. Bunch small, sometimes shouldered ; berry large, round, 
black; pulp tough, sweet, somewhat £0x5'. Mid-season. Massa- 
chusetts. 

Creveling. Bunches medium, rather loose, shouldered ; berries 
rather large, nearly round, black, with little bloom ; flesh with 
a rather sweet and an excellent flavor. Vine hardy and vigor- 
ous. Early, ripens nearly with the Delaware. Pennsylvania. 
The bunches on the young vines are often quite loose, but after- 
ward become more compact. 

Cynthiana. Bunch moderately compact, shouldered ; berries small, 
round, black. Resembles Norton's Virginia, but better. Season 
early. Popular in some parts of the South. Arkansas. 

Early Victor. Bunch medium, rather compact, often shouldered ; 
berry medium in size, round, black, with a blue bloom ; quality 
very good. Quite early. Vine hardy, vigorous, and productive ; 
a valuable early sort. Origin, Kansas. 

Eaton. Bunch large, shouldered ; berrj' very large, round, black ; 
blue bloom : juicy, tender. Uncertain ripener in some localities. 
Seedling of Concord. 

Elsinborough. (Elsinburgh.) Bunches rather large, loose, shoul- 
dered ; berries quite small ; skin thin, black ; blue bloom ; pulp 
none ; melting, sweet, excellent. Leaves deeply five-lobed, dark 
green ; wood slender ; joints long. Hardy. New Jersey. 

Essex. (Rogers' No. 41.) Berry large, tender, sweet; bunch 
short, slaouldered. Ripens with Concord. 

Eumelan.* Bunch medium in size; berry rather small, black, 
tender, sweet, excellent. Vine moderately vigorous. A good 
bearer if planted in a mixed vineyard. Mid-season. New York^ 
One of the best table grapes. 

Hartford.* Bunches large, shouldered, rather compact ; berrfes 
rather large, round ; skin thick, black, with a bloom ; flesh sweet, 
rather juicy, with some toughness and acidity in its pulp ; ripens 
one week before the Concord. Hardy, vigorous, productive. 
Valued for its earliness and easy cultivation. Recommended 
only for market. Connecticut. 

Herbemont. (Warren, Neal.) Bunches large, compact, shoul- 
dered ; berries small, round, dark blue or violet, with a thick, 
light bloom ; skin thin ; pulp none, with a sweet, rich, vinous, 
aromatic juice. Late. Vigorous grower. Tender at the North.. 
Succeeds well as far south as Cincinnati. 

Herbert.* (Rogers' No. 44.) Berry medium, sweet, a little pulpy ;: 
good ; bunch rather loose ; moderately productive. Blooms early. 
Ripens with Concord. Massachusetts. 

Highland. Bunch large, long, shouldered ; berrj' large, round, 
black ; blue bloom ; flesh white, juicy, sweet. Ripens late. 



42 2 THE GRAPE. 

Hosford. Bunches large, shouldered ; berry very large, round, 
black ; flesh tender, juicy ; flavor sweet. Good. Michigan. 

Isabella. Bunches rather large, shouldered ; berries round oval, 
rather large ; skin thick, dark purple, becoming nearlj' black ; 
bloom blue ; tender, with some pulp, which lessens as it ripens ; 
when fully ripe, juicy, sweet, rich, slightly musky. Ripens in 
favorable aspects as far north as 43° lat., except in cold seasons. 
Very vigorous ; profusely productive. Origin, South Carolina. 
The Garrigtees, Fayn' s Early, and Louisa claim to be earlier 
than the Isabella, but differ from it little if any. 

Israella. Bunches medium, shouldered, very compact ; berries 
medium, slightly oval, black ; flesh tender to the centre, with a 
peculiar, rich, and pleasant flavor. Early, ripening with Con- 
cord. Vine vigorous, healthy, and hardy. Peekskill, N. Y. 
Keeps well. 

Ives.* Bunch medium, compact, shouldered; berry rather small, 
roundish-oval, black, with some pulp ; of moderate quality ; iti 
chief value for wine. Origin, Cincinnati, Ohio. Season medium, 
or rather early. 

Lawrence. Bunch large, conical ; berry medium, round, purple to 
black ; pulp firm, breaking ; flavor sub-acid, free from mildew. 
Pennsylvania. 

Lenoir. Bunches large, handsome, compact, little shouldered ; 
berries small, round ; skin thin, dark purple ; bloom slight ; ten- 
der, with no pulp ; melting, sweet, excellent. Wood long-jointed ; 
leaf three-lobed. Origin, Carolina. Closely resembles Herbe- 
mont. 

Logan. Bunches medium, shouldered, compact ; berries rather 
large, oval, black; flesh juicy with little pulp, and a moderate 
flavor. Vine a slender grower ; leaves small, three-lobed. Early. 

Merrimack. (Rogers' No. 19.) Bunch medium, rather short; 
berry large, round, black ; flesh tender, sweet, of good quality. 
Mid-season. Massachusetts. 

Miles. Bunch and berry small ; juicy, vinous, good. Hardy ; 
moderate grower ; productive. 

Mills. Bunch large, long, shouldered ; berry large, round, black ; 
thick skin ; flesh juicy, rich, vinous. Ripens with Concord. 

Missouri. Bunches loose ; berries small, round ; skin thin, nearly 
black ; tender, sweet, pleasant, with little pulp ; moderately pro- 
ductive ; growth slow ; wood short-jointed ; leaves deeply three- 
lobed. 

Moore's Early.* Bunch medium, berries large, black, with a 
heavy bloom ; quality only fair. Ripens about two weeks before 
Concord. One of the most largely grown and profitable early 
market grapes. Massachusetts. 



THE GRAPE. 423 

Mottled. Bunches medium, compact ; berries medium, round, 
mottled, changing to purple ; sweet and sprightly, very good. 
Ripens soon after Delaware; hangs long. Kelly's Island, Lake 
Erie. 

Norton.* Bunches long, moderately compact ; berries small, round ; 
skin thin, dark purple ; pulpy, vinous, somewhat harsh, rather 
pleasant and rich. Season early. Shoots strong, hardy. Mostly 
grown at the South and West for making wine. Virginia. 

Ohio. (Longworth's Ohio, Segar-Box.) Bunches large, long, 
loose, tapering, shouldered; berries small, round ; skin thin, pur- 
ple ; bloom blue ; tender, melting, sweet, excellent, with no pulp ; 
a good bearer. Shoots long-jointed, strong ; leaves large, three- 
lobed. Origin unknown. As far south as Cincinnati it succeeds 
well, but tender farther north. 

Raabe. Bunches small, compact, rarely shouldered ; berries small, 
round, dark red ; thick bloom ; flesh very juicy, scarcely any 
pulp. Good. Philadelphia. 

Senasqua. Bunch medium, sometimes large, compact ; berry me- 
dium, purplish black, tender, juicy, free from pulp, becoming 
sweet when fully ripe. Very good. Origin, Croton Point, N. Y. 
A cross of Concord and Black Prince. 

Telegraph. Bunch above medium, compact ; berry rather large, 
round, black, juicj^, with some pulp, of moderate quality, valua- 
ble for its earliness (ripening about the same time as Hartford) ; 
vine hardy, vigorous. Origin, near Philadelphia. Pa. 

To-Kalon. Bunches large, shouldered ; berries varying from oval 
to oblate, dark, with a bloom ; sweet, excellent, without foxiness, 
toughness, or acidity. Perfectly hardy, and with good treatment 
an early and abundant bearer. A little earlier than the Isabella. 
Lansingburg, N. Y. Liable to rot, and variable in ripening and 
quality. 

Union Village. (Ontario.) Bunches very large, compact, shoul- 
dered ; berries very large, round ; skin thin, black, with a bloom ; 
sweet, with a pleasant, moderate flavor. A good and very 
showy sort ; rather tender at the North. 

Vergennes.* Bunch large, compact ; berries large, dark purple, 
with green markings; quality very good. In' season after Con- 
cord, and very long keeper. Susceptible to disease. Valued for 
market in some sections. Vermont. 

Wilder.* (Rogers' No. 4.) Bunch large, compact, shouldered; 
berry large, round, black with a thin bloom ; flesh tender, with a 
little pulp, sweet, slightly aromatic, of very good quality. Ripens 
with Concord. Succeeds in many localities. Massachusetts. 

Worden.* Resembles Concord, but rather larger, much superior 
in quality, and a few days earlier. Said to be a seedling of Con- 
cord. Very popular for home use and for market. Valuable. 
New York. 



424 THE GRAPE. 



Class II. Light red or brown. 

Agawam.* (Rogers' No. 15.) Bunch large, moderately compact, 
and shouldered ; berry large, nearly round, dark dull reddish- 
brown ; flesh tender, little pulp, very slightly partaking of the 
foxy aroma ; of good vinous flavor. Season medium, or soon 
after Concord. Vine a strong grower and great bearer, but easily 
susceptible to disease. Massachusetts. 

Amber. Bunch medium, loose, tapering ; berry large, round, light 
red ; thin bloom ; pulp tender, juicy, sub-acid, rich. A weak 
grower. 

Bland. (Bland's Virginia, Powell.) Bunches loose; berries 
round, pedicles long ; skin thin, pale red ; flesh slightly pulpy, 
pleasant, delicate, sprightly. Late. Rarely ripens well as far 
north as 43° lat. A moderate bearer. Origin, Virginia. 

Delaware.* Bunches small, compact, generally shouldered ; ber- 
ries smallish, round ; skin thin, light red, translucent ; exceed- 
ingly sweet, aromatic. Earlj". A vigorous grower under high 
culture ; requires a strong, rich soil. An early and profuse bearer. 
Hardy. One of the most excellent and popular of all American 
grapes, especially at the North and East. Often injured by over- 
bearing, and badly attacked by disease unless sprayed. Origin 
unknown. 

Diana. A seedling from the Catawba, which it resembles, but 
paler, or a pale grayish red. Bunches compact ; berries round, 
almost without pulp, juicy, sweet, rich. It ripens best on poor 
soils. Mid-season. Origin, Milton, Mass. 

Catawba, see last class. 

Diana Hamburg. Bunches large, compact, shouldered ; berries 
large, round, dark red when fullj' ripe ; tender, free from pulp, 
sweet, aromatic. Season between Concord and Diana. Raised 
from seed of the Diana impregnated with Black Hamburg, by 
J. Moore, Rochester, N. Y. A slow grower. 

Golden Campbell. Bunch rather small, cylindrical ; berry below 
medium, oval, yellow ; flesh white, juicy, vinous. A seedling 
of Moore's Early. 

Goethe.* (Rogers' No. i.) Bunch rather large, moderately com- 
pact, shouldered ; berry quite large, oval, yellowish-green, often 
more or less blotched or shaded dull red ; flesh tender, with no 
pulp ; sweet, slightly aromatic, and when well ripened of excellent 
quality. Rather late, occasionally ripening well at the North, 
better at the South. Vine vigorous and productive. This has 
more of the exotic character than any other of Rogers' hybrids, 
and therefore less reliable and more subject to mildew. Massa- 
chusetts. 



THE GRAPE. 425 

lona.* Bunches large, shouldered, not compact ; berries medium, 
round, pale red, becoming dark red at maturity ; flesh tender, 
with little pulp, and with a rich, slightly vinous, excellent flavor. 
Peekskill, N. Y. Fails in many localities, and often much in- 
jured by disease and overbearing. Mid-season. Must be 
sprayed. 

Jefferson. Bunch rather large, shouldered, compact ; berry full 
medium in size, roundish oval, light red, quality excellent. Vine 
healthy and vigorous, and very productive. Season medium. 
Raised by J. H. Ricketts, Newburg, N. Y. 

Lindley. (Rogers' No. 9.) Bunch medium in size, rather long 
and compact ; berry medium, nearly round, reddish, sweet, 
slightly aromatic, very good when well grown. Rather early. 
Vine vigorous and productive. Massachusetts. 

Massasoit. (Rogers' No. 3.) Bunch medium, rather loose ; berry 
rather large, roundish, light red, sweet, good. Mid-season. Vine 
moderately vigorous. Massachusetts. 

Michigan. Bunches large, often two-shouldered ; color resembling 
Catawba, but redder, juicy, sweet, rich, with a fine perfume. 
Ripens two weeks before Catawba. 

Northern Muscadine. Bunches small, short, compact ; berries 
medium, round, brownish red ; skin thick, with the character and 
odor of the brown Fox grape. The berries fall from the bunch as 
soon as ripe, which is about one week before Concord. New Leb- 
anon, Columbia County, N. Y. Valuable only for its earliness 
and extreme hardiness. 

Salem. (Rogers' No. 22.) Bunch large, short, rather compact; 
berry large, round, dark dull red ; tender, nearly free from pulp, 
of a moderate but very agreeable flavor. Season medium. Vine 
vigorous and productive. Succeeds in many localities, mildews in 
others. Massachusetts. 

Scuppernong, see next class. 

Venango. Bunches compact; berries fine lilac; pulp tough, but 
with a peculiar, aromatic flavor, which makes it valuable for 
kitchen use. Two weeks before Catawba. Vigorous. Hardy. 

Walter. Bunch moderate in size, shouldered, compact; berry me- 
dium, round, light red ; skin thick ; flesh sweet, aromatic, of ex- 
cellent flavor. Season medium. Origin, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 
A cross of Delaware and Diana. 



Class III. White, yellow, or green. 

Allen. (Allen's Hybrid.) Bunches rather large, shouldered, com- 
pact ; berries medium, round ; skin thin, pale, amber when fully 
I'ipe ; flesh tender without pulp, with a sweet, rich, delicious 
flavor. A hybrid between native and exotic species. Moder- 
ately hardy. Much liable to mildew. Season medium. 



426 THE GRAPE. 

Anna. Bunches large, loose, shouldered ; berries large, white, with 
a thin white bloom ; flesh tough at the centre ; juice between pulp 
, and skin sweet and excellent. October — too late for ripening at 
the North. A seedling of the Catawba. 

Cassady. Bunches medium, compact, sometimes shouldered; ber- 
ries small, round, greenish white, sometimes with a pale amber 
blush ; flesh juicy, little pulp, flavor pleasant, good. Philadelphia. 
Strong grower. Leaves woolly beneath. Fails in some localities. 

Clara. Bunches medium, loose; berries medium, round, green; 
flesh tender, juicy, rich, sweet, and delicious. Philadelphia. Of 
foreign parentage. 

Croton. Bunch medium in size, not very compact, shouldered ; ber- 
ries varying from small to medium, light greenish yellow; skin 
thin ; flesh juicy, sweet, with an excellent pleasant flavor. Ripens 
early. A cross of the Delaware with the Chasselas. Liable to 
mildew in some localities. 

Cuyahoga. Bunches medium, shouldered, compact; berries rather 
large, round, pale greenish white ; bloom thin ; flavor moderate. 
Too late for the North and liable to mildew. 

Diamond.'^ Moderately vigorous, productive, hardy ; bunch large, 
compact, shouldered ; berries large, yellowish-green, juicy, melt- 
ing, good. Season a week before Concord. Valuable for early 
market and home use. New York. 

Duchess.* Bunch medium, sometimes large, shouldered ; berries 
moderate in size, light green, tinged with pale yellow and amber ; 
tender, free from pulp, sweet, rich, and excellent in quality. 
One-fourth exotic. Season medium. Ulster Couuty, N. Y. 

Empire State. Bunch rather large, shouldered ; berry medium, 
yellowish white, rich, sweet, sprightly, very good. Early. A 
cross of Hartford and Clinton. Newburg, N. Y. 

Green Mountain.* Bunch small, compact, sometimes shouldered ; 
berry medium, ova], greenish-white; thin bloom; pulp tender, 
juicy, very sweet and rich. Early. Free from rot and mildew. 
The berries hang well to the stems. An excellent grape for the 
table or early market. 

Green Golden, Bunch medium, long stem, compact, regular; 
berry large, round, greenish-white, very juicy, acid. A hand- 
some grape. Poor shipper. 

Hayes. Bunch medium, cylindrical, shouldered ; berry below me- 
dium size, round, 3'ellowish-white ; pulp rich, juicy, vinous. 
Early. Massachusetts. 

Lady Washington. Bunch quite large, shouldered ; berry medium, 
round, pale greenish-yellow, often tinged with pink, quality 
medium. Season rather late. A cross of Concord and Allen's 
Hybrid, and one-fourth exotic. Variable. Newburg, N. Y. 



THE GRAPE. 427 

Lydia. Bunches above medium ; berries large, oval, greenish white, 
with a tinge of rose in the sun ; sweet, excellent. Ripens with the 
Delaware. C. Carpenter, Kelly's Island, O. 

Martha. Bunches medium, rather loose, shouldered; berries large, 
round, pale yellow ; slightly pulpy, sweet, juicy, a little foxy. 
Vine a hardy, healthy, and strong grower. A seedling of Con- 
cord. 

Mary. Bunches quite large, loose; berries medium, round, nearly 
•white, translucent ; flesh tender, little pulp, sweet and sprightly, 
very good. Rather late. Kelly's Island. 

Maxatawney. Bunches medium, moderately compact, not shoul- 
dered ; berries light greenish yellow, tinged with amber ; flesh 
tender without pulp when ripe, quality excellent. Vine hardy. 
Ripens rather late. The Maxatawney much resembles the Re- 
becca in flavor and general appearance ; but while it is hardly 
equal to the latter in quality, it is a better grower. Berks County, 
Pa. 

Niagara.* Bunch rather large, slightly shouldered ; berry nearly 

round, pale green becoming partly yellow, medium in quality. 

Medium late. Vine possessing great vigor and productiveness. 

A cross of Concord and Cassady. The standard white grape for 

market in the East. Lockport, N. Y. 
Pocklington.* Bunch medium, shouldered, compact ; berry large, 

pale greenish yellow, pulpy, with good flavor when fully ripe. 

Season rather late. Vine hardy, healthy, productive. A showy 

and attractive grape. A seedling of the Concord. Origin, Sandy 

Hill, N. Y. 
Prentiss. Bunch medium, sometimes shouldered, compact ; berry 

medium, roundish oval, greenish white becoming tinged with 

pale yellow ; sweet, and very good in quality. Slow grower. 

Season medium. A seedling of the Isabella. Steuben County, 

N. Y. 

Rebecca.* Bunches nearly cylindric, compact, heavy, often shoul- 
dered ; berries, medium, oval ; color light green in the shade, 
golden in the sun, with a light bloom, somewhat translucent ; 
flesh juicy, sweet, delicious. Ripens nearly with Concord, and 
keeps a long time. When fully ripe, one of the finest flavored of 
all grapes. Moderate grower, but does well when grafted on 
strong growing sorts. For home use only. Foliage tender. 
Hudson, N. Y. 

Scuppernong. (Fox Grape or Bullet Grape of the South, American 
Muscadine.) This is a distinct Southern species, the Vitis 
vulpina. Bunches very small, loose; berries round, large; skin 
thick; pulpy, juicy, sweet, strongly musky. The "White" is 
light green, the " Black " dark red ; the color of the tendrils corre- 
sponding in each variety. Leaves quite small, glossy, on both 
sides. Tender at the North. Valuable for the South. North 
Carolina. 

Taylor's Bullet. Bunches medium, loose, with many imperfect 
berries ; berries rather small, greenish-white, of moderate qual- 
ity. A strong grower. Kentucky. 



CHAPTER XXVI. 

THE MULBERRY 

Has generally been planted as an ornamental tree, but with 
exception of Teas' drooping mulberry the varieties are gener- 
ally too irregular and spreading in growth to compete with 
other trees not possessing their fruit-bearing advantages. 

To many the flavor of the mulberry is not attractive, but to 
others its rich sub-acid sweetness and the long continuance 
of its season commend it to favor. 

Probably no fruit has been so neglected as the mulberry. 
The Chinese have cultivated the tree from time immemorial 
as food for the silkworm, and the craze which spread over 
this country seventy years ago in the same direction is a mat- 
ter of history. 

The berries are of varying size and color, largest on old 
trees. 

The varieties worthy of cultivation are not numerous, and 
are mostly not hardy in the North. The practice of substitu- 
tion is so common among nurserymen that it is not easy to 
obtain trees true to name. It will grow in any well-drained 
soil, but appears to prefer one which is rather light and 
gravelly. At full size the trees are twenty to thirty feet high, 
with round open heads ; the berries as they mature drop off 
and may be gathered from the grou"nd. A slight jarring will 
shake the ripe ones off, and this is the best mode of gathering 
them. 

The most complete monograph on the fruit-bearing mul- 
berry is that of L. H. Bailey, Cornell Experiment Station of New 
York. He classifies those grown in America thus : 

I. The White Mulberry group. — Morns alba. 

I. {a) Russian mulberry. — Var. Tatarica. 
I. {b) Nervosa mulberry. — Nax. venosa. 
428 



THE MULBERRY. 429 

2. The Multicaulis group. — Morus latifolia. 

3. The Japanese group. — Morus Japonica. 

4. The Black Mulberry group. — Morus nigra. 

5. The Red or Native Mulberry group. — Morus rubra. 

5. ia) Lampasas mulberry. — Var. tomentosa. 
He says : " Mulberries can be propagated by cuttings of the 
ripe wood or of roots. Cuttings start best under glass. Some 
nurserymen propagate by short cuttings indoors, starting 
them in February or March. The cheap Russian mulberry 
stocks, from the West, have supplanted cutting-propagation 
very largely. The named sorts are grafted upon these Russian 
roots in winter, with fair success, in the same manner in which 
apple-trees are root-grafted, or they are sometimes crown- 
grafted, the stocks for this purpose being grown in pots or 
boxes. Ordinary fall budding in the field is not successful 
with mulberries, but spring budding gives good results. 
Spring budding has been employed and recommended cer- 
tainly for thirty years, but it does not yet appear to be a com- 
mon practice. S. D. Willard, Geneva, N. Y., who grows 
quantities of mulberries, has several times shown me his stock, 
which is propagated by spring scion-budding. This is per- 
formed just before the foliage is out, or as soon as the bark 
slips freely. Fig. 74 explains the operation. The incision in 
the stock is the same as for the ordinary fall budding. The 
scion carries one or two buds, and is cut upon one side only. 
This prepared side is inserted next the wood in the stock, 
and is held in place by string, as for fall budding." 

Varieties. 

Downing.* (Downing's Everbearing.) Large, black, sub-acid, 
very good. Prolific, but not entirely hardy in Northern States. 
A valuable sort, not readily obtained, as New American is com- 
monly substituted for it. The leaf of the latter is smaller and 
not so pointed. Fig. 568. New York. 

Hicks. (Hicks' Everbearing.) Medium, very sweet ; good. Tree 
vigorous and a profuse bearer. Season extends over three or four 
mouths. Kentucky. Fig. 569. 

Johnson. Very large, black, two inches by three-fourths of an 
inch, sub-acid. Tree strong, irregular, poor bearer. Ohio. 
Being superseded by other varieties. 



43° 



THE MULBERRY. 



New American.* Large, from one to two inches long, glossy. 
Tree strong, vigorous, very productive, hardy. Fruit begins to 
ripen in June and continues into September. The best variety 
for Northern States. Fig. 570. New York. 






FiG. 568.— Downing Mulberry. PiG. 569.— Hicks. Fig. 570 —New American. 



Russian. Tree spreading, drooping, hardy; fruit produced in 
great abundance over a long season, purplish-black to cream 
white. Worthless for table use, but good to attract birds away 
from more desirable fruit. It is a form of Morus alba. The 
nursery trees are grown from seeds, and therefore they are very 
variable. There are some good strains for eating, and three or 
four of these have been given distinct names. 

Stubbs. Large, two inches by three-quarters, deep black, rich, 
sub-acid. Extremely prolific. Very valuable for the South. 
Georgia. 

Teas Weeping. Fruit small, reddish, of little value, but the tree 
is so very pronounced in its weeping habit that it is desirable as 
an ornament for lawns. Tree dwarf, slow grower. Seedling of 
Russian. Missouri. 



CHAPTER XXVII. 

NECTARINES. 

The Nectarine being nothing more than the peach with a 
glossy skin, the same rules for cultivation will apply equally 
to both (see Chapter XXIX.), with the exception that, as its 
smooth surface renders it eminently liable to the attack of the 
curculio, special attentipn must be given to the destruction of 
this insect. Not much grown in the East. 

The nectarine is usually inferior, and has more of the noyau 
flavor than the peach, and the shoots are of smoother and more 
compact growth. /^ 

DIVISION I.— FREESTONES. 

Class I. Flesh Pale. 

Section 1. Leaves with reniform glands. 

DoAvnton.* Medium in size, roundish oval, pale green, with a 
deep violet-red cheek ; flesh pale green, slightly red at the stone, 
melting, rich, excellent. Ripens early. Flowers small. English. 

Early Violet.* (Violet Hative, Aromatic, New Scarlet, Large 
Scarlet, Early Brugnon, Violet Musk, Violette Musquee.) Size 
medium, roundish ; apex slightly narrowed ; suture shallow ;, 
skin with a dark purple-red cheek and brown dots, on pale yellow- 
ish-green ; flesh whitish, much reddened at the stone ; stone 
roundish, moderately rough, reddish or reddish-brown ; flesh 
melting, rich, high-flavored, and aromatic ; of the finest quality. 
Season very early. Flowers small. Distinguished from Elruge 
by its redder flesh and stone, and darker skin. France. 
The Large Early Violet, or Violette Grosse, differs in its larger 
size and rather inferior flavor. 

Elruge.* Medium in size, roundish oval, suture slight, distinct at 
apex ; skin a dark red or deep violet on a greenish-yellow ground, 
with minute brownish dots; flesh greenish -white, slightly, some- 
times scarcely, stained with pale red at the stone ; juicy, rich, 
high-flavored ; stone rough, pale. Flowers small. Season about 
medium, or first of autumn. This is one of the best and most cele- 
brated of nectarines. England. 

431 



432 NECTARINES. 

Hardwicke. Large, roundish, approaching oval, resembling El- 
ruge ; skin with a violet-red cheek on pale green ; flesh greenish 

_ white, slightly reddened at the stone, juicy, rich, high-flavored. 

" Flowers small. Season medium or end of summer. English. 
A favorite in Southern California. 

New White.* Rather large, nearlj' round ; skin white, often a 
slight tinge of red ; flesh white, tender, juicy, rich, vinous ; 
stone small. Flowers large. Season medium, or first of autumn. 
English. 

The Old White resembles the preceding, but is less hardy and 
productive. 

Telliers. Rather large, roundish oblong ; apex slightly narrowed ; 
base broad, pale green, with a marbled purple-red cheek ; flesh 
pale red at the stone, juicy, sweet, good. Flowers small. Rather 
early, or end of summer. 



Class II. Flesh Deep Yellow. 

Section 1. Leaves serrate, without glarids. 

Hunt Tawny. Nearly medium size, roundish ovate, narrowed and 
pointed at apex, one side slightly enlarged ; skin a dark red cheek 
on pale orange, with numerous russet specks ; flesh deep orange, 
rich, juicy, good. English. Flowers small. Valuable for its 
early maturity, ripening quite early, or three weeks before the 
close of summer. Often mildews badly. 

Section II. Leaves with reni/orm glands. 

Boston.* (Perkins, Lewis.) Large, handsome, roundish-oval; 
bright yellow, with a deep red cheek ; flesh j-ellow to the stone, 
with a good, pleasant flavor. Flowers small. Season medium, 
or about the first of autumn. A native of Boston. 

Pitmaston. Large, roundish ovate, base broad, apex narrow and 
pointed ; surface with a dark reddish cheek, slightly streaked at 
the margin, on rich orange ; flesh deep yellow, red at the stone ; 
juicy, rich, fine. Flowers small. Stone rather small. Rather 
early. 

DIVISION II.— CLINGSTONES. 

Class I. Flesh Pale. 

Section I Leaves serrate, withotct glands. 

Early Newington.* (Black, Early Black, Lucombe's Seedling.) 
Large; roundish ovate, one side slightly enlarged, apex pointed ; 
skin pale green, nearly covered with bright red and with darker 
marblings and dots; flesh greenish-white, deep red at the stone, 
juicy, with a fine, rich flavor. Flowers large. Early. England. 



NECTARINES. 433 

Newington. (Scarlet Newington, Scarlet, Old Newington, Smith's 
Newington, Anderson's.) Rather large, roundish; nearly cov- 
ered with red and darker marblings, on pale greenish yellow ; 
flesh deep red at the stone, juicy, rich, vinous. Rather late. 
Flowers large. Best when ripened to shrivelling. 



Class II. Flesh Yellow. 

Section I. Leaves with reniform glaiids. 

Red Roman. (Roman, Old Roman, Brugnon Musquee.) Large, 
roundish, a little flattened at apex; skin greenish-yellow, with a 
somewhat rough, dull reddish-brown cheek, with brown russet 
specks; flesh firm, greenish yellow, deep red at the stone, rich, 
vinous, high flavored. Flowers large. Season medium or rather 
late. 



CHAPTER XXVIII. 

NUTS. 

The introduction of mainly Japanese varieties of chestnuts 
and walnuts has created an interest in the growth of our native 
nuts, too long delayed, which will unquestionably contribute 
much to pleasurable and profitable cultivation of land. 

In this country a crop of nuts of any value has heretofore 
been generally considered an adventitious, an accidental wind- 
fall, to be prized by the lucky owner of a tree which produces 
fruit of unusual size and in large quantity. Few attempts 
have been made to propagate from such trees, and when it has 
been, it has usually resulted in complete failure. 

Nut trees have been treated as one would an apple, or 
peach; transplanted trees invariably died and grafted ones 
fared no better. Within the past few years more careful 
study has been made of the difficulties which have heretofore 
discouraged experiments in this direction. 

It is not at all so easy a matter to raise any of our native 
nuts as it is the soft fruits. Unless nursery grown, and that 
properly too, they are all intolerant of removal, and grafting 
is too commonly a failure ; besides this, they do not come into 
bearing, excepting in the Southern States, until of considerable 
age. 

Notwithstanding the inherent and persistent character of 
some of these drawbacks, the results to be obtained fully 
justify the necessary care and skill which will in a measure 
overcome them. 

A new and most interesting, valuable, and pecuniarily 
profitable industry is within reach of all who will avail them- 
selves of it. 

So new is it that practically it has no nomenclature. Here 
and there have appeared in the market, from year to year, 

434 



NUTS. 435 

sorrie enormous hickory nut, an immense chestnut, a nearly 
finger-long pecan, the product of some unknown tree, " back 
in the country," but save for its annual appearance and im- 
mediate sale at a big price, the unknown has remained unlo- 
cated and unnamed. Consequently the list of identified 
varieties is very small. It will doubtless increase with 
rapidity. 

While the extraordinary size and appearance of nuts, as in 
soft fruit, will always have a favorable influence in their sale, 
it should not be overlooked that it is often the case that small 
nuts may have proportionately larger meats and be of sweeter 
and higher flavor than larger ones. Each variety should be 
judged upon its individual merit. 

Wherever there is a tree v/hich produces nuts which pos- 
sess apparent superiority over others, the owner should send 
specimens, with the fullest description of the tree, its probable 
age, location, and peculiarities to the Agricultural Experiment 
Station of his State (see p. 272), and thus aid in the develop- 
ment of this new industry. 

Propagation. 

It is generally conceded that the surest way to grow nut 
trees is to plant the nuts. As with all other trees, this is not, 
after all, the slowest way to obtain good, healthy, long-lived 
trees. The height that even the slow-growing hickory will 
reach at two years, if properly managed, will astonish, 
most persons, 

The vitalit)'- and germinating power of nuts is greatly im- 
paired by loss of moisture, so that but a small proportion will 
sprout if kept out of ground and not planted until the follow- 
ing spring. Gather them as soon as they fall in the autumn, 
spread them upon the ground, cover with three or four inches 
of sand, and upon that as much nice loam. Under this cover- 
ing, exposed to the weather, a large percentage will keep irt 
good condition through the winter. As soon as the ground 
can be worked take them out and plant in rows, about six: 
inches apart. The following spring dig them up, cut off 
about one-half-of the tap-root and plant again. The next 
year follow the same course, and the third year plant out where 



436 NUTS. 

they are to remain. The length of the tap-root of a one- or 
two-year-old hickory or pecan is something wonderful, and 
readily accounts for the difficulty of successfully transplanting 
them, either from the fields or nursery. It is commonly two 
or three times as long as the shoot above ground, and as re- 
ceived from nurserymen it is more often as bare of fine roots 
as a parsnip. It is little wonder then that sometimes it stands 
dormant and seemingly dead through the whole of the first 
season, to start slowly into growth the second summer after 
transplanting. Rich soil, good cultivation, with shortening of 
the tap-root as above directed, should give a good growth of 
fibrous roots while in the nursery rows, and conduce to success- 
ful subsequent transplanting. 

This method will usually produce strong, vigorous young 
trees. The drawback to this method is that nut trees do not 
come absolutely true from seed; at the same time a good 
stock is likely to reproduce most of its good qualities. 

Mr. E. H. Van Deman, late U. S. Pomologist, says : " The 
variation of seedlings is so great that, with nuts as well as 
other fruits, the only sure method of reproducing a variety is 
by budding or grafting. " This is a more difficult operation 
with nut-bearing trees than with most others. However, it 
can be done, and with each year we are learning better how 
to do it. 

At present the best-known method is to work upon one- or 
two-year-old seedlings, either in nursery rows or where seeds 
have been planted in the orchard. They should be cut some 
two or more inches below the surface of the ground, or just 
above where the roots begin to swell, and a scion inserted 
not less than five or six inches long and having a terminal bud 
if possible. The " tongue" graft is the best for small stocks. 
No wax is needed for this underground grafting, but some 
bandage should be used to hold the parts firmly in place. 
Cotton strips dipped in hot grafting-wax and then dried are 
very good. A ball of wet clay may be pressed about the 
wound and the earth packed to near the top of the scion to stop 
evaporation. A very important point, and one that must not 
be overlooked, is that the scions should be cut early, before 
any signs of starting, and put in some cool, damp place until 
after the stocks have begun to grow. In the sawdust of an 



NUTS. 



437 



ice-house is a safe place, or buried in earth where the sun will 
not warm it early ; otherwise they are apt to start too early. 

Prong Grafting is recommended by B. M. De Long, in the 
excellent monograph on nut culture, recently issued by the 
U. S. Department of Agriculture,* as follows: 

" In this method the prongs or extremities of the branches 
are used. Fig. a represents the scion or prong used, and the 






Fig. 571.— Prong Grafting. 




method of cutting it from the branch. The prong is cut as 
illustrated, and the wood on the prong (graft) is partly re- 
moved, being gouged out with the point of the budding-knife. 
This is done to allow the inner bark of the bud to unite with 
the inner bark of the stock, which union would be prevented 
if the wood should be allowed to remain in the bud. After 
the wood on the bud has been partly removed, as shown in 
Fig. b"^, the stock is cut off with a sharp saw, smoothed over 
with a knife, and the graft inserted as shown in Fig. c, and 
tied tight; no less than eighteen-ply twine should be used. 
The cuts are waxed over with grafting-wax. After the grafts 
have started they should be examined and if the twine is 
found to begin to cut into the stocks it is untied and tied on 
again; this will prevent further injury. The object of allow- 
ing the twine to remain a longer time is to prevent the cut 

* " Nut Culture in the United States, Embracing Native and Introduced 
Species." Report by S. B. Heiges, Pomologist. Large octavo, pp. 341, 16 
plates. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Pomology, Washington, 
Government Printing Office. 



438 



NUTS. 



bark from warping open by the action of the atmosphere, thus 
causing the graft to die." 

' Cleft Sap Graftmg. — As this differs somewhat from cleft 
grafting as described on page 33, and is claimed by Felix Gil- 
let, of California, to succeed with walnuts, his method is thus 
described : " If done early in the spring when the sap is com- 
mencing to flow, it can be used on limbs as large as three and 




<2 fi 

Pig. 572.— Cleft Sap Grafting. 



a half inches in diameter. The stock is sawed off and smoothed 
as for ordinary cleft grafting. Instead of making a single 
cleft through the centre, two are made, one across the stub at 
each side of the centre (Fig. de, de) the cleft thus being in 
sapwood, instead of through the heartwood and pith. The 
scion is prepared as for ordinary cleft grafting, except that 
the sloping cuts are so made that but one scarf exposes the 
pith (Figs. /^/^/'). After the insertion of the scions the 
cut surfaces left exposed are thoroughly waxed, and the stock 
is well bound with cotton cloth to prevent it from opening 
and drying out." 

Hickories and walnuts can be budded by the annular pro- 
cess (page 45), working upon one- or two-year-old seedlings, 
and probably with much less percentage of loss than by any 



NUTS. 439 

kind of grafting. Chestnuts may be grafted, however, in 
favorable seasons with a loss of not over twenty-five to fifty 
per cent, by the " cleft" process (pages 33 and 438). Two or 
three year old seedlings, or young sprouts, are most favora- 
ble subjects ; put the graft in high up, so that the native stock 
shall form the trunk of the tree. 

As soon as specific varieties are demanded nurserymen will 
have recourse to all these methods. 

Native walnuts, pecans, and hickories do not bear much be- 
fore they are fifteen or twenty years old. Chestnuts usually 
bear at about ten or twelve years; foreign varieties bear 
earlier, as do all budded and grafted trees, but then they are 
always shorter-lived. In the Southern States most nut trees 
will produce crops in five or six years. 

CHESTNUTS. 

Native Varieties. 

The American Sweet Chestnut is the only one really entitled 
to be called sweet ; it is much superior in flavor to both the 
European and Japanese kinds, though as yet it cannot approach 



''^^^'^ 





Fig. 573-— Murrell. Fig. 574— Native Chestnut. 

eitfier in size. Nevertheless, in only the few years it has be- 
gun to attract attention some wonderfully large nuts have 
been discovered. Chestnuts are so much easier to propagate 
than other nut trees, come into bearing so much earlier, and 
command such highly remunerative prices that their cultiva- 
tion is not likely to be neglected much longer. The tree is 
indigenous all over the eastern United States, growing lux- 
uriantly on rocky, gravelly hillsides. It does not do well on 



44° 



NUTS. 



limestone, or clayey soil, nor will it flourish in wet, boggy 
land. The young seedlings are characterized by their long 
'tap-root, and therefore unless the nuts are planted where the 
trees are to grow they must be treated as described on 
page 435. 

"When chestnut groves are cut for the timber, sprouts or 
scions spring up with rank growth from the stumps. A fruit- 





FlG. 575.— Wild (abundant yield). 



Pig. 576.— Wild Chestnut. 



ing orchard may be had earlier than from seedlings by cutting 
away the sprouts sufficiently to give ample room to those 
which are left to form good bushy heads, and budding or 
grafting those left. However, owing to the difficulties attend- 
ing- either of these operations, according to the Pennsylvania 
State College Agricultural Experiment Station but seventy- 
five per cent can be expected to be successful. It is better to 
graft all the strongest shoots and thin out, after it is found 
which have succeeded in making perfect unions and are grow- 
ing vigorously. 

Storing chestnuts either for market purposes or for home 
use requires attention as soon as the crop is gathered. Put 
them in any suitable tub and pour boiling water over them 
until the nuts are covered. Stir them with a stick to insure 
thorough scalding. The wormy ones will float and may be 
gathered off the surface. Allow the others to remain fifteen 
or twenty minutes, after which spread them out until perfectly 
dry. They may then be stored in bags or barrels until 
wanted, and will be found to keep much better than if not 
subjected to the scalding process. The meat will be less 
horny and hard. 



NUTS. 



441 



In the chapter on chestnuts in the monograph on nut culture 
of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, some seventeen va- 
rieties are named, but as it is improbable that many of these 
are in the hands of dealers — being as yet only local — it is 
hardly worth reproducing them here. 

Those who desire to obtain trees of native chestnuts must 
usually themselves search out those of exceptional merit. 

Foreign Varieties. 

French, Italian and Spanish chestnuts have long been im- 
ported in moderate quantities and sold at high prices in the 




Fig. 577 — Tamba-guri (reduced one-half). 

fruit stores. Abroad they are highly prized as an article of 
food and are largely consumed by all classes. They lack the 
sweetness of the American chestnut and the meat is enveloped 
in a tough and sometimes bitter skin. In. some varieties this 
skin is readily removed, while in others it follows the convo- 



442 NUTS. 

lutions of the nut deep into its centre. The French, Spanish, 
and Italian chestnuts are of the same stock. The trees are 
strong growers, introduced originally into Europe from Asia 
Minor. The nuts vary considerably in size and in quality. 
They are usually large, oblate conical in shape, the scar small 
compared with that of the Japanese varieties, in which latter 
it sometimes covers nearly half the shell. These nuts are 
often not worth growing in the United States, the greater 
promise of the newly introduced Japanese varieties of chest- 
nut (Guri) being much more attractive, although they have 
not as yet proved so hardy as their European congeners. 
The wild chestnuts of Japan annually produce large crops of 
nuts about an inch in diameter — the variety known as Tama- 
guri (Mountain Chestnut) being highly esteemed by the 
Japanese. The tree is some thirty feet high. The culti- 
vated sorts are of many varieties, the largest of all being the 
Tamba-guri (Fig. 577). These trees grow thirty to sixty feet 
high. 

All of these foreign chestnuts compensate in a measure for 
their inferior flavor to our native sorts, by their greater size 
and the earlier bearing of the trees. They are furthermore 
very prolific. 

Grafting these great nuts upon American stocks will prob- 
ably add to their hardiness and vigor. 

Varieties. 

Advance. Large, smooth, dark. Tree vigorous, productive, bears 
early. Ripens last of September. Japan. 

Alpha.* Large. Tree vigorous, regular, and prolific bearer. Ear- 
liest to ripen. Japanese. Originated in New Jersey. 

Bartram Late. Medium, bright color, three to a burr. Ripens 
middle of October. European. Originated in Pennsylvania. 

Black. Large, dark color, productive. Ripens last of September. 
Japan. Originated in New Jersey. 

Dager. Large. A seedling of Ridgeley. European. Origin 
Delaware. 

Early Reliance. Medium, smooth, bright. Tree dwarf, spread- 
ing, bears early. Ripens last of September. Japan. 



NUTS. 



443 



Eureka. Large, quality above average. Tree rapid grower, 
spreading habit. Not hardy North. European. 



#-"^ 





Fig. 578.— Japan Giant. 



Fig. 579.— Numbo. 



Felton. Large, sweet, good flavor. Japanese. Above average 
in quality. Origin, Delaware. 

Hannum. Large, bright, regular and productive. Ripens early. 
European. 

Kerr.* Dark, three to a burr. Tree enormously productive. 
Japanese. New Jersey. 





Fig. 580.— Paragon. 



Pig. 581.— Rid.areley. 



Killen.* Very large, handsome, superior quality. Japanese. Dela- 
ware. 

Mammoth Very large. A seedling of Giant. Japan. 

Numbo. Medium, smooth, bright; Tree vigorous, hardy, regu- 
larly productive ; good. Does not bear early. Fig. 579. Euro- 
pean. Origin, Pennsylvania. 



444 



NUTS. 



Paragon.* Large, sweet, good flavor. Tree bears young and 
abundantly. Fig. 580. European. Origin, Pennsylvania. 

Parry. (Parry's Japan Giant.) Very large, smooth, dark-colored ; 
one or two nuts only in a burr. Tree vigorous, upright grower. 
Fig. 578. Japan. 

Parry Superb. Large, bright, smooth. Tree strong grower and 
enormously productive. Japan. 

Ridgely.* (Dupont.) Medium, sweet flavor, excellent. Tree 
hardy. Fig. 581. European. Origin, Delaware. 

Success. Large, handsome nut of good quality. Tree vigorous 
and productive. Japanese. Origin, New Jersey. 

The Chinquapin 

Is really a dwarf chestnut, which grows wild in various 
localities on the eastern seaboard from Pennsylvania to the 
yv Gulf. Usually a small spreading bush 

^Lgi^ four to ten feet high, varieties are some- 

fl^^B times found which form trees from 

^^^r thirty to sixty feet in height. The nuts 

of the Eastern States are ovoid conical, 
dark mahogany color, very handsome, 
and the meat is sweet and good. The 
chinquapin of the Pacific coast nearly 
resembles in appearance a small chest- 
nut. The bushes will thrive and appear 
entirely hardy as far north as New York. 




Fig. 582.— Eastern 
Chinquapin. 



HAZELNUTS. 

The cultivation of this nut is almost wholly neglected in this 
country, and while the native bushes abound, the crop and the 





Figs. 583 and 584.— Native Forms of 
Hazelnuts. 



Fig 585 — ' Istrian " (an 
imported nut). 



nuts are usually so small that they rarely appear in market. 
The imported filbert has complete possession, and until some 



NUTS. 445 

method of overcoming the difficulty of its culture in the United 
States is discovered, we are likely to be dependent upon 
foreign growths for supplies of this nut. 

The bushes are easy of cultivation and will often apparently 
flourish, but they fail to bear fruit and the bushes are liable to 
a disease which eventually kills them. The late Mr. N. S. 
Fuller had probably more experience in growing filberts than 
any other man in America, and his recent book on Nut Cul- 
ture gives in detail his experiments and failures. 

In the States west of the Rocky Mountains the hazel be- 
comes a tree of fifty or sixty feet, and is said to bear large 
crops. 

The following description of the propagation, etc., of the 
filbert is taken from " Nut Culture in the United States :" 

"Propagation. — Propagation is effected by seed, by layers, 
by suckers, by cuttings, and by grafting or budding. Grown 
from suckers, trees come earliest into bearing, and by 
some are claimed to make the strongest trees; but the 
major portion of hazel trees produced in nurseries are 
from cuttings, made eight or ten inches in length, from 
last year's wood. They root as readily as gooseberries. 
A moist, not wet, sand supplies the best ground in which 
to root cuttings: a deeper setting is necessary in the 
drier climate of the United States th^n in England. In 
a year the cuttings become well rooted, and are then trans- 
planted, after pruning, from the propagating-bed to the nur- 
sery row. The nursery culture consists of thorough and fre- 
quent stirring of the surface soil, and the training of each 
plant to tree form. The sprouts and branches are kept re- 
moved from about the base to a height of twelve inches (the 
Germans claim that a height of from three to four feet for the 
trunk is better) ; within the next six or eight inches the head 
is formed of not less than six branches. In the midst of these 
branches a barrel hoop is often placed, to which the limbs are 
tied for forming a shapely and open crown. The aim of the 
two or three years of nursery work is to grow the trees to six 
or eight feet in height and in form like a goblet, after which 
they are ready for planting. 

" Tn the Orchard. — The hazel will not thrive in stiff clay, 
while in dry, sandy soil it becomes stunted and pro- 
duces fruit of small size. Otherwise, the bush is not 



446 NUTS. 

particular as regards soil and locality; it is always more 
vigorous on rich land than on poor land. A light loam 
with dry subsoil will give the least wood and most nuts. 
A strong soil produces an excessive growth of wood at 
the expense of the crops. Wet soil produces too much 
wood and too little fruit. In Kent, England, the hazel 
thrives best in limestone land, and reaches a height of twelve 
feet, and occasionally of thirty feet. The trees are set in 
well-drained ground, about ten feet apart each way, though 
sometimes they are set in hedges, when a less distance in the 
row is adopted. Root pruning is frequently practised to 
prevent the too rapid growth of food. The disposition of 
the hazel to make thrifty inside cane growth is kept constantly 
in check by summer pruning, and the outer limbs, together 
with the general growth of the trees, are checked by pruning 
back in the latter part of the winter. The thin, unfruitful 
twigs are removed and the fruitful limbs are shortened back 
nearly to the female buds. Care is taken to leave sufficient 
male catkins for an ample supply of pollen. The fruit spurs 
are near the extremities of the last year's growth, and nuts 
are more abundant where air and light have ready access. In 
the fifth or sixth year after planting, trees should bear consid- 
erable fruit. Trees of this age in England are reported to 
produce from three to four pounds of nuts each. It is a very 
important orchard tree with many cultivators in Europe, and 
has been greatly improved by years of careful cultivation and 
selection. A very fruitful hazel orchard is reported in Wern- 
feld, Germany, occupying about two and a half acres of land 
and having a northwesterly slope. In that latitude the trees 
are said to thrive with any exposure except directly southern. 
They are recommended by Goeschke for clothing the steep 
sides of hills and mountains; also for railroad banks. He 
states that in Germany they are advantageously used in those 
portions of fruit orchards where other trees fail. 

"Harvesting and Marketing. — It is a popular method in 
England to harvest and market finer nuts in their husks. 
In all cases the fruit is left on the bush or tree until fully 
ripe, the proper condition being readily determined by the 
brown color of the nut, the tint of the husk, and the 
readiness with which the nuts would rattle out by a slight 
jarring of the trees. In curing the nuts thus harvested. 



NUTS. 



447 



they are placed for a few days in lofts to sufEciently dry, 
after which they are packed in sound casks with a slight 
sprinkling of salt throughout the filling. Salt is also used in 
small quantities in storing the nuts that have been freed from 
the husks, and it is claimed for this practice that freedom 
from ravages of insects is secured and that the nuts come out 
fresher and brighter than by other methods. 

" Generally, the hazel is marketed for dessert purposes alone, 
though a pleasant oil, resembling olive oil, is sometimes ex- 




Fig. s86.— Lambert Filbert. 



pressed from it; and in portions of Europe this nut, like the 
chestnut, has been used in limited quantities for making 
bread." 



Varieties. 

The named varieties are numerous, but the grower having 
a half-dozen of the best can well afford to forego the planting 
of others. Of the ten varieties named by Robert Hogg,* the 
Cob and Lambert are the best known in reputation to Ameri- 
cans. We follow his description of the best varieties known 
to him : 

Bond Nut. Husk hairy, shorter than the nut ; nut of medium size, 
ovate and oblong ; shell thin ; kernel large. This is an excellent 
nut and the tree is a good bearer. 

* " Fruit Manual," London, 1875. 



448 



NUTS. 



Cob. (Round Cob.) Husk hairy, shorter than the nut and much 
frizzled ; nut large, obtusely ovate ; shell of a light brown color, 
rather thick ; kernel large. A good nut for early use, but does not 
keep well. Fig. 587. 

Cosford. (Miss Young's.) Thin shelled; husk hairy, long as the 
nut and deeply cut ; nut large, oblong ; shell of a light-brown 




Fig, 587 — Downton Cob-nut. 



color, very thin, so much so as to be easily broken between the 
finger and thumb ; kernel large and well flavored. An excellent 
early nut, and the tree an abundant bearer. 

Downton Square. Husk smooth, shorter than the nut ; nut large, 
short, four-sided ; shell thick, kernel full and well flavored. 

Frizzled Filbert. (Frizzled nut. Cape nut.) Husk hairy, twice as 
long as the nut ; deeply frizzled and spreading open at the mouth ; 
nut small, oblong, and flattened ; shell thick, kernel full. This is 
a rather late variety. The tree is an excellent bearer. The nuts 
are produced in clusters. 

Lambert. (Kentish Cob, Filbert Cob.) Husk nearly smooth, 
longer than the nut, and verj' slightly cut around the margin ; 
nut large, oblong, and somewhat compressed ; shell rather thick, 
of a brown color ; kernel full and very rich flavor. This is, per- 



NUTS. 449 

haps, the best of all filberts. The tree is a most abundant bearer. 
Some of the nuts are upward of an inch in length, and they have, 
with care, been kept for four years. It is only after being kept 
for some time that their full richness of flavor is obtained. Mr. 
Hogg say's this nut was first brought to the notice of the Horticul- 
tural Society by A. B. Lambert about the year 1812. It is 
improperly called Kentish Cob. The true Cobs are roundish, 
thick-shelled nuts. Fig. 586. 

Pearson. (Dwarf Prolific, Nottingham Prolific.) Husk hairy, 
shorter than the nut ; nut medium in size, smaller than the Cob, 
obtusely ovate ; shell rather thick ; kernel full. A very excellent 
variety. Trees are most abundant bearers, sometimes laden 
with fruit when not more than ly^ feet high. 

Purple Filbert. (Purple leaved.) This differs from the red filbert 
in having the leaves of a dark, blood-red color like those of the 
purple beech. The fruit is similar to, and quite as good as that 
of the Red Filbert, and is of a deep purple color. 

Red Filbert. (Red Hazel.) Husk hairy, longer than the nut; 
nut of medium size, ovate ; shell thick, kernel full, covered with 
a red skin. 

White Filbert. (Wrotham Park.) Husk hairy, longer than the 
nut, around the apex of which it is contracted ; nut medium size, 
ovate; shell thick; kernel full, covered with a white skin. 



Hickories. 

Pecans {Hicoria Pecan). 

It is commonly supposed that the pecan is hardy only in 
the Southern States, and few attempts have been made to 
grow it in the North. It flourishes best in Texas, the Gulf 
States, and Mexico. Probably the greatest quantity sent to 
market comes from Texas or Louisiana, where the tree grows 
to sixty or seventy feet high in the rich alluvial bottom-lands 
and annually produces large crops of nuts, which find a ready 
market at very remunerative prices. The thinness of the shell, 
its bright glossy surface, often artificially polished for market, 
but above all the full, tender, rich kernel, combine to make 
this member of the hickory family the popular nut-tree after 
the chestnut grown in America. West of the Alleghanies the 
pecan has been found growing wild and yielding good nuts 
as far north as Southern Iowa. Forty miles north of New York 
there are some very large old trees, which are evidently 
hardy enough, but they have never been known to produce 
nuts. 

29 . 



45° 



NUTS. 



The tree as grown in the South much resembles the com- 
mon hickory, grows to about thirty feet high in fifteen years, 
and bears at ten or twelve years of age. 

Pecans are usually propagated from seed, but the results 
are so unreliable that grafting or budding must take place as 
the only certain way of obtaining valuable sorts. 

The remarks made in the introduction to this chapter con- 
cerning the difficulties of transplanting nut-trees apply with 




Common Forms of Pecan. 



intensified force to the pecan, whose tap-root is, in one and 
two year seedlings, three times as long as the shoot above 
ground. They must be treated as suggested for other nut- 
seedlings — the ground must be rich and deeply cultivated. 

If raised from seed, plant the nuts in drills three or four 
feet apart, and twelve or fifteen inches apart in the drills. 




Fig. 590. — Centennial. 



In the early spring following, the young trees should be about 
two feet high; take them up carefully, to preserve all the 
fibrous roots possible, cut off about one-half the tap-root, and 
reset immediately. Two years after, again take up and plant 
permanently, or, preferably, make the permanent planting at 
the end of the second year. Six or seven years subsequently, 
the trees should begin to bear, and as it is a rapid grower it is 
said that at fifteen years of age it will produce from two and 
a half to three bushels of nuts. Grafted or budded trees al- 



NUTS. 



45 r 



ways produce fruit earlier. For directions concerning graft- 
ing, see general directions elsewhere in this book. 

There has been too little attention given to the commercial 
growing of pecan trees to enable one to procure any definite 
sorts from nurserymen. The varieties here enumerated have 
generally been named by their discoverers or propagators, 





Fig. 591.— Frotscher. 



Fig. 592.— Idle-wild. 



and are mostly taken from their reports to the United States 
Pomologist. Correspondence with these parties is suggested 
to those who wish to obtain the choicest kinds thus far known. 



Varieties of Pecans. 

Biloxi. (Mrs. W. R. Stuart, Ocean Springs, Miss.) Medium size, 
cylindrical, pointed at each end ; surface quite regular, light brown ; 
shell thin ; cracking qualities medium ; kernel plump, with yellow- 




FiG. 593— Jewett. 

ish-brown surface ; free from astringency, of good quality, and 
keeps well without becoming rancid. Introduced several years 
ago by the late W. R. Stuart as Mexican Paper-Shell, but the 
name has since been changed to Biloxi. 



452 



NUTS. 



Centennial. A very large oblong nut ; thickness of shell medium ; 
partition walls rather thick ; kernel plump, oily, good. Richard 
Frotscher, New Orleans, La. Fig. 590. 

Columbian.* (Mrs. W. R. Stuart, Ocean Springs, Miss.) Large, cy- 
lindrical, somewhat compressed at the middle, rounding at the 
base ; pointed and somewhat four-sided at the crown ; shell rather 




Fig. 594.— Jumbo. 

heavy ; cracking qualities medium ; quality good. In size and 
form this nut closely resembles Mammoth, which was introduced in 
i8go by Richard Frotscher, of New Orleans, La. 

Faust. A long slender nut, good. D. D. Faust, Bamburg, S. C. 
Frotscher.* Large ; very thin shell ; kernel oily, good. Richard 
Frotscher, New Orleans, La. Fig. 591. 




Fig. S95-— McCallister. 



Gonzales. (I. V. Munson, Denison, Tex.) Above medium size, 
with firm, clean shell ; quality excellent. Originated in Gonzales 
County, Tex. 

Idlewild. Medium size, thick shell, kernel good. Louis Biediger, 
Idlewild. Tex. Fig. 592. 

Je^wett. Very large, irregular oblong, compressed near centre ; 
shell rather thick ; corky inner growth large ; kernel oily, good. 
The late W. R. Stuart, Ocean Springs, Miss. Fig. 593. 

Jumbo. Large, ovoid ; thin shell, much corky partition ; quality 
very good. F. M. Ramsay, Bluffton, Tex. Fig. 594. 



NUTS. 



453 



McCallister. (Floyd.) The largest pecan known, supposed to be 
a hybrid of shellbark ; base broad, rounded ; apex broad, blunt, 
angular ; flavor very like a shellbark ; not very valuable except for 
possibilities of improvement. O. L. McCallister, Mt. Vernon, Ind. 
Fig- 595. 





— Risien. 



Fig. 597-— Stuart. 



Pearl. Medium size, thin shell, sweet kernel ; no corky growth in- 
side. A choice nut for family use, but said to be too small for 
market. E. E. Risien, San Saba, Tex. 

Ribera. Size above medium; oblong ovate; cracking qualities 
good ; shell thin ; kernel plump, light brown, free from the bitter, 
red, corky growth which adheres to the shell ; meat yellow, tender, 
with rich, delicate, pleasant flavor. 




Fig. 598.— Van Deman. 



Risien. Large ovate; quality excellent. E. E. Risien, San Saba, 
Tex. Fig. 596. 

San Saba. Medium, cylindrical; kernel plump, light yellow, sweet 
and rich. E. E. Risien. San Saba, Tex. 

Stuart.* Large, roundish, ovoid; thin shell; considerable corky- 
growth in partitions ; kernel plump ; quality good. Late W. R, 
Stuart, Ocean Springs, Miss. Fig. 597. 

Van Deman.* Large, oblong; thin shell; considerable corky 
growth ; kernel not so plump as Stuart ; flavor excellent. Mrs. 
W. R. Stuart, Mississippi. Fig. 598. 



454 



NUTS. 



Shellbark Hickories. 

Of the several varieties of ordinarily so-called hickories 
found growing wild in the United States — as the shellbark 
{Hicoria laciniosa), shagbark {Hicoria ovata), mocker-nut {Hico- 
ria alba), pignut (^Hicoria glabra) bitter-nut {Hicoria minima) 
water hickory {Hicoria aquaticd), and nutmeg-hickory {Hico- 
ria myristicceformis) — the first only has qualities which com- 
mend themselves for cultivation. As this work is intended 





Pig. 590.— Typical Thin-shell Shellbark. 



Pig. 5oo.— Oval. 



to be strictly practical, only the shellbark hickory will there- 
fore be treated of. 

Perhaps but one variety of this nut has been subjected to 
cultivation and offered for sale (Hale's Paper-Shell). All 
others are the product of wild trees. And yet the differences 
in the sizes of the nuts, the thickness of the shell, the quali- 
ties of the kernels, the cracking peculiarities, and the freeness 
with which the meats may be extracted are very marked. 

While size undoubtedly has a large influence in the selling 
of nuts, it is well known to all who have had any intelligent 
experience that comparatively small nuts have frequently 
disproportionately large and extremely high-flavored kernels. 

The slow growth of the shellbark has and will have a de- 
terrent effect upon its cultivation, and while a wild two-year- 
old will often be found four to five feet high, a trans- 



NUTS. 455 

planted tree three or four years old seems to make almost 
no growth for a year or two. 

The late A. S. Fuller says he never knew an instance of 
successful budding of the hickory, while others claim that 
ring budding (see page 45) is moderately so. 

Of the methods of grafting, the cleft (see pages 33 and 435) 
is said to give the best results, cutting the young trees close 
to the ground, inserting the scion, waxing thoroughly, and 
covering to its top with earth. 

The nuts germinate easily, bat, however valuable those 
planted, seedlings are nearly always inferior in every way to 





Fig. 601.— Quadrangular. Fig. 602.— Long Ovate, Compressed. 

the originals. For stocks, nevertheless, upon which to graft 
scions from wild trees which are found to produce nuts of 
exceptional merit, they are well worth planting. If taken up 
from the nursery rows annually and the tap-root shortened in 
for two or three years, then planted out where the tree is to 
remain permanently, growing for one year and then cleft- 
grafted, every requisite for success at present known will 
have been complied with. If wild trees are dug for the pur- 
pose of grafting, those not over two or three years old should 
be taken, the chances of living of older and larger ones being 
too uncertain to make such experiments worth the trouble 
and cost. 

The reports of the United States Pomologist give a list of a 
dozen or so of varieties which have been named by those who 
have found or own the wild trees upon which they grew. 
But it is so uncertain that any of these can be had by the 



456 



NUTS. 



intending purchaser, that no list of varieties would be of much 
value at this time. 

Illustrations are given of various shellbarks collected by the 
editor, or sent to the Department of Agriculture from different 
parts of the country, to show the variety in shape and appear- 





FlG. 603. — Roundish, Compressed. 



Fig. 604. — Roundish, Oblique. 



ance of wild nuts. Probably the number might be largely 
increased. Fig. 599 represents the typical form of the thin- 
shelled shellbark ; any very wide departure from this shape, 
as Figs. 600 to 604 inclusive, usually indicates thicker shells 
and correspondingly smaller kernels. 



Walnuts. 

The name walnut is rather indiscriminately used in this 
country, being perhaps most frequently applied to hickory- 
nuts (white walnuts, so called), and after them to the Persian 
or Madeira nut. Two valuable members of this family are 
indigenous to America, whose nuts are highiy appreciated and 
much used, the butternut (^Juglans cineria) and the black wal- 
nut {Juglans nigra). The value of the timber of both these 
trees is well known, and alone should offer sufficient induce- 
ment for their cultivation. So great, indeed, has been the de- 
mand for the latter that there has seemed danger it would be- 
come exterminated wherever within profitable reach of a 
shipping-point, and the use of the former is rapidly increas- 



NUTS. 



457 



ing, with a proijability of the same reckless cutting that has 
befallen the black walnut. While possibly it may not pay in 
a pecuniary way to propagate either of these trees for their 
nuts alone, together with the value of the timber, constantly 
increasing in price, it offers an opportunity to those having 
land adapted to their growth. 



The Butternut 

is considered by many the best of all native nuts. The 
meat is tender, crisp, oily, and highly flavored. The thick- 





FlG. 605.— Typical Butternut. 



Fig. 606.— Typical Black Walnut. 



ness and sharply ridged and furrowed character of the hard 
shell is a drawback to its use ; nevertheless, the richness of the 
kernel makes them well worth adding to the varieties of nuts 
for home use. 

There are no named varieties in the hands of nurserymen, 
who supply orders with seedlings usually from trees in their 
neighborhood or from nuts purchased by them. As usually 
the case, however, there are considerable differences in size 
and shape of nuts found growing wild in different sections of 
the country. Fig. 605 is a typical illustration. 

Those who wish to grow either the butternut or the walnut 
will do best to select the nuts which please them and raise 
their own seedlings. 



458 



NUTS. 



The Black Walnut 

is a large, round, hard-shell, deeply furrowed nut, with a 
rich, oily kernel. While much appreciated by most, its flavor 
is so pronounced as to make it unpleasant to others. Large 
quantities are used by confectioners and others, and its sale 
is of considerable value to those who are fortunate enough to 
own a number of trees. 

It is found growing all over the United States, making a 





Fig. 607.— Black Walnut (Taylor;. 



Fig. 608.— Peanut-shaped 
Black Walnut. 



tree from forty to sixty feet high. It has a more open spread- 
ing head than the hickory, and is more rapid in its growth. 
The nuts from different trees and sections vary considerably 
in size and depth of the furrows. The photo-engraving is an 
average specimen, while the other illustrations of this nut 
show variations. 



Persian Walnut. 

{English Walnut, Madeira Nut .^ 

■ The varieties of this nut, together with the hickories, belong 
to the order Juglande<z, and, while the genus was first known 
in the Old World, the greater number of species are indig- 
enous to North America. In England this nut is known 



NUTS. 459 

simply as the walnut, while in the United States it is com- 
monly called English walnut or Madeira-nut. The varieties 
which have been introduced, chiefly from France, are quite 
numerous. They have all been the product of selected seed- 
lings or careful hybridizing. Recently Eastern Asia and 
Japan have added to the number, and the illustrations here 
given show that the grower has quite a scope for his taste and 
fancy. 

The trees will endure a considerable degree of cold, but 
from experience over the greater part of the United States it 
has been noted that it does not succeed in the Middle States, 
nor westward to the Rocky Mountains. They are hardy near 
the coast line as far north as latitude 40°, and do well southward 
as far as Northern Georgia. It is sometimes the case that the 
trees flourish but produce no fruit, or the nuts contain no ker- 
nels. The consensus of opinion among those who have prop- 
agated this nut appears to be that it really succeeds as a crop- 
producer in comparatively few places in the United States 
east of California. 

In England and on the Continent the trees are said to be 
practically free from diseases. In the United States a mi- 
nute worm {A7igidllul(Z), which infests the soil, particularly of 
the Gulf States, gets into the young roots and causes the root- 
knit which is such a destructive pest in these States. 

Propagation. — All of the walnuts may be readily raised 
from seed. The nuts should be kept through the winter, and 
planted in the early spring as directed on page 437- In good 
soil and under favorable conditions they will sprout and grow 
two to three feet high the first season. The care of the seed- 
lings is the same as stated in the general directions at the 
beginning of this chapter. As a rule, no pruning is required 
by these trees; they usually begin to bear at ten to fifteen 
years. The Japanese varieties are said to produce nuts at a 
much earlier age, say five to six years, and grafted trees at 
three to five years. 

Varieties. 

So few of the different named varieties of walnuts can be 
had from nurserymen that the following brief descriptions and 
illustrations are given, chiefly as matters of interest in this con- 



460 



NUTS. 



nection. Where it is believed that any variety can oe pur- 
chased, an asterisk follows the name. 

The smallest cultivated nut is Juglans regia microcarpa 
(Fig. 609). The shell is thick, the kernel cor- 
respondingly small. The largest walnut is Ju- 
glans regia gibbosa (Fig. 610). The shell is thick, 
hard, and roughly corrugated, and the kernel 
quite small for so large a nut ; the flavor is said fig. 609.— Ju- 
to be good. Juglans intermedia ^pyri/ormis is gians Regia 
claimed to be a hybrid of the Persian walnut icrocarpa. 
and the black walnut. The fruit, as the name indicates, is 
pear-shaped. The nut has the hard, thick shell of the black 






Fig. 610.— Juglans Regia Gibbosa. 



Fig. 611.— Juglans Regia 
Barthieveana. 



walnut and its consequent limitation of space for the kernel, 
but it is said to split readily and the meat to leave the shell 
freely. A peculiar form of the walnut is shown in Fig. 611, 
Juglans regia Barthieveana, which its originator, M. Bar- 
thieve, of Toulon, France, says is of exceptional merit — thin 
shell, splitting easily; kernels full, rich; very prolific and 
bearing early from seed. The following are varieties of the 
Persian walnut : 



NCTS. 461 

Chalbert. Medium, oval, oily, good, productive ; blooms late. 

Fig. 615. 
Franquette.* Large, oval, rich, excellent table sort. France. 

Fig. 619. 
Kaghagi. Large, handsome nut ; meat fills the shell ; high flavor ; 

claimed to be the hardiest of the Persian walnuts. 





Fig. 612. — J-uglans Cordiformis. 

Mayette.* Large, oblong, oily, good ; nuts grow in pairs ; shell 
hard ; blooms late. Suited for frosty places. France. Fig. 620. 

Parisienne. Large, oblong, excellent ; good table nut. Fig. 616. 

Praeparturiens.* A famous French variety, introduced into Cali- 
fornia in 1871, now widely distributed. Its chief merits are early 
bearing and high quality. Fig. 617. 

St. Jean. Medium, roundish ; hard shell ; meat oily. Cultivated 
chiefly for its oil. Fig. 618. 

Asian and Japanese. 

Cordiformis.* Small, heart-shaped ; thick, hard shell. Hardy 
and productive as far north as New York. It will be of commer- 
cial value, especially for confectioners' use, as soon as it becomes 





Fig. 613.— Juglans Sieboldiana. FiG. 614.— Juglans Manchuria. 

known, on account of the ease with which the meat shells out 
entire, when cracked. Fig. 612. 



462 



NUTS. 





Fig. 615,— Chabert. 



Fig. 616. — Parisienne. 



^^^ii^^ 





Fig. 617. — Praeparturiens. 



Fig. 618.- St. Jean. 





Fig. 619.— Franquette. 



Fig. 620.— Mavette. 



NUTS. 463 

Japan. {Juglans Sieboldiana.) Small, hard shell ; sweet, rich 
kernel ; grow in bunches of fifteen or twenty in an odd-looking 
husk. Tree hardy and vigorous grower ; round head ; ornamental. 
Fig. 580. Not grown commercially to any extent. 

Juglans Manchuria. A large, thick, rough-shelled nut from Eastern 
Asia. The tree is vigorous, entirely hardy, and fairly productive. 
Much resembles the butternut in appearance. Fig. 614. 



CHAPTER XXIX. 

THE PEACH. 

The peach, when in perfection the most delicious fruit of 
our climate, succeeds in favorable localities, from Maine to 
the Gulf of Mexico. In the more northern regions, the ripen- 
ing of the earlier varieties commences only a few weeks before 
the close of the summer .months; in the extreme South, well- 
matured peaches are obtained nearly as early as cherries and 
strawberries at the North. 

The trees are more tender and of shorter duration than most 
fruit trees of temperate climates. In some localities they 
bear only two or three good crops, and then decline or perish. 
On favorable soils they continue for twenty or thirty years. 
In Western New York trees have in rare instances borne fruit 
for forty or fifty years. In P^rance, according to authentic 
testimony, peach-trees which have been annually and freely 
pruned have lived to an age of one hundred years ; and there 
is no doubt that on favorable soils, and by a regular shorten- 
ing-in pruning, most of our orchards would endure much 
longer than the ordinary period. 

The most extensive peach-growing regions are in New Jer- 
sey, Delaware, Maryland, Georgia, Southern Illinois, Michigan, 
California, thousands of acres being occupied with the planta- 
tions of single proprietors. The northern portions of Ohio and 
Western New York, protected on the north by Lakes Erie and 
Ontario, and Western Michigan, afford a very favorable climate 
for this fruit. But throughout the country at large, the selec- 
tion of proper localities would doubtless afford good and regu- 
lar crops, even in districts where its culture is rarely attempted. 
The remarks on this subject in a previous chapter of this work 
are particularly commended to the attention of those who may 
attempt the peach culture in severe climates. 

464 



THE PEACH. 465 

The destruction of the peach-crop is caused in very many 
cases by the intense coM of winter. Vernal frosts often cause 
serious damage, but perhaps less than commonly supposed. 
If the fruit-buds remain unswollen, they will endure 
very severe cold. But it often happens that we have a few 
days of mild or warm weather during winter. This is suffi- 
cient to swell them slightly, or to throw moisture enough into 
them to render them tender ; and if the thermometer should 




Fig. 621, Fig. 622. Fig. 623. 

Peach Bud.s (Magnified Twice). 

then sink several degrees below zero, there is scarcely a 
chance for their escape. Their condition may be soon ascer- 
tained by making a cross-cut with a knife through the fruit- 
buds. If destroyed, the centre will be dark brown ; if unin- 
jured, they will present the fresh greenish centre of sound buds. 
The accompanying figures represent the branches and buds of 
the peach magnified twice in diameter. Fig. 622 shows the 
two flower-buds, with the usual leaf-bud between, before they 
have become swollen by warm weather. Fig. 621 represents 
the appearance of the same after the occurrence of several 
warm days a,fter midwinter. Fig. 623 exhibits the dark and 
dead interior of a flower-bud cut through its centre, after it 
has been killed by the frost. Under ordinary circumstances, 
the peach crop is destroyed when the thermometer sinks 
about 12° below zero (Fahr.); but when the buds have been 
much swollen, the crop has sometimes been cut off when only 
5° or 6° below; while in rare instances unswollen buds under 
30 



466 THE PEACH. 

favorable circumstances have passed uninjured through a 
temperature 20° below zero. 

PROPAGATION OF THE TREES. 

The peach-tree is of remarkably easy and rapid propaga- 
tion. In rare instances, seedling trees have borne the second 
year, or sixteen months from the planting of the stone. 
Stocks may be budded the first summer, affording trees five 
or six feet high the second autumn. Transplanted the second 
year from the bud, the trees, with good cultivation, usually 
come into bearing about the third year afterward. 

Some varieties reproduce the same from the stone with 
slight variation, but the only certain way to perpetuate deli- 
cious sorts is by budding. Grafting at the North rarely suc- 
ceeds ; at the South it is often successful. It often happens 
at the North that the severe frost of winter destroys the 
inserted buds, which die and drop off, leaving the attached 
portion of bark adhering fresh and green to the stock. This 
disaster, which so often disappoints the hopes of the young 
cultivator, is to be prevented by selecting buds from the 
largest and thriftiest shoots. These usually possess sufficient 
vigor to withstand severe frosts. The triple buds on the 
older and more matured portions of the shoots of bearing 
trees generally survive when the single buds above them 
perish, as may be at once perceived by examining the shoots 
of bearing trees late in spring. 

When stocks are not budded till the second summer, it is 
very important to cut them down the previous spring, and 
suffer but one ascending sprout to grow, which will form a 
fine thrifty shoot for the reception of the bud. 

In raising stocks, select the seed of hardy and late varieties. 
The stones are not injured if kept dry in a cellar till winter. 
If they become water-soaked for a length of time, they are 
spoiled. But soaking in water for a day or two and subse- 
quent exposure to freezing facilitate the cracking of the stone. 
They may be kept through winter mixed with moist sand, and 
exposed to freezing and thawing, or placed in a moist cellar 
till near spring, then soaked in tubs or barrels, till the shells 
are well swollen with moisture. They are then placed in thin 



THE PEACH. 467 

layers on the surface of the ground, and exposed for two or 
three weeks to the action of the frost, being protected from 
drying by a covering of soil, leaf-mould, or muck. About the 
time the frost disappears from the ground, they are taken up 
and cracked by hand, placing the stone on the end of a wooden 
block, and striking a gentle blow on the side edge with a 
hammer. If well frozen, cracking may be unnecessary. They 
are then planted one or two inches deep (a light thin soil need- 
ing more depth than a heavy and moist one), and if they have 
been previously uninjured nearly every one will grow. Care 
is needed that the seeds do not become dried nor mouldy be- 
fore planting. 

When it is intended for them to come up evenly, as they 
are to remain in the nursery row, the most certain way to 
avoid vacancies or failures is to sprout them before planting. 
This is effected by mixing the kernels with sand and leaf- 
mould, and spreading them in a thin bed in the sun. When 
sprouted, a line or cord, permanently marked at equal dis- 
tances of eight inches with a touch of paint, is stretched on 
the ground, and a sprouted kernel carefully inserted at every 
mark of the line, by means of a transplanting trowel. This 
insures great regularity in the rows. Accidental vacancies 
may be filled from a seed-bed when the plants are not more 
than two inches high. To prevent drying, the sprouted seeds 
should be kept covered with a flake of wet moss or a wet 
cloth, until deposited in the ground; and if the weather be. 
dry, watering the ground may be requisite. 

By planting the stones without cracking, a very small pOT> 
tion will grow and no regularity can be attained in the rows, 
unless the following mode is adopted, which, if the stones can 
be had fresh from the fruit before drying many days, and in 
large quantities, is perhaps the cheapest or attended with 
least labor. Mix the fresh stones with moist sand, spread 
them in a stratum about six inches thick over the ground, and 
cover them with a few inches of old straw or coarse manure 
to prevent drying. Remove this covering in winter, to ex- 
pose them freely to freezing and thawing. In spring, a large 
portion will be found sprouting; carefully select these and 
plant them immediately in drills made with the hoe, covering 
them by drawing on earth with the hand. One man will thus. 



468 THE PEACH. 

plant four or five thousand in a day. In a few days a second 
portion will be found sprouted, which plant as before ; and so 
on, so long as the process continues. Those which do not 
open (often not more than one-third of the whole), will grow 
another year if kept moist and exposed. 

If the soil is good, and the cultivator is passed between the 
rows as often as once a fortnight — oftener is better — the trees 
will be large enough to bud by the close of summer. 

In cases where the ground cannot be prepared early for 
their reception, germination may be retarded by burying the 
uncracked stones a foot or two beneath the surface, till 
wanted. 

The distances of the rows asunder should be about the same 
as for apples and other trees in the nursery, or about three 
and a half feet. 

Plum-stocks for the peach slightly lessen their luxuriance of 
growth, render the trees smaller, thus slightly increasing their 
hardiness for the extreme North by favoring an early maturity 
of the young wood. It is, however, important to observe 
that this does not add to the hardiness of the fruit-buds. 
Small dwarfs are produced by budding on the Mirabelle, a 
diminutive variety of the plum. The plum-stock is also 
sometimes employed to guard against the peach-borer, a rem- 
edy often unsuccessful, as that insect frequently attacks the 
peach above the place of union. On the whole, the practice 
of working the peach on the plum is not regarded by fruit- 
culturists with much favor. 

Unlike most other fruit trees, the peach may be transplanted 
in the spring next after the insertion of the bud, with scarcely 
a check in its growth. 

Soils. — It may be observed, as a general rule, that soils 
affording good farm crops, and with a well-drained subsoil, 
are well adapted to peach-orchards. On a strong loam, the 
trees grow with more uniform luxuriance and live longer than 
on light, sandy, or gravelly soils. Even a compact clay may 
be made suitable for the peach by regular and thorough 
underdraining and mellow cultivation. On the light sands 
of New Jersey and Delaware orchards succeed and bear well 
for a time, but they do not endure so long as where the soil 
has a considerable admixture of heavier inarredients. 



THE PEACH. 469 

In transplanting for an orchard, the practice of shortening- 
in the shoots, described in the chapter on transplanting, 
should be invariably attended to, as it is of the greatest 
importance for the safe removal of peach-trees. Trees two 
years from the bud were formerly recommended, but only 
yearlings are now bought by good growers. Twenty 
feet apart is the common distance for orchards; but as bet- 
ter crops and better fruit is obtained where the heads are 
kept well shortened-in, and consequently within less com- 
pass, a distance of twelve or fifteen feet only will be found 
sufficient. 

While the trees are small, the intermediate spaces between 
the rows may be cultivated with low-hoed crops; but after- 
ward it will be found best to keep the ground perfectly clean 
and mellow by ploughing and harrowing. Where soils are 
very shallow, top-dressing with manure in autumn and fre- 
quent harrowing have been found best ; the roots being thus 
brought near the surface, deep ploughing proves injurious. 
But where soils are deep and fertile, ploughing may be occa- 
sionally resorted to without injury. 

The principle on which rotation in crops is founded dictates 
that two crops of peach trees, whether in the nursery or 
orchard, should not be grown successively on the same piece 
of ground ; diminished growth in nearly all instances being 
the result. 

One of the best manures for the peach-tree is wood ashes, 
whether fresh or leached; hence all composts with this mate- 
rial are eminently beneficial to peach orchards. When applied 
alone, half a peck of fresh and half a bushel of leached ashes 
to each tree are suitable quantities, spread broadcast over 
the surface. 

The mode of pruning and shortening-in the peach has been 
already described in a previous chapter. 

Training the peach against walls and buildings, so essential to 
the successful culture of the peach in England, is rarely prac- 
tised in this country. It would doubtless hasten the maturity 
of the crop; but the warm exposure would at the same time, 
imless the branches were purposely protected, render the 
crop more liable to destruction by frost. Espalier training 
has been found to give excellent fruit, in consequence of the 



47° 



THE PEACH. 



thorough pruning' and full exposure adopted in the manage- 
ment of the trees. Figs. 624, 625, and 626 exhibit the fan 
training usually adopted in espalier and wall training, in its 
successive stages. The limits of this work do not admit full 
directions, but the following general rules may be observed 
as a guide and will apply to all other annual pruning of the 
peach: i. The fruit being borne on the shoots of the preced- 
ing year, a good supply of annual bearing-shoots must be 
kept on all parts of the tree. 2. As the shoots, left unpruned, 
extend yearly in length, and become bare on the sides, it is 
necessary to cut them back, in order to keep up a supply of 
new shoots from their base. 3. Rub off or cut out all the 




Fig. 624, Fig. 625. 

Fan Training of Peach-Trees 



Fig, 626. 



shoots which spring up from the bases of shoots thus cut back, 
leaving only a few strong ones at regular distances, so as 
to admit sun and air to the leaves, which distance may be 
usually about six inches. 



RAISING PEACHES IN POTS. 

Peaches are raised in pots to secure uniform crops every 
year in an uncertain climate, to test new sorts, to produce 
early bearing, and to obtain a supply of peaches where the 
grounds are too small for planting an orchard. Two modes 
are adopted — one without fire heat, the crop maturing a little 
earlier than in common orchards; the other, where, by the 
use of fire heat, the fruit is obtained two or three months 
earlier than in open ground. 

Among those who have most successfully adopted the first- 
named mode are Ellwanger & Barry, of Rochester. P. 
Barry has furnished the following statement of their manage- 
ment, written when the trees were three years of age and in 
successful bearing: 



THE PEACH. 471 

" We have now fruiting, in wooden boxes ten by ten inches, 
fifty-three varieties of peaches, eleven varieties of nectarines, 
and seven of apricots. 

''Age, Potting, and Soil. — The trees are now three years 
from the bud. They were taken up in the fall of 1861; 
heeled-in and covered during winter; potted early in spring — 
March, I think ; soil a mixture of about three parts yellow 
sandy loam and one part of old hotbed manure. 

" Slimmer Care. — After potting they were kept in a cool 
house, partly covered with glass, until they had made shoots 
four or five inches long and the danger of cold weather was 
over. They were then plunged to the rim of the boxes in an 
open border until the fall. They were carefully watered 
when necessary during summer, and the shoots kept as much 
as possible in uniform vigor by pinching. 

" Pruning. — When potted, the yearling trees were cut back 
to six or eight inches, and in some cases to four inches, or 
only two or three buds above the union of bud and stock, the 
object being to grow them in the form of bushes. We now 
find that those cut back farthest are the best trees. [Fig. 627 
represents the yearling tree; Fig, 628, the same cut back; 
Fig. 629, the tree set in a pot ; and Fig. 630, the same after a 
year's growth.] 

" Wi?itering. — On the approach of very cold weather, or just 
before the freezing of the ground so as to prevent out- 
door work, they were removed to a shed, where they were 
plunged as they had been during summer, up to the edges of 
the tubs. 

" Spring Treatment. — On the return of mild spring weather 
abundance of air was admitted, and they remained there till 
I St of May, when they were placed under glass, the buds at 
this time being about to expand. Here they were kept till 
the 15th of June, at which time the fruits were set, and all 
danger of cold to affect the foliage past. 

" Ventilation and Watering. — During the period they were 
under glass. May ist to June 15th, the principal points of 
management were ventilation, which was ample, and water- 
ing — the latter being one of the most important points in the 
treatment of all trees and plants in pots. Careless watering 
will ruin any plants, no matter how skilfully or carefully 



472 



THE PEACH. 



other points may be managed. Daily watering is necessary, 
and as soon as out of bloom a free use of the syringe night 
and morning. 

" Summer Treatment. — On the isth of June, when all danger 
of cold was over and the fruits set, they were removed from 
the glass covering and plunged in an open but sheltered 
border, and mulched with old hotbed manure. Since that 




Fig. 627. 



Fig. 628. Fig. 629. 

Raising Peaches in Pots. 



Fig. 630. 



time they have received no care but watering, except an 
occasional pinch, to regulate the growth of shoots. 

" There has not been a single leaf curled on any one of all 
these trees, showing conclusively that the curl is due to un- 
favorable changes of weather. Each tree now is a bush about 
two and a half feet high, and occupies about three feet square 
of space. 

" The first winter we had potted trees we kept them in 
a cellar, but most of the buds dropped, and we changed to 
the cool dry shed, the boxes plunged, and this has been suc- 
cessful. 

" The uncertainty of our climate now, as to the peach crop, 
compelled us to adopt this mode of testing varieties, and we 
are much pleased with the results thus far. As to the amount 



THE PEACH. 473 

of labor required, it would not be possible to state it with any 
degree of precision, as it is made up of odds and ends." 



WINTER PROTECTION FOR THE TREES. 

In the chapter on the Situation of Orchards, directions 
were given for the selection of sites for peach-orchards, to 
secure them against the destruction of the crop by the cold of 
winter. There are large districts throughout the more north- 
ern States where a selection of this kind cannot be made, and 
where the frequent and general failure of the crop indicates 
the necessity of some artificial protection. Various experi- 
ments for this purpose have been made, among which the 
following have so far proyed most successful. 

1. Training the young trees very low or near the ground, 
so that the branches may be bent down in winter, and covered 
with straw, corn-stalks, or, still better, with forest leaves or 
evergreen boughs. It is important that the branches should 
be laid upon the earth, that they may receive warmth from 
below, and the covering should be thick enough to exclude 
the cold air. Attempts to protect the fruit-buds by encasing 
them in non-conducting substances, without bending down, 
have generally proved failures. Covering with earth has 
been tried, but the moisture often rots the buds. 

2. As the limbs of the peach soon become quite rigid, while 
the roots are more flexible, a more successful m.ode has been 
adopted: When the young trees are set out, the principal 
roots are extended in opposite directions and the others are 
kept cut off. This enables the tree, when the earth is par- 
tially dug away, to turn as on an axle by a slight twisting of 
the roots, so that it may be easily laid upon the ground. If 
trained flat or fan-shaped, it is easily covered. 

3. A third mode has been successfully adopted in some of 
the western States. The trees are planted in a row and the 
branches trained horizontally in opposite directions. Posts 
are set between the trees four or five feet high, and the tops 
connected by strong horizontal poles. On the approach of 
winter, rafters are placed on each side against these poles, 
so as to form a rather steep roof. The outer limbs may be 
bent under the rafters if necessary. The whole is then cov- 



474 THE PEACH. 

ered with rough or cheap boards, and with two or three inches 
of earth. At the approach of warm weather in spring, the 
covering is partly removed to admit air and prevent the rot- 
ting of the buds, and the whole is taken off as soon as there 
is no danger from frost. The use of corn fodder laid on the 
rafters about two feet thick would be easier, and would prob- 
ably answer an excellent purpose. 

The earliest and hardiest sorts should be selected for these 
experiments, among which may be named Cooledge's Favo- 
rite, Hale, Early York, Cole Red, and Barnard. 



VARIETIES. 

. While the pear and apple are chiefly affected by the influ- 
ence of soil, the variations in the quality of the peach result 
mostly from the effects of climate. Fine American varieties 
are pronounced worthless in England. In this country, some, 
often delicious, are of little value in unfavorable seasons. 
Some which succeed finely as far south as Philadelphia lose 
much by removal to Western New York, from the slightly 
diminished warmth of the summers. 

A large number of seedlings of high quality h^ave been pro- 
duced in this country, but as they vary but slightly and do 
not excel other named and known sorts, it becomes desirable 
not to extend the present list, unless by those decidedly supe- 
rior to existing first-rate varieties. The similarity in quality 
and the comparative shortness of the fruit season render a 
small selection sufficient for ordinary collections. Hence the 
main object of the following descriptive list is to define the 
characters of described or well-known sorts, and point out 
those most worthy of cultivation in our climate. 

While the foregoing holds true with respect to the varieties 
more particularly described in the pages immediately follow- 
ing, a very large number selected from the more recent 
introductions has been added in the present edition to the 
list given in the descriptive index. It is not pretended, how- 
ever, that even together the large number of varieties named 
embrace all that may be described or offered for sale by 
nurserymen, nor are included those which are more pecul- 
iarly adopted for cnltivation in the Pacific States. 



THE PEACH. 



475 



SYNOPSIS OF ARRANGEMENT. 

The fruit of different varieties of the peach is marked with 
but few distinctive characters. A similarity in outline, tex- 
ture, color, and flavor, more nearly than exists in the apple, 
pear, and some other kinds, renders it necessary to resort to 
other points of distinction. The peach presents characters for 
this purpose not found in other fruits. 

1. The Divisions are founded on the adherence or separation 
of the flesh from the stone, distinguishing clingstones and 
freestones ; or, more prop- 
erly, on the firm or melt- 
ing texture of the flesh, 
indicated by the terms ;pa- 
vies and melters. 

2. The Divisions are sub- 
divided into Classes, em.- 
hracmg pale or light-colored 
flesh and deep yellow flesh. 

3. The Sections are found- 
ed on the glands of the 
leaves. Section I. compre- 
hends those whose leaves 
are deeply and sharply serrate (or cut like saw-teeth), and 
having no glands (or gum-like minute knobs) at the base 
(Fig. 631). Section II. contains those whose leaves are 
crenate or serrulate (with shallower and more rounded 
teeth), and having globose glands (Fig, 632). Section III. 
includes all those whose leaves are crenate or serrulate, 
having reniform or kidney-shaped glands (Fig. 633). " The 
form of the glands," observes Lindley, " as well as their 
position, is perfectly distinct; they are fully developed 
in the month of May, and they continue to the last per- 
manent in their character, and are not affected by cultiva- 
tion. The globose glands are situated, one, two, or more on 
the foot-stalks, and one, two, or more on the tips ox points of 
the serratures of the leaves. The reniform glands grow also 
on the foot-stalks of the leaves, but those on the leaves are 
placed within the serrature, connecting, as it were, the Upper 




Fig. 631. Fig. 632. Fig. 

Glands of Peach Leaves. 



476 



THE PEACH. 



and lower teeth of the serratures together ; their leaves, when 
taken from a branch of a vigorous growth, have more glands 
than the leaves of the globose varieties. It will, however, 
sometimes happen that glands are not discernible on some of 

the leaves, especially on 
those produced on weak 
branches ; in this case, other 
branches must be sought 
for which do produce them." 
4. The sections thus form- 
ed are each divided into two 
subsections ; the first embrac- 
ing those which have large 
flowers, as in Fig. 634 ; and the second including such as bear 
small flowers. Fig. 635. The sub-sections are in most cases 
distinctly marked; but a few doubtful intermediate flowers 
may be immediately referred to one or the other by the 
color of the petals, the smaller being reddish or pink, and the 
larger nearly white, or with light margins. In the following 
revision, the leaf characters of some varieties have not been 
studied. 




Fig. 634. Fig. 635. 

Large and Small Flowers of the Peach. 



DIVISION I.— FREESTONES OR MELTERS. 

Class I. Flesh Pale or Light -Colored. 

Section I, Leaves serrated, without glands. 

Belle de Vitry. (Admirable Tardive.) Size medium, approaching 
oblate ; apex depressed, suture deep ; skin nearly white, tinged 
and marbled with bright and dull red ; flesh rather firm, red at 
the stone, juicy, and rich. Flowers small. Quite late, or last of 
September. This is quite distinct from the Late Admirable, which 
ripens two weeks earlier; and from the Early Admirable, often 
known by the name of Belle de Vitry, and which ripens six weeks 
earlier. Both of the latter have crenate leaves with globose 
glands. 

Double Mountain. (Double Montagne.) Medium in size, roundish, 
narrow at apex ; surface pale greenish-white, ^yith a slight soft 
red cheek, marbled darker; flesh white to the stone, delicate; 
stone ovate and rugged. Flowers small. Ripens at the end of 
summer. French. 

Early Anne. (Green Nutmeg.) Rather small, round; surface 
greenish-white, becoming nearly white, sometimes faintly tinged 
with red to the sun ; flesh white to the stone, sweet, pleasant, with 



THE PEACH. 477 

a faint mingling of a vinous flavor. Stone light-colored, small, un- 
commonly smooth. Shoots with a light green cast. Very early. 
The tree at the North is very tender, and the young shoots are 
often winter-killed, which, with its slow growth and deficient 
productiveness, render it unprofitable for general cultivation. 
Flowers large, white. English, old. 

Early Chelmsford. (Mammoth.) Large, roundish, suture clear 
round, deep on one side ; white, with a bright red cheek ; flesh 
white, juicy, melting, slightly vinous, excellent. End of August. 
Succeeds well North and South. 

Early Tillotson.* Size medium ; round, or nearly globular ; thickly 
dotted with red on a nearly white ground in the shade, dark deep 
red in the sun ; flesh whitish, red at the stone, to which the flesh 
partially adheres ; juicy, rich, high flavored, more of a nutmeg 
and less of a vinous flavor than the Early York, and ripening 
about the same time or a few days earlier, or the early part and 
middle of August. Flowers small. Its time of maturity is often 
somewhat variable, even on the same tree. The young trees are 
of slow growth, and the leaves liable to mildew, from both of 
which it gradually recovers as the tree advances in size. Origin, 
Cayuga County, N. Y, Succeeds well and is very valuable at the 
South, where it lipens in June. 

Early York.* (True Early York, Early York of Downing, Early 
Purple erroneously.) Size medium, roundish oval, suture slight ; 
dotted with red on greenish-white in the shade, dark red to the 
sun ; flesh very tender and full of juice, rich, with a faint min- 
gling of acid. Quite early, or middle of August. Growth rather 
free for a serrate-leaved peach. Very productive and, from its 
earliness, of great value. Differs from the large Early York by 
its large flowers, cut leaves, oval fruit, and earlier maturity. 
Flowers large. English. 

Emperor of Russia. (Cut-leaved, Serrated, Unique.) Fruit large, 
approaching oblate, one-half more swollen ; surface rather downy, 
dull yellowish-white, with a dark red cheek ; flesh yellowish-white, 
rather firm, rich, high flavored. Flowers small. End of summer. 
Although the flavor is first-rate, it is a poor grower and a poor 
bearer. Origin, New York. 

Fulkerson. Medium, obtuse, roundish ; suture extending half round, 
sides unequal ; skin whitish, with a rich red cheek ; flesh whitish, 
red at stone, juicy, rich, sweet. Last half of August. Ohio. 

Gorgas. Rather large, roundish, apex pointed, skin yellowish- 
white, clouded with red to the sun, suture indistinct, cavity large ; 
flesh whitish, stained at stone, juicy, rich, of excellent quality. 
Late in September. Philadelphia, Pa. 

Malta. (Italian.) Rather large, roundish, slightly flattened, su- 
ture broad, shallow ; surface pale, dull green, blotched and 
spotted with dull purple next the sun ; flesh greenish, slightly 
red at the stone, very juicy, melting, rich, with an excellent sub- 
acid, vinous flavor. Ripens end of summer. A moderate bearer. 
Shoots slightly liable to mildew. A spurious sort, with globose 
glands and of inferior quality, has been generally disseminated 
in this country. Flowers large. 



478 THE PEACH. 

.•/Mountain Rose.* Medium large, round; skin white with a dark 
yr red cheek ; flesh entirely free, white, very juicy, sweet, best. 

Early to mid-season. One of the best early market or dessert 

varieties. Widely grown. New Jersey. 

Noblesse. (Vanguard, Mellish's Favorite.) Large, round-oblong 
or oval, slightly narrower at apex, and terminated by a short 
acute point; skin pale green, clouded and shaded with light dull 
red to the sun ; flesh pale greenish-white to stone, very juicy, with 
a very rich high flavor. Tree of rather slow growth and liable to 
mildew, the only drawback on the value of this excellent peach. 
Ripens end of summer and the beginning of autumn, English. 
Flowers large. 

Red Rareripe. (Early Red Rareripe, Large Red.) Rather large, 
globular, broad, and depressed, suture broad and deep, passing 
nearly round the fruit; skin nearly white, with red dots in the 
shade, and a rich dark-red cheek in the sun ; flesh whitish red at 
the stone, juicy, rich, and high flavored. Ripens during the last 
two weeks of summer. Flowers small. Resembles the Royal 
George, but superior in quality. Both are subject to mildew of 
the leaves. 

Royal Charlotte. Rather large, approaching ovate, base slightly 
wider than apex, suture moderate ; skin pale greenish-white, with 
a deep-red marbled cheek ; flesh white, pale red at the stone, 
juicy, rich, fine. Flowers small. First of autumn. 

Royal George. (Early Royal George.) Rather large, globular, 
broad and depressed, or inclining to oblate ; suture deep at apex, 
passing two-thirds round the fruit ; skin nearly white, thickly 
dotted with red, with a broad, deep, rich red, slightly marbled 
cheek, flesh whitish, very red at the stone, juicy, and rich. 
Ripens a week or two before the end of summer. Flowers small. 
A moderate bearer. Shoots liable to mildew. 

Stevens Rareripe.* Large, round-ovate ; skin j'ellowlsh white 
with a crimson cheek ; flesh white, free, juicy, very good. Me- 
dium late. Considered a profitable market variety in the East. 
New Jersey. 

Sweetwater. (Serrate-leaved. ) Is a seedling of the Early Anne but 
twice its size, resembling it in general character ; ripening a week 
later, and, being too tender at the North and a miserable bearer, 
it is of little value. 

The Sweetwater of Downing; has globose glands, and is a dis- 
tinct fruit — which see. 

Walburton Admirable. Large, roundish, greenish-white, dark-red 
in sun ; flesh white, red at stone, juicy, sweet. Middle and last 
of September. English. 

Section 11. Leaves crenate, with globose glands. 

Alexander.* Medium, white, covered deep red ; flesh white, firm, 
juicy, sweet ; pit nearly free ; flowers large. An extra early 
variety. Good market peach.. Very difficult to distinguish from 
Amsden ; has many synonyms. Illinois. 



/ 



THE PEACH. 479 

Amsden,* Size medium, roundish; shaded and mottled red ; flesh 
melting, juicy, very good in quality, adhering to the stone. Tree 
vigorous, glands globose, flowers large. One of the earliest 
peaches, ripe at the North the latter part of July, and the last of 
May in the Gulf States. The Alexander closely resembles the 
Amsden in every particular. There are several other new sorts 
ripening about the same time, and similar in character and quality. 

Astor. Large, slightly oblate, apex slightly depressed, suture dis- 
tinct ; surface nearly white, with a deep red cheek, stone small ; 
flesh very juicy, sweet, good. Flowers large. Ripens end of 
summer. Origin, New York. 

Barrington. Large, roundish ovate, apex rather pointed, suture on 
one side, moderate; skin nearly white, with a deep red, marbled 
cheek ; flesh slightly red at the stone, juicy, rich, and of high 
quality. Flowers large. Ripens early in autumn. Does not at- 
tain its full flavor north of New York City. English. 

Bellegarde. (Galande, Smooth-leaved Royal George, Violette 
Hative of some. Red Magdalen errojieoiisly.) Size medium or 
large, round, regular; suture shallow, deepest at apex, with a 
slight projecting point; skin nearly white, with a faint tinge of 
green, and a rich red cheek, often streaked darker; flesh slightly 
red at the stone, a little firm, melting, juicy, rich, and of fine 
flavor. Stone rather large. End of summer. French. Flowers 
small. 

Carpenter's White. Very large, round ; white, slightly greenish ; 
flesh white to the stone, juicy, melting, rich, excellent. Middle 
of October, promises well for market. Vigorous and productive. 
New York City. 

V/Champion.* Medium large, roundish; skin creamy white with a 
beautiful red cheek; very handsome; flesh firm, white, juicj'; 
very good. Early to mid-season. Quite hardy. Excellent for 
market or dessert. Illinois. 

Cole's Early Red. Size medium, roundish ; suture small ; skin 
mostly mottled with red, with dark red on the sunny side ; flesh 
juic3^ rich, with a pleasant and fine flavor, hardly first-rate in 
quality. Flowers small. Valuable for its great productiveness 
and early maturity, ripening nearly as earlj' as the Early York. 
American. 

Cooledge's Favorite.* Rather large or medium, roundish, largest 
on one side ; suture distinct at apex ; skin nearly clear white, 
mottled with red dots in the shade, and ^vith a brilliant deep scar- 
let cheek in the sun ; fiesh very melting and juicy, with a rich, 
faintly acid flavor. Ripens about the middle of August. Home 
use only. Flowers small. Origin, Watertown, Mass. 

Druid Hill. Very large, roundish, cavity rather narrow, suture 
slight, with a distinct but scarcely prominent point at apex ; sur- 
face pale greenish-white, clouded with red toward the sun ; flesh 
greenish-white, purple at the stone, juicj', with a rich, very good 
flavor ; stone long and rather compressed, much furrowed. Flow- 
ers small. Ripens quite late, or latter part of September. Ori- 
gin, Baltimore. 

Early Admirable. (Admirable, Belle de Vitry erroneotcsly.) Size 



480 THE PEACH. 

medium, nearly round, skin nearly white, with a red cheek ; flesh 
red at the stone, juicy, rich, sweet, fine. Quite early, ripening 
immediately after Serrate Early York. Flowers large. French. 

Favorite. Large, oblong, or oval ; skin rather downy, much cov- 
ered with red, very dark toward the sun; flesh red at the stone, 
a little firm, juicy, with a good, vinous, but not rich flavor. Flow- 
ers small. Hardy and very productive. Ripens medium or rather 
late, or about the second week of September. Glands of the 
leaves very small, obscure, or none. American. 

Fay's Early Ann. A seedling from the old Early Ann, glandular, 
thrifty, hardy, very productive ; fruit greenish-white, rather small, 
of good and agreeable flavor. Ripens with the Tillotson, and 
valuable for its earliness. 

,/^ox's Seedling.* Medium, round, slightly compressed, cavity 
narrow ; white, with a red cheek ; juicy, sweet, good. Flowers 
small. Season late. New Jersey. 

George the Fourth. Large, round, suture deep and broad, one- 
half slightly larger; skin nearly white in the shade, dotted red 
with a deep red cheek ; flesh slightly red at the stone, melting, 
juicy, rich, excellent. Flowers small. Ripens at the end of sum- 
mer. Branches rather more diverging than usual, leaves pale 
green, often glandless. Crops moderate, one cause of its excel- 
lence. Origin, New York. 

Green Catherine. Large, round, pale green, with a red cheek ; 
flesh bright red at the stone, tender, juicy, rather acid. Season 
rather late ; does not ripen rich as far North as the forty-third de- 
gree of latitude. Flowers small. 

Grosse Mignonne.* Large, roundish, slightly oblate, apex de- 
pressed, with a deep suture ; skin tinged with greenish-yellow, 
mottled with red, and with a purplish red cheek ; flesh reddened 
at the stone, juicy, with a very rich, high, and somewhat vinous 
flavor; stone small, very rough. Early, the last two weeks of 
August. Of French origin. Flowers large. The peach usually 
cultivated in this country under this name, although an excellent 
variety, is not the genuine Grosse Mignonne, but differs in its 
small flowers. 

Haines' Early Red. Medium, round; flattened at apex, suture dis- 
tinct; skin whitish, with a deep red cheek; flesh whitish, juicy, 
melting, sweet, excellent. Middle to end of August. Flowers 
small. 

Hales' Early.* Medium, nearly round; skin mottled red, dark red 
cheek ; flesh white, melting, juicy, and high flavored, semi-cling." 
Flowers large. Last of July and first of August. Tree vigorous, 
healthy, an abundant bearer, ripening ten daj'S or two weeks 
before any other good variety. 

Hastings Rareripe. Rather large, roundish, sometimes slightly 
flattened, skin 3'ellowish-white, shaded purplish-red ; juicy, ex- 
cellent. Middle of September. Flowers small. 

Jones Early. Medium, roundish, suture shallow, distinct ; yellow- 



THE PEACH. 481 

ish-white, with pale red ; flesh shghtly reddened at stone, juicy, 
rich, excellent. Twentieth of August. Staten Island, N. Y. 

Large Early York.* (Early York, Honest John.) Large, roundish, 
inclining to oblate in fully grown specimens, nearly white in the 
shade, with red dots, and with a deep red cheek to the sun ; flesh 
nearly white, fibe-grained, very juicy, with mild, rich, excellent 
flavor. Flowers small. English. 

The New York Rareripe * (a name which has been more or less 
applied to nearly all the early red peaches sent to New York mar- 
ket) , or Livingston's New York Rareripe, is usually regarded as 
identical with the large Early York, but the late T. Hancock, of 
Burlington, considered them distinct, the New York Rareripe 
being rather superior, and ripening three days later. 

Late Admirable. (La Royale, Bourdine, Teton de Venus, Judd's 
Melting, Motteux's, Late Purple mcorrectly.) Quite large, 
roundish, inclining to oval, with a deep suture extending nearly 
round, and an acute swollen point at the apex ; surface pale yel- 
lowish-green, with a pale red cheek, marbled with darker red; 
flesh greenish-white, red at the stone, juicy, delicate, flavor excel- 
lent. Flowers small. Season rather late. Of French origin. 

Late Rareripe. Large, roundish oval, apex marked with a de- 
pressed suture and sunken point ; skin rather downy, pale grayish- 
yellow, spotted and tbickl}' marbled, deep dull red to the sun, 
and with fawn-colored specks ; flesh white, deep red at the stone ; 
juicy, with a very rich and high flavor. The fruit is distin- 
guished by its peculiar grayish cast. Flowers small. Season, 
the first two weeks of autumn. American. 

\/ Moore Favorite. Large, roundish ; white, with a blush ; flesh 
white, rich, vinous. Stone small, free. Early in September. 
Massachusetts. 

Morris Red. Large, roundish, apex slightly depressed, suture 
moderate, distinct ; surface greenish-white, with a bright rich 
red cheek ; flesh greenish-white, quite red at the stone, juicy, 
sweet, rich. Flowers small. Season, end of summer. Origin, 
Philadelphia. Differs from George IV. in its darker leaves, 
heavier crops, more even fruit, inferior flavor, and in ripening 
a few days later. 

Morrisania Pound. (Hoffman's Pound.) Verj' large, nearly 
round, surface dull greenish-white, with a brownish-red cheek ; 
flesh pale yellowish, juicy, tolerably rich. Late. Flowers small. 
Origin, New York. 

Nivette.* Large, roundish, sometimes slightly oval, suture slight, 
apex but little depressed ; surface light yellowish-green, with a 
faint red cheek ; flesh pale green, varying from pink to deep red 
at the stone, juicy and melting, and with a very rich flavor. 
Season medium, immediately preceding or ripening nearly with 
Morris White, and one of the best of its season for the North. 
Flowers small. Of French origin. 

Oldmixon Free.* Large, roundish, slightly' oval, one side swollen; 
suture visible only at apex ; cavity shallow ; surface a pale yel- 

31 



482 THE PEACH, 

lowish-white, marbled with red, with a deep red cheek when 
fully exposed ; flesh deep red at the stone, tender, rich, excellent. 
Season medium, or the first of autumn. Flower small. Succeeds 
well in all localities, and has few equals as a variety for the 
North, to succeed the early peaches. 

President. Large, roundish oval, with little suture; skin very 
downy, yellowish-white, with a tinge of green, and a dull-red 
cheek ; flesh nearly white, deep red at the stone, very juicy, and 
with a high flavor ; stone rough, to which the flesh partially 
adheres. Flowers small. Ripens a little later than Morris White, 
or middle of September. 

Scott's Early Red. Medium size, roundish, suture distinct, moder- 
ate; skin nearly white, mottled and covered with red ; flesh very 
juicy, with a rich, fine flavor. Flowers small. Rather early, or 
end of summer. New Jersey. 

Scott's Nectar. Large, roundish oblate; bright red on pale yellow; 
flesh white, sweet, excellent. Early in September. 

Stetson's Seedling. Large, roundish, suture indistinct ; crimson on 
greenish-white ; flesh white, pink at the stone, juicy, rich, excel- 
lent. Last half of September. Massachusetts. 

Stump.* Large, slightly oblong, red cheek ; flesh white, with an 
excellent flavor; free from the stone. Flowers small. Ripens 
middle of September, just after Oldmixon Free, which it re- 
sembles in size, appearance, and flavor. Popular in the East. 
New York. 

Sweetwater Early. (Downing.) Medium, roundish, suture slight ; 
skin whitish, rarely with a faint blush ; flesh white, slightly 
stained at stone ; juicy, sweet, melting, agreeable. Ripens with 
Tillotson and Serrate Early York. Flowers large. 

Troth's Early.* (Troth's Early Red.) Small, round, red; flesh 
white, red at stone, not of first quality, but esteemed as a valuable 
earljr market variety ; freestone. Flowers small. Early in 
August. New Jerse)-. 

Van Zandt. Size medium, roundish, one-half larger, suture slight ; 
skin nearly white, with a beautifully dotted red cheek ; flesh 
whitish, tinted with red at the stone ; juicy, sweet, of fine jDleas- 
ant flavor. First of autumn. Origin, Flushing, Long Island. 
Flowers small. 

Walter's Early. Rather large, roundish ; surface nearly white, 
with a rich red cheek ; flesh whitisli, touched with red at the stone ; 
juic)^ sweet, of fine flavor. Ripens the last week of summer. 
Flowers small. A native of New Jersey, and is a valuable peach 
at the North. 

Ward's Late.* Large, not quite of the largest size, roundish; 
surface dull yellowish-white, with a red cheek, nearly the color 
of the Oldmixon Free, but not so clear nor bright ; flesh nearly 
white, of excellent flavor. One of the finest late peaches of tUe 
Middle States. Flowers small. 

Washington. (Washington Red Freestone.) Large, somewhat 
oblate, with a broad, deep suture passing nearly round ; skin thin, 



THE PEACH. 483 

yellowish-white, with a deep crimson cheek; flesh nearly white, 
tender, juicy, sweet, rich. Stone small, to which the flesh slightly 
adheres. Rather late. Flowers small. Origin. New York. 

White Imperial. Rather large, roundish, often slightly oblate, de- 
pressed at apex, suture moderate ; surface pale yellowish-white, 
often with a faint tinge of green ; slightly tinged and sometimes 
striped with light purple to the sun ; flesh very juicy, delicate, 
sweet, excellent. Flowers small. A uniform moderate bearer, 
and a valuable peach at the North, but worthless in Virginia. 
Ripens rather early, or latter part of August. Origin, Cayuga 
County, N. Y. 



Section III. . Leaves with reniform glands. 

Baldwin's Late. Large, oblong, pointed at apex ; greenish white, 
with a slight red cheek ; flesh firm, juicy, good. End of October, 
keeping well. Flowers small. Southern Alabama. 

Baugh. Medium, roundish, slightly pointed, suture obscure; flesh 
yellowish-white, quite white at the stone ; melting, juicy, with a 
sweet, pleasant flavor — free from the stone. First of October. 
Georgia. 

Brevoort.* (Brevoort's Morris, Brevoort's Seedling Melter.) Me- 
dium or large, round, and slightly oblate, suture distinct, deep at 
apex ; skin nearly white or with a faint dingy hue, with a bright- 
red cheek ; flesh rather firm, slightly red at stone, rich, sweet and 
high flavored. Flowers small. First of autumn. Moderately 
and uniformly productive. Origin, New York. 

Chancellor. (Late Chancellor, Noisette.) Large oval, suture dis- 
tinct ; skin nearly white, with a dark crimson cheek ; flesh deep 
red at the stone, with a rich, vinous flavor, stone oblong. Flow- 
ers small. Late. Of French origin. 

Columbus June. Medium to large, flattened at apex ; skin pale yel- 
lowish-white, with a rich, red cheek ; flesh slightly reddened at 
stone, melting, of excellent flavor. Flowers small. Georgia, 
where it ripens the twentieth of June. 

Early Newington Free, Size medium, roundish, one-half 

always larger, suture distinct; surface nearly white, dotted and 
streaked with red, the cheek a rich red; flesh white, red at the 
stone, at first wholly adhering, but as it ripens partially separat- 
ing from it, juicy, rich, fine. Flowers small. A valuable early 
variety, ripening immediately after the Early York. 

Early Purple. (Pourpree H^tive, Pourpree Hative a Grandes 
Fleurs. ) Size medium, globular, depressed, a deep suture across 
the apex ; skin light yellow, with a mottled, purplish-red cheek ; 
flesh red at the stone, melting, juicy, with a high flavor; stone 
broad and rough ; season early, or middle or latter part of August. 
Flowers large. Rare in this countrj-. The Early York has been 
propagated under this name in portions of this country, and the 
Grosse Mignonne in Europe ; from both of which it differs in the 
glands of its leaves. 



484 THE PEACH, 

Henry Clay. Very large, deep purple in sun ; flesh grayish-white, 
delicate, tender, peculiar flavor. First of August at the South, 
September at the North. Mississippi. 

Jones Large Early. Large, roundish, flattened at ends, suture 
deep ; skin white, shaded deep crimson ; flesh white, pink at stone, 
juicy, rich, excellent. Middle of August. Staten Island, N. Y. 

Kenrick. (Kenrick's Heath.) Very large, oblong, suture slight, 
apex pointed ; surface pale greenish-white, with a purplish red 
•cheek ; flesh deep red at the stone, rather coarse, very juicy, sub- 
acid, often poor ; when well grown in some localities, it proves a 
good sub-acid peach. Flowers small. Season medium, or rather 
late. New England. Valued for drying. 

Lady Parham. Large, roundish, suture distinct, yellowish-white, 
downy; flesh pale, red at the stone, firm, with a rich, vinous 
flavor. October. Georgia. 

La Grange. Large, oblong, surface pale greenish-white, rarely 
tinged with red by the sun; flesh juicy, with rich, fine flavor. 
F'lowers small. Quite late. Origin, Burlington, N. J., and does 
not attain a fine flavor much farther North. 

Montgomery's Late. Large, round, skin downy, yellowish-white, 
with a dull red cheek; flesh whitish, red at stone, juicy, melting, 
very good. September. Georgia. 

Morris White.* (Morris' White Rareripe, White Rareripe, Lady 
Ann Steward.) Rather large, roundish, or roundish-oval, often 
obscurely obovate or a little larger toward the apex, suture small ; 
surface rather downy, of a pale creamy white at maturity, rarely 
tinged with purple to the sun; flesh slightly firm, wholly white, 
very free from the drab stone, melting, juicy, with a good, rich 
ilavor; hardly of the highest quality at the North, better in the 
Middle States; very popular everywhere. Season medium, or 
<early in autumn. Good for home use. 

Cole' s White Melocototi, as usually cultivated, is a synonym ; but 
•when genuine, is quite distinct, according to the late T. Hancock, 
being larger, heavier, and rounder, and ripening two weeks later. 
Flowers small. 

President Church. Large, roundish-oval, suture slight; pale red in 
shade, dark red in sun, handsome ; flesh white, pale red at stone, 
very juicy, melting, and of delicious flavor. Middle of September. 
Georgia. 

Scott's Magnate. Large, roundish -oblate ; pale yellow, with a dark 
red cheek ; flesh white, very good. Early in September. 

Snow.* Large, globular, suture distinct only at apex ; skin thin, 
wholly white; flesh white to the stone, free, juicy, sweet, rich. 
First of autumn. Flowers small. Very variable, sometimes 
worthless for the table. A beautiful peach for preserving. 

Strawberry. (Rose.) Size medium, oval, cavity deep, suture 
passing half round ; surface mostly marbled with deep red ; 
flesh whitish, free, melting, rich, of flue flavor. Flowers small. 
Early. New Jersey. 



THE PEACH. 485 

Class II. Flesh Deep Yellow. 
Section 1. Leaves crettated, ivith globose glands. 

Baltimore. (Baltimore Beauty.) Rather small, round-oval ; skin 
deep orange, with a bright-red cheek ; flesh yellow, red at the 
stone, sweet, good ; mealy when over-ripe. Quite early. Flowers 
large. Origin, Baltimore, where it is good, but it proves of 
third-rate quality at the North. 

Barnard.* (Early Barnard, Yellow Barnard.) Rather large, 
roundish, suture distinct, mostly covered with dark brownish- 
red ; flesh deep yellow, red at stone, juicy, rich, very good. Tree 
hardy and a great bearer. Flowers small. This is a seedling of 
the Yellow Alberge, which it much exceeds in quality. 

Brigdon.* (Garfield.) Medium, round-ovate; skin yellow, hand- 
somely cheeked ; flesh juicy, rich, very good. Mid-season. A 
popular market variety in Central New York. Of the Crawford 
tj^pe. New York. 

Crawford's Early.* (Early Crawford, Crawford's Early Meloco- 
ton.) Very large, oblong-oval, sometimes round-oval; apex 
with a prominent point, suture shallow, surface yellow, with a 
red cheek ; flesh very juicy, rich, slightly sub-acid, of good but 
not the highest flavor. End of summer and beginning of autumn. 
Productive. Flowers small. Ranks very high in the Northern, 
Middle, and Western States, as a market variety. Origin, New- 
Jersey. 

Crawford's Late.* (Crawford's Late Melocoton.) Very large 
roundish, suture shallow, distinct ; surface yellow, with a broad, 
dark-red cheek ; flesh red at the stone, rich, juicy, vinous, good. 
Quite late, or latter part of September. Flowers small. Origin, 
New Jersey. The common Red Cheek Melocoton is cultivated: 
in some localities under this name. Often a poor bearer. 

Crosby.* Tree prolific, exceptionally hardy ; fruit medium, round, 
orange-yellow, splashed with red ; flesh yellow% red at the pit 
juicy, rich. Mid-season. A popular market sort. Fruit apt to 
be small and inferior unless heavily thinned. Massachusetts. 

Elberta.* Medium to above average size, round-oval, strongly 
sutured ; lemon ^'ellow, blush on sunny side ; flesh pale yellow, 
tender, juicy. Tree vigorous, large leaves, hardy. A cross of 
Chinese Cling and Crawford Early. A good shipper. Can be 
gathered before it is ripe and will ripen up without rotting. Me- 
dium late. One of the best of the new varieties. Origin,, 
Georgia. 

Foster.* Very large, roundish, slightly flattened; skin yellow;: 
flesh rich, juicy, quality very good to best. One of the finest 
varieties for general culture. Widely grown for market. Mid- 
season. Massachusetts. 



486 THE PEACH. 

Jaques. Qaques' Rareripe.) Very large, roundish., slightly ob- 
late, suture distinct, one side slightly larger, surface a little 
uneven ; surface deep yellow, variously shaded with red ; flesh 
deep yellow, red at the stone, of good but not of the highest 
flavor. Shoots diverging. Flowers small. Ripens at the end of 
summer. Origin, Massachusetts. 

l^incoln. Large, roundish, suture large ; skin downy, mostly dark 
purplish-red ; flesh tinged with red at stone, juicy, excellent. 
Through September. Massachusetts. 

Merriam. Very large, roundish-oval, with a bright red cheek ; 
melting, juicy, sweet, rich. First of October. 

Mrs. Poinsette. Large, globular ; skin yellow, brown to the sun ; 
flesh juicy, melting, rich, excellent. South Carolina, where it 
ripens early in August. 

Muir.* A very large, yellow fleshed freestone of finest quality. 
Mid-season. It is highly valued on the Pacific coast for drying 
and for market. California. 

Poole's Large Yellow. Large, roundish, suture half round ; dark 
red on deep 5'^ellow ; flesh j^ellow, red at stone, rich, juicy, very 
good. Last of September. Near Philadelphia, Pa. 

Red Cheek Melocoton. Large, roundish oval, with a point at 
apex ; surface yellow, with a deep red cheek ; flesh red at the 
stone, juicy, with a good, rich, vinous flavor, not of first-rate 
qualit3\ Ripens rather late, or during the last half of Septem- 
ber ; in the Middle States about the first of autumn. Flowers 
small. Formerly extensively cultivated as a market peach ; now 
superseded by varieties of the Crawford type. 

Reeves Favorite.* Large, roundish oval, pointed, with a fine red 
cheek ; yellow flesh, melting, vinous, good. Middle of Septem- 
ber. New Jersey. Excellent for home use. 

Salway.* Large, roundish ovate. Yellow, with a crimson cheek ; 
flesh deep yellow, red at the pit ; sweet, juicj', good. Late. 
Valued as one of the best late peaches for market where it will 
ripen. England. 

Scott Nonpariel. Large, roundish, slightly oblong ; surface deep 
yellow with a red cheek, resembling Crawford's Late, but sweeter. 
Flowers small. Origin, Burlington, N. J., where it ripens about 
the i2th of September. 

Tuft's Rareripe. Medium, roundish, with a bright-red cheek, melt- 
ing, sweet, rich. Last half of September. 

Yellow Alberge. (Purple Alberge, Yellow Rareripe i?rr<7«(?^«j'/j'.) 
Size medium, roundish, suture distinct, passing half round ; skin 
yellow, with a deep purplish red cheek ; flesh deep red at the 
stone, juicy, sweet, pleasant, of moderate flavor. 



THE PEACH. 487 

Yellow Admirable. (Abricotee, Admirable Jaune, Orange Peach, 
Apricot Peach. ) Large, roundish oval, suture small, and on one 
side only , surface wholly yellow, or faintly reddened next the 
sun ; flesh slightly red at the stone, firm, and rather dry ; flavor 
sweet and agreeable, stone small ; season very late. Flowers 
large. Of French origin. Adapted to the Middle States. 

Yellow Rareripe. (Large Yellow Rareripe.) Large, roundish, 
suture a little sunken, extending more than half around, with a 
small point at apex ; skin deep orange yellow, with a rich red 
cheek with faint streaks ; flesh deep yellow, red at the stone, 
juicy, melting, with a very good vinous flavor. Stone small. 
End of August. Flowers small. 

Yellow St. John.* Medium large, round ; orange yellow with a red 
blush on sunny side ; flesh tender, juicy, very good. Popular in 
' many sections as an excellent yellow-fleshed freestone for the 
early market. 

Sectioti J I. Leaves luith 7-eniforni glands. 

Bergen's Yellow.* Very large, round, slightly oblate; suture 
distinct, passing more than half round ; surface deep orange, 
with a broad deep red cheek ; flesh juicy, rich, excellent. Ripens 
the first of autumn. Flowers small. This is perhaps the finest 
of all yellow-fleshed peaches. Origin, Long Island, N. Y. 
It differs from the Yellow Rareripe in its more oblate form, darker 
color, superior flavor, and later maturity, and in its reniform 
glands. Tree of feeble growth. 

Columbia. Large, roundish-oblate ; suture distinct, passing half 
waj' round ; skin rough, rather thick, dull dingy red, with spots 
of darker red ; flesh yellow, rich, juicy, of excellent flavor. 
Origin, Georgia. Ripens early in autumn. Shoots dark reddish 
purple. Flowers small. 

Hill's Chili.* Tree unusually productive ; fruit medium large, 
oval, yellow and red ; flesh rather drj', good. Season medium to 
late. Esteemed for market and for drying, especially in New 
York. It comes nearly true from seed and there are several sub- 

' varieties. New York. 

Smith Favorite. Large, roundish ; suture deep, deep rich red on 
yellow ; juicy, rich, very good. Lasthalf of September. Valuable. 

Smock Free.* (Beer's Smock.) Large, oval, base rather narrow; 
orange-red on yellow ; flesh bright yellow, red at stone ; moder- 
ately juicy and rich. Good dr5'ing variety. First of October. 
A standard late varietj'. New Jersey. 

Susquehanna.* Very large, nearly round ; skin rich yellow, with a 
red cheek ; flesh sweet, juicy, rich, vinous, best. First to middle 
of September. Pennsylvania. Widely distributed and popular. 

Triumph.* Medium to large, round, yellow and red : flesh deep 
yellow, semi-cling, juicy, very good. Ripens near Alexander. 
One of the best verj' early yellow-fleshed varieties. Popular in 
the South. Georgia. 



THE PEACH. 

DIVISION II.— CLINGSTONES OR PAVIES. 

Class I. Flesh Pale or Light-Colored. 

Section 1. Leaves serrated, withotit glands. 

Old Newington. (Newington, Large Newingtou.) Large, round- 
ish, suture slight ; surface nearly white, with a fine red cheek, 
somewhat streaked with darker red ; flesh nearly white, deep 
red at the stone ; partly melting, juicy, rich. Season rather late, 
or middle of September. Flowers large. 

A sub-variety, cultivated to a considerable extent in this country, 
has globose glands. 

Smith Newington. (Early Newington.) Size medium, roundish 
oval, narrower at apex, one side slightly enlarged ; surface pale 
yellow, with a lively red cheek, streaked with purple ; flesh 
bright red at the stone, juicy, good. Ripens end of summer. 
Flowers large. 

This is of English origin, and is quite distinct from the Early 
Newington Freestone, a melting (not firvi-fieshed) peach, often 
adhering to the stone. 

Section 11. Leaves crenaie, with globose glands. 

Large White Cling.* Large, round, sutures light, point at apex 
small ; skin white, dotted with red, or with a light-red cheek next 
the sun ; flesh very juicy, sweet, rich, and high-flavored. Season, 
early in autumn. Flowers small. Origin, New York. 

Oldmixon Cling.* Large, roundish oval, suture distinct only at 
apex, fruit slightly larger on one side ; surface yellowish-white, 
dotted with red, or with a red cheek ; flesh juicy, rich, with a 
high flavor. Flowers small. Ripens first of autumn. This is 
one of the finest of clingstone peaches. 

Section 111. Leaves with reniform glands. 

Catherine. (Catherine Cling.) Large, roundish oval, swollen most 
on one side, with a small point at apex ; surface pale yellow- 
ish-green, thickly dotted and with a cheek of red, with darker 
streaks ; flesh firm, dark red at the stone, juicy, rich, fine. Season 
late. Flowers small. Of English origin. The fruit of this 
variety and of the Old Newington and Oldmixon Cling considera- 
bly resemble each other, but all differ in the glands of the leaves^ 

Chinese Cling. Large, round-conic, suture shallow ; fine red on 
yellowish white ; flesh white, red at the stone, rich, vinous, good. 
Middle of September — middle of summer at the South. China. 

Donahoo Cling. Very large, roundish, suture deep on one side ; 
creamy white, tinged red in the sun ; flesh white to the stone, juicj', 
rich, excellent. Georgia, where it ripens middle of September. 



THE PEACH. 489 

Hyslop. Large, roundish oval ; crimson on white ; juicy, rich, 
vinous. First of October. 

Heath.* (Heath Cling, White Heath, White English, Eliza Thomas, 
Potters' September, Rany, White Globe.) Very large, oblong- 
oval, the largest specimens nearly round, witti a large, conspicu- 
ous point at the apex ; suture distinct on one side ; surface quite 
downy, pale yellowish-white, sometimes faintly tinged with red 
next the sun ; flesh exceedingly juicy, becoming melting, with a 
sweet, very high, rich, and excellent flavor; leaves large, wavy, 
deep green, slightly crenate. Flowers small. Season very late, 
about mid-autumn, and the fruit may be kept nearly till winter. 
At the North it matures fully in the warmest seasons only ; and 
never attains its full size, which is about three inches in diameter, 
unless much thinned on the branches, to effect which a thorough 
shortening-in is the best mode. Origin, Maryland. Tree quite 
hardy and vigorous. In Southern Virginia, the Heath is rather 
an uncertain peach, but when perfect it ripens there the first fort- 
night in autumn. It is known also as Henrietta, but should not 
be confounded with a yellow peach of this name. 

Pavie de Pompone. Very large, roundish-oval, suture distinct on 
one side ; a deep red cheek on yellowish-white ground ; flesh deep 
red at stone, juicy, sweet, good. Flowers large. First of Octo- 
ber. French. 

Rodman's Cling. (Red Cling.) Large, oblong; red next the sun ; 
flesh whitish, firm, juicy. Last of September. Flowers small. 
American. 

Shanghae. Large, oval, flattened, .suture distinct, deepened at 
apex ; skin greenish-yellow, shaded pale red ; flesh greenish-yel- 
low, melting, juicy, with a high, vinous flavor. First half of 
September. 

Class II. Flesh Deep Yellow. 

Section I. Leaves serrate, without glands. 

Orange Cling.* Large, round, suture distinct, passing nearly 
round with a point at the apex ; surface deep orange, with a dark- 
red cheek ; flesh rather firm, rich, juicy, vinous. Season, early 
in autumn. Flowers small. Largely grown in California. 

Section II. Leaves with renifori/i gla7ids. 

Blanton Cling. Large, oval, pointed ; skin rich orange, with a 
slightly reddened cheek ; flesh orange-yellow, firm, vinous, good. 

Lemon Cling.* (Kennedy's Cling, Pine-Apple Cling, Yellow Pine- 
Apple.) Large, oblong-oval, slightly narrowed at apex, termi- 
nated by a large prominent point ; surface deep 3'ellow, with a 
dark brownish-red cheek ; flesh firm, slightly red at the stone, 
with a rich, vinous, sub-acid flavor. Flowers small. Rather 
late. Tree productive, hardJ^ Origin, South Carolina. 



49° THE PEACH. 

Tippecanoe. Large, nearly round, slightly compressed ; surface 
yellow, with a red cheek ; flesh yellow, juicy, vinous, good. Quite 
late. Flowers small. A native of Philadelphia ; of little value 
much farther North. New. 

Washington Cling. Size medium, roundish ; surface yellowish- 
green, with gray specks, and with a slight tinge of red to the 
sun ; not handsome ; flesh very tender, sweet, high-flavored. 
Flowers small. Quite, late. 

Class III. Flesh Purplish Crimson. 

Section 1. Glands rentform. 

Blood Cling.* (Claret Clingstone, Blood Cling.) Large, often very 
large, roundish-oval, suture distinct ; skin quite downj', dark, 
dull, clouded, purplish-red ; flesh deep red throughout, firm, 
juicy, valuable for culinary purposes. Very late. Flowers small. 
The French Blood Clingstone, the parent of the preceding, only 
differs from it in its smaller size and large flowers. 
The Blood Freestone is somewhat smaller and of less value. 



CHAPTER XXX. 

THE PEAR. 

The Pear, when grown to full perfection, is distinguished 
for its great delicacy, its melting and juicy texture, and its 
mild, rich, and delicious flavor. Excelling the apple in these 
particulars, it falls below it in importance in consequence of 
the less uniformly healthy habit of the tree. 

Propagation. , 

The best trees are raised from seedling stocks; suckers, 
unless unusually furnished with fibrous roots, are of crooked, 
one-sided, and stunted growth. 

Raising the Seedlings. — The seeds, after separation from the 
fruit, should be kept as already described for apple-seeds, by 
mixing with sand or leaf-mould. The soil for the seed-bed 
should be unusually deep and fertile, rather damp than other- 
wise, and should have a good manuring with lime and ashes 
and an abundant supply of peat or muck, if the soil is not 
already largely furnished by nature with this ingredient. 

The mode of sowing the seeds may be the same as that de- 
scribed for the apple, in drills from one to two feet apart. 
The more thinly they are sown, the less will be the danger of 
disaster from the leaf -blight; and for this reason, drills near 
together, with the seeds somewhat sparingly scattered in 
them, will be found best. 

The leaf -blight is the most serious evil met with in the cul- 
ture of pear-seedlings. It is more formidable in some seasons 
than in others. Commencing about midsummer, sometimes 
earlier, but more frequently later, it is first indicated by the 
leaves in certain parts of the seed-beds turning brown ; in a 
few days they fall off ; other portions of the beds are succes- 

491 



.„, THE PEAR. 

492 

sively attacked, till all the seedlings become more or less de- 
nuded, those last affected occupying the most favorable por- 
tions of the soil. As a necessary consequence, growth 
immediately ceases ; and if they are attacked early, and have 
made but little previous growth, they are nearly ruined, and 
few will survive the succeeding winter, for they never make 
a second growth the same year of any value. But if their 
previous growth has been vigorous, and the blight appears 
late in summer, much less injury i? sustained. The best 
remedy is high cultivation, on good new soil, and taking out 
daily every diseased tree. 

Wintering the Young Seedlings. — The frequent destruction of 
the trees the first winter is another serious evil. The danger 
is least with those that have made the best well-ripened 
growth; hence it becomes very important to secure healthful 
vigor by the adoption of the cultivation previously mentioned. 
But in many localities, pear seedlings, which are always re- 
markably free from fibrous or lateral roots the first year, are 
drawn out by the freezing of the soil, and either destroyed or 
greatly injured. Several modes have been proposed to pre- 
vent this result, and have been tried to a greater or less ex- 
tent. One is to induce the emission of lateral roots, by taking 
Tip the young seedlings from the thickly sown beds early in 
the season, and, as soon as four leaves have appeared, cut off 
their tap-roots and reset them in the nursery-rows, Robert 
Nelson, of Newburyport, Mass., pursued this course with great 
success ; but its general utility may be questioned, except dur- 
ing a rainy period or on favorable soils, unless abundant water- 
ing is given. A more easy as well as safe mode would perhaps 
be to cut off the tap-roots, at the same age, by means of a 
sharp spade thrust beneath the soil, and without transplant- 
ing. Neither of these modes could be successfully applied 
except to large, vigorous seedlings growing in deep, rich soil. 

But where the growth of lateral roots has not been effected, 
and the consequent danger is greater of their being drawn 
upward by frost, much protection may be given them by 
covering the whole ground with forest leaves to a depth of 
several inches ; and, if the rows are near each other and the 
trees several inches or a foot high, they will prevent the leaves 
from being swept off by the winds. The incursion of mice 



THE PEAR. 



493 



may be avoided by placing the seed-beds as near as practi- 
cable to the middle of a clean ploughed field, and by encircling 
the ground with a bank or ridge of fresh earth thrown up for 
this purpose, about a foot high. Mice will not pass such a 
boundary under the snow. 

Taking up the seedlings late in autumn, and burying them 
in a cellar, or laying them in by the roots and nearly covering 
the whole stems, will preserve them safely. 

Budding may be performed the first summer after transplant- 
ing if the stocks have made a good growth. The manage- 
ment of the young trees is the sam^e as for apples, by grafting 
or budding near the surface of the ground, and heading down, 
trimming, and cultivation. But as pear-stocks are valuable, 
budding is to be preferred to grafting, because it may be re- 
peated in case of failure. Pear stocks are usually imported, 
since it is cheaper to import than to raise them. They come 
chiefly from P' ranee. Root-grafting is not employed. 

Dwarf Pears. 

For orchard culture, and in most parts of the country where 
the pear flourishes with great vigor and proves highly produc- 
tive, pear-stocks will doubtless always be found preferable to 
all others. The advantages of a dwarf growth on dissimilar 
stocks have been already pointed out under the head of stocks. 
Such trees are not so long-lived as on pear-roots, and they 
require more thorough and fertile culture, and care in prun- 
ing. But they have some important advantages, such as com- 
ing soon into bearing, occupying a fifth part of the ground, 
thriving in many soils where pear-stocks will not, and in a 
few instances improving the quality of the fruit. 

T"ne only reliable stock is the French quince. Nearly all 
the experiments with the mountain ash have sooner or later 
proved failures. Budded or grafted upon apple seedlings, 
pears sometimes make a feeble growth for a few years ; but 
unless the grafts themselves throw out roots, by planting 
beneath the surface, they sooner or later perish. It some- 
times happens that grafts of a fgw varieties inserted at stand- 
ard height grow and bear for a few years. The thorn has 
been used in England, and to some extent in this country, with 



494 THE PEAR. 

partial success. But all other kinds of dissimilar stocks have 
given way to the quince, which is much superior for general 
use to any other. 

The varieties of the pear do not grow with equal facility 
upon the quince. A few, as the Angouleme, Louise Bonne, 
and Diel, are so much improved in quality that their cultiva- 
tion on pear-stocks is discontinued by most fruit-growers. A 
large number flourish well, but are little changed in quality, 
as White Doyenne and Dearborn's Seedling. A few, on the 
other hand, succeed badly or wholly refuse to grow upon 
quince stocks, without double working, which consists in first 
budding some freely growing pear upon the quince bottom, 
and then budding or grafting the " refractory" sort into the 
pear-shoot. 

As a general rule, double-worked trees do not flourish for 
a great length of time. Single-worked have done well for 
fifty or sixty years under favorable influences. 

The following list, made out chiefly from the combined ex 
perience of European and American cultivators, may prove 
valuable to those commencing with dwarf pears : 

I. Pears succeeding better on quince than on pear stocks, and 
which should be mostly ivorked as dwarfs. 

Amalis. Easter. 

Angouleme. Glout Morceau. 

Autumn Long Green. • Louise Bonne. 

Diel. Vicar. 

II. Pears usually succeeding ivell, both on pear and quince. 

Alengon. Colmar. 

Anjou. Dearborn's Seedling. 

Bloodgood. Delices Hardenpont. 

Boussock. Dumas. 

Buffum. Early Rousselet. 

Cadette. Figue. 

Capiaumont. Figue Alengon. 

Catillac. Forelle. 

Chaumontelle. Germain. 



THE PEAR. 495 

Gratioli. Oswego. 

Jaminette. Poiteau. 

Jargonelle. Pound. 

Jodoigne. Real. 

Kingsessing. Rostiezer. 

Laboureur. Sterkmans. 

Lamy. Stevens. 

Langelier. St. Michel Archange. 

Madeleine. Superfine. 

Malines. Tyson. 

Napoleon. Urbaniste. 

Orleans. Van Mons Leon Le Clerc. 

Osband White Doyenne. 

III. Pears growing on quince but better on pear stocks. 

Aremberg. Lucrative. 

Bartlett. Onondaga. 

Ete. Seckel. 
Gray Doyenne, 

IV. Pears usually failing on quince, unless double-worked. 

Bosc. Paradise 

Dix. Sheldon. 

Dunmore, Washington. 

Gaiisel's Bergamot. Winter Nelis. 
Marie Louise, 

The result is not always the same in different soils and in 
different seasons. The Seckel, for instance, has wholly failed 
in one year, and in another, on the same spot of ground, has 
grown well. The White Doyenne grew finely one summer, 
and almost totally failed the next. Some sorts which in nearly 
all cases do well occasionally prove unsuccessful. A few 
uniformly, in all seasons and in all soils, make a rapid and 
vigorous growth, of which the Louise Bonne is perhaps the 
most striking example; some others, again, invariably fail 
(unless double-worked), the most prominent among which 
stands the Bosc. Indeed, so averse is this variety to a union 



496 



THE PEAR. 



with the quince, that it is by no means certain that it may not 
soon fail if worked in whatever manner. In some places, how- 
ever, double-working has given it smooth and fair fruit where 
it has been cracked and blighted on the pear. Both this and 
the Flemish Beauty, as well as the Marie Louise and some 
others, succeed well when grafted on the hawthorn. 

The changes wrought by the quince stock are often impor- 
tant and interesting. T. Rivers states that the Aremberg 





Fig. 636. Fig. 637. 

<z, Trunk of Dwarf Pear-Tree ; 3, 5, Pear-Stocks Inserted into it for New Bot- 
tom ; Ct Cut for Receiving the Pear Stock ; d. Pear Stock, Cut Sloping 
before Insertion. 



ripens several weeks earlier in winter ; that the Easter is ren- 
dered more productive and matures its fruit, while on the pear 
it is a bad bearer, and does not ripen; that the .Fortunee is a 
" perfect crab" upon the pear, but on the quince is melting and 
juicy ; that the Glout Morceau is imperfect and ripens badly 
on the pear, but is always fair and attains a high and mature 
flavor on the quince. As a general effect, the size of the fruit 
is increased, but in a few cases it is rendered more gritty in 
texture. 

Pruning Dwarf Pears. — Dwarf pear-trees are usually pruned 
into the /7ra;;//i/(2/ and conicallorm., the latter differing onl}' in 
its broader shape. The principle to be adopted in pruning 
has been already explained on a former page ; the extent to 
which it must be carried should be such as to keep the trees 



THE PEAR. 497 

within ten or twelve feet in height, and six or seven feet in 
diameter at the base. A greater height increases the difficulty 
of pruning. The same reason forbids the adoption of a head 
with a clean stem below, as in common standards. 

The pyramidal mode of pruning may be applied to pear- 
trees upon pear stocks. Dwarf trees may be planted from ten 
to twelve feet apart. They will always need careful attention 
to pruning, and to thorough and enriched cultivation of the 
ground. 

In planting out the dwarf pear, the quince stock should be 
planted a little below the surface to elude the borer, which 
often attacks the quince, but rarely the pear. It is sometimes 
planted deeper for the purpose of causing the pear to throw 
out roots of itself, thus changing the dwarf to a standard. 
This practice is objectionable, as such roots are apt to be few 
or one-sided, inclining or prostrating the tree. It is also de- 
sirable to retain the bearing character of the dwarf. 

When dwarfs become old, or begin to decline, pear-roots 
may be given to them, and renewed vigor imparted, by plant- 
ing a small pear tree closely on each side, and, when these 
become established, by inarching them into the tree, as shown 
in the annexed cuts. It is performed as follows ; 

Make a slit in the bark of the dwarf .pear-tree, a few inches 
above ground, and across the lower end of the slit make a 
cross-cut, so as to form an inverted i. If the tree is large, 
make a notch instead of the cut, sloping downward, the better 
to admit the stock. Then bend the stock against this notch 
or cross-cut, and mark it at that point. Then, with a knife set 
with the edge upward at this mark, cut the stock off with a 
slope two or three inches long. It is then easily bent and in- 
serted into the slit (see Figs. 636 and 637). It may be covered 
with grafting-wax, but grafting-clay is much better. This is 
made of clay or clay-loam one part, and horse-manure two parts, 
well mixed together — the addition of a little hair is an improve- 
ment. This is an Old World method which may be adaptable 
to a few trees in a garden, but is not applicable to commercial 
orchards. 

Horizontal training, for walls or espaliers, is very rarely 
practised or needed in this country. It is occasionally em- 
ployed in limited gardens, to form boundaries of walks, with- 
out occupying much lateral space, and where it is desired to 
32 



498 THE PEAR. 

grow large and fine specimens of fruit by strong exposure to 
the sun. The mode may be briefly understood by the accom- 
panying figure representing a partly grown tree (Fig. 638). 
As the tree advances, shoots will be produced from the sides 
of the horizontal arms ; these must be stopped or pinched off 
early in summer, to prevent their drawing too hard on the rest 
of the tree, and a similar course pursued with them to that 




Fig. 638.— Horizontal Training- of Pear-Trees. 

already described in a former chapter. The fruit-buds, and 
all the shoots or spurs supporting fruit-buds, are to be cut 
closely off wherever too thick for an even crop. Early in 
autumn the shortened shoots are to be cut down, leaving the 
fruit-buds only, to bear the next season. By this regularity 
of pruning, the tree will preserve a neat appearance, and bear 
regular crops. 

The horizontal branches may be about one foot apart for 
large pears, and eight inches for small ; and the trees, if on 
quince-roots, may be about ten feet apart. 

Regrafting Large Pear-Trees. — Some of the varieties de- 
scribed in the following pages have already shown indications 
of becoming generally affected by cracking. In such cases it 
becomes desirable to regraft them with valuable sorts, or else 
thoroughly to spray each year with Bordeaux mixture. 

The old and common way is to cut off the trunk or a few of 
the larger limbs, and insert a few grafts, say four or five in 
all, and compel them to form the whole new head, requiring 
the lapse of many years. A much better and more expedi- 
tious mode is to scatter the grafts through the top — inserting 



THE PEAR. 



499 



so many that, each one forming a small branch of itself, the 
whole taken together will make a full top in a few years. 

In order to render the operation plain, Fig. 639 is made to 
represent the unchanged tree at an age of from ten to twenty 
years. Many smaller branches are cut away, and those of 
medium size left distributed at as regular distances as may 
be. As the tendency of the growth is upward, the top should 
be rather worked downward in this operation, and the side 






Fig. 639. 



Fig. 640. 



Fig. 641. 



limbs near the bottom allowed a full chance. In the ends o£ 
these shoots some thirty or forty grafts are set, as shown in 
Fig. 640. Trees of the Virgalieu or Doyenne, which had be- 
come worthless by cracking, and which were large enough to' 
bear a bushel or two annually, have been entirely changed in; 
this way to better sorts, and yielding three years afterward 
larger crops than ever. 

If the labor of inserting so many grafts is too great for ordi- 
nary practice, one-third or less may be set, as shown in Fig.. 
641. 

Dwarf pear-trees of undesirable varieties may be readily 
changed in this way to other sorts — the more easily because 
they are lower, and accessible from the ground. Old dwarf 



500 



THE PEAR. 



trees, which have become enfeebled by long bearing and 
sparse pruning, may be thus rendered thrifty and vigorous. 

With trees of large size, it may be safest to change the 
upper half in one year, and the re- 
mainder the next, for the purpose 
of avoiding too great a check in 
growth. 

Younger trees, or those but a few 
years old, of undesirable sorts, but of 
straight growth, may be used for 
stocks on which to work new heads 
of crooked or slow growers at stan- 
dard height. Fig. 642 represents a 
tree of the Virgalieu worked over to 
the Winter Nelis, the former being 
a straight and handsome tree, and 
the latter the most crooked grower 
known. A few buds of the Winter 
Nelis are inserted into the side limbs 
of the Virgalieu so as to form an 
even, well-balanced head. The same 
result may be obtained by grafting these limbs in spring. 




Fig. 642. 



SYNOPSIS OF ARRANGEMENT. 

Division I. Summer Pears. 

Class I. Distmct pyriforni. 

Class II. Obscure pyrifortn, obovate, or turbinate. 

Class III. Roundish or oblate. 

Division II. Autumn Pears. 

Class I. Distinct pyriform. 

Class II. Obscure pyriform, obovate, or turbinate. 

Class III. Rouftdisk or oblate. 



Division III.. Winter Pears. 

Class I. Distinct pyriform. 

Class II. Obscure pyrifortn, obovate, or turbinate. 

Class III. Roundish or oblate. 



THE PEAR. 501 



Further Classification of Forms. 

In addition to the several general forms mentioned in the 
preceding synopsis, the shape is more particularly designated 
by comparison with well-known sorts. No fruit has so many 
forms as the pear in its different varieties ; and to assist the 
fruit-grower in preserving a recollection of the distinctive 
characters of each, these forms are classified in the following 
pages. The distinction between pyrif orm, obovate, and oblate, 
which constitute the three principal divisions, has been already 
pointed out in the chapter on describing fruits ; but there are 
many subdivisions, or less distinct modifications, which, if ac- 
curately observed, would additionally distinguish the differ- 
ent varieties. For example, pyriform pears may be divided 
into Bartlett-shaped, where the general form is oblong, but 
both body and neck rounded and obtuse ; Winkfield-form, longer 
and less obtuse ; JBosc-shaped, when the body is broad and the 
neck long and narrow ; Tyson-form, similar to Bosc, but with 
a shorter and acute neck ; Urbaniste-form, shorter and less dis- 
tinctly pyriform; Diel-shaped, where the body is large and 
rounded, and the neck short and obtuse ; Madeleine-shaded, 
similar to the last, but of smaller body and lighter form. 

Obovate pears may be either Doyenne'- form, when they slight- 
ly approach pyriform ; Buffum-shaped, or distinct obovate, 
when gradually rounded toward the stem with no approach 
to a neck ; or Bloodgood-shaped, similar to the last, but often 
shorter and tapering, or rounded into the stalk. 

These forms are, of course, more or less variable in the 
same varieties, but those more generally prevailing are 
adopted. 

The illustrations of fruits in this chapter are all reduced one- 
half in diameter. 

/' 



502 



THE PEAR. 
P YRiFORM. — Bartlett-shaped. 




Fig. 643 — Bartlett. Fig, 644.— Duval. 

Winkfield-shaped. 




Fig. 64s.— Heyst. Fig. 646— Winkfield. Pig. 647.— Verte Longue. 



THE PEAR, 



503 



Pyriform. — Bosc-f orm. 





Fig. 648.— Bosc. 



Fig. 649.— Dupuy. 





Fig. 6so.— Conseiller de la Cour. FiG. 651.— Pound. 



504 



THE PEAR. 



Pyriform. — Diel-shaped. 




Fig. 652.— Cornice. FiG. 653.— Diel. 




Fig. 654.— Onondaga. 



Fig. 655.— Worcester. 



THE PEAR. 



505 



Pyriform. — Tyson-shaped. 





Fiii 656.— Brandywine (two outlines). Fig. 657.— Canas. 




Fig. 658.— Wilmington. Fig. 659.— Rosabirne. FiG. 660.— Ghislain. 



5o6 



THE PEAR. 



Obovate-pyriform. — Urbaniste-form. 





Fig. 66i.— Urbaniste. 



Fig. 662.— Pratt. 




Fig. 663.— Kingsessing. Fig. 664.— Kennes. Fig. S6s.— Langelier. 



THE PEAR, 



507 



Obovate-pyriform. — Madeleine-form. 




Fig. 666. — Madeleine. Fig. 667.— Alpha. Fig. 668. — Inconnue Van Mons. 



Oeovate. — Doyenne-form. 




Fig. 669.— Boiissock. Fig. 670.— Cushing. Fig. 671.— Defais. 



5o8 



THE PEAR. 



Obo VATE, — Buff um-shaped. 





Fig. 672.— Heathcot. Fig. 673.^Lewis. Fig. 674.— Dearborn. 



Short Obovate. 




Fig. 675.— Cadette. FiG. 676.— SieuUe. 



THE PEAR. 



509 



Obovate-turbinate. — Bloodgood-shaped. 




Fig. 678. 
Bloodgood. 



Fig. 679. 
Henry IV, 



Oblate. — Bergamot-shaped. 




Fig. 682.— Beurre Goubalt. Fig. 683.— Gansel Bergamot. Fig. 684.— Fulton. 



5IO THE PEAR. 

The quality of pears is remarkably liable to change from 
external causes. A difference in soil and cultivation exerts 
so great an influence with many fine sorts, that while they 
possess the highest flavor when growing on favorable ground 
kept rich and mellow, they become greatly inferior or even 
worthless in poor soil with neglected culture. Besides these, 
there are other influences dependent on a change of locality, 
all of which taken together, have contributed to the great 
diversity of opinion which exists in relation to many cele- 
brated varieties. The pomologist will hence perceive the 
difficulty of weighing evidence for and against the different 
sorts, and of expressing a degree of quality that shall coincide 
with the opinions of all. 

It will be understood, that the quality given on the follow- 
ing pages refers only to pears tested in this country. Some 
European varieties, which maintain a high character at home, 
prove of no value here. 

In describing pears, it may be well to repeat that the term 
base applies in all cases to the part nearest the tree ; and apex, 
to the part most remote. This is in accordance with universal 
practice among eminent botanists. The apex is usually termed 
the crown; and it is sufficiently evident that the crown (upper 
portion or surmounting part) cannot at the same time be the 
base. 



DIVISION I.— SUMMER PEARS. 

Class I. Distinct Pyriform. 

Bartlett.* (Williams' Bonchretien.) Quite large, obtuse -pyriform, 
somewhat pyramidal; surface wavy, clear yellow, sometimes a 
faint blush ; stalk an inch and a fourth long, stout, slightly sunk ; 
basin little or none ; apex slightly plaited, sometimes smooth ; 
flesh nearly white, fine-grained, exceedingly tender and buttery, 
with a nearly sweet, sometimes faintly sub-acid, fine, moderately 
rich flavor. Ripens end of summer and beginning of autumn, 
and far North, is strictly an autumn pear. The fruit, when not 
fully grown, ripens and becomes of good quality if kept in the 
house a week or two. Growth erect, vigorous, leaves folded, 
slightly recurved, shoots yellowish. Tree very productive, and 
bears very young. Although not of the first class as to flavor, the 
many fine qualities of this pear render it a general favorite. Fig. 
643. England. 



THE PEAR. 



511 



Brandywine.* Size medium ; conic-pyriform (Tyson-shaped) , neck 
acute ; smooth, dull yellowish-green, partly russeted, crown 
thickly russeted ; stalk three-fourths to an inch and a half long, 
fleshy at insertion ; flesh white, very juicy and melting, of fine 
flavor. Leaves rather small, shoots pale olive, vigorous, up- 
right ; tree not very productive. Ripens in August. A native of 
Delaware County, Pa. Grows well on the quince. Fig. 656. 

Clapp's Favorite.* Large, pyriform, body large tapering to the 
crown, neck rather small ; skin smooth, yellowish-green becoming 
yellow, dotted and shaded with red to the sun ; stalk rather short. 



Fig. 685.— Madeleine. 



Fig. 686.— Tyson. 




Fig. 687, 
Giffard. 



Fig. 689. 
Skinless. 



Fig. 690. 
Rostiezer. 



stout ; calyx partly closed, basin small-wrinkled ; flesh greenish or 
yellowish white, juicy, melting, perfumed, of very good quality. 
Ripens just before the Bartlett. Young shoots dark purple, growth 
strong and vigorous, resembling that of the Flemish Beauty, 
with which and the Bartlett it is supj>osed to be a cross. The fruit 
should be picked before it is fully ripe, or it will decay at the 
centre. Popular everywhere. Massachusetts. 

Giffard.* Medium, pyriform, slightly Bosc-shaped, but shorter ; skin 
greenish-yellow, marbled red on the sunny side ; stalk rather 
long, calyx closed, basin small ; flesh juicy, melting, slightly 
vinous, exceedingly agreeable. Middle of August. Shoots slen- 
der, reddish purple, growth straggling. Fig. 687. France. 

Julienne. Size medium; slightly pyriform, approaching obovate, 
regular; whole surface clear yellow; stalk an inch long, rather 
stout ; cavity small ; calyx small, erect, or closed ; basin rather 
shallow ; flesh half buttery, sweet, of good flavor, hvX often poor 
on heavy soils. Late summer. Shoots yellowish. Productive, 
and bears when very young. Proves fine at the South. 



512 THE PEAR. 

Madeleine.* (Citron des Carmes, Magdelen, Green Chisel, incor- 
rectly.) Medium in size, slightly pyriform, conic-obovate ; skin 
smooth, pale yellowish-green, rarely a faint brownish blush ; stalk 
slender, an inch and a half long ; cavity very narrow and small ; 
basin shallow ; flesh juicy and melting, usually faintly acid, with 
an agreeable, delicate, fine, refreshing flavor. Matures about 
midsummer, or at the time of wheat harvest. Needs house-ripen- 
ing. Shoots stright, erect, greenish, growth vigorous ; tree rather 
liable to blight. Leaves quite flat. Fig. 685. France. 

Pulsifer. Medium or rather small, pyriform, Madeleine of Rostiezer- 
shaped ; skin dull yellow, sometimes slightly russeted ; stalk short, 
curved, slightly sunk ; basin shallow ; flesh juicy, melting, and 
when well ripened of a very good flavor. Middle of August. 
Shoots greenish, rather erect. Illinois. Fig. 688. 

Rostiezer.* Rather small, sometimes medium in size ; conic-pyri- 
form, approaching obovate, nearly Madeleine-shaped, regular; 
skin dull brownish green, with a dark, dull, reddish brown cheek 
to the sun, with whitish specks, and traces of thin russet ; stalk an 
inch and a half to two inches long, slender, scarcely sunk ; basin 
little or none ; flesh juicy, melting, sweet, with a very high, per- 
fumed flavor, of high excellence. Ripens late in summer. For 
rich flavor, it has scarcely an equal among summer pears. Shoots 
dark, large, leaves broad. Fig. 690. Europe. 

Skinless. (Sanspeau.) Rather small, long pyriform, body conic- 
ovate, regular; skin smooth, very thin, yellowish green, often 
dotted with reddish brown in the sun ; stalk about an inch and a 
half long, slender, curved, cavity very small ; calyx closed or erect, 
basin minute, slightly ridged ; flesh half melting, juicy, with a 
sweet, slightly perfumed, good flavor. Ripens immediately after 
the Madeleine, or two weeks after harvest. Growth very vigor- 
ous, erect, leaves flat, wavy. A profuse bearer ; fruit always fair. 
Fig. 689. 

Supreme de Quimper. Medium or small, conic-obovate; yellow, 
shaded with red ; stalk short, obliquely set, not sunk ; calyx partly 
open ; basin shallow ; juicy, melting, perfumed. First of August. 
Becomes dry if not picked early. Shoots dark purple, rather erect. 

Tyson.* Size medium, conic-pyriform, sometimes approaching 
obovate ; bright yellow, with a reddish-brown softly shaded cheek, 

' often some russet; stalk an inch and a fourth long, inserted into 
a fleshy prominence abruptly contracted from the rounded neck ; 
basin very shallow, even ; flesh of fine texture, buttery, very 
melting, juicy ; flavor nearly sweet, aromatic, slightly perfumed, 
excellent. Ripens the last two weeks of summer. Shoots quite 
dark brown, erect, vigorous. The tree does not come soon into 
bearing. Pennsylvania. Fig. 686. 

Wilder. Large, pyriform; pale yellow, shaded dark russet red; 
dots small, numerous; flesh pale yellow, fine-grained, tender, 
sub-acid, juicy. A Fox seedling. Verv good. 



THE PEAR. 



513 



Class II. Obscure Pyriform, Obovate or Turbinate. 

Bloodgood.* Size medium, turbinate, approaching obovate, base 
contracted abruptly to the stalk; yellow, touched with russet; 
stalk fleshy at insertion, an inch and a fourth long, set on the 
rounded base without depression ; calyx scarcely sunk ; flesh yel- 
lowish white, buttery, and melting, with a fine, rich, aromatic 
flavor. Sometimes rots at the core. On some soils the flavor be- 
comes poor and insipid. Ripens middle of August. Like all 



Fig. 691.— d'Ete. 




Fig. 692.— Osband's Summer. FiG. 693.— Diel. FiG. 694.— Ott. 

early pears, it is best if house-ripened. Origin, Long Island, N. 
Y. Fig. 678. 

Dearborn's Seedling.* Scarcely medium in size, obovate or 
Buffum -shaped, regular, smooth ; surface clear yellow, with 

• minute specks; stalk an inch long, sunk little or none; basin 
very shallow ; flesh very fine grained, juicy, melting, and of fine 
flavor. Ripens nearly with the Bloodgood, or middle of August. 
Shoots straight, long, dark brown. Tree bears when young. 
Fig. 674. Massachusetts. 

Henrietta. Size, a little below medium ; obovate, crown flat- 
tened ; stalk set on the rounded point of the neck ; skin smooth, 
pale yellowish-green, dots few ; stalk an inch and a half long, 
cavity small or none ; calyx closed, basin shallow, faintly plaited ; 
melting, juicy, sub-acid, with a good second-rate flavor. Very 
productive. Late summer. Origin, New Haven, Conn. 

Limon. (Hagerston.) Size medium ; obovate, sometimes slightly 

pyriform ; light yellow, with a reddish-brown blush ; stalk an inch 

and a half long ; cavity round, even, shallow ; calyx slightly sunk ; 

flesh buttery, melting, of fine texture, with a mild, sweet flavor 

2>Z 



514 THE PEAR. 

slightly perfumed. Late summer. Shoots long, slender, reddish- 
brown. Belgian. 

Manning's Elizabeth.* Small, obovate, Seckel-form, smooth ; sur- 
face yellow, with a lively blush ; stalk one inch long, cavity round, 
shallow; flesh very melting, saccharine, sprightly, perfumed, ex- 
cellent. Earlj'. Shoots diverging, dark reddish-brown. Does 
best on dwarf stock. Belgian. 

Moyamensing. Medium or large, sometimes quite large, variable; 
round-obovate, rather irregular ; skin lemon yellow, sometimes 
marked with russet ; stalk nearly an inch long, fleshy ; basin fur- 
rowed ; flesh buttery, melting, good, but not first-rate. Ripens 
from midsummer till autumn, quickly decays. Productive. 
Origin, Philadelphia. 

Muscadine. Size medium ; short obovate, regular, sometimes 
slightly oblique ; surface a little rough, yellowish-green, thickly 
dotted ; stalk an inch and a fourth long, rather stout ; cavity very 
small, even ; basin rather wide, shallow ; flesh buttery, melting, a 
little coarse, rather rich, slightly musky, faintly astringent, mod- 
erately good. Late summer, and early in autumn. Shoots rather 
thick. 

Osband.* (Summer Virgalieu, erroneously.^ Medium in size, 
often rather small, obovate, regular, smooth and even (Doyenne- 
shaped) ; sometimes remotely pyriform ; greenish-yellow becom- 
ing yellow, with a reddish-brown cheek, often faintly russeted ; 
stalk three-fourths to one inch long, slightly sunk in a nearly 
even cavity ; calyx erect, in a round, nearly even, or slightly 
wrinkled basin ; flesh white, granular, with a sweet, mild, and 
fine flavor ; soon loses its flavor when mature. Ripens very 
early. Shoots yellowish-olive, thick. Origin, Wayne County, 
N. Y. Fig. 692. 

Ott.* Small, roundish-obovate, or short Seckel-form ; greenish- 
yellow, russeted in part, rarelj^ a mottled red cheek ; stalk an 
inch and a fourth long, cavity small ; calyx rather large, basin 
shallow ; flesh melting, rich, perfumed, aromatic, closely resem- 
bling that of its parent the Seckel. Ripens quite early, or by the 
first or middle of August. Shoots rather erect, brownish-green, 
leaves like Seckel. Origin, Montgomery County, Pa. Fig. 694. 

Pinneo, or Boston. Size medium, obovate, slightly oblong, smooth ; 
yellow when ripe, russeted around the stalk, which is long, 
straight, slightl}' sunk ; basin moderate, wrinkled ; flesh juicy, 
melting, pleasant, sweet, somewhat aromatic. Flesh dry, unless 
picked early. Late August. Shoots rather erect, light reddish- 
brown. 

Summer Doyenn^.* (Doyenne d'Ete.) Small; round obovate, or 
short Buffum-shaped ; stalk an inch or an inch and a fourth long, 
rather stout, slightly oblique, not sunk ; basin very shallow ; skin 
a fine yellow, with a warm cheek brightly reddened at the crown, 
and with radiating stripes of greenish-j^ellow from the calyx ; 
flesh melting, juic}', sweet, with a pleasant, v&xy good flavor. 
Skin thin ; core small ; seeds smal:, white. Ripens very earh*. 
Tree bears very young. Shoots slender, reddish-brown. Belgium. 



THE PEAR. 515 

Glass III. Roundish or Oblate. 

Duchesse de Berry d'Ete. Small, roundish, sometimes oblate, oc- 
casionally approaching obovate ; yellow, sometimes shaded light 
red ; stalk short, slightly sunk, basin shallow ; juicy and melting, 
flavor " very good. " End of August. Shoots stout, light greenish. 

Muskingum. Medium, roundish ; greenish-yellow, thickly dotted ; 
stalk long, cavity small ; basin shallow ; flesh melting, pleasant, 
perfumed. End of August. 

Reliance. Medium, oblate, brownish-red, russeted ; flesh fine- 
grained, melting, juicy, good. A Van Mons' seedling. Tree vig- 
orous, prolific. 

Summer Portugal. (Passans du Portugal.) Size rather small, 
often nearly medium, roundish-oblate, regular; skin yellowish- 
green or pale yellow, with a handsome red cheek in the sun, 
formed of the reddened dots ; stalk about an inch long ; calyx stiff, 
erect ; cavity and basin shallow ; flesh white, breaking, tender, 
juicy, moderately good. Late summer. Very productive. Shoots 
upright, reddish-brown. 



DIVISION II.— AUTUMN PEARS. 
Class I. Distinct Pyriform. 

Adams. Large, pyriform ; deep yellow, smooth, shaded red next the 
sun; stalk short, stout, wrinkled at base; scarcely sunk, eye 
small, closed, even with the crown ; flesh white, fine, melting, 
rich, vinous, perfumed. September and October. Shoots dark 
brown, tree upright. Massachusetts. 

Alpha. Size medium, pyriform, obovate or Madeleine-shaped, 
smooth; pale yellowish -green, with a faint brown blush; stalk 
slightly sunk, basin moderate; fine-grained, buttery, and good. 
October. Belgian. Fig. 667. 

Ananas d'Ete. Rather large, obtuse-pyriform ; skin smooth, clear 
yellow, with numerous small dots, often with a blush ; stalk stout 
and fleshy ; basin small ; flesh fine-grained, buttery, and melting, 
sweet and very good. Early autumn. Growth somewhat irregu- 
lar, shoots brownish-purple.' Holland. 

Andrews, (Amory, Gibson.) Medium or rather large, distinct 
pyriform, often slightly one-sided; skin thick, dull yellowish- 
green, with a broad, dull red cheek ; stalk about an inch long, 
curved, scarcely sunk; basin shallow, sometimes deep; flesh 
greenish, very juicy, melting, of a fine, pleasant, agreeable flavor. 
On some localities not first-rate. Ripens early in autumn. Very 
productive and fair. Shoots diverging. Origin, Dorchester, Mass. 

Angouleme.* (Duchess.) Very large, ver5'obtuse-p5'riform, some- 
times oblong-obovate, surface uneven ; greenish-yellow, often 
some russet ; stalk an inch to an inch and a half long, very stout ; 
cavity deep, often wide ; calyx small, basin uneven ; flesh yellow- 



5i6 



THE PEAR. 



ish-white, melting, buttery, juicy, good when well grown, poor 
or worthless when small ; succeeds admirably and is best on 
quince stock. It has been remarked that when this pear weighs 
less than four ounces it is worthless in flavor. Ripens mid- 
autumn and later, French. Mostly grown as a dwarf. Fig. 696. 

Autumn Paradise.* (Paradise d'Automne.) Rather large, distinct 
pyriform ; surface uneven, yellowish-orange, with some thin rus- 
set patches ; stalk an inch and a half long, not sunk ; basin small, 
irregular; flesh melting, very buttery, with a rich, high, and ex- 




FlG, 69s-— Jargonelle. Fig. 696.— Angouleme. Fig. 697.— Garber. 



cellent flavor. Ripens about mid-autumn. Shoots yellowish, at 
first upright, afterward becoming straggling, growth vigorous. 
This pear resembles the Bosc, but is less smooth, more irregu- 
lar in form, has a less narrow neck, and more vigorous growth. 
Shoots yellowish-brown, speckled, irregular, leaves finely ser- 
rated, slightly wavy. Belgium. 

Bachelier. Rather large, obovate, pyriform, irregular; green; stalk 
rather short, obliquely set ; calyx partly closed, basin shallow ; but- 
tery, melting, vinous, aromatic, flavor moderate. November, 
December. Shoots reddish-yellow, vigorous. Large, well-grown 
specimens are sometimes nearly Bartlett-shaped, small ones ap- 
proach roundish-obovate. Bark of the tree cracks. 

Baronne de Mello. (Adele de St. Denis.) Medium, conic-pyriform 
(often Tyson-shaped,) sometimes obovate or turbinate, variable; 
skin rough, much russeted ; stalk fleshy at insertion ; flesh rather 
coarse, very juicy and melting, vinous or sub-acid, of moderate 
quality. October. Tree vigorous, a great bearer. 



THE PEAR. 517 

Bergen. Large, pyriform, sometimes approaching obovate or tur- 
binate, smooth ; yellow, with a handsome cheek ; stalk curved, 
slightly sunk ; calyx and basin small ; fine-grained, buttery, melt- 
ing, sweet, excellent. Last of September. Long Island. 

Bosc* (Calebasse Bosc.) Large, very distinct pyriform, neck 
rather long and very narrow, acute, body broad ; surface nearly 
smooth, deep yellow, russeted in patches; stalk an inch and a 
half long, slender, curved ; basin very shallow ; flesh juicy, but- 
tery, rich, perceptibly perfumed, sweet, excellent. Mid-autumn. 
Fails on quince stocks and is a very crooked grower. In order to 
obtain good dwarf or standard trees it should be double-worked- 
Belgian. Fig. 648. 

Canandaigua. Rather large, pyriform, somewhat irregular 
(Bartlett-shaped) ; lemon yellow ; stalk rather short, oblique ; 
basin small ; flesh buttery, melting, rather rich. September. 
Shoots strong, erect, light purplish-red. 

Capiaumont. (Beurre de Capiaumont.) Size medium, conic- 
pyriform, or Tyson-shaped, quite acute, approaching turbinate, 
regular; skin smooth, yellow, with cinnamon red to the sun, dis- 
tinctly dotted, slightly russeted ; calyx widely reflexed, not sunk ; 
stalk about an inch long, but varying ; flesh white, buttery, melt- 
ing, moderately juicy, sweet, often astringent, about second qual- 
ity. Hardy and productive. Leaves folded, recurved. Ripens 
about mid-autumn. Belgian. 

Cornice.* Large, roundish-pyriform, somewhat pyramidal; green- 
ish-)'ellow, becoming fine yellow at maturity, often with a faint 
crimson blush, slightly russeted, thickly dotted ; stalk short, stout,, 
set obliquely in a small cavity; calyx small, in a deep, uneven 
basin ; flesh white, fine, melting, with a sweet, rich, slightly aro- 
matic flavor. Keeps long after fully ripe. October and Novem- 
ber. Young wood apt to be injured. France. Fig. 699. 

Comte de Paris. Size medium, pyriform, approaching obovate, 
regular ; skin thick, somewhat rough, bright green, becoming, 
yellow at maturity; fiest nearly white, buttery, melting, juicy,, 
with a agreeable perfume. Ripens in October, and continues inc 
use a long time. One of Van Mons' seedlings. The tree is vigor- 
ous, with a stout erect growth, and appears to succeed well on tha' 
quince. 

Chancellor. Large, obtuse pyriform, large specimens early Bartlett- 
shaped, small ones obovate ; green ; stalk an inch long, rather 
thick; cavity small, irregular ; calyx small, basin contracted ; flesh 
melting, rich, agreeable. Mid-autumn. Germantown, Pa. 

Comte de Flandre. Rather large, pyramidal-pyriform, oftett 
oblique; skin yellow, with small dots and thin russet ; stalk long,, 
set under a lip, with a little depression ; basin shallow ; flesh juicy,, 
melting, with an agreeable, refreshing flavor, very good. No- 
vember. 

Conseiller de la Cour. (Marechal de la Cour.) Large, pyriforrrr 



5i8 



THE PEAR. 



(somewhat Bosc form) ; greenish-yellow, slightly russeted ; stalk 
slender, not sunk ; basin small, calyx small, nearly closed; flesh 
white, melting, sub-acid, juicy, of fine quality. Late autumn and 
early winter. Tree vigorous, productive. Succeeds on quince. 
Foreign. Fig. 650. 

-Countess of Lunay. Size medium, obovate-pyriform, somewhat 
conic; skin smooth, pale waxen yellow, with a thin red cheek; 
stalk about an inch and a half long, set without depression on the 
rounded point of the neck, which is slightly russeted ; basin very 




Fig. 698.— Nantais. 



Fig. 699.— Cornice. 



Fig. 700-— Dix. 



small, even ; flesh white, very juicy, melting, fine, very good. 
Mid-autumn. 

De Tongres. (Durandeau.) Large, pyramidal-pyriform, surface 
uneven or knobby ; yellow, with bronze russet and red stripes ; 
juicy, melting, rich, sub-acid, perfumed. October, November. A 
large, handsome, and excellent pear, but the tree is rather tender. 
Shoots light brown, slender, spreading, leaves narrow. 

;Diel.* (Diel's Butter.) Large, sometimes very large, thick py- 
riform, neck short, obtuse, body very large; small specimens 
approach obovate ; skin dull yellow, with numerous conspicuous 
-dots, and some russet; stalk an inch and a fourth to an inch and 
■a. half long, stout, moderately sunk ; basin slightly furrowed ; flesh 
rather coarse, rich, sugary, buttery, juicy, fine. Late autumn 
and early winter. Shoots large, spreading, irregular; leaves 
roundish or broad. Suceeds well on quince stocks. Belgian. 
Fig. 693. 

Dix. Large, long pyriform, body round-ovate, tapering slightly 



THE PEAR. 5^9 

to the often oblique and slightly flattened and obtuse crown ; yel- 
lowish green, becoming deep yellow ; dots numerous, distinct ; 
stalk an inch and a quarter long, stout at each end, slightly sunk ; 
basin small ; flesh rather granular, rich, juicy, sweet, often excel- 
lent, sometimes rather acid. The fruit often cracks. Middle and 
late autumn. A tardy bearer. Shoots yellow, rather slender, 
often thorny ; leaves flat. A native of Boston, Mass. Fig. 700. 

Due de Brabant. (Waterloo, Meil de Waterloo, Fondante de Char- 
neuse, Beurre Charneuse, Belle Excellente, Excellentissima.) 
Large, roundish-pyriform, tapering to crown (somewhat Onondga- 
shaped) , neck small ; greenish, dotted green, shaded crimson on 
the suuny side ; stalk long, curved, scarcely sunk; basin irregular, 
ribbed ; flesh greenish white, buttery, and melting, with a refresh- 
ing vinous flavor. October, November. 

Duchesse d'Orleans. Large, often only medium, sometimes long 
pyriform, but usually obovate-pyriform, somewhat pyramidal; 
skin golden yellow, slightly russeted, sometimes nearly overspread 
with russet, with a red cheek ; stalk thick, about an inch and a 
half long, scarcely sunk ; basin small, even ; flesh buttery and 
melting, rich; when well ripened, delicious. Ripens mid- 
autumn. A iiandsome, fine, French variety. Growth rathet 
spreading, shoots yellowish green. 

Duval. Medium, obtuse pyriform or Bartlett-shaped ; pale green; 
buttery, melting, with good flavor. October, November. Pro- 
ductive. Fig. 644. 

Dumas. (Belle ^pine Dumas, Due de Bordeaux.) Medium, long 
pyriform ; greenish-yellow ; stalk long, scarcely sunk ; basin shal- 
low, regular ; calyx partly closed ; buttery, half melting, sweet, 
flavor peculiar. Late autumn. Growth vigorous, succeeds on 
quince. Shoots dark, speckled ; leaves narrow. 

Emile d'Heyst. Large, long pyriform (like the Winkfield) ; light 
green with some brown russet ; stem variable, rather long, some- 
times fleshy ; calyx small, basin narrow, deep, and knobby ; but- 
tery and melting, fine, perfumed. November. Shoots long, 
brownish-yellow, diverging and straggling. Fig. 645. 

Figue. Medium or rather large, pyriform-pyramidal, regular, body 
rounding to the apex ; skin thin, green, partly russeted at crown, 
often a dull red cheek ; stalk an inch long, stout, very fleshy at 
insertion, not sunk; basin none; flesh rather coarse, melting, 
juicy, rich, high flavored. Late autumn. 

Figue Alencon. Large, irregularly pyramidal or pyriform ; green, 
spotted with russet; flesh melting, juicy, vinous, sprightly, excel- 
lent. October to December. Tree vigorous, productive. Shoots 
reddish-purple, leaves thick. 

Forelle. (Trout Pear.) Medium or rather large, pyriform, ap- 
proaching oblong- obovate; green, becoming clear yellow, with a 
deep vermilion cheek, dots margined with crimson ; stalk an inch 
long, slender ; cavity moderate ; basin rather abrupt and narrow ; 
flesh buttery and melting, but not rich. Late autumn. Shoots 



520 



THE PEAR. 



dark, purplish ; leaves small, nearly flat. German. A pear of 
great beauty, which has contributed to its reputation. 

Graslin. Large, pyramidal-pyriform, often tapering to the crown; 
skin thick, green, slightly russeted ; stalk long, slightly sunk; 
basin furrowed, flesh coarse, buttery, melting, rich, vinous. Octo- 
ber, November. 

Harvard. Medium or rather large, oblong-pyriform ; skin russety 
olive-yellow, and with a reddish cheek ; stalk rather stout, sunk 
little or none, oblique ; basin narrow; flesh juicy, melting, tender; 
rots at the core if not house-ripened. First of autumn. Verypro- 



FlG. 701.— Marie Louise. 



Fig. 702.— Comte de Plandre. 




Pig. 703 — Swan's Orange. FiG. 704.— Louis Bonne. 

ductive, growth vigorous, fruit handsome, rendering it profitable 
for market, although only second-rate in quality. Origin, Cam- 
bridge, Mas^. 
Kennes. Medium, pyriform, somewhat Urbaniste-shaped ; green- 
ish-yellow, russeted ; stalk thick, fleshy at insertion ; calyx partly 
closed; basin broad, shallow; buttery, melting, sweet, rich, per- 
fumed. Excellent. October. Must be house-ripened. Fig. 664. 

Lodge. Medium, pyriform, neck small, narrow, very acute, some- 
times ribbed and irregular; greenish-brown, much russeted ; stalk 
long, rather stout, curved ; basin varying from shallow to deep ; 
flesh juicy, melting, with a rich, vinous, sub-acid. Brown BeuiTe 
flavor. Early and mid-autumn. Philadelphia, where it proves 
very good, but farther North does not stand so high. Shoots 
slender, yellowish -brown, erect, and diverging. 

Long Green. (Verte Longue.) Rather large, long-pyriform, the 
ends rather acute, stem oblique ; surface wholly green ; flesh very 
juicy, with a good and agreeable flavor. The Striped Long 
Green is a sub-variety. 



THE PEAR. 521 

Long Green of Autumn (Verte Longue d'Automne, or Mouth- 
water) is quite distinct, being smaller, much more rounded, stem 
long, and with a brown cheek ; very juicy and pleasant ; ripens 
late in autumn, a month after the preceding. Profusely produc- 
tive, and valuable. 

Louise Bonne.* (Louise Bonne de Jersey. Louise Bonne d'Avran- 
ches.) Large, pyriform, tapering slightly to obtuse or flattened 
crown ; slightly one-sided ; surface smooth, pale yellowish-green, 
with a brownish red cheek ; stalk an inch to an inch and a half 
long, often fleshy at insertion, little sunk ; basin shallow ; flesh 
yellowish-white, very juicy, buttery, melting, rich, faintly sub- 
acid, fine. Ripens mid-autumn ; late autumn far North, early 
autumn at Cincinnati. Very productive ; succeeds admirably and 
is mostly grown on quince stocks. Shoots dark brown or purple ; 
serratures of the leaves rather coarse. This fine variety, like the 
Bartlett, is hardly of the highest quality, but is eminently valua- 
ble for its large, fair fruit, free upright growth, and great produc- 
tiveness. France. Fig. 704. 

Madame Eliza. Large, pyriform, approaching pyramidal; skin 
green, becoming nearly yellow ; flesh buttery, melting, sweet, 
perfumed, agreeable. November. Shoots greenish-brown, erect. 
Belgian. 

Marie Louise. Large pyriform, a little one-sided, or with a curved 
axis; body somewhat conical; surface pale green, becoming yel- 
lowish, partly russeted ; stalk an inch and a half long, rather 
stout, often oblique; calyx small, basin narrow, plaited; flesh but- 
tery, melting, vinous, when well grown rich and fine — often second 
or third rate — variable. Needs rich cultivation or else the fruit 
will be poor. Mid-autumn. Growth very flexuous and strag- 
gling; shoots olive-gray, petioles very long, leaves narrow. Bel- 
gian. Fig. 701. 

Millot de Nancy. Medium or below, distinct pyriform ; orange 
russet on dull yellow ; stalk an inch long, not sunk ; flesh buttery 
and melting, moderately juicy, and rich, sweet, aromatic. Octo- 
ber, November. Belgian. 

Moire. Rather large, pyriform, approaching obovate ; greenish- 
yellow; stalk stout, curved, cavity uneven, basin shallow; flesh 
yellowish, slightly granular, buttery, melting, rich, variable, often 
very good. October. Shoots purple, leaves wavy. 

Nantais. (Beurrede Nantes.) Large, long pyriform or pyramidal ; 
greenish-yellow, with a red cheek ; stalk large, set under a lip, 
not sunk ; calyx large, in a broad, furrowed basin ; juicy, per- 
fumed, very good. October. Fig. 698. 

Napoleon. Medium or rather large ; conic-pyriform, obtuse, vari- 
able ; green becoming pale yellowish-green ; stalk an inch long, 
stout, slightly sunk ; basin rather large ; flesh uncommonly juicy, 
melting, moderately rich, good, often astringent and worthless. 
From mid-autumn till winter. Needs ripening in a warm room. 
Very productive, thrift}', hardy. Shoots rather erect. Belgian. 
Best on warm, light soils. 



522 THE PEAR. 

Nouveau Poiteau. Medium or large, conic-pyriform, sometimeg 
approaching obovate, greenish, much russeted, and thickly dotted ; 
stalk rather short, often fleshy at insertion, not sunk ; calyx closed, 
basin moderate; flesh buttery, melting, somewhat vinous, very 
good when well grown. November. A strong grower, shoots 
brownish red, and forms a handsome pyramid on quince. Belgian. 

Onondaga.* (Swan's Orange.) Quite large, obtuse oval-pyriform, 
nearly in the form of a double cone, neck very short and obtuse, 
body large and tapering to obtuse apex ; skin roughish, greenish- 
yellow, becoming rich yellow, dots numerous, often a slight brown 
cheek, crown often slightly russeted ; stalk an inch to an inch and 

Fig.- 70S-— Ontario. Fig. 706.— Van Mons. 




Fig. 707. — Seneca. FiG. 708. — Worden's Seckel. 

a half long, stout, slightly sunk ; calyx small, closed, basin nar- 
row, ribbed ; flesh slightly coarse, buttery, melting, sometimes a 
little breaking, juicy, rich, fine, but not of the highest quality, 
sometimes astringent. Ripens mid-autumn. Growth vigorous, 
shoots yellow, ascending. Productive. Connecticut. Figs. 654 
and 703. 

Ontario. Medium or rather large, oblong-pyriform (somewhat 
Bartlett-shaped, but more obovate), sometimes faintly ribbed, 
somewht irregular ; pale yellow, thickly dotted ; stalk an inch 
long ; cavity small, irregular ; calyx open or partly closed ; basin 
wrinkled; flesh buttery, melting, with a mild, pleasant, agreeable 
flavor. First of October. Shoots yellowish-red, rather erect. 
Geneva. N. Y. Fig. 705. 

Parsonage. Medium or large, pyramidal-pyriform, approaching 
conic-obovate ; skin orange yellow, partly russeted, thickly dotted ; 



THE PEAR. 523 

stalk short, thick ; cavity small ; calyx partly open, basin shallow ; 
flesh granular, melting, juicy, rich, September. New Rochelle, 
N. Y. 

Payency. (Paquency.) Size medium ; pyriform approaching 
obovate-conic (Tyson-shaped) ; skin dull yellow, slightly russeted, 
with a faint dull blush ; stalk an inch long, stout ; calyx erect, 
basin shallow; flesh white, juic3% melting, good. Mid-autumn. 
French. Fig. 677. 

Pratt. Medium or rather large, obovate-pyriform ; skin greenish- 
yellow, thickly dotted ; stalk an inch long, slender and moderately 
sunk ; basin wide, shallow ; flesh tender, melting, juicy, excellent. 
Early autumn. Shoots yellowish, erect, leaves rather narrow, re- 
curved. Rhode Island. Fig. 662. 

Queen of the Low Countries. Large pyriform, neck narrow, body 
broad or slightly oblate (Bosc-shaped) ; surface slightly uneven, 
dull greenish-yellow, crown russeted, with numerous, often con- 
fluent russet dots, and a slight blush ; stalk an inch and a half 
long, curved, not sunk ; calyx small, rather deep-set, basin ribbed ; 
buttery, melting, juicy, moderately rich, sub-acid, with a second- 
rate, Brown Beurre flavor. Mid-autumn. Belgian. 

St. Ghislain. Size medium, pyriform, neck narrow, acute, taper- 
ing ; surface pale yellow, sometimes a faint blush ; stalk an inch 
and a half long, curved with fleshy rings at insertion ; basin very 
shallow ; flesh white, buttery, juicy, with a fine flavor. Growth 
upright, vigorous, shoots light brown. Somewhat variable in 
quality. Belgian. Early autumn. Requires high cultivation. 
Fig. 660. 

St. Michel Archange.* (Plombgastel.) Rather large, pyramidal- 
pyriform, greenish yellow, thickly dotted, partly russeted ; stalk 
medium length, stout, fleshy at insertion, not sunk; calyx closed, 
basin small, uneven; flesh rather coarse, juicy, rich, aromatic. 
October. Shoots greenish,[quite erect, leaves narrow, light green. 
Tardy bearer. 

Selleck. Large, obtuse-pyriform (Diel-shaped) , ribbed ; fine yel- 
low, thickly dotted ; stalk long, curved, fleshy at insertion ; cavity 
moderate, calyx closed; basin small, uneven; flesh white, juicy, 
melting, rich, aromatic, excellent. September, October. Shoots 
slender, brownish-yellow. 

Seneca.* Large, obovate-pyriform ; stem nearly two inches long, 
flattened at junction, with fleshy ridge ; basin large, irregular, light 
yellow, bright green mottlings, black dots, blush on side ; flesh 
white, fine-grained, melting, vinous, sprightly. Very good. 
September. Fig. 706. 

Soldat Laboureur. Rather large, pyriform ; skin becoming yellow 
when ripe, slightly russeted ; stalk rather stout, curved, slightly 
sunk; cavity small, abrupt; basin small; flesh granular, melting, 
juicy, and when well grown of a rich, vinous flavor ; variable, 
often poor. Late autumn. Shoots erect, light greenish-brown. 
Belgian. 

Soulange. Rather large, acute or conic, pyriform, or with neck 



524 



THE PEAR. 



tapering into stalk, which is stout, curved, and fleshy ; pale yel- 
low, with traces of russet ; basin and calyx rather large ; melting, 
very juicy, rich, aromatic. September, October. 

Souvenir Esperen. Large, pyriform, obovate, tapering to crown, 
dull yellow, with a mottled red cheek ; melting, vinous. Shoots 
yellow, erect. November. Belgian. 

Sterkmans. (Doyenne Sterkmans.) Size medium, short pyriform, 
broad at the crown, slightly ribbed ; skin greenish-yellow, dotted 
and shaded red to the sun ; stalk an inch or more long ; cavity 
small, uneven ; basin rather large, uneven ; flesh fine-grained, 
buttery, and melting, with a very good, slightly vinous flavor. 
Late autumn. 

Theodore Van Mons. Rather large, obovate-pyriform, sometimes 
long pyriform ; greenish yellow, somewhat russeted ; stalk an inch 
long, scarcely sunk ; calyx large, open ; flesh granular, juicy, 
melting, varying from good to very good. September, October. 
Tree vigorous and productive on pear or quince. Fig. 706. 

Triomphe de Jodoigne. Quite large, obtuse-pyriform, irregular and 
uneven; skin rough, thick, greenish-yellow, with russet dots; 
stalk large ; calyx partly closed in a small basin ; flesh coarse, 
juicy, buttery, musky, of moderate quality. Late autumn, keeps 
into winter. Growth vigorous, spreading, irregular. 

Urbaniste.* (Beurre Piquery.) Medium or rather large, conic- 
pyriform, obtuse and short, often approaching obovate; skin pale 
yellow or greenish, faintly russeted ; stalk an inch long, stout, 
moderately and sometimes considerably sunk ; calyx erect or 
closed ; basin distinct, even ; flesh melting, buttery, with a fine, 
delicious flavor, and a perceptible shade of acid. In unfavorable 
localities, it is sometimes of moderate quality. Middle and late 
autumn. Does not come soon into bearing. Shoots slender, 
greenish-yellow, leaves narrow, recurved. Belgium. Fig. 661. 

Van Mons Le Clerc. Large, long pyriform, obtuse ; surface yel- 
lowish-green, slightly russeted ; stalk an inch and a fourth long, 
stout, little sunk ; "calyx small, basin very shallow ; flesh fine 
grained, yellowisla-white, buttery, melting, rich, fine. Ripens 
middle and late autumn. A native of Laval, in France. The 
value of this fine pear is nearly destroyed by its liability to crack 
and canker. 

Verte Longue of Angers. Large, distinct pyriform (nearly Bosc- 
shaped) ; green ; stalk rather short, oblique, not sunk ; basin rather 
small ; flesh greenish-white, juicy and melting, agreeably per- 
fumed. October. Belgian. Resembles Long Green (or Verte 
Longue) . Fig. 647. 

Wilmington. Medium, pyriform, approaching obovate ; cinnamon 
russet on yellow ground ; cavity slight, often none ; basin rather 
large ; flesh fine, melting, buttery, rich, aromatic. September. 
Philadelphia. Fig. 658. 

Worden.* Medium, conic-pyriform ; golden yellow, one side bright 
crimson ; stem, one and one-quarter inches long, not curved slight 
fold at base ; basin shallow ; flesh dull white, very juicy, buttery, 



THE PEAR. 525 

fine-grained, melting, excellent. A seedling of Seckel, which it 
surpasses in size, beauty, and keeping qualities. Ripe in Octo- 
ber, but will keep till December. New York. Fig. 708. 

Class II. Obscure Pyriform, Obovate, or Turbinate. 

Abbott. Medium in size, oblong-obovate (like the Washington) ; 
surface even, smooth, dark dull green, with a reddish-brown cheek 
changing to scarlet ; stalk an inch long ; calyx small, closed ; melt- 
ing, juicy, rich. Early mid-autumn. Good and handsome, shoots 
purplish. Providence, R, I. 

Amalis. (Beurre d'Amanlis.) Large, obovate, often irregular, 
sometimes slightly pyriform. with a short and narrow neck ; dull 
yellowish-green, with some russet, and a dull reddish cheek; 
stalk an inch and a quarter long, very slightly sunk ; basin shal- 
low ; flesh buttery, melting, and juicy, and rather rich, with a 
moderate, often astringent and poor flavor. Early and mid- 
autumn. A strong grower, great bearer, tree spreading, irregular ; 
leaves sharp serrate. 

Anjou.* Rather large, obtuse Doyenne-form, regular; surface 
greenish-yellow, a dull red cheek to the sun, clouded with russet ; 
stalk quite short, or half an inch long, lightly sunk ; cavity un- 
even, basin shallow, round, smooth ; flesh yellowish-white, fine- 
grained, buttery, melting, with a high, rich, vinous, excellent 
flavor. Shoots light green, leaves recurved, wavy. Begins to 
ripen in the middle of autumn, and keeps long, sometimes into 
midwinter. The hardiness, uniformity, reliability, excellence, 
and long-keeping qualities of the Anjou render it one of the most 
valuable of all pears. French. Fig. 711. 

Augustus Dana. Medium or large, obovate ; skin dull green, 
slightly rough, partly russeted, thickly dotted ; stalk long, curved, 
scarcely sunk on the obtuse end ; eye large, slightly sunk ; flesh 
juicy, melting, rich, aromatic. October and Noveriiber. Growth 
irregular, thorny, like Dix. Massachusetts. New. 

Augusta Royer. Medium, turbinate ; skin russet-fawn, becoming 
orange ; juicy, rich, perfumed. November. Vigorous and pro- 
ductive. 

Belle Lucrative.* (Fondante d'Automne.) Size medium, conic- 
obovate, sometimes remotely pyriform ; surface pale yellowish- 
green, slightly russeted ; stalk and inch and a quarter long, often 
fleshy, oblique ; cavity very small and narrow ; calyx short ; basin 
smooth, sometimes furrowed; flesh very juicy, with a fine tex- 
ture, melting, rich, excellent. Variable — when well grown and 
fully ripened, it has no superior and few equals, in its exceedingly 
rich, delicate, perfumed flavor — but sometimes of poor quality. 
Middle or last of September. Belgian. Growth moderate, upright, 
shoots yellowish-gray. Fig. 709. 

Bergamotte Cadette. (Beauchamps, Beurre Beauchamps, Poire de 
Cadet.) Size medium, round-obovate, or round-oval; surface 
greenish-yellow, often russeted, frequently tinged with reddish- 
brown to the sun ; stalk an inch and a fourth long, scarcely sunk 



526 



THE PEAR. 



on the rounded base ; calyx erect or closed, basin very shallow ; 
flesh meltitig, buttery, juicy, sweet, quite rich, slightly perfumed. 
Late autumn. Shoots greenish, slender, erect, and diverging; 
leaves small. Productive. French. Fig. 675. 

Berkmans. Medium, turbinate, or short pyriform ; yellowish, 
rough, russeted ; stalk fleshy, oblique, basin shallow, furrowed ; 
buttery and melting, rich, and perfumed. November, December. 

B. S. Fox. Large, obtuse obovate, russet yellow ; flesh fine-grained, 
very juicy, vinous. A Fox seedling from California. Very good. 




Fig. 709. 
Belle Lucrative 



Fig. 712. 
Buffum. 



Navey. Rather large, roundish obovate, obscurely pyriform ; yel- 
low, with some russet; stalk large, often fleshy, cavity slight; 
basin moderate ; flesh buttery and melting, rich, sub-acid, aro- 
matic, perfumed, very good. October, November. 

Beymont. (Beurre Bieumont.) Size medium, obovate (Bloodgood- 

shaped) ; crimson russet; stalk long, curved, calyx small, basin 

shallow ; melting, very sweet, rich, perfumed. October to De- 
cember. 

Bon Chretien Fondante, or "Melting Bonchretien." Size medium, 
roundish, slightly oblong, rarely short obovate, obtuse; surface 
dull green, partly russeted, numerously dotted; stalk an inch 
long, moderately or slightly sunk ; basin small ; flesh yellowish- 
white, or yellow and rather gritty, melting, very juicy, rich, pleas- 
ant, somewhat variable. Ripens about mid-autumn or later. 
Hardy, vigorous. Leaves conspicuously folded and recurved. 

Boussock.* (Doyenn6 Boussock, Doyenne Boussock Nouvelle.) 



THE PEAR. 527 

Large, thick obovate, sometimes slightly pyriform, slightly un- 
even ; surface bright lemon yellow when ripe, partly russeted, 
■ sometimes a slight reddish cheek ; stalk stout, about an inch long, 
varying, sometimes fleshy, often oblique ; basin very shallow, 
even ; flesh buttery, melting, very juicy, with a very good flavor. 
Ripens middle of September. Shoots diverging, purplish. A 
valuable and reliable pear; requires early picking. Belgium. 
Fig. 669. 

Brov^n Beurre. (Beurre Gris, Grey Beurre, Beurre Rouge, Red 
Beurre, Beurre Isambert.) Large, often only medium, oblong- 
obovate, with a rounded taper to the stalk ; skin yellowish-green, 
russeted ; stalk an inch to an inch and a half long, rather oblique, 
thickening into the fruit ; basin rather shallow ; flesh greenish- 
white, very juicy, melting, buttery, with a rich acid or vinous 
flavor. Early mid-autumn. Variable in quality. 

Buffum.* Size medium, obovate ; skin yellow, with a broad, red- 
dish-brown cheek, somewhat russeted ; stalk three-fourths of an 
inch long, stout ; cavity and basin moderate or small ; flesh but- 
tery, sweet, very good, slightly variable. Shoots strong, reddish- 
brown, very erect ; tree very productive. Valuable for its fair fruit, 
and fine bearing qualities. Ripens end of September, but should 
be picked two weeks before, or it becomes mealy. Origin, Rhode 
Island. Fig. 712. 

Cabot. Size medium, round-obovate, slightly irregular, crown full, 
obtuse ; stalk an inch long, set on the pointed base without depres- 
sion ; surface rough, russeted, bronze yellow ; basin round, 
smooth ; flesh greenish-white, breaking, somewhat melting, juicy, 
sub-acid, good. Early mid-autumn. Tree vigorous, very produc- 
tive. Hardy, reliable. Origin, Salem, Mass. 

Capsheaf. Rather small, short obovate, wide at crown, somewhat 
conic, or with a rounded taper to the stalk ; surface deep yellow, 
mostly russeted ; stalk an inch long, stout, slightly sunk; calyx 
small, basin rather large ; flesh melting, juicy, buttery, mild, 
sweet, good, of second quality. Ripens mid-autumn. Shoots 
erect, stout, yellowish-brown ; very productive. Rhode Island. 

Collins. Size medium, obovate, approaching turbinate; greenish- 
yellow ; stalk short, thick, oblique, not sunk ; calyx small, scarcely 
sunk ; flesh juicy and melting ; of medium quality. First of Octo- 
ber. Massachusetts. 

Comte de Lamy. Rather small, roundish-obovate (Bloodgood- 
shaped) ; yellow, with dots and thin russet ; stalk an inch long, 
set under a lip, scarcely sunk ; basin shallow ; juicy, melting, re- 
freshing, agreeable. October. Shoots reddish, erect. 

Cushing. Medium or rather large, obovate, or Doyenne form ; sur- 
face light greenish-yellow, rarely a dull red cheek ; stalk an inch 
long,, cavity abrupt; basin rather shallow; flesh fine-grained, 
buttery, melting, with a fine flavor, nearly first-rate. Ripens in 
the early part of autumn. Shoots spreading. Very productive. 
Origin, Hingham, Mass. Fig. 670. 

Dallas. Size medium, obovate, slightly conic-pyriform ; dull -yel- 
low, often much russeted ; stalk an inch long, not sunk ; basin 



528 THE PEAR. 

round, slightly wrinkled; segments of the calyx rounded, stiff; 
flesh tine-grained, melting, juicy, good. Ripens late autumn. 
Connecticut. 

Delices d'Hardenpont of Angers. Medium, obovate-turbinate, 
sometimes conic, approaching pyriform ; greenish-yellow, with 
some russet ; stalk short, thick, fleshy at insertion ; cavity little or 
none ; calyx and basin small ; flesh slightly coarse, juicy, rich, 
perfumed. October, November. 

Defais. Size medium, obovate, or short Doyenne form, sometimes 
obscurely pyriform ; waxen yellow, with a bright red cheek ; stalk 
curved, cavity broad and deep ; calyx large, basin broad and deep ; 
buttery and melting, sweet, rich, perfumed. October, November. 
Fig. 671. 

Dillen. Large, oblong-pj'ramidal, pyriform ; fine yellow, russeted, 
dotted ; stalk short, thick, fleshy ; calyx rarely open ; basin mod- 
erate ; flesh juicy, buttery, sweet, and rich. November, keeping 
into December. 

Downing, Medium, roundish-ovate; green, becoming yellow, 
thickly dotted ; stalk short, obliquely set ; basin small ; flesh a 
little coarse, juicy, melting, rich, vinous. September. 

Duchesse Helene. Large, obovate, somewhat pyriform, oblique ; 
green, becoming yellow, slightly russeted, rough ; stalk short, 
under a lip; basin narrow ; buttery, melting, rich, vinous, slightly 
astringent. October, November. Belgian. New. 

Dumortier. Medium, roundish obovate; dull yellow, somewhat 
russeted ; stalk long, slender, not sunk ; calyx and basin small ; 
flesh greenish-white, juicy, melting, rich, aromatic, perfumed. 
Seperaber. — quickly decays. Belgian. 

Dundas. Size medium, short turbinate, sometimes obovate, base 
flattened ; skin yellow, with a brilliant blush ; stalk an inch long, 
stout, not sunk ; calyx small, basin wide, deep, and even ; flesh 
half buttery, tender, melting, rich, perfumed. Mid-autumn. A 
handsome Belgian variety. Fig, 680. 

Dunmore. Large, oblong-obovate ; surface greenish, with dots of 
brownish-red russet ; stalk an inch and a half long, stout, fleshy 
at insertion, scarcely sunk in the obtuse and rounded base ; calyx 
small, deep set; flesh buttery, melting, rich, often acid, sometimes 
astringent. Early autumn. English. 

Edmonds. Medium to large, obovate ; surface irregular ; stalk long, 
stout and fleshy toward the base, set in a moderate, knobby 
cavity ; basin ribbed or uneven ; flesh yellowish-white, very fine- 
grained, melting, with a sweet, peculiar, excellent flavor. Sep- 
tember. Shoots very stout, greenish-brown ; leaves thick, folded, 
recurved. Rochester, N. Y. Introduced by Ellwanger & Barry. 
New. Fig. 710. 

Figue de Naples. (Fig Pear of Naples.) Medium, or rather large, 
oblong-obovate, sometimes slightly obovate-pyrif orm , base very 
obtuse ; surface yellowish-brown, with a faint reddish cheek ; stalk 
an inch long, fleshy at insertion ; basin broad, shallow, smooth , 



THE PEAR. 



529 



flesh buttery, not rich, becoming dry unless kept from the air. 
Ripens late autumn. Hardy and productive. 
Flemish Beauty.* (Belle de Flandres.) Large, obovate, often 
obscurely tapering to the crown, very obtuse ; surface slightly 
rough, with some reddish-brown russet on pale 3-ellow ground ; 
stalk an inch and a quarter long, rather slender ; cavity round, 
defep, narrow, often acuminate, rim obtusely rounded ; basin 
small, round ; flesh juicy, melting, often with a very rich, sweet, 
and excellent flavor, but variable, and sometimes not high- 
■fiavored ; needs house-ripening. Early fall. Shoots dark brown, 
diverging, and ascending ; growth vigorous. The fruit often 
cracks badly unless the trees are sprayed. Belgium. Fig. 715. 

Fig. 713.— Washington. FiG. 714.— Laure de Glymes. 




Fig. yts.—Flemish Beauty. 



Fig. 716.— Howell. 



Fig. 717.— Gray Doyenn6. 



Fondante Malines. Medium, roundish-obovate ; greenish, netted 
with russet, becoming rich yellow when ripe ; stalk stout, long, 
curved, scarcely sunk ; calyx small, closed ; flesh buttery, melt- 
ing, sweet, perfumed. Late autumn. 

Frederick Clapp. Medium large, round-obovate ; clear lemon 
yellow; flesh fine grained, melting, sprightl3^ rich, aromatic, 
very good. Mid-season. Excellent for dessert or market. Massa- 
chusetts. 

Golden Beurre of Bilboa. (Bilboa, Hooper's Bilboa.) Rather 
large, obovate, slightly pyriform, rather obtuse, very regular ; 
surface smooth, fair, fine yellow, russeted round the stalk ; dots 
small, distinct ; stalk an inch and a quarter long, slightly sunk ; 
calyx small, erect, basin shallow ; flesh fine grained, very buttery, 
melting, moderately rich — sometimes an obscure acid astringenc}'. 
Ripens the first of autumn, and immediatelj' follows the Bartlett. 
Shoots yellow, ascending. A native of Bilboa, Spain. 



Gray Doyenne.* 

34 



(Doyenne Gris, Gray Butter Pear, Red Doyenne, 



530 777^ PEAR. 

Doyenne Rouge, St. Michael Dore.) Size medium, obovate, of- 
ten approaching turbinate ; whole surface a handsome, smooth 
cinnamon russet; stalk half to three-quarters of an inch long; 
cavity quite narrow ; calyx small, closed ; flesh with a very fine 
texture, very butter}', melting, rich, perfumed, delicious, excel- 
lent. Middle of autumn to winter. Shoots yellowish or grayish 
brown, ascending. Fails by cracking in many localities. France. 
Fig. 717. 

Hagerman. Medium, or small, roundish ovate; yellow, with a 
brownish-red cheek ; stalk short, stout ; basin shallow ; flesh juicy, 
melting, quality very good. September. Origin, Long Island. 

Hanners. Medium, oblong-obovate ; yellowish-green, becoming 
pale yellow; stalk stout; flesh juicy, melting, very good. Sep- 
tember. 

Hardy.* Large, long obovate, sometimes obscurely pyriform ; skin 
greenish, with thin brown russet ; stalk an inch long, cavity small, 
uneven, oblique; basin shallow; buttery, somewhat melting, rich, 
slightly sub-acid, good. October, Tree a strong grower, succeeds 
well on quince. 

Heathcot. (Gore's Heathcot.) Medium size, obovate, regular 
(Buffum form) , base obtuse; surface greenish-yellow, partly over- 
spread with thin russet ; stalk an inch long, rather stout ; cavity 
moderate or small; calyx partly closed; basin small; flesh fine 
grained, buttery, with a rich, perfumed, and excellent flavor — 
sometimes hardly first-rate. Early mid-autumn. Shoots slender, 
upright, reddish-brown. Very productive and profitable. Origin, 
Waltham, Mass. Fig. 672. 

Henkel. Medium or rather large, round-obovate, remotely pyri- 
form, with a very short neck, obtuse ; surface yellow, often a 
clear pale yellow, sometimes partly russeted ; stalk an inch and a 
half long, slightly sunk ; basin small, even ; flesh yellowish-white, 
buttery, melting, juicy, sprightly, fine, sometimes only second- 
rate. Shoots long, slender, erect, yellowish-brown ; leaves small. 
Belgian. 

Henry IV. (Ananas, Henri Quatre.) Rather small, round-obovate, 
somewhat turbinate ; surface greenish-yellow, often somewhat 
russeted, sometimes a dark reddish-brown cheek; stalk an inch 
and a fourth long, slender, usually fleshy at insertion, not sunk ; 
basin shallow, abrupt; calyx closed; flesh juicy, melting, rich, 
perfumed, mostly first-rate flavor. Needs house-ripening. Early 
in autumn. Shoots diverging or spreading, yellowish-brown. 
Very productive. Fig. 679. 

Hericart. Medium, obovate, somewhat oblong and irregular, yel- 
low, partly russeted ; stalk slender, an inch or more long ; cavity 
small, basin shallow ; flesh fine-grained, buttery, often gritty and 
slightly astringent, not rich, but with a peculiar aromatic flavor. 
End of September. 

Howell.* Rather large, wide-obovate, sometimes with a short ob- 
scure neck; light yellow, frequently with a handsome cheek, dots 
minute ; stalk rather long and stout, a little fleshy at insertion, 
scarcely sunk ; calyx in a small, smooth basin ; flesh white, melt- 



THE PEAR. 531 

ing, buttery, moderately rich, aromatic, somewhat variable in 
quality. Tree a strong grower, fruit remarkably fair, mid- 
autumn. Shoots brown, strong, erect, and ascending. New 
Haven, Conn. Fig. 716. 

Hull, Medium size, obovate, rounded at base ; skin yellowish- 
green, some russeted ; stalk an inch and a half long, rather 
slender, not sunk ; basin shallow ; flesh melting, juicy, slightly 
gritty at core, sweet, often fine, sometimes poor. Shoots yellow, 
diverging, somewhat irregular. Origin, Swansea, Mass. A great 
bearer. 

Jalousie de Fontenay Vendee. (Fontenay Jalousie.) vSize me- 
dium, conic-turbinate. approaching thick -pyriform ; surface a pale 
dull yellowish-green, more or less russeted, often a faint red 
cheek ; stalk an inch long, often oblique, not sunk ; calyx closed, 
stiff; basin small, round; flesh buttery, melting, mild, rich, fine 
flavored. Ripens at mid-autumn. Shoots greenish, rather erect, 
leaves long. French. 

Johonnot. Rather small, roundish-obovate, sometimes nearly round, 
irregular; skin pale greenish-yellow and yellowish -brown, faintly 
russeted ; stalk about an inch long, thick, oblique, fleshy at inser- 
tion, not sunk ; basin round ; flesh rather coarse, melting, buttery, 
rich, of fine flavor. Early mid-autumn. Origin, Salem, Mass. 
The value of this fine little pear is lessened by the slow growth 
of the tree. Shoots reddish, short, diverging. 

Jules Bivort. Rather large, obovate, or nearly Doyenne form ; skin 
yellow, thickly dotted, and with much cinnamon russet ; stalk 
long, inclined ; cavity broad ; basin small ; flesh firm, buttery, 
juicy, very rich, excellent, perfumed. November. Belgian. 

Kingsessing.* Large, broad, obovate, or Doyenne form, approach- 
ing pyriform ; greenish-yellow, thickly dotted ; stalk medium or 
long, curved; cavity broad, uneven; calyx closed; basin shallow, 
irregular ; flesh granular, buttery, melting, with a sweet, very 
good flavor. September. Shoots rather ^rect, greenish ; leaves 
recurved. Pennsylvania. A tardy bearer. Fig. 663. 

Kirtland. Rather small, roundish-obovate; covered with a rich 
russet, often reddened in the sun ; stalk short, stout, often fleshy 
at insertion ; calyx partly open, basin shallow; flesh buttery, very 
rich, perfumed, somewhat resembling its parent, the Seckel. 
Often rots at core, and does not always soften well ; requires early 
gathering. First of September. Ohio. 

Laura de Glymes. Medium or large, turbinate, or nearly Blood- 
good-shaped ; -whole surface nearly covered with russet, becoming 
rich orange-yellow at maturity ; stalk nearly an inch long, fleshy 
at base, not sunk ; basin shallow, smooth ; flesh buttery, high 
flavored, perfumed, very good. Middle of autumn, sometimes 
continuing quite late. Belgian. 

Lyon. Size medium. Doyenne-shaped; skin yellow, thick, smooth, 
with a blush, finely dotted, russeted about the stalk ; stalk scarcely 
sunk ; calyx nearly closed ; basin small ; flesh coarse, a little gritty 
at core, vinous, very good. Resembles Buffum in tree and pro- 
ductiveness, but less dry and two weeks earlier. Newport, R. L 



532 THE PEAR. 

Moore. (Moore's Pound, Hosenshenck.) Large, obovate or 
nearly round ; skin smooth, green, becoming rich yellow, with a 
slight blush, thinly and minutely dotted; stalk short, not sunk; 
basin small, wrinkled; flesh juicy, melting, rich, vinous. Ripens 
in September, and keeps well. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Mount Vernon.* (Walker's Seedling. ) jVIedium, obovate, irregular ; 
dull brownish russet, with a red cheek ; stalk very short, oblique, 
scarcely sunk ; basin shallow, smooth ; flesh greenish-white, a 
little coarse, rich, vinous, aromatic. October, November. Rox- 
bury, Mass. 

Omer Pacha. Medium, turbinate, smaller specimens roundish- 
turbinate ; skin green, partly russeted around the stalk; juicy, 
■ buttery, vinous. First of September. 

Oswego Beurre. Size medium, obtuse oval-obovate, regular; sur- 
face yellowish-green, with some thin russet; stalk three-fourths 
of an inch long, stout, deep set ; calyx small, erect, or closed ; 
basin smooth ; flesh melting, juicy, with a fine, sprightly vinous 
flavor at first, becoming nearly sweet. Ripens from mid-autumn 
till winter, often cracks badly. Tree vigorous, hardy, very pro- 
ductive. Origin, Oswego, N. Y. 

Petr^. Medium size, obovate, sometimes slightly obovate-pyriform 
or truncate-conic, base or stalk end wide or obtuse ; surface pale 
yellow, often slightly russeted, with a reddish-brown cheek ; stalk 
about an inch long, rather stout, cavity obtuse at bottom ; basin 
small, smooth; flesh fine-grained, sometimes slightly gritty, but- 
tery, melting, rich, sweet, perfumed, often excellent — variable in 
quality from first to second rate. Ripens at mid-autumn. Growth 
moderate, shoots rather slender, yellowish. 

Philadelphia. Large, roundish-obovate, broad, remotely approach- 
ing Diel form ; skin yellow, thickly dotted, sometimes partly rus- 
seted; stalk stout, cavity abrupt; basin broad, uneven; flesh 
coarse, buttery, melting, with a very good flavor, slightly per- 
fumed. September. 

Preble. Large, oblong, obovate ; greenish-yellow, somewhat rus- 
seted ; stalk an inch long, stout, a little sunk; flesh buttery, melt- 
ing, with a rich, high flavor. October, November. Maine. 

Raymond. Medium, obovate or Doyenne-shaped ; skin yellow ; stalk 
an inch long, scarcely sunk ; basin shallow ; flesh buttery, melting, 
excellent. September. Maine. 

Seckel.* Small, obovate, sometimes obscurely conic-pyriform, reg- 
ular; skin brownish green, becoming rich yellowish brown, with 
a deep brownish-red cheek ; stalk one-half to three-fourths of an 
inch long, cavity and basin small ; flesh very fine-grained, sweet, 
very juicy, melting, buttery, the richest and highest flavored pear 
known. Although of slow growth and small size, like the Green 
Gage among plums, it is regarded as the standard of excellence. 
Its high musky perfume is not, however, agreeable to all. Early 
mid-autumn. Shoots stout, short, ascending; tree very hardy. 
Needs rich cultivation. Origin, near Philadelphia, Pa., and suc- 
ceeds well throughout the Northern, Middle, and Western States, 
and is remarkably free from the blight. 



THE PEAR. 533 

Serrurier. (Fondante de Millot.) Medium, conic-obovate, obtuse ; 
yellow, thickly dotted, slightly russeted ; stalk rather short; cavity 
small, basin shallow ; flesh slightly granular, juicy, melting, brisk, 
vinous. September, October. 

Shepard. (Shepard's Seedling.) Medium or large, obovate, ribbed 
toward the crown; yellow, slightly russeted, thickly dotted; stalk 
an inch long, slightly sunk ; calyx erect, basin ribbed . flesh very 
melting and buttery, of a fine, agreeable flavor. Early October. 
Dorchester, Mass. 

St. Andre. Size medium, obovate-turbinate, crown blunted; skin 
greenish-yellow, slightly dotted red ; stalk an inch long, fleshy at 
insertion; basin shallow ; flesh greenish-white, fine-grained, but- 
tery and melting, perfumed, excellent. September. Bark cracks. 

Sterling. Medium or rather large, roundish-obovate, sometimes 
obscurely pyriform ; light yellow, often with a little russet, and a 
red cheek ; stalk long and stout, inserted in a slight cavity by a 
fleshy ring, basin shallow, uneven ; flesh rather coarse, juicy, half 
melting, good. First of September. The strong upright growth 
and productiveness of the tree, and the handsome appearance of 
the truit, render the Sterling a marketvariety, although not stand- 
ing very high in quality. Origin, Livingston County, N. Y. 

Superfine.* Medium, roundish-obovate with a small, narro\y neck 
tapering into the stalk; greenish-yellow, somewhat russeted and 
sometimes a brownish cheek ; very juicy and melting, with a rich, 
agreeable, vinous, and sub-acid flavor. October. Tree vigorous. 
Grows well on quince. France. 

Surpasse Virgalieu. Medium obovate, sometimes roundish-obovate ; 
pale yellow, dots few, minute ; sometimes faintly reddened to the 
sun; stalk medium ; cavity moderate, oblique ; basin small; flesh 
white, fine-grained, buttery, melting, high-flavored, excellent. 

Tea. Medium, roundish-obovate, approaching pyriform; yellow, 
numerously dotted; stalk rather stout, cavity small, calyx half 
closed; basin shallow; flesh white, juicy, melting, vinous, very 
good. First of September. Milford, Conn. 

Thompson. Medium in size, obovate, slightly pyriform ; yellow, 
slightly russeted ; stalk an inch long, or less, stout; calyx stiff, 
scarcely cut; buttery, melting, and fine flavored. Late autumn. 

Van Assche. ' (VanAssene.) Rather large, broad, obovate, slightly 
angular ; crown obtuse, sides rounded , skin fair, smooth, dull 
yellow; stalk an inch and a quarter long, slender, curved, moder- 
ately sunk ; calyx closed ; flesh white, rather coarse, buttery, melt- 
ing, rich. Shoots light brownish-purple, diverging ; leaves con- 
siderably serrated. Belgian. 

Vermont Beauty.* Medium, obovate, yellow, bright carmine cheek, 
russeted; flesh rich and juicy, sweet, very good. Ripens after 
Seckel. Very hardy. Vermont. 

Washington.* Medium in size, oblong-obovate, obtuse, sometimes 
slightly obtuse-pyriform ; surface smooth, clear yellow, hand- 
somely marked with conspicuous red dots on the sunny side, 
slightly russeted round the stalk, which is an inch and a fourth 



534 THE PEAR. 

long, and slightly sunk ; calyx small, partly closed, basin shallow ; 
flesh very juicy, melting, slightly breaking, with a rich, unusually 
sweet, perfumed, excellent flavor. Early in autumn. Growth 
vigorous, shoots brown speckled, straight, erect, and diverging. 
Fruit always fair, but varies in size and form — esteemed most by 
those who like a very sweet flavor. Delaware. 

Westcott. Size medium, roundish-obovate • green, becoming yel- 
low ; flesh melting, juicy, good ; not worthy of extension. Early 
in autumn. Origin, Cranston, R. I. 

Wilbur. Medium in size, frequently rather small ; obovate, regular, 
often obovate-pyriform ; skin a dull green and russet ; stalk three- 
fourths to one inch long, cavity very small ; calyx prominent, 
scarcely sunk ; flesh rather coarse, melting, juicy, pleasant, often 
slightly astringent, varying. Early autumn. Shoots slender, 
yellowish-brown. Origin, Somerset, Mass. 

Wilkinson. Size medium, obovate, narrowed somewhat toward 
the crown, largest in the middle; skin smooth, bright yellow; 
stalk an inch and a quarter long, stout, scarcely sunk ; calyx stiff, 
short, basin shallow; flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, rich, of 
good flavor. Ripens from mid-autumn to winter. Shoots long, 
stout, upright, greenish-yellow; tree thrifty, hard, productive. A 
good second-rate variety. Often fails by cracking. Rhode Island. 

White Doyenne."* (Butter Pear of Pennsylvania, Virgalieu of New 
York, St. Michael of Boston, Yellow Butter, white Beurre, 
Doyenne, Doyenne Blanc.) Medium or rather large, regular 
obovate, obtuse, sometimes remotely pyriform ; surface pale yel- 
low, often a faint blush , stalk about an inch long, scarcely sunk; 
calyx small, basin shallow ; flesh of very fine texture, white, but- 
tery, melting, rich, and excellent. Middle to late autumn. Shoots 
ascending, grayish-yellow; leaves folded, recurved. It fails by 
cracking in many localities, but in portions of the Western States 
it is unsurpassed in its excellent qualities of hardy growth, fair 
fruit, delicious flavor, and great productiveness. France. 
North of forty-two degrees of latitude, it becomes a late autumn 
fruit, and may be kept into winter. Fig. 719. 



Class III. Roundish or Oblate. 

Church. Size medium, roundish oblate, with a very short neck, 
irregular ; yellow , with minute dots ; stalk rather long and stout, 
scarcely sunk ; basin broad and shallow, slightly furrowed ; flesh 
fine, very buttery, melting, with a very sweet, rich, and excellent 
flavor. Ripens through September. Tree vigorous and spread- 
ing, uniformly productive, and fruit unvarying m good quality. 
New Rochelle, N. Y. Fig. 720. 

Des Nonnes. (Beurre de Brignais.) Size medium, roundish- 
turbinate, obtuse ; greenish-yellow becoming clear yellow with 
many dots , stalk long, rather slender, a little curved, slightly 
sunk ; calyx rather small, often closed in a srriall wrinkled basin ; 
juicy and exceedingly melting when at perfection, very sweet. 



THE PEAR. 



535 



perfumed, with an excellent, delicate flavor. Variable, sometimes 
quite moderate. September. Fig. 722. 

Fulton. Rather small or nearly medium ; roundish , crown flattened ; 
whole surface a smooth gray russet, becoming a dark cinnamon 
russet ; stalk an inch and a quarter long, slender, cavity round, 
rather narrow; calyx long, deep cut, basin uneven; flesh half 
buttery, melting, rich, sprightly, agreeable, nearly or quite first- 



Robin. 




Fig. 719. 
White Doyenne. 



Fig. 722. 
Des Nonnes. 



rate. Ripens middle and late autumn. Shoots rather slender, 
reddish brown. Tree very hardy and productive. Valuable. 
Origin, Topsham, Me. Fig. 684. 

Gansel Bergamot. (BrocasBergamot.) Rather large, sometimes 
only medium ; roundish-oblate, more or less approaching obovate, 
flattened most at crown ; skin yellowish-brown, with a faint russet 
brown blush ; stalk short, half or three-fourths of an inch long, 
ends often fleshy ; cavity and basin smooth ; flesh granular, melt- 
ing, juicy, rich, sweet, perfumed, with a very good flavor. Ripens 
through several of the early weeks of autumn. Shoots short, dark 
gray, spreading; leaves flat, mealy. English. Fig. 683. 

Goubalt. Rather small or medium, roundish-oblate, with a slight 
neck ; greenish-yellow ; stalk long, cavity small, calyx large ; basin 
shallow ; juicy, not high-flavored. September. Tree vigorous, 
an early and great bearer. Fig. 682. 

Huntington, Size medium, roundish, approaching obovate ; yellow, 
rough, sometimes shaded crimson, slightly russeted, thickly 
dotted ; stalk medium or long ; cavity broad, uneven , basin mod- 



536 THE FEAR. 

erate ; flesh white, juicy, buttery, and melting, sweet, perfumed, 
excellent. Last half of September. Origin, New Rochelle, N. Y. 

Idaho. (Mulkey.) Large, nearly round, regular; golden yellow, 
many russet dots ; cavity irregular, rather deep ; basin shallow, 
pointed ; flesh melting, juicy, sprightly, vinous, very good. 
Early autumn. Idaho. Fig. 725. 

Merriam. Rather large, roundish, approaching oblate ; rich j-ellow, 
partly russeted ; stem short, cavity small, calyx closed ; basin 
shallow, furrowed ; flesh rather coarse, juicy, melting, perfumed, 
very good. Middle of autumn. Popular at Boston. 




Fig. 723.— Stevens' Genesee. FiG. 724.— Le Conte. Fig. 725.— Idaho. 

Robin. Size above medium, round, nearly regular, or obscurely 
and obtusely ribbed : skin pale yellow, usually russeted about the 
crown ; stalk an inch and a half long, generally set in a rather 
deep, smooth cavity, sometimes merely planted on the surface; 
calyx in a smooth or scarcely furrowed basin ; flesh buttery, melt- 
ing, with a fine, "very good" flavor. Shoots brownish-green, 
rather erect. Fig. 718. 

Roe's Bergamotte. Medium, oblate, irregular; skin yellow, red- 
dened to the sun ; stalk short, cavity narrow, abrupt; calyx small, 
basin narrow; flesh rather coarse, sweet, rich, perfumed. Sep- 
tember. Shoots dark reddish brown, diverging, leaves small, 
somewhat curled. Newburg, N. Y. 

Sheldon.* Medium or large, roundish, sometimes approaching 
broad obovate ; greenish-russet becoming cinnamon brown ; stalk 
short, cavity narrow ; basin smooth, rather deep ; flesh a little 
coarse, very melting, juicy, with a very brisk, vinous, excellent 



THE PEAR. 537 

flavor. October. Tree vigorous, shoots ascending, .yellowish- 
brown. It requires double working on the quince. New York. 
Fig. 721. 

Stevens' Genesee.* Large, round-obovate, often considerably flat- 
tened ; skin slightly rough, yellow; stalk an inch long, stout, 
thickest at insertion, more or less sunk in the base; calyx short, 
stiff, basin smooth ; flesh moderately fine-grained, half buttery, 
slightly granular, with a rich, very good flavor. Ripens the first 
of autumn and for some time afterward. Rots at core when not 
gathered early. Shoots gray, leaves narrow. Origin, Livingston 
County, N. Y. Fig. 723. 



DIVISION III.— WINTER PEARS. 

Class I. Distinct Pyriform. 

Aremburg. Medium or large, short pyriform, sometimes approach- 
ing conic-obovate, neck rather small ; skin thick, greenish-yellow, 
partly russeted ; stalk short or half an inch to an inch long, thick, 
oblique, thickening with flesh toward insertion ; calyx erect ; 
basin deep, narrow ; flesh buttery, melting, rich, sub-acid, varia- 
ble. Often too astringent. November and December. 

Bachelier and Dumas, described among autumn pears, pages 516 and 
519, often keep into winter and become winter varieties. 

Barry.* Large, long pyriform ; skin orange-yellow, covered with 
russet dots and blotches ; flesh juicy, buttery, rich, best. Resem- 
bles Anjou in texture and Winter Nelis in color. Tree a poor 
grower and must be double worked. Late winter. One of the 
best winter varieties, extensively grown in California for Eastern 
markets. It has there supplanted Nelis to some extent. Cali- 
fornia. 

Black Worcester. (Iron Pear, Black Pear of Worcester.) Large 
pyriform (Diel-shaped), sometimes approaching oblong-ovate; 
surface mostly covered with dark rough russet on a light green 
surface ; stalk half an inch to an inch and a half long ; cavity none ; 
calyx erect, basin small; flesh hard, coarse, rich, somewhat aus- 
tere; stews and bakes well. An esteemed culinary sort, bearing 
heavy crops, and proving profitable for market. Late autumn till 
midwinter. Growth very crooked and straggling. Fig. 655. 

Catiliac. Large, short, conic-pyriform, approaching broad-turbi- 
nate; crown broad, flattened ; yellow, often wnth a reddish-brown 
cheek ; stalk an inch to an inch and a half long, stout, cavity 
small, wavy; calyx short, erect, or spread, basin large, plaited; 
flesh hard, but excellent for baking and stewing, becoming tender, 
and of a light red color. Keeps through winter. French. 

Chaumontel. (Bezi de Chaumontelle. Winter Butter.) Large, 
pyriform, body oblong or ovate, neck short, obtuse, often quite 
obscure, and the form approaching obovate or oblong — largest at 
the middle ; skin a little rough, yellowish in the shade, with more 
or less brownish-red, and rich deep red in the sun; stalk an inch 
long, moderately sunk; basin deep, uneven, or angular; flesh 



538 



THE PEAR. 



buttery, melting, sugary, with a fine flavor. Requires warm, 
rich cultivation to develop its good qualities, often poor. Shoots 
long, slender, dark brown. Grows well on the quince. Early 
winter. Old French. 

Clairgeau.* Large, pyramidal-pyriform, approaching long obovate, 
skin yellow or yellowish-brown, often with a crimson shade toward 
the sun, and brown dots; stalk short, stout, fleshy, oblique, sunk 
little or none ; basin shallow, furrowed ; flesh white, slightly gran- 
ular, buttery, melting, often with a rich, very good flavor, but fre- 
quently poor. November, December. Shoots reddish-purple, 
short, erect, and ascending ; leaves stiff. Fig. 727. France. 

Colmar. (Colraar Souverain, Colmar Hardenpont, Colmar Gris. ) 
Medium or rather large, distinct pyriform ; skin yellowish-green, 
becoming pale yellow, often lightly sprinkled with russet ; stalk 
an inch and a quarter long, cavity obtu.se or none, calyx erect, 
basin moderate ; flesh fine-grained, buttery, juicy, sweet, rich, and 
when well grown and ripened of excellent, first-rate flavor — but if 




Fig. 726. — Glout Morceau. FiG. 727.— Clairgeau. FiG. 72S.— Colmar. 



small and badly matured or overloaded trees, the quality is worth- 
less. The tree overbears, and the fruit needs thorough thinning. 
Leaves rather small, nearly flat. Early winter. Belgian. Fig. 

728. 

Fondante de Noel. (Belle Apres Noel.) Medium or rather small, 
obtuse -pyriform ; pale greenish-yellow, with a red cheek ; stalk 
long, stout, curved, oblique; calyx closed; basin broad, shallow, 
irregular. Shoots greenish yellow, growth resembles Passe Col- 
mar ; flesh whitish, melting, juicy, very good. A seeding of the 
Passe Colmar, ripening earlier, and of similar flavor — a fine late 
autumn and early winter sort. Belgian. 



THE PEAR. 539 

Olout Morceau.* (Gloux Morceanx, Beurre d'Havdenpont, Colmar 
d'Hiver, Hardenpont d'Hiver, Linden d'Autonme.) Large, 
short, pyriform, approaching obtuse-oval, neck very short and 
obtuse, body large, and tapering somewhat toward the crown ; 
often considerably ribbed ; surface green, becoming pale greenish- 
yellow ; stalk an inch and a fourth long, stout, moderately sunk ; 
■calyx large, basin distinct, rather irregular; flesh white, fine- 
grained, buttery, melting, rich, sweet, and of fine flavor. Early 
winter. Succeeds best on the quince. Shoots spreading, green- 
ish ; leaves wavy or wrinkled. Variable, sometimes poor, best on 
trees of several years' bearing ; excellent when fully grown and 
well ripened. Fig. 726. Belgium. 

'Goubalt, Rather large, roundish-pyriform. approaching roundish- 
obovate, pale dull yellow, russeted at stalk and calyx ; stalk short, 
thick, calyx small, deeply sunk; melting, juicy, rich, aromatic. 
December to February. Shoots greenish yellow, slightly purple, 
a slow grower. Fig. 682. 

Inconnue Van Mons. Small, conic-pyriform (Madeleine-shaped), 
approaching obovate ; skin rough, green, becoming yellowish, 
sprinkled with russet; stalk rather long, curved, slightly sunk; 
basin small; flesh granular, juicy, melting, rich. Early winter. 
Fig. 668. 

Jaminette. (Josephine.) Medium or rather large, obovate-pyriform, 
approaching obovate, small specimens roundish-turbinate, varying; 
crown broad; skin yellowish-green, with some brownish-russet, 
dots numerous, often confluent ; stalk three-fourths to an inch 
long, thick ; cavity little or none ; calyx small, erect, stiff ; basin 
round, even, flesh juicy, melting, buttery, sweet, of good flavor. 
Late autumn and early winter. Shoots somewhat reddish-green, 
erect, diverging. Origin, Metz, in France. A very strong grower 
on the quince. 

Langelier.* Size full medium, pyriform or Urbaniste-shaped ; pale 
yellow, slightly russeted ; stalk short, cavity small ; basin some- 
what irregular; flesh juicy, buttery, melting, with a sweet, rich, 
slightly vinous flavor. Early winter. Tree a good grower on 
pear and quince. A light bearer on young trees. Shoots greenish, 
often upright, irregular ; leaves broad. Fig. 665. England. 

Las Canas. Size medium, regular pyriform, somewhat conic 
(Tyson-shaped) ; neck tapering into the stalk; skin yellow, some- 
times sprinkled with thin russet, rarely with russet blotches, dots 
small and numerous ; stalk an inch long ; calyx slightly sunk ; flesh 
juicy, often good. Fig. 657. 

Lawrence.* Size medium, pyriform, approaching obovate, some- 
what uneven; lemon-yellow with numerous small dots; stalk an 
inch long, set in a small basin, ribbed ; flesh whitish, buttery, with 
a rich, aromatic, very good flavor. December. Growth moderate, 
spreading. Shoots yellowish -green. An early and good bearer, 
and unexcelled as a valuable early winter sort. It ripens easily, 
and is of uniform excellence. Fig. 736. New York. 

Lycurgus. Small, pyriform, approaching obovate, narrowing oif to 
the crown; dark, dull green, rough, russeted; stalk short, slender. 



540 THE PEAR. 

twisted, not sunk; calyx large, slightly sunk; flesh greenish- 
white, a little coarse, rich, very high-flavored. December. A 
supposed seedling of the Seckel. 

McLaughlin. Large, pyramidal-pvriform, often roundish-obovate 
when small ; skin rough, partly russeted, greenish, becoming j-el- 
low ; stalk short, oblique, not sunk ; basin shallow ; flesh juicy, 
melting, sweet, rich, perfumed. Early winter. Maine. 

Pater Noster. Large or medium, pyriform approaching pyramidal, 
somewhat irregular; yellow, often russeted, sometimes with a red 
cheek; stalk an inch long, fleshy at insertion, scarcely sunk ; basin 
narrow ; flesh buttery and melting, fine-grained, rich, slightly sub- 
acid, often a little astringent. Early winter. Shoots shoi't, 
greenish-purple, erect. Often ripens wholly m autumn. 

Pound. (Winter Bell, Uvedale's St. Germain, Angora.) Very 
large, pyriform, crown wide; skin yellowish-green, with a brown 
cheek ; stalk two inches long, calyx crumpled, basin narrow ; flesh 
solid, hard, poor, stems reddish color; a good culinary pear. 
Tree strong, health}', productive. Shoots stout, upright, dark. 
Europe. Fig. 651. 

Reading. Rather large, pyriform, regular, tapering somewhat to 
the crown, often ribbed; thickly dotted and slightly russeted, on 
a greenish-yellow skin ; stalk long, curved, enlarged at insertion, 
slightly sunk ; basin little or none ; flesh granular, rather melting, 
juicy, vinous, pleasant, good. January, and later. Shoots brown- 
ish-olive, rather erect, long, slender. Pennsylvania. 

St. Germain. Large, long pyriform, small specimens obovate ; sur- 
face yellowish-green, faintly tinged with brown to the sun ; stalk 
an inch long, oblique; basin small and shallow; flesh white, 
slightly gritty, juicy, melting, sub-acid. Fails in many localities, 
and becomes a poor fruit. Late autumn and early winter. Shoots 
slender, light olive, leaves narrow, folded, and recurved. The 
striped St. Germain is a sub-variety, differing only in its faint yel- 
low stripes. 

Suzette de Bevay. Rather small, obovate-pyriform, inclining to 
conic ; dull yellow, dots minute ; stalk long, curved, basin shallow, 
uneven ; flesh melting, vinous, perfumed. January to Alarch. 
Belgian. 

Vicar of Winkfield.* (Le Cure, Monsieur le Cure, Clion.) Quite 
large, long pyriform, with a conical taper toward the crown ; skin 
smooth, pale yellow, or pale yellowish-green, with a dull reddish 
cheek ; stalk an inch to an inch and a half long, slender, often 
fleshy at insertion, oblique not sunk ; basin narrow, very shallow ; 
flesh greenish or yellowish-white, juicy, buttery, with a moderate- 
flavor — sometimes slightly astringent. Ripens late autumn and 
early winter, for about two months. Growth spreading and irreg- 
ular, or straggling; shoots strong, dark olive. Grows well on 
quince stocks. The great and uniform productiveness of this 
pear, its fine qualities for cooking, and the long period of its con- 
tinuance, render it valuable. France. Fig. 646. 



THE PEAR. 541 

Willermoz. Rather large, pyriform. elongated toward the crown ; 
skin rough, green, becoming 3'ellow, dull red to the sun ; stalk 
one inch long, not sunk ; basin moderate, rather distinct ; flesh 
rather coarse, granular, buttery, somewhat acid, often astringent 
— variable. Early winter. Shoots greenish-purple, diverging ; 
leaves dark green. Often ripens in autumn. 

Winter Nelis.* (Nelis d'Hiver, Bonne de Malines.) Size rather 
small of medium, roundish-pyriform, often obovate, neck small 
and short; surface yellowish-green, much russeted ; stalk an inch 
and a quarter long, bent ; cavity narrow ; calyx stiff, short ; basin 
shallow, ribbed ; flesh yellowish-white, fine-grained, buttery, 
very melting, rich, sweet, or slightly vinous, perfumed, aromatic, 
with an excellent flavor. Early winter. Growth slender, flexu- 
ous, and straggling ; leaves narrow, recurved ; petioles rather long. 
Origin, Mechlin, in Belgium. Fig. 737. 



Class II. Obscure Pyriform, Obovate or Turbinate. 

Alen^on. (Doyenne d'HiverNouveau, DoyenneGris d'Hiver Nou- 
veau, St. Michael d'Hiver.) Medium, obovate, approaching pyri- 
form when large, skin rough ; yellow, with russet or brown dots ; 
stalk medium, stout, moderately sunk, basin deep; flesh some- 
what granular, buttery, juicy, rich, sprightly. * December to 
April. Although not of the highest flavor, this pear is one of the 
most valuable and reliable of good-keeping winter pears. 

Alexandre Lambre. Size medium, roundish-obovate ; yellowish- 
green marbled with red toward the sun ; stalk stout, not sunk ; 
basin shallow ; flesh juicy, melting, sweet, rich, sometimes very 
good, frequently poor. November, December. Shoots slender, 
yellowish, spreading. 

Anjou.* Commences ripening in autumn. See Autumn Pears. 

Brande's St. Germain. Size medium, obovate, often considerably 
pyriform, narrowing to both ends, smooth and regular; skin yel- 
lowish-green, thickly dotted with large russet specks; stalk an 
inch long, thick, obliquely set; calyx small, stiff, erect; basin 
small, narrow, often none; flesh buttery, melting, yellow toward 
the core, with a pleasant, slightly acid, good, or very good flavor. 
Early winter. English. 

Columbia.* (Columbian Virgalieu, Columbia Virgouleuse.) 
Large, long obovate, regular, handsomelj'- rounded or obtuse, 
largest nearest the middle ; surface pale green, becoming pale 3'el- 
low, always smooth and fair ; stalk an inch and a quarter long, rather 
slender ; cavity narrow, deep ; calyx erect, basin small ; flesh 
white, melting, and buttery, of moderately rich flavor. Ripens 
early winter. Growth upright, vigorous, shoots brownish j^ellow. 
The large, handsome fruit, and the great productiveness of the 
tree, have rendered this variety popular and profitable for market, 
although not high in qualit5^ It does not appear to succeed so 
well as far north as Boston or Rochester as farther south. A 
native of Westchester County, N. Y. 



542 



THE PEAR. 



Coter. Size medium, obovate, obscurely pyriform, nearly regular ; 
light yellowish-green, brown in the sun, somewhat russeted ; 
stalk an inch long, without cavity ; segments of the calyx distinct 
and widely reflexed ; basin round, moderate ; flesh white, rather 
coarse, buttery, rich, slightly perfumed, very good. Late autumn. 
Belgian. 

Dana's Hovey.* Rather small, obovate, slightly pyriform ; rich yel- 
low, with some cinnamon russet; stalk medium, slightly sunk, 
basin shallow ; flesh buttery and melting, of excellent quality. 
December. Shoots stout, erect. Massachusetts. 

Easter Beurre.* (Doyenne d'Hiver, Bergamotte de la Pentacote, 
Beurre de la Pentacote, Beurre de Paques, Chaumontel tres gros, 
Canning Seigneur d'Hiver.) Large, obovate, approaching oval; 
surface yellowish-green, with some russet; often a broad, dull 
reddish cheek ; stalk stout, an inch long ; cavity deep, sometimes 



Fig. 729. — Josephine de Malines. 



Fig. 730.— SieuUe. 




Fig. 73I-— Kieflfir, 



Koonce. 



obtuse, abrupt; calyx small, closed in a moderate or rather shal- 
low, plaited basin; flesh fine-grained, very buttery, melting, and 
juicy, and when well grown and ripened, of excellent flavor. It 
does not often mature well in the Northern States. Keeps through 
winter. Growth moderate, rather upright, shoots reddi.sh-yel- 
low ; leaves narrow, folded, recurved. Grows best on the quince, 
Europe. Fig. 735. 

Grand Soleil. Rather small, roundish-obovate, irregular, and vary- 
ing, mostly covered with a rich russet ; calyx small, closed ; flesh 
yellowish-white, a little coarse, buttery, melting, aromatic, very 
rich. November and December. Belgian. 



THE PEAR. 



543 



Gris d'Hiver.* (Beiirre Gris d'Hiver Nouveau, or "Gray Winter 
Beurre.") Size medium, obovate, or short Doyenne-form, obtuse ; 
skin greenish, considerably russeted ; stalk thick, short, cavity 
moderate, basin small ; flesh greenish, buttery, melting, very 
juicy, rich, slightlj' sub-acid — resembling in flavor the Beurre 
d'Aremberg, but rather richer and less acid. Early winter. 
Shoots purplish-red, leaves curled. French. Fig. 677. 

Jean de Witte. Size medium, flattened, obovate; stalk short, 
slightly sunk; basin small, calyx closed; skin yellowish green, 
partly russeted ; flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, rich. De- 
cember. 

Jones. (Jones' Seedling.) Size medium or small, Bloodgood- 
shaped, or obovate, remotely pyriform ; surface rich yellow russet ; 
stalk an inch or an inch and a fourth in length, variable in thick- 
ness, fleshy at insertion, not sunk ; basin shallow ; flesh yellowish, 
melting, of fine flavor. Ripens late autumn and early winter. 
Shoots divergingand ascending. Origin, Kingsessing, near Phila- 
delphia. Productive and valuable. Fig. 733. 

Fig. 733. — Jones' Seedling. FiG. 734.— Gregoire. 




Fig. 733.— Easter Beurre. FI6. 736.— Lawrence. FiG. 737-— Winter Nelis. 

Kieffer. Tree remarkably vigorous and very productive ; fruit 
large to very large, oval, narrowing toward both ends ; skin rich 
yellow, with a handsome red cheek in the South ; flesh usuallj' 
somewhat coarse, juicy, good to poor. Late fall to late winter. 
A cross between Bartlett and the Chinese Sand Pear. The 
beaut}', vigor, and productiveness of this variety have estab- 
lished it as the most popular market variety of the country. It i.s 
excellent for canning, and is grown largely for that purpose. 
Unless properly ripened the quality of the fresh fruit is low ; 
but if ripened slowly in a dark i^lace it develops a good flavor. 



544 THE PEAR. 

In some sections it fruits sparingly in large blocks unless another 
variety is intermingled. Wonderfully popular with growers and 
canners, but consumers are finding that it generally lacks flavor. 
Beautiful to look at but insipid. Fig. 731. 

Lewis. Size below medium, regular obovate, rarely obscure pyri- 
form ; surface yellowish-green, thickly dotted with dull russet ; 
stalk an inch and a half long, slender, scarcely sunk ; calyx widely 
reflexed, basin little or none ; flesh greenish-white, melting, juicJ^ 
of fine, rich flavor. Core large. Early winter. Growth vigor- 
ous, branches becoming drooping. Profusely productive. Ori- 
gin, Roxbury, Mass. 

Prince Germain. Size medium, obovate, obtuse ; surface much 
russeted on green, dull red to the sun ; stalk an inch and a fourth 
long, cavity small ; calyx large, stiff, slightly cut, basin smooth, 
shallow ; flesh yellowish-white, juicy, melting, slightly vinous, 
with an agreeable and fine flavor. Keeps well, ripening through 
winter. Origin, Flushing, L. I. 

Vicomte de Spoelberch. (De Spoelberg, Delices Van Mons.) 
Medium or rather large, obovate, somewhat conic; skin slightly 
rough, yellow, with a purplish blotched cheek to the sun, very 
slightly russeted ; stalk an inch and a fourth long, stout, curved, 
basin round, shallow ; calyx erect, short ; flesh buttery, melting, 
rich, fine. Needs high cultivation to develop its fine qualities. 
Early winter. Belgian. 

Zephirin Gregoire. Medium, turbinate, Bloodgood-shaped ; light 
green becoming yellow, reddened next to the sun ; stalk one inch 
long, fleshy at base; basin narrow; flesh white, buttery, melting, 
fine-grained, excellent, perfumed. November to February. 



Class III. Roundish or Oblate. 

Cross. Medium in size, roundish ; surface yellow, often with a red 
cheek, and some russet ; stalk three-fourths of an inch long, very 
thick, set shallow ; calyx small, rather deeply sunk ; flesh melting, 
juicy, with a rich, high, fine flavor. Early winter. Shoots rather 
slender, a poor grower — of little value. Massachusetts. 

Josephine de Malines.* Size medium, conic-oblate ; yellowish with 
small dots ; stalk very long, cavity slight, basin large ; flesh of a 
light salmon color toward the centre, buttery, of a sweet and 
peculiar flavor. The tree forms a handsome pyramid on quince. 
This is one of the best early winter pears, often keeping till mid- 
winter and later. Belgian. Fig. 729. 

Sieulle. (Beurre Sieulle, Doyenne Sieulle. ) Medium in size, 
roundish-oblate, often roundish-obovate, with a very short, obscure 
neck, obtuse; skin pale yellow, with a slight blush, and some- 
times a brilliant broad orange cheek ; stalk thick, an inch and a 
quarter long; cavity shallow, rarely deep; calyx slightly sunk; 
flesh buttery, fine-grained, rich, of good, often of excellent qual- 
ity. Ripens late in autumn, and keeps to midwinter. Variable, 
uncertain. Fig. 730. 



CHAPTER XXXL 

PLUMS. 

In no branch of pomology has greater progress been made 
the past twenty years than in the improvement and develop- 
ment of our native plums and in the introduction of foreign 
varieties. The bringing in of the Japanese plums marks an era 
in fruit culture in the United States. 

The number of new sorts of plums which have been added 
to the list under cultivation makes it necessary, for their in- 
telligent selection and propagation, to amplify the classifica- 
tion of the varieties of this fruit from the simple division 
according to color, to one more scientific and accurate. The 
study and published conclusions of such leading investigators 
as Bailey, of Cornell University, Gofif, of Wisconsin, Waugh, 
of Vermont, Craig, of Iowa, and Mr. Berckmans, of Augusta, 
Ga., have made this a comparatively easy matter. 

PROPAGATION. 

Seedlings. — K% with most fruits, plums rarely come true from 
seed, although some varieties vary but little from the parent 
stock. 

The stones should be selected from the choicest kinds and 
treated in planting precisely as directed for the peach, but 
greater care must be exercised to prevent their drying, which 
occurs much in consequence of their smaller size and thinner 
skin. It is better to crack them, without which many will not 
vegetate the first year. 

Stocks. — The stocks heretofore used for growing plums have 
generally been seedlings of European type (especially the 
Myrobalan or cherry plum), which when the varieties of the 
European plums do well are usually satisfactory, although 
upon light or unfavorable soils they are apt to produce feeble 
and slowly growing seedlings. For the Southern States the 
peach stock is generally used, and in the Northern States and 
throughout the country generally seedlings of the best of the 
35 545 



54^ PLUMS. 

Americana group, in consequence of their greater hardiness, 
are perhaps most desirable. The Myrobalan is extensively 
used in the North. Marianna is used in the South, since it 
grows readily from cuttings. The best stock for plums is a 
coiifused subject. 

Grafting and Budding. — Crown grafting is recommended by 
some experimenters and growers. The scions should be cut in 
the fall, three or four buds to each (see pages 30 and 31, for 
direction for keeping through the winter). Put in the scions 
early in the spring before there are any signs of the buds start- 
ing. 

Budding must be performed while the stocks are at the 
period of their most vigorous growth, provided sufificiently 
matured buds can be found, which is usually soon after mid- 
summer. If deferred, the bark will not peel freely, and the 
buds will not adhere. 

Cultivation. 

Soil. — The best soil, usually, is a strong, rich, clayey loam. 
On many light soils the tree grows with less vigor, independ- 
ently of which the crop is more frequently destroyed by the 
curculio, a pervious soil affording a more ready place of 
shelter for the young insects, on their escape from the fallen 
fruit. A few varieties are well adapted to rather dry as well 
as light lands. Applications of potash and ground bone, as 
usual with other fruits, is of advantage in increasing the 
fruitfulness of the plum. 

In planting orchards, a suitable distance is one rod apart, 
giving one hundred and sixty trees to the acre. The ground 
should be manured and kept well cultivated, as the plum, 
especially when young, is sensitive to the effects of the weeds 
and grass of neglected culture. 

lm;potency. — It is well known that some of the native varie- 
ties are so deficient in fertile pollen, that they are almost in- 
capable of fertilizing themselves. It is therefore advised that 
all plantations of them be planted of two or more varieties, 
alternating the rows. 



PLUMS. 547 



CLASSIFICATION. 



With but comparatively few exceptions the varieties of plums 
grown in gardens, and for commercial purposes, may be included 
in five groups. As this work aims to be of a practical rather than 
scientilic character, these only will be considered. They are 



Native Plums. 

I. 

The Americana Group — Primus Americana. 

Comprises a class of hardy, vigorous young trees, the wild forms 
of which are found growing throughout ^the Northern States. The 
fruits differ widely in all their characteristics. 

II. 

The Wild Goose Group — Primus horiulana. 

This class has heretofore been included in the Americana, but it 
has recently been separated by Professor Bailey into an independ- 
ent group, and includes the Miner type. 

III. 
Tlie Chickasaw Group — Primus angustifolia. 
It is found growing wild in the Southern States. 

IV. 

The European Group— Prunus domesiica. 

Most of the finest plums which have been cultivated in the United 
States until quite recently belong to this class. They are all of 
European or Asiatic origin. Except in certain localities they are 
invaluable. The Myrobalan is very closely allied, and is much 
used for stocks. 

V. 

The Japanese Plums — Prunus triflora. 

These fruits were imported into the United States about twenty- 
five years ago, and have grown steadily in popularity. They are 
generally of large size, brilliantly colored, and variable in quality. 
Many seedlings and hybrids from this stock are being introduced. 
They are not all equally adapted for all sections of the country. 
Some are not hardy North, some bloom too early, and others do not 
do so well in the Southern States as farther North. 



548 



PLUMS. 



AMERICAN GROUP— PRUNUS AMERICANA. 



Division I. Red, Purple, or Blue. 



American Eagle, 

good. Early. 



Very large, roundish-oblong ; purplish red, cling, 
Missouri. 



Beach Plum. Small, round ; dark purple, covered with bloom ; 
flesh brittle, juicy, sweet, freestone. Grows wild on the sand 
dunes of the coast from Maine to Virginia. It is a straggling 
bush, usually three to five feet high. Com- 
monly gathered to preserve. Ripens in 



August. Fruit of 
Priuiiis Mariiima. 



little value. 
Fig. 738. 



It is 




Beaty. Large, round-oblong ; red, purple ; 
flesh firm, good, cling. Texas. 

Cheney.* Large to verj- large, round- 
oblong ; dull purple red ; skin thick ; flesh 
firm, sweet, good, cling. Ripens in August. 
Wisconsin. 

Chippeway. Small, oblong ; dark red ; skin 
thick ; flesh firm, sweet, free. 

Cottrell. Large, round-oblong ; red, skin 

thin ; flesh rich, good, cling. Minnesota. fig. 738.— Beach Plum. 

Deep Creek.* Medium, round-oblong, flat- 
tened, sutured ; dull purple-red, glaucous ; skin thick ; flesh 
firm, very sweet, good, free ; stalk short. Kansas. 

De Soto.* Medium to large, round-oblong, slight suture ; red, 
slight purplish bloom ; skin thick ; flesh orange color, firm, juicy, 
good, cling. Mid-season. Wisconsin. 

Hawkeye.* Large, round-oblong ; purple-red ; skin thick ; flesh 
firm, good, cling. Mid-season. Iowa. 

Illinois. Large, oblong, dark red ; skin thick ; flesh firm, cling. 
Mid-season. Illinois. 

Itaska. Medium, oblong, purple-red ; skin thick ; flesh firm, cling. 
Tree dwarf, strong grower, handsome. Minnesota. 

Lendloff. .Small, flattened, oblong ; deep red-mottled ; skin thick ; 
flesh firm, sweet, good, nearly free. Minnesota. 

Louisa. Large, round ; dark red ; thick skin ; flesh firm, good, 
semi-cling. Varies in appearance in difl^erent localities. Mid- 
season. IMissouri. 

New Ulm. Very large, round-oblong ; dark red ; skin moderately 
thick ; flesh firm, good, cling. Late. Minnesota. 

Peffer. Medium, round, red ; skin thick ; flesh firm, good, cling. 
Mid-season. Wisconsin. 



PLUMS. 549 

Quaker.* Large, round-oblong, flattened ; purple-red, orange 
on side, blue bloom ; skin thick, astringent ; flesh firm, sweet, 
juicy, semi-cling, very good. Early. Requires good cultivation 
and thinning. 

RoUingstone.* Large, round, flattened, truncated at ends; mot- 
tled and spotted pink-purple ; flesh firm, sweet, good, semi-cling. 
Mid-season. A very popular Western plum. Minnesota. 

Surprise. Large, oval, dark red, meaty, very good to best. Me- 
dium early. Bears well and sells well. Promising. Minnesota. 

Weaver.* Medium, oblong, flattened, dark-red purple bloom, dis- 
tinct suture, free, good canning plum. Mid-season. Iowa. 

Wier. Large red, medium, round, red; skin thin; flesh moder- 

atelj' firm, good for cooking. Illinois. 
Wyant.* Medium, round-oblong; purplish-red; skin thick; flesh 

firm, free. Iowa. 

Yosemite. Very large, round ; red purple ; skin thick ; flesh firm, 
cling. Mid-season. 

Division II. Green, White, or Yellow. 

Forest Garden.* Large, round-oblong ; orange-yellow, overlaid 
and dotted red ; skin medium, thick ; flesh moderately firm, 
orange color, fibrous, juicy, good, cling ; stem slender, short. 
Tree forked and inclined to split. Not good east of Illinois. 
Good for home use. Mid-season. Iowa. 

Gaylord. Large, round-oblong, slightly flattened ; orange, mottled 
red ; skin thick ; flesh soft, sweet, semi- 
cling. Late. Iowa. 

Ida. Medium, round ; yellow, covered dull 
red ; flesh firm, salmon color, very sweet, 
free. Tree sprawling, thorny. Illinois. 

lona. Large, oblong ; dull yellow with red 
cheek ; skin thick ; flesh firm, yellow, sweet, 
free. Mid-season. Wisconsin. 

Le Due. Medium, round, flattened ; orange, 
spotted red ; .skin thin ; flesh soft, sweet, 
semi-cling. Mid-season. Minnesota. 

Mussey. Large, round-oblong ; yellow, mot- 
tled red ; skin thick ; flesh firm, good, semi- 
cling. Very late. Kansas. 

Ocheeda. Large, round ; yellow and red ; 

skm thin; flesh firm, good, semi -cling. Fig. 739.— Wolf. 

Mid-season. Minnesota. 

Rockford.* Medium, oblong-oval, yellow overlaid with dark red ; 
skin thick, flesh meaty, dryish, of very good quality. Iowa. 

Speer. Medium, oblong ; mottled orange and red ; skin medium, 
thick ; flesh firm, sweet, semi-cling. Iowa. 




55° 



PL UMS. 



Stoddard.* Medium to large, round ; skin thick, not bitter, yellow, 
nearly covered with dark red ; flesh yellow, juicy, sweet, good. 
Quite similar to Hawkeye, but earlier and a darker red. Valua- 
ble. Iowa. 

Van Buren. Medium, round-oblong, yellowish-red ; skin thick ; 
flesh yellowish, tender, sweet, free. Mid-season. Iowa. 

Wolf.* Medium large, round ; yellow mottled red ; skin thick ; 
flesh yellow, firm, fibrous, good, free. Mid-season. Tree strong 
grower, prolific. Good for home and market. Iowa. Fig. 739. 

Yellovy Sweet. Medium, round-oblong, flattened; orange mottled 
pink, purple; skin thin, free. Minnesota. 



WILD GOOSE GROUP— PRUNUS HORTULANA. 



Division I. Red, Purple, or Blue. 



Forest Rose. Large, round ; dark red, with slight bloom ; cling. 
Tree vigorous and productive. Missouri. 

Miner.* (Old Hickory, General Jackson, William Dodd, Chicka- 
saw Chief, Hinckley, Isabel, Gillett, 
Townsend, Robinson, Parsons.) Large, 
round, pointed apex ; dull purple-red, 
many minute yellow-gray spots ; skin 
thick, blue bloom ; flesh pale amber, 
soft, juicy, vinous, rich, cling ; defective 
fertilizer; fruit should not be gathered 
until well colored. Late. Tennessee. 

Prairie Flo^ver.* Medium, roundish, 
slender stem ; dark purple-red, many 
small yellow specks, slight bloom; flesh 
yellow amber, juicy, sweet, cling. 
Mid-season. 

Poole. (Poole's Pride.) Medium, round- 
oblong ; red with bloom, sweet, good, 
hardy, prolific. 

Wayland. Large, round-oblong ; light 
red ; skin medium thick and shiny. 
Very late, good for Southern States. Kentucky 

Whitaker.* Medium to large, roundish, red, of good quality. 
Season early. A seedling of Wild Goose, originated by J. T. 
Whitaker, Texas. One of the best. 

Wild Goose.* Medium, round ; bright light red ; skin thin, shiny ; 
flesh yellow, pulpy, cling, very sweet and juicy when fully ripe. 
If left to hang on the tree until it drops off it is too soft for ship- 
ping. It is advised to pick them three or four days before ripening 
and ripen in the house. Popular variety, a poor self-fertilizer; 
should have other plum-trees with abundance of pollen planted 
near it. Tree like a peach, prolific. Tennessee. 




Fig. 740.— Wa3-land. 



Fig. 740. 



PLUMS. 551 



Division II. Green, White, or Yellow. 

Garfield. Medium, round-oblong; dark red, yellow specks; skin 
thick; stem one inch; flesh orange-yellow, juicy, acid. Late. 
Ohio. 

Golden Beauty.* Medium, round-ovate, pointed at apex ; deep clear 
yellow ; skin thick ; flesh amber, firm, sweet, semi-cling. Late 
in blooming and in ripening. Does not ripen in the North. Tree 
hardy, vigorous, productive. Texas. 

Milton.* Medium, globular to oblate, dark red ; stone ovate cling ; 
flesh firm, apricot flavor, good. Seedling of Wild Goose. A 
valuable variety. Iowa. 

Missouri Apricot, Medium, round; deep yellow; skin moderately 
thick ; semi-cling. 



CHICKASAW GROUP— PRUNUS ANGUSTIFOLIA. 

Division I. Red, Purple, or Blue. 

Brunswick. Medium, round, pointed apex ; dark red, white bloom ; 
flesh yellow, sweet. 

Emerson Early. Medium, round ; purple red ; skin thin, cling. 
Very early. Texas. 

Hoffman. Medium, round, purple-red. Mid-season. Verj'' prolific. 
Ripe in Northern Texas middle of July. Texas. 

Newman," (Warren.) Medium, nearly round; pink-red, light 
spots near apex. Only fair quality. Mid-season. Kentucky. 

Pottawattamie. Medium, round ; red, streaked yellow ; stem long, 
slender ; flesh firm, very juicy, of fair quality. Very productive. 
Mid-season. Tennessee. 

Robinson. Small, round ; red, many light yellow spots ; flesh am- 
ber, juic}', cling. North Carolina. 

Division II, Green, White or Yellow. 

Priani. Medium, round : yellow, skin thin. Very productive. 
Texas. 

Wooten. Large, round-oblong ; yellow, blotched red. Ripe in 
Texas in July. Sure bearer. Texas. 

Yellow Transparent.* Medium large, oblong, lemori yellow. 
Early Texas. 



552 



PL UMS. 



EUROPEAN GROUP— PRUNUS DOMESTICA. 

Division I. Red, Purple, or Blue. 

Archduke.* Large, round-oval, dark purple ; flesh firm, quality 
good. Hangs on the tree a long while. An excellent late market 
sort. England. 

Blue Imperatrice. (Imperatrice.) Size medium, obovate, nar- 
rowed to the base in a somewhat conic neck ; skin deep purple, 
bloom copious, blue ; stalk three-fourths of an inch long, slightly 




Fig. 741.— Bradshaw. 



sunk ; flesh greenish-j^ellow, rather firm, not juicy, rich, sugary ; 
ripening very late, and hanging till nearly winter. 
The variety known erroneously as the Semiana or Blue Impera- 
trice of Boston, and disseminated as such, differs from the true 
Imperatrice in its shorter and smaller neck, much shorter and not 
sunk stalk, and more acid flavor. It is very productive, and a 
good very late culinary sort. 

Beauty of Naples. Medium, round, sides uneven; stem half-inch ; 
purple, slight bloom, many yellow specks; flesh yellow amber^ 
tender juicy, sweet, semi-cling. Productive. 



PLUMS. 



553 



Bradshaw.* Very large, obovate, with an obtuse suture on one side, 
sometimes with a very slight neck ; color dark purple, with a light 
blue bloom ; stalk three-fourths of an inch long, cavity narrow ; 
flesh a little coarse, becoming light brownish-purple, at first ad- 
hering but becoming nearly free from the stone when fully ripe ; 
juicy, good, slightly acid. Tree vigorous, shoots purple, smooth. 
Last of August. A popular market variety. Fig. 741. 

Brevoort's. (New York Purple.) Large, oval, suture distinct 
at base ; skin reddish, with a violet bloom ; stalk three-fourths of 
an inch long, cavity deep, narrow ; flesh soft, juicy, sub-acid, 
moderately rich, second-rate. Season medium. Shoots long, 
smooth ; tree productive. Origin, New York. 

Clyman.* Large to very large, roundish-oblong, slightly flattened ; 
skin reddish-purple, with a very thick bloom, very attractive ; 
flesh, firm, dry, sweet, free from the pit, very good. A leading 
early market plum in California and now finding favor else- 
where. California. 

Coe Late Red. (St. Martin, Saint Mar- 
tin Rouge.) Size medium, roundish, 
suture distinct on one side ; skin 
light purplish-red ; bloom thin, blue ; 
stalk three-fourths of an inch long, 
scarcely sunk ; flesh rather firm, crisp, 
rich, vinous. Very late, productive, 
shoots downy. A valuable late plum. 
Fig. 742. 

Columbia.* (Columbian Gage.) Very 
large, nearly globular, on side slightly 
larger; skin brownish-purple, reddish- 
brown where much shaded, with many 
fawn-colored dots ; bloom blue, copi- 
ous ; stalk one inch long, rather stout ; 
cavity small ; flesh orange, moder- 
ately juicy, rich, rather coarse, free 
from the small, compressed stone, or 
adhering at the edge ; flavor good. 
Fruit liable to rot. Season medium, or end of summer. Shoots 
downy, stout, blunt, spreading, leaves nearly round. New York. 

Corse Nota Bene. Rather large, round ; surface pale lilac-brown, 
often dull green in the shade ; bloom light blue, copious ; stalk 
half an inch long, cavity round ; flesh greenish, rather firm, 
crisp, rich, vinous. Very late, very productive, shoots downy. 

Cruger. (Cruger's, Cruger's Seedling.) Medium, approaching 
small, roundish-oval, suture obscure ; surface lively red, or bright 
lilac, with numerous yellow dots, pale fawn color in the shade, 
bloom thin, bluish ; stalk half an inch long, cavity shallow ; flesh 
deep orange, moderately juicy, mild, agreeable, not rich, good. 
Season medium. Shoots downy. Hardy, adapted to light soils, 
very productive. Origin, New York. 

Damson.* (Common Damson, Early Damson, Purple Damson, 
Blue Damson.) Small, oval (an inch long), purple bloom thick. 




Fig. 742.— Coe Late Red. 



554 



PL UMS. 



blue ; melting, juicy, sub-acid, partly free from stone. Mid- 
season. Profusely productive. The Damson makes good pre- 
serves. There are several sub-varieties. Europe. 
The Sweet Dmnson is less acid. The Winter Damsofi bears 
enormous crops, which hang uninjured till late in autumn. The 
most popular Damson for market is Shropshire, which is a little 
larger than the common blue Damson. Fig. 743. 




Fig. 743. — Shropshire Damson Plum. 



De Delice. Size medium, roundish-oval, with a slight neck ; skin 
green, marbled and shaded with violet, and covered with a thin 
bloom ; stalk three-fourths of an inch long, rather stout, very 
slightly inserted ; fiesh orange-yellow, juicy, melting, with a rich, 
sugary, luscious flavor, adheres slightly to the stone. End of 
September, and lasts long. Foreign. (Downing.) 

De Montford. Size medium, roundish-oval ; dull purple, streaked 
and dotted with russet ; stalk medium, rather stout, not sunk ; 
flesh greenish, juicy, sweet, and rich — adhering to the stone. 
Last of August. 

Denniston Red. Medium or rather large, roundish-oval, narrowed 
to the stalk ; suture passing half round ; surface a fine light red, 
with fawn-colored dots ; bloom very thin ; stalk very long, slender, 
little sunk ; flesh amber-colored, rich, of moderate quality, free 



PL UMS. 



555 



from the small, oval, compressed stone. Season medium, or last 
of summer. Shoots smooth. Origin, Albany, N. Y. 

Domine. (German Prune, of some.) Size medium, long-oval, 
suture very obscure ; skin very dark purple, bloom blue ; stalk 
three-fourths of an inch long, scarcely sunk ; flesh juicy, becom- 
ing dry, rich, sweet, good. Profusely productive. Rather late. 
Origin, Kingston, N. Y. 

Duane Purple.* Verj' large, oblong-oval, longer on one side, 
slightly narrowed toward the stalk ; skin reddish purple, bloom 
lilac ; stalk three-fourths of an inch long, slender, cavity narrow ; 
flesh juicy, moderately sweet, of moderate flavor, adhering mostly 




Fig. 744. — German Prune Plum. 



to the stone. Rather early, ripening last half of August. Shoots 
very downy, leaves large, downy beneath. Origin, Duanesburg, 
N. Y. 

Early Tours. (Precoce de Tours, Early Violet.) Medium or 
small ; deep purple, bloom copious, blue ; stalk half an inch long, 
cavity narrow ; flesh dull yellow, slightly fibrous, rather sweet, 
melting, good. Quite early. Shoots downy. 

Fotheringham, Size medium, obovate, suture distinct ; skin pur- 
ple in the sun, reddish in the shade, bloom pale blue ; stalk an 
inch long ; flesh pale greenish-j'ellow, juicy, sprightly, moder- 
ately rich. Rather early. Shoots smooth. English. Old. 

Frost Gage. Rather small, round-oval, suture distinct on one side, 



556 



PL UMS. 



skin deep purple, bloom thin ; stalk half to three-fourths of an 
inch long, scarcely sunk ; flesh juicy, sub-acid, becoming sweet, 
melting, of fine but not of the highest flavor ; much subject to 
black knot. Shoots smooth, rather slender ; tree tall, upright. 

German Prune.* (Quetsche.) Large, long-oval, curved or swollen 
on one side, with a long tapering neck to tlie stalk ; suture dis- 
tinct ; skin purple, with a thick blue bloom ; stalk three-fourths of 
an inch long, slender, slightly sunk ; flesh green, firm, sweet, 
pleasant, not rich, free from the very long, flat, slightly curved 
or lunate stone ; valuable for drying and preserving. Rather 
late. Shoots smooth. There are several sub-varieties. Largely 
grown for market, especially in the East. Fig. 744. Germany. 





Fig. 745.— Goliath. 



Fig. 746.— Italian Prune. 



Giant Prune. Very large, round oblate, reddish purple ; flesh 
dark yellow, sweet, good, freestone. Season late. Promising 
for culinary use and for drying. California. 

Golden Cherry (Market Plum of Hoffy) is heart-shaped, yellow, 
speckled with scarlet in the sun ; productive, and slightly earlier 
than the common cherry plum. 

Goliath. Large, roundish-oblong or oval, enlarged on one side ; 
skin deep red, approaching blue or purple ; bloom thin, blue ; 
stalk half or three-fourths of an inch long, cavity very deep, dis- 
tinct ; flesh yellowish, mostly adhering to the stone, juic)?, coarse, 
sub-acid. Season medium. Shoots gray, very hairy, leaves nar- 
row. Productive. Bears early — ]5rofltable. Fig. 745. 



PLUMS. 557 

Crand Duke.* Very large, oval, dark purple, resembling Brad- 
shavv ; flesh firm, sweet, good. Season medium late. Profitable 
for market in New York. Quite free from rot. Tree not a strong- 
grower, and should be worked on Lombard. 

Highlander. Large, ovate, irregular ; deep blue with a brownish 
tinge ; stalk very short, slightly sunk ; juicy, rich, vinous, refresh- 
ing, excellent. End of September. 

Howell Early. Rather small, oval, slightly angular, suture obso- 
lete ; skin light brown, often greenish-yellow in the shade ; bloom 
thin, blue ; stalk three-fourths of an inch long, slender, not sunk ; 
flesh amber-colored, juicy, sweet, perfumed, free from the small, 
oval stone. First of August. Shoots slender, gra3^ down}' ; tree 
productive. 

Hudson River Purple Egg.* Large, oval, reddish-purple ; flesh 
juicy sweet, not rich but very good. One of the most vigorous of 
all plums, but bears heavily only with age. Midseason. Valu- 
able for market. 

Ickworth Imperatrice. Medium or rather large, obovate ; purple, 
with irregular streaks of fawn color ; stalk medium ; flesh green- 
ish-yellow, sweet, juicy, rich, mostly adhering to the rather small 
stone. Very late, keeping into winter, becoming dryer and 
sweeter. Shoots smooth. English. 

Isabella. Medium in size or large, oval, slightly narrowed to the 
base ; skin dark dull red, dotted darker ; stalk three-fourths of an 
inch long, a little hairy, cavity moderate ; flesh yellow, rich, 
juicy, and slightly adhering to the pointed stone. Shoots quite 
downy. Season medium. English. 

Italian Damask. Size medium, nearly round, slightly flattened at 
base ; suture distinct, passing from base to apex ; surface violet, 
becoming brown ; stalk half an inch long, slender, cavity small, 
round; flesh yellowish-green, firm, sweet, high-flavored, very 
free from the oval, rather thick stone. Season medium. Shoots 
•smooth. 

Italian Prune. (Fellenberg. ) Medium, oval, pointed and tapering 
at ends, suture small, distinct ; dark purple, with dark-blue bloom ; 
stalk an inch long, scarcely sunk ; flesh greenish-yellow, juicy, 
sweet, of good quality — freestone. Last of August. Extensively 
grown on the Pacific coast for prunes, and a profitable market 
variety in the East. Can hang on the tree several weeks after 
ripening. Fig. 746. 

Judson. Rather small, roundish, slightly oval, base a little flat- 
tened, suture indistinct ; surface a handsome damask or pink, 
slightly mottled ; stalk one inch long, slender, cavity small, rather 
deep; flesh juicy, rich, vinous, high-flavored, free from the rather 
large stone. Ripens first of August. Origin, Lansingburgh, 

:n. y. 



558 



PL UMS. 



Kingston. Large, long, irregular oval, pointed apex; stem stout, 
three-fourths inch, sutured ; nearly black, dense bloom ; flesh pale 
yellow, firm flesh, semi-cling. A fine canner. Midseason. 





Fig. 747.— Lombard. 



Fig. 748.— Marianna. 



Kirke. Size medium, round, suture small; skin dark purple, 
bloom thin, blue ; stalk three-fourths of an inch long, cavity slight ;. 
flesh greenish-yellow, firm, rich, free from the flat, broad stone. 
Season medium. Shoots smooth. Resembles the Purple Gage 
externally. Often spurious. English. 

Lincoln. Large, oval, flattened at apex; red purple, slight bloom ; 
flesh amber, juicy, sweet, free. Very prolific. 

Lombard.* (Bleecker's Scarlet.) Size medium, sometimes rather 
large, round-oval, slightly flattened at ends, suture obscure ; skin 
violet-red ; stalk very slender, half to three-fourths of an inch- 
long, cavity broad ; flesh deep yellow, pleasant, not rich, but of 
finequalitj'. Season medium. Hardy, very prolific, well adapted 
to light soils. Shoots quite smooth or glossy, bright purple. 
Origin, Albany, N. Y. 

This is a strongly fixed variety, and has in many instances pro- 
duced seedlings very closely resembling itself. Largely grown 
for market, but rots badly. Valuable as a stock for poor growings 
varieties. Fig. 747. 

Manning. (Large Long Blue, Manning's Long Blue Prune.) 
Large, long, oval, slightly one-sided, suture obscure ; stalk very- 
long, slender, scarcely sunk ; skin dark purple, bloom thick, blue ; 
flesh firm, rather juicy, nearly free from the long, pointed stone. 
Rather late, ripens gradually. Shoots smooth. Tree very pro- 
ductive. 

Marianna. Medium, round-oblong ; red, yellow specks, fine bloom ; 
flesh soft, juicy, sweet, semi-cling. Not especially valuable for 



PL UMS. 



559 



the fruit ; the facilit)', however, with which this plum may be 
propagated from cuttings, and the readiness with which union 
takes place in grafting upon it, have made it a most common 
stock. It is supposed to be a variety of the European Prunus 
cerasifera. Originated in Texas. Fig. 748. 

Meigs. Large, roundish-oval, suture indistinct ; dull reddish-pur- 
ple, with numerous gray dots ; stalk long, slender, curved, 
slightly sunk ; flesh greenish-yellow, rich, excellent, adhering to 
stone. End of September. 

Morocco. (Italian Damask erroneously. Early Morocco, Black 
Morocco, Early Damask, Black Damask.) Size medium, round- 
ish, slightly flattened at ends ; suture on one side only, shallow ; 
skin dark purple, bloom pale, thin ; stalk half an inch long, rather 
stout; flesh greenish-yellow, adhering slightly to the stone, rich, 
rather acid, becoming sweet. Not first-rate, but valuable for its 
earliness, ripening ten days before the Washington. Shoots, 
downy. A moderate bearer. 

Myrobolan. (Cherry, Early Scarlet. ) Small (one inch in diameter) , 
round, remotely heart-shaped; bright red, bloom faint; stalk 
short and slender; cavity narrow; flesh juicy, slightly fibrous, 
soft, melting, sub-acid, not rich, adhering to the oval, pointed 

stone. Ripens very early or about 
midsummer, its only value. Dis- 
tinguished by its smooth, slender 
shoots, small bushy head, and 
narrow leaves. There are many 
varieties. 

This plum is considered to be a 
variety of the Prunus cerasifera. 
It has long been a favorite stock 
for other plums, and immense 
numbers have been imported into 
this country. As it dwarfs the 
scion, however, it is not so much 
used as formerly. 

Nectarine. Large, regular, round- 
ish ; skin purple, bloom blue ; 
stalk half an inch long, stout; 
flesh dull greenish-yellow, often 
tinged with red, rather coarse, 
rich, acid, partly adhering to the 
Shoots nearly smooth, leaves broad. 





Fig. 749. — Nectarine. 

stone. Rather early. 
Fig. 749- 



Orleans. (Old Orleans, Red Damask, Monsieur.) Size medium 
roundish, suture distinct, slightly larger on one side ; skin dark 
red, purple in the sun ; stalk one-half to three-fourths of an inch 
long, cavity wide ; flesh yellowish, sweet mixed with acid, of 
second quality in richness, pleasant and good. Rather early. 
Shoots downy. There are two or three sub-varieties. England. 

Orleans Early. (New Orleans, Hampton Court, Monsieur HMif.) 



56o 



PLUMS. 



Size medium, round-oval, suture shallow, stalk half an inch long, 
stout, or longer and slender; cavity moderate; skin reddish- 
purple, slightly marbled ; flesh yellowish-green, rather rich. 
Early in August. 
Wilmot's Orleans scarcely differs from the Early Orleans. 




Fig, 7'5o-— Pond's Seedling (English). 



Fig. 751.— Prince Englebert. 



Peach.* (Prune Peche.) Very large, roundish-oblate, regular, 
flattened at ends, suture distinct, shallow ; color varying from 
salmon to light brownish-red ; stalk very short, cavity narrow, 
shallow ; flesh rather coarse, juicy, sprightly free from the nearly 
round, very flat, much furrowed stone. Shoots smooth, vigorous. 
Quality not very high, moderate bearer, tree somewhat tender. 
Matures about ten days before the Washington. 



Pond.* (Pond's Seedling, Hungarian Prune.) Very large, ovate, 
slightly tapering to stalk ; skin thick, reddish-violet, with numer- 
ous brown dots, and covered with a handsome bloom ; rather 
coarse, juicy, moderately rich. Middle of September. Tree 
vigorous, branches smooth, grayish. A beautiful showy fruit. 
England. Fig. 750. 

Pond's Seedling, of Massachusetts, a verj^ distinct sort, is medium in 
size, roundish, purple ; flesh yellowish, rather dry, sweet with 
acid, flavor moderate or poor. Early. Shoots downy. 



PL UMS. 



561 



Prince Englebert. Large, oblong-oval; deep bluish-purple, with a 
dense bloom ; stalk rather slender, with a fleshy ring at base, cav- 
ity rather deep and narrow ; flesh juicy, melting, with a pleasant, 
moderately rich, and very good flavor — freestone. End of August. 
Shoots downy. Belgian. Fig. 751. 

Prune d'Agen, or Agen Date.* Size medium, obovate, flattened one 
side ; skin reddish-purple, bloom blue ; stalk short ; flesh greenish - 
yellow, very sweet and excellent. Yery late, profusely produc- 
tive. Shoots smooth, leaves narrow. French. Culinary. Ex- 
tensively grown for prunes on the Pacific coast, and there often 
called the " Petite " or French Prune. 




Fig. 752 — Purple Favorite. 



Fig. 753-— Purple Gage. 



Purple Favorite. Size medium, or rather large, round-obovate ; 
suture obsolete; skin brownish-purple; bloom thin, light blue; 
stalk three-fourths of an inch long, scarcely sunk ; flesh pale green- 
ish, juicy, tender, melting, rich, sweet, excellent, free from the 
very small, roundish stone. Season about medium, or last week 
of August. Shoots nearly smooth, short-jointed, growth slow, 
much resembling that of the Red Diaper. Origin, Newburgh, 
N. Y. Fig. 752. 

Purple Gage.* (Reine Claude Violette, Violet Queen Claude.) 
Size medium, roundish, slightly flattened at ends, suture distinct, 
shallow; surface violet, bloom light blue; stalk an inch long, 
cavity narrow ; flesh rather firm, greenish-yellow, rich, sugary, of 
very high and excellent flavor, free from the oval, compressed 
stone. Ripens rather late, hanging long, and slightly shrivelling 
on the tree. Shoots smooth, resembling those of the Green Gage. 
A spurious sort is often disseminated. Fig. 753- Europe. 

3^ 



562 



PL UMS. 



Quackenboss.* Very large, oblong-oval; deep purple; suture 
faint, stalk short, slightly sunk; slightly coarse, sprightly, very 
good, parti}' freestone. Mid-season. Popular for market in New 
York. New York. 

Red Diaper. (Diapree Rouge, Mimms, Imperial Diadem. ) Large, 
obovate, somewhat necked ; skin reddish-purple, with a few yellow- 
ish specks, bloom light blue ; stalk three-fourths of an inch long, 
slender, slightly hairy, little sunk; flesh pale green, juicy, melting, 
rich, of fine flavor, free from the quite small stone. Season 
medium or end of summer. Shoots nearly smooth ; growth slow. 
Fig. 754- 





Fig. 754.— Red Diaper. 



Fig. 755-— Red Gage. 



Red Gage. Medium or rather small, round-ovate ; brownish-red; 
stalk rather slender, cavity narrow ; flesh greenish-amber, juicy, 
melting, rich, mild, sweet, free from the small stone ; flavor unusu- 
ally pleasant and refreshing. Ratherearly. Shoots dark reddish, 
smooth ; leaves of the young trees deep green, crimpled. Origin, 
Flushing, L. I. Fig. 755- 

Red Magnum Bonum. (Purple Egg, Red Imperial, Purple Magnum 
Bonum, Imperial Violet, Red Egg.) Large, oval, tapering to the 
stalk, suture strong, one side swollen ; surface deep red in the 
sun, bloom thin; stalk an inch long, slender, cavity narrow; flesh 
greenish, coarse, firm, sub-acid ; valuable only for cooking. Sea- 
son medium. Shoots smooth. Some sub-varieties are clingstones. 

Rivers' Favorite. Rather small, roundish-oval, with a shallow 
suture ; nearly black with russet dots, bloom blue ; flesh greenish- 
yellow, juicy, excellent. Very early, immediatel)' succeeding 
Primordian, and better in quality. English. 



Royale. (Royal, LaRoyale.) Size medium, sometimes rather large. 



PLUMS. 



563 



round, slightly narrower toward the base, or approaching obovate ; 
suture distinct on one side at apex ; skin reddish-purple, bloom 
very thick ; stalk three-fourths of an inch long, cavity narrow ; 
flesh dull yellow, rather firm, melting, juicy, rich, of excellent 





Fig. 756— Royale. 



Fig. 757.— Early Royal. 



flavor. Ripens first of September. Shoots very downy, growth 
slow, tree spreading, moderately productive. French. Fig. 756. 

Royale Hative, or "Early Royal."* (Mirian.) Size medium, 
roundish, slightly wider at base; skin light purple, stalk half an 





Fig. 758 — ^Royal Tours. 



Fig. 759.— Schenectady Catherine. 



inch long, stout, scarcely sunk; flesh amber yellow, with a rich, 
high flavor, nearly free from the small, flattened, ovate stone. 



564 



PL UMS. 



Early. Resembles Purple Gage, but a month earlier, 
very downy. French. Fig. 757. 



Shoots 



Royal Tours. (Royale de Tours.) Large, roundish, suture deep, 
half round, one side swollen; a white depressed point at apex; 
skin red in the shade, deep violet in the sun, bloom copious, blue ; 
stalk half to three-fourths of an inch long, cavity narrow ; flesh 
greenish-white, rather firm, juicy, rich, high-flavored, adhering 
closely to the large, oval, flattened stone. Quite early ; shoots 
quite downy. Valuable for its earliness and good quality. The 
genuine sort is very rare. French. Fig. 758. 





Fig, 760.— Sharp's Emperor. 



Fig. 761.-— Victoria. 



Schenectady. Size small or nearly medium, roundish, slightly nar- 
rowed to the apex ; suture rather shallow ; skin deep purple- 
violet in the shade, slightly netted on the sunny side; stalk 
three-fourths of an inch long, slender ; cavity deep, narrow ; flesh 
greenish-yellow, melting, sweet, rich, excellent, next to the Green 
Gage in quality, ripening last of August. Shoots- rather slender, 
smooth. Tree extremely hardy, productive, and reliable. Fig. 

759- 

This is quite a distinct variety, often reproducing itself from seed 

not perceptibly varying from the parent. 

Sharp's Emperor. Quite large, roundish-oval ; skin a bright red, 
paler in the shade, bloom delicate ; flesh deep yellow, pleasant, 
moderately rich. Very productive. Shoots strong, downy, leaves 
large. English. Showy. One of the best market sorts. Fig. 76°- 

Smith.* (Smith's Orleans.) Large, oval, slightly wider at base, 
a little irregular, suture deep on one side ; skin reddish-purple, 



PL UMS. 



565 



becoming very dark, bloom deep blue ; stalk small, slender ; cav- 
ity narrow, deep ; flesh deep yellow, slightly firm, juicy, rich. 
Shoots vigorous, straight, glossy reddish-purple ; leaves dark 
green, crimpled. Ripens early. Productive in nearly all soils. 
Long Island. 

Suisse. (Prune Suisse, Swiss Plum, Simiana, Monsieur Tardif.) 
Medium or rather large, round, suture broad, shallow; a sunk 
point at apex; skin lively violet red, thickly dotted, and slightly 





Fig. 762. — Wangenheim. 



Pig. 763.— York State. 



marbled; bloom blue, copious; stalk three-fourths to an inch long, 
cavity wide ; flesh crackling and melting, flavor brisk, rich, slightly 
sharp, adhering to the thick, rough-edged stone. Quite late. 
Shoots smooth. Distinct from the "Semiana," of Boston. 

Thomas. Large, round-oval, slightly irregular, somewhat com- 
pressed on the suture ; skin salmon color, with a soft red cheek 
and numerous dots ; stalk hair}^ one-half to three-fourths of an 
inch long, stout; cavity small, narrow; flesh pale yellow, some- 
what coarse, mild, pleasant, free from the very light-colored stone. 
Shoots slightly downy. Productive. Season medium. Origin, 
Boston. 

Tragedy.'* (Prune Tragedy.) Medium to large, oval, dark pur- 
ple ; flesh yellowish-green, free, sweet, very good. Season early. 
Highly valued in the West for early market. California. 

Victoria. Large, obovate, suture distinct ; color a fine light red- 
dish-purple ; stem half an inch long, cavity rather deep and narrow ; 
flesh yellow, pleasant — clingstone. It has been long known in 
some parts of England — stands next to Pond's Seedling in size, 



566 



PLUMS. 



beauty, and productiveness. A great grower, irregular. Distinct 
from and better than Sharp's Emperor. Fig. 761. 

Wangenheim.* Medium, oval, suture shallow but distinct, dark 
blue, stem short, set without depression ; flesh greenish -yellow, 
juicy, firm, sweet, rich, "very good," partly free from the rather 
large stone. German, a sort of prune. Growth erect, moderately 
vigorous, tree very productive. One of the best of its class. Fig. 
762. 

Wax, Large, slightly oval; rich yellow, mostly covered with red 
bloom lilac; stalk long; flesh greenish-yellow, juicy, sprightly, 
freestone. October. Albany, N. Y. 

York State Prune. Large, oval, sutured at apex, dark blue, light 
bloom, firm, juicy, free. Vigorous, productive ; a good market 
plum. New York. Fig. 763. 



Division III. Green, White or Yellow. 

Albany Beauty. (Denniston's Albany Beauty.) Size medium or 
rather small, roundish-oval, with a slight neck at base, suture 
obscure; surface pale whitish-green, purple dots numerous, bloom 
thin ; stalk an inch or more long, slender, scarcely sunk ; flesh 
yellow, moderately juicy, rich, 
sweet, free from the small, pointed 
stone. Ripens the last week in 
August. Shoots lightly downy. 
Origin, Albany, N. Y. 

Apricot. (French Apricot.) Size 
medium or rather large, roundish, 
suture deep ; stalk scarcely half an 
inch long ; surface yellow, dotted 
and tinged with red in the sun ; 
bloom white ; flesh yellow rather 
firm, slightly bitter, becoming, 
when ripe, melting, juicy, and 
pleasant. Rather early. Shoots 
quite downy. 

The English Apricot plum is a 
third-rate, clingstone, oval fruit, 
with smooth shoots. 

Autumn Gage, (Roe's Autumn 
Gage.) Size medium, ovate, 
slightly conical ; stalk three-fourths 
of an inch long, not sunk ; sur- 
face pale yellow, bloom thin, 
whitish; flesh greenish -yellow, 

juicy, sweet, delicate, pleasant, free from the long, pointed, com- 
pressed stone. Leaves pointed, shoots smooth, spreading. Ripens 
rather late. Growth very slow. Very productive. Origin, New- 
burgh, N. Y. 

Bleecker's Gage. Size medium ; roundish-oval, regular, suture 
obscure ; stalk an inch long, rather stout, downy, slightly sunk ; 




Fig. 764.— Bleecker's Gage. 



PLUAIS. 567 

skin yellow, with sunken white specks; bloom thin, white; flesh 
yellow, rich, sweet, luscious, partly free from the pointed stone. 
Ripens at the end of summer. Shoots downy. Distinguished 
from Prince's Yellow Gage by its larger stalk and later maturity. 
Origin, Albany, N. Y. Fig. 764. 

Bingham. Large (an inch and three-fourths long), oval, rather 
widest at base; surface deep yellow, with rich red spots to the 
sun; stalk slightly sunk; flesh yellow, juicy, rich, delicious. 
Season of ripening medium, or end of summer and first of autumn. 
Shoots down3^ Handsome, productive, and valuable. Origin, 
Pennsylvania. 

Buel's Favorite. Rather large, ovate, broadest at base ; suture dis- 
tinct half round; stalk two-thirds of an inch long, rather stout, 
little sunk ; surface pale green, thickly sprinkled with lighter dots, 
base with reddish specks ; flesh greenish-yellow, rather firm, juicy, 
rich, high-flavored, adhering to the long pointed stone. Ripens 
at the close of summer. Shoots smooth, reddish. Origin, Albany, 
N. Y. 

Coe's Golden Drop.* Very large (often more than two inches long) , 
oval, suture distinct, one side more enlarged, necked ; light yellow, 
often dotted red to the sun ; stalk three-fourths of an inch long, 
rather stiff; flesh yellowish, rather firm, rich, sweet, not fine- 
grained, closely adhering to the pointed stone. Quite late, does 
not always rijjen at the North — requires a long season. An excel- 
lent late sort, of English origin. Shoots smooth, rather glossy. 
Extensively grown on the Pacific coast as the "Silver Prune." 

Dana's Yellow Gage. Size medium, oval; pale yellow, marbled 
with darker green, bloom very thin ; flesh juicj', lively. Season 
medium. Verj- productive. Hardy. Massachusetts. 

De Caradeuc. Medium, round ; yellow with dark red or brown 
cheek; well-marked suture; skin thin; flesh very juicy, sweet, 
cling. Early. Considered to be a variety of Prunus cerasifera. 
Originated in South Carolina. 

Denniston's Superb. Size medium, round, obscurely oval, slightly 
flattened, suture distinct; surface pale yellowish green, slightly 
dotted and clouded with purple, bloom thin; stalk rough, three- 
fourths of an inch long, moderately sunk ; flesh thick (stone 
small) , not juicy, rich, vinous, free from the thick, roundish stone. 
Ripens rather early, or last fortnight of sumner. Resembles 
Green Gage, rather earlier, and not so good. Shoots downy. 
Very productive. Origin, Albany, N. Y. One of the handsomest 
of plums. 

Dcwnton Imperatrice. Size medium, oval, base tapered or with a 
neck ; skin thin, pale yellow; flesh yellow, melting, acid, becom- 
ing rather sweet. Ripens late, or end of September. Shoots 
smooth, long, strong, upright. For preserving. A cross of the 
White Egg and Blue Imperatrice. 

Drap d'Or. (Yellow Perdrigon, Mirabelle Grosse.) Rather small, 
round, suture indistinct, apex dimpled ; stalk half an inch long, 
slender; surface golden yellow, sometimes a few crimson dots to 
the sun ; flesh yellow, sweet, rich, often half dr5^ partly adhering 



568 



PLUMS. 



to the stone; ripens a week before the Green Gage. Shoots 
slightly downy, growth slow. 

Drap d'Or of Esperin. Large, roundish-oval; golden yellow ; stalk 
short, stout, little sunk ; flesh yellowish, rather coarse, juicy, 
sweet, rich — freestone. Last of August. 

Early Yellow Prune. Rather large, oval; yellow, dotted red ; stalk 
medium, slightly sunk ; sweet, juicy, slightly melon-flavor — free- 
stone. Middle of August. Great bearer. 

Fulton. Medium, oval approaching ovate ; suture distinct ; bright 
yellow ; stalk and cavity medium ; flesh yellow, juicy, with a rich, 
high flavor. October. Tree vigorous, productive, fruit hangs 
long. Fig. 765. 




Fig. 765.— Pulton. 



FtG. 766.— Green Gage. 



General Hand. Very large, roundish-oval ; skin deep golden yellow ; 
stalk long ; flesh moderately juicy, not high-flavored — freestone. 
Shoots nearly smooth. Mid-season. 

Green Gage.* (Reine Claude, Bruyn Gage. ) Rather small, round ; 
suture faint; surface green, becoming yellowish-green, usually 
with reddish-brown dots and network at base ; stalk half to three- 
fourths of an inch long, scarcely sunk; flesh pale green, melting, 
juicy, exceedingly sweet and rich, and unequalled in flavor. 
Ripens about the middle of August. Shoots smooth, buds with 
large shoulders, growth slow, and young trees difficult to raise in 
most localities. Europe. Old. There are many seedlings, in- 
ferior to the original, and many worthless green plums called by 
this name. Grown for prunes on the Pacific coast. Fig. 766. 

Henry Clay. Medium, oval, suture slight, yellow, marbled and 
shaded red ; stalk long, slender, scarcely sunk ; juicy, sweet ; 



PLUMS. 



569 



stone small, nearly full. End of August. A handsome and pro- 
ductive variety. Albany, N. Y. 

Ho'ward's Favorite. Large, necked, rich yellow, dotted and shaded 
with carmine, bloom lilac ; stalk long, inserted in a ring ; flesh 
rather coarse, but very sugary, rich, and delicious — somewhat ad- 
herent to the stone. September. Tree vigorous, fruit hangs long. 
Albany, N. Y. 

Hudson Gage. Size medium ; oval, suture obscure, one side slightly 
larger ; surface yellow, clouded or streaked faint green, bloom 
thin, white ; stalk about two-thirds of an inch long, moderately 





Fig. 767 — Huling's Superb, 



Fig. 768.— Imperial Gage. 



sunk; flesh greenish, juicy, melting, rich, sprightly, excellent, 
nearly free from the small stone. Ripens two weeks earlier than 
Washington, and three weeks before Imperial Gage, which it 
partly resembles. Origin, Hudson, N. Y. 

Huling's Superb.* Large, round-ovate, suture shallow, indistinct ; 
stalk one inch long, stout, slightly sunk ; skin dull greenish-yel- 
low ; bloom pale, thin ; flesh rather firm ; flavor rich, brisk, excel- 
lent. Ripens latter part of summer. Shoots thick, vigorous, 
downy, leaves very large. A moderate bearer. Origin, Pennsyl- 
vania. Fig. 767- 

Imperial Gage,* (Flushing Gage, Prince's Imperial Gage, White 
Gage, of Boston.) Fruit rather large, oval, suture distinct ; stalk 
three-fourths of an inch long, slightly hairy, evenly sunk ; surface 
green, slightly tinged yellow, with marbled green stripes; bloom 
copious, white ; flesh greenish, juicy, melting, rich, of very best 
quality, sometimes adhering, but usually nearly free from the 



57° 



PL UMS. 



oval, pointed stone. Ripens first of autumn. Shoots long, up- 
right, vigorous, slightl}' downj' ; leaves with a slight shade of 
blue. Fig. 768. For home use only. 

Imperial Ottoman. Nearly medium in size, oval, suture on one side 
halfway from base to apex ; somewhat pellucid ; surface pale 
greenish-yellow, marbled; stalk three-fourths of an inch long, 
downy, slender, curved, scarcely sunk ; surface dull yellow, 
clouded darker, bloom thin ; flesh very juicy, sweet, excellent, 
scarcely adhering to the pointed stone. Ripens first of August. 
Great bearer. Shoots slightly downy ; tree hardy, succeeds well 
as far north as Maine. Fig. 769. 




Fig. 769 — Imperial Ottoman. 



Fig. 770.— Jefferson. 



Ives' Seedling." Large, ovate, suture distinct ; yellow, mottled and 
dotted red, bloom thin ; stalk short, slightly sunk ; flesh rich amber 
color, juicy, high flavored — freestone. First of September. 
Growth moderate, buds prominent. Massachusetts. 

Jefferson. Large, oval, base slightly narrowed, suture slight; 
greenish-yellow, becoming golden yellow, often faintly reddened 
to the sun, bloom thin, white; stalk an inch long, sunk little or 
none ; fiesh rich yellow, moderatelj' fine grained, in well-ripened 
specimens orange ; very juicy, nearly free from the long, pointed 
stone ; flavor rich, luscious, excellent. Early. Origin, Albany. 
A very fine dessert plum. Fig. 770. 

Lawrence Favorite. (Lawrence Gage.) Large, roundish, slightly 
oblong-oval, obtuse ; surface dull yellowish-green, clouded dark- 
er, bloom light bluish-green ; base, when ripe, with a brown- 
ish-red network and dots ; stalk half an inch long, small, cavity 
narrow ; flesh greenish, melting, juicy, rich, excellent. Shoots 



PLUMS. 



571 



short, rather upright, down)'' leaves small, dark green. Rather 
early or middle of August. Origin, Hudson, N. Y. Fig. 771. 

Lucombe's Nonsuch. Medium or rather large, roundish ; skin yel- 
lowish-green with yellowish-orange, bloom whitish ; suture broad ; 
stalk three-fourths of an inch long, cavity wide ; flesh rather firm, 
rich, sweet, with acid. Fig. 772. 

Madison. Size medium, roundish, suture shallow; rich yellow, 
dotted and shaded crimson next the- sun ; stalk short, stout, little 
sunk; flesh rich yellow, slightly coarse, with a rich flavor, adheres 




Fig. 77I-— Lawrence's Favorite. 



Fig. 772. — Lucombe's Nonsuch. 



slightly to the stone. 
vigorous, productive, 
ton's Superb. 



End of September. Shoots smooth, tree 
Albany, N. Y. Closely resembles Dennis- 



McLaughlin.* Rather large, roundish-oblate, much flattened at 
ends, suture obscure ; stalk three-fourths of an inch long, scarcely 
sunk; skin thin, tender, russet-yellow, sprinkled with thin red, 
purplish at base; flesh rather firm, juicy, sweet, luscious. Stone 
clings. Ripens at the end of summer. Growth vigorous, leaves 
large, glossy, shoots smooth. Origin, Bangor, Me. Fig. 773. 

Mirabelle. Very large, obovate, suture distinct; stalk half an inch 
long, slightly sunk; surface a fine yellow, slightly spotted with 
red, bloom white ; flesh orange, sprightly, becoming dry. Ripens 
\vith the Green Gage. Shoots downy, tree small. A small, beau- 
tiful, second-rate plum, very productive, and valued for preserving. 
Its seedlings are used as stocks for dwarf plums. 

Moldavka. Medium, oval, pointed apex ; light yellow, thick bloom; 
flesh orange, rich, semi-cling. Early. Russian. 



572 



PLUMS. 



Monroe.* Full medium, roundish-oval ; greenish-yellow ; stalk 
rather long, slightly sunk ; flavor rich, and good. Mid-season. 
Tree a healthy, strong grower, and great bearer. Monroe 
County, N. Y. 

Mulberry. Large, oval, tapering, with a neck to the stalk, suture 
slight; pale dull yellow, with a few crimson dots; bloom thin; 
stalk an inch long, slender, scarcely sunk on the obtuse end of 
the neck; flesh greenish-yellow, rather coarse, melting, rich, ad- 
hering to the large, oblong, pointed stone. Ripens the first of 
autumn. Shoots stout. Origin, Albany, N. Y. 





Fig. 773.— McLaughlin. 



Fig. 774- — Nelson's Victory. 



Nelson's Victory. Size medium, roundish-oval ; brownish-yellow, 
with some dull red ; stone small ; flesh free, juicy, good. Tree 
vigorous, great bearer, fruit showy, fine for market. English. 
Fig, 774- 

Orange. Very large, oval, flattened at ends; bronze-yellow, rough, 
marked with purplish-red near the base ; stalk three-fourths of an 
inch long, cavity narrow ; rather coarse, acid. End of August. 

Parsonage. Rather large, oval, pale yellow, stalk medium, slightly 
sunk ; flesh yellow, juicy, with a rich, sugary flavor. Free from 
the stone. First of September. Tree vigorous, upright, produc- 
tive. New. Dutchess County, N. Y. (Downing.) 

Peters' Yellow Gage. Large, nearly oval, varying in its form ; rich 
yellow, crimson dots next the sun ; stalk three-fourths of an inch 
long, set in a deep cavity on one side of the plum ; suture distinct, 
dividing the fruit unequally ; flesh greenish -yellow, rich, sweet, 
very good. Fig. 775. 

Precoce de Bergthold. Small, roundish-oval; yellow; juicy, sweet. 
Very early, middle of July. 



PLUMS. 



573 



Primordian. (Jaune Hative or Early Yellow, White Primordian.) 
Small, obovate, necked; suture small; stalk slender, downy, half 
an inch long ; pale clear yellow, bloom thin ; flesh yellowish, 
moderately juicy, with a rather sweet, mild, good flavor; very free 




Fig. 777.— Washington. 



Fig. 778,— White or Yellow Damson. 



from the stone. Middle of July. Shoots quite slender, very 
downy, growth slow. Valuable only for its extreme earliness. 
Fig. 776. 



574 



PL UMS. 



Reine Claude de Bavay.* Round-oval ; greenish-yellow, spotted with 
red, with small, violet-colored, longitudinal veins; flesh rather 
firm, juicy, sugary, rich, of fine quality, adhering slightly to the 
stone. Shoots smooth ; leaves roundish, shining — the growth re- 
sembling Washington, but leaves smaller and shoots slenderer. 
Very productive. Mid-season. Belgium. 

Schuyler Gage. Size medium, oval, suture moderate; yellow with 
green splashes, dotted and shaded with red next the sun; stalk 
long, curved, slightly sunk; flesh yellow, juic3^ sweet, excellent. 
Resembling Green Gage — free from the stone. Last of September. 
Tree vigorous, productive. Albany, N. Y. 

St. Catherine. Size medium, obovate. suture very distinct, passing 
half round ; skin pale yellow, sometimes slightly reddish to the 
sun, bloom thin, white; stalk three-fourths of an inch long, very 
slender, slightly sunk; flesh juicy, rather firm, rich, fine. Ripens 
rather late. Shoots smooth, rather slender. 

St. Martin Quetsche. Size medium, ovate, broadest at base ; sur- 
face pale yellow, often spotted with brown, bloom white ; flesh 
yellow, very juicy, rich, excellent. Ripens at mid-autumn and 
keeps long. Shoots smooth. A profuse bearer. A good late 
plum. German. Too late for the far North. 

Washington.* (Bolniar, Bolmar's Washington.) Large, often 
very large, roundish-oval, suture obscure, distinct at base ; sur- 
face yellowish-green faintlj' marbled, often with a pale red blush ; 
stalk one-half to three-fourths of an inch long, slightly downj' ; 
cavity wide, shallow, flesh rather firm, sweet, mild, moderately 
rich, free from the pointed stone. Rather early, last half of 
August. Shoots downy, very vigorous, 
/%-^ leaves very large. Often unproductive. 

Origin, New York city. Fig. 777. 

White or Yellow Damson. (Late Yel- 
low Damson.) Small (one inch long), 
oval, pale yellow, dotted with reddish- 
brown ; stalk half an inch long, downy, 
not sunk ; flesh rich, sub-acid, agree- 
able ; ripens very late, hanging long on 
the tree. Shoots smooth, growth free. 
Tree very productive. Fig. 778. 

Yellow Egg." (White Magnum Bonum, 
White Imperial, White Egg.) Very 
large, oval, narrow at ends, necked at 
base, suture distinct, stalk an inch 
long, not sunk, surrounded by a fleshy 
ring at insertion ; skin light yellow, 
bloom thin, white ; flesh firm, coarse, 
acid, becoming sweeter bj' ripening, ad- 
hering closely to the long, pointed 
stone. Ripens about the end of August. 
Very largely grown for market and for culinary use. 
T. Rivers, of vSawbridgeworth, England, says the Yellow Mag- 
num Bonum is an American plum of extreme hardiness — good^ 




Fig. 779.— Yellow Gage, 
Princes. 



PL VMS. 



575 



but not first-rate — flesh dings — and bears more freely than "our 
old White Magnum Bonum." 

Yellow Gage; English. (Little Queen Claude.) Small, round, 
suture on one side distinct ; surface pale yellowish-green, becom- 
ing yellow, with a few reddish dots, bloom dense ; stalk half an 
inch long, slender, slightly sunk ; flesh very sweet, pleasant, 
quite free from the stone. Ripens nearly with the Green Gage. 
Shoots long, smooth. Of French origin. 

Yellow Gage, Prince's.* (American Yellow Gage.) Size medium ; 
oval, slightly broadest at base ; suture a mere line ; surface golden 
yellow, slightly clouded ; bloom white, copious ; stalk an inch 
long, cavity small, round ; flesh deep yellow, rich, sugary, melt- 
ing, sometimes rather dry. Ripens early in August. Shoots 
smooth, short-jointed, leaves glossy, tree becoming spreading. 
Origin, Flushing, L. I. Fig. 779. 



JAPANESE GROUP— PRUNUS TRIFLORA. 

Division I. Red, Purple, or Blue. 



Abundance.* (Douglas, Babcock.) Tree erect, strict. Fruit me- 
dium to large, round-oblong, with a pointed apex ; skin pink- 
coppery-red, marked with many small dots ; flesh firm, very 
juicy, sweet, cling. Early, very variable, especially in quality and 
season of ripening. Considered to be the best all-round variety 




Fig. 780.— Abundance Japanese Plum, 



576 



of this group. 
780. 



PLUMS. 



The Chase is probablj^ identical with this. Fig. 



Berckmans. Medium, round-oblong, tending to have a blunt 
point ; skin deep bright red ; flesh firm, drj', sweet, becoming 
insipid when dead ripe, cling. Mid-season. Distinguished from 
all other Japanese plums by its verj' dry flesh. Some of the trees 
sold as Berckmans are Abundance, to which it is inferior. 

Berger. (Strawberrj' Ura-Beni, Uchi-Beni, Honsmomo, of some.) 
Tree spreading ; fruit small, cherry-like, globular ; skin bright 
red ; flesh very meaty, yellow, sweet, very good, free. Fruit 




Fig. 781.— Berger Japanese Plum. 



falls when ripe. Midseason. Handsome and of fine quality, but 
too small for market. Recommended for home use. Fig. 781. 

Burbank.* Tree flat-topped, very spreading, distinct ; fruit medium 
to large, round-oblong, with a blunt apex ; skin orange-yellow, 
dotted and marbled with I'ed, deepening to a cheek ; flesh meaty, 
yellow, sweet, rich, cling. Mid-season to late. Hangs on tree 
well. Admirable for canning. Second only to Abundance in 
popularit)' as a market plum. Fig. 782. 

Chabat.* (Bailey, Yellow Japan, Fruruguja, O-Hatankyo, Uchi- 
Beni of some.) Tree a strong, upright grower, prolific; fruit 



PL UMS. 



577 



medium to large, oblong conic, with no tip ; skin deep yellow 
overlaid with light red and many small golden dots ; flesh usually 
firm, yellow, sweet, excellent, cling. Mid-season to late. One of 
the best for an}' purpose. 

Earliest of All. (Yosebe, Wasse Smomo.) Fruit small, round 
oblong ; skin pink-red ; flesh yellow-soft, sour, poor, cling. Very 
early. Fruit drops when ripe. Its only merit is earliness. 

Engre.* Fruit flattened at both ends; skin dark red ; flesh soft, 
yellow, cling, sour but not bitter, fair to good. Handsome, pro- 
lific. Very early. Much superior to Earliest of All, and ripening 
but a few days later. 




Fig. 782.— Bur bank Japanese Plum. 



Hale. Tree upright ; fruit medium to large, globular, not pointed ; 
skin j'ellow, mottled and speckled with red, handsome ; flesh 
yellow, soft, juicy, good, cling. Mid-season. Sometimes colors 
poorly and drops prematurely. California. 

Kelsey. Tree an upright grower, with narrow leaves ; fruit very 
large, heart-shape, tapering, lop-sided, with a deep suture ; skin 
bright reddish-purple on yellow ground ; flesh yellow, cling, very 
good. Late. Tender in the North. Valued in California, The 
first Japanese plum distributed. 

Maru. Medium, globular, with an obtuse point ; skin maroon red ; 
flesh yellow, soft, sweet, good, cling. Season of Abundance 
and much inferior to that variety. 

Red June.* (Red Nagate, Nagate-no-Botankyo.) Tree very vig- 
orous, spreading; fruit medium to large, oblong, heart-shape, 

37 



578 



PL UMS. 



with a distinct suture, often lopsided; skin uniform bright red, 
very handsome ; fiesh yellowish-white, semi-cling, firm, juicy, 
good. One of the best second early varieties for market or home 
use. Fig. 783. 

Satsuma.* (Blood, Yonemomo.) Tree spreading, very prolific 
in a mixed orchard; fruit large, round-oblong to round-conic, 
with a short, blunt point ; skin dark red, specked with greenish 
dots ; flesh very firm, blood red, cling, rather coarse, good. Ex- 
cellent for canning but not desirable for eating out of hand. 
Season late, and a very long keeper. 




Fig. 783.— Red June Japanese Plum. 



Simon or Prunus Simoni. Tree a very strict, upright grower, often 
unproductive in the East ; fruit large, ilattened, apple-shape ; 
skin deep red, sprinkled with small yellow dots ; stem short, the 
fruit sticking closely to the branches ; flesh yellow, cling, poor. 
Earl);-. In the interior regions of California it is said to be of 
good qualit}' and is largely grown for market. Prunus Simoni is 
distinct from the Japanese plums, Prunus triflora, and is generally 
considered to be a good species. China. 

Wickson.* Tree a very upright grower, of Simoni habit, a shy 
bearer in many places ; fruit very large, long-heart shape, taper- 
ing to the blunt apex; skin deep maroon red; flesh very firm, 
yellow, cling, sub-acid, rich, very good. Fruit borne on the old 
wood only, not in clusters. Mid-season. Probably has Pi-unus 
Simoni blood in it. Originated by Burbank, California. An ex- 
cellent shipper, but too often a shy bearer. 

Willard. Medium, roundish, angular ; skin dark red ; flesh firm, 
whitish free, of poor quality. Very early. Too poor to be of 
any value whatever. 



PLUMS. 579 



Division II. Yellow. 

Georgeson. (White Kelsey, Hattankio Round.) Tree sprawling, 
much forked ; fruit medium, round flattened, usually not pointed ; 
skin golden yellow ; flesh firm, yellow, cling, sweet, slightly 
mawkish, good. Mid-season. Long keeping. Trees sold as 
Georgeson bearing pointed fruits are Kerr. 

Kerr. (Hattankio Oblong, Hattonkin, of some, Georgeson of 
some.) Medium, tapering to a long point; skin orange-yellow; 
flesh firm, yellow, cling, sweet, fair to good. Early. Fruit falls 
before fully ripe. 

Normand. Medium to large, obtusely conical, clear golden yellow ; 
flesh firm, yellow free, of very good quality. Ripens with 
Abundance. 

Ogon.* Medium, roundish-oblate ; skin lemon-yellow with a 
heavy, whitish bloom ; flesh very firm, free, with a peculiar 
musky almond flavor ; of indifferent quality, but good for can- 
ning. Second early. 



CHAPTER XXXII. 



THE QUINCE. 

The quince, a small, irregular growing tree, about ten or 
twelve feet high, bears one of the best fruits for preserves and 
jellies, and for giving additional flavor to apple cooked in any 
manner. It is usuall}^ propagated by layers and cuttings. 
Propagation by layers is performed by bending young shoots 

down in spring, and burying 
them so as to leave a few 
buds at the extremity above 
ground, as described on page 
26 of this work. When the 
buds on the shoots have well 
started, all are rubbed off or 
cut away but the best. They 
will throw out roots by au- 
tumn, and may be removed 
from the parent tree, and set 
out in rows; those which do 
not root the first year may 
be left till the second. If 
the ground is rich, and they 
are kept well-cultivated and 
straightened by stakes, the 
cuttings and layers will pro- 
duce trees fit for removal as standards in two or three 
years. This mode is more commonly used in raising the 
orange quince as a fruit. In the extensive propagation of 
stocks for the pear, layering by stools is adopted. They 
are made by cutting back strong plants to within a few 
inches of the surface of the ground early in spring, or before 
the buds swell, which induces them to throw up a number of 
Strong shoots, constituting the stools. These are earthed up 

580 




Fig. 784.— Neglected Quince-Tree. 



THE QUINCE. 



581 




Fig. 785.— Untrimmed 
Quince Bush. 



the following spring, so that the whole of the stem and the 
base of all the shoots will be covered three or four inches 
deep. Roots will be thrown out during the same season, and 
these rooted shoots are separated from the plant in the autumn 
for transplanting in rows. The stools 
are well cultivated and dressed with ma- 
nure the following season, and will pro- 
duce another crop of shoots the second 
year. As each stool yields a crop in 
alternate seasons, there should be two 
sets, so that an annual supply may be 
obtained. 

The quince is extensively propagated 
by cuttings, both in raising stocks and 
trees for fruiting. The details of the 
operation are described on pages 24 and 25 of this work. 

The soil for the quince should be deep and rich, such as 
will raise good corn and potatoes, and should be kept well 

cultivated. An application of good 
manure should be made every year 
or two, and a thin sprinkling of 
salt over the surface in spring has 
often been found beneficial. 

Directions for pruning young 
quince-trees will be found oh page 
106. 

The total neglect of the cultiva- 
tion of the quince by many who 
have planted out the trees has re- 
sulted in their dwarfish and stunted 
growth and entire unproductive- 
ness. To renovate such trees, cut 
or saw out the thick profusion of 
suckers which surround the stem 
(Fig. 785), deepen the soil with the 
spade as much as the roots will 
admit, and apply a large barrow-load of compost to each tree, 
made by a thorough intermixture, some weeks previously, 
of stable manure and black mud, or other compost, and 
then spread a thin coating of salt upon the surface. This 




Fig. 7S6.— Well-Pruned Young- 
Ouince-Trees. 



582 



777^ QUINCE. 



should be done in the spring of the year. The pruning may 
be such as to remove the suckers, and reduce the number 
of stems to three or four, or the tree may be trimmed to one 
clean stem, as shown in Fig. i?>6. The fruit will be greatly 
improved by the operation. Fig. 785 shows a common ap- 
pearance of a neglected tree. 

In planting quince orchards, the distance asunder may be 
about ten or twelve feet, which will be found near enough for 
full-grown trees, on a deep, rich, and well-treated soil. If the 
ground is previously subsoiled, and well manured by trench- 
ploughing, the young trees will come into bearing in about 
three years, and continue productive, if well managed, for 
forty years or more. 



Varieties. 
Alaska. Large, pyriform, hardy, productive, bears early. 

Angers. This variety is cultivated as stock for the pear. The fruit 
is pear-shaped, golden-yellow. It is later and a little harder in 
texture than the Orange Quince. The tree is distinguished by 
its vigorous growth and large leaves, and it continues growing 
late in the season. 

Fig. 789. —Orange. Fig. 790.— Meech's. 




Fig. 787.— Johnston. 



Fig. 788.— Champion. 



Champion.* Large, obovate-pyriform, bright yellow ; flesh tender, 
delicate flavor. Very prolific, bears young. Mid-season. Keeps' 
well. Fig. 7SS. 

Child. (California.) Medium, golden yellow, small core. 



THE QUINCE. 



5«3 



Chinese. Very large, oblong, rather coarse. Tree a vigorous 
grower, but late bearer. Does best South. 

Fontenay or Paris. This is also cultivated extensively as stock for 
the pear. The fruit is not equal in quality to the Orange or 
Angers, moi-e nearly resembling the Pear Quince in form and 
texture. The tree has more small side-shoots, grows thicker, and 
is less vigorous than the Angers. The Angers is further distin- 
guished from the Fontenay bj' its downy shoots when young, 
darker wood, and short stout thorns. 

The Japan and Chinese quinces are cultivated merely as orna- 
mental shrubs. The fruit, which sets freely, is of no value for 
edible purposes, and as it has a highly aromatic fragrance is 
sometimes used to perfume clothes-drawers. 

Fuller. Large, pj^riform, usually with an abrupt small neck ; sur- 
face irregular ; lemon-yellow ; basin wide and deep ; flesh tender 
and good. 

Johnson. Large, roundish-oblate, compressed at stem ; greenish- 
yellow, downy in depression ; dots small, green ; cavity broad, 
nearly level ; basin large, angular, deep ; flesh yellowish, juicy, 
mild. Very good. Pennsylvania. Fig. 787. 

Meech.* (Meech's Prolific.) Large, obscure-pyriform, golden 
yellow ; very fragrant, good flavor. Bears early — very produc- 
tive. Mid-season. An excellent variety. Fig. 790. Connecticut. 

Orange."' (Apple.) Large, some sub-varieties quite large, round- 
isli ; somewhat irregular, with a small and very short neck at the 
base; surface of a fine golden color ; flesh firm, stewing rather 
tender, of excellent flavor. Ripens soon after mid-autumn. 
Leaves oval. Tree productive if well cultivated. Fig. 789. 
Massachusetts. 

This is the most common sort, and by continual propagation of 
seedlings several sub-varieties have been 
produced, varying slightly in coarseness or 
firmness of texture, size and form. The 
largest sometimes weighs a pound. 

Pear. (Oblong or Pyriform Quince.) Size 
medium or ratlier large, pyriform, body 
roundish-oblong, neck about one-half or one- 
third the length of the body ; skin rather 
dull rich yellow ; flesh firm, tough, dry, with 
a high flavor, stewing less tender than the 
Orange quince. Ripens late in autumn, and 
hence adapted to distant marketing. Leaves 
oblong-ovate. A moderate bearer. Fig. 
791. 

Portugal. Quite large, oblong pyriform, 

largest at the middle and tapering to each end ; yellow ; flesh 
more juicy and less harsh than the other varieties. Stews well, 

- and becomes a fine purple or deep crimson when cooked. The 
fruit is rather superior in quality, but the value of the variety 




Fig. 791. — Pear Quince. "* 



584 THE QUINCE. 

is much lessened by its unproductiveness. It does not strike 
readily from cuttings. 

Rea.* (Rea's Mammoth, Rea's Seedling.) Fruit resembles the 
Orange, but from one-third to one-half larger, and of excellent 
quality. Tree a very strong grower, with large dark foliage. 
Early. Origin, Coxsackie, N. Y. 

Van Deman. Above medium, truncated oval, greenish-yellow, 
sub-acid ; prolific, good. 

Wist. (Wist' s Mammoth.) Very large, round, yellow, fine flavor, 
A California seedling of the Orange Quince. 



CHAPTER XXXIII. 

THE RASPBERRY. 

Propagation. — The varieties which have originated from 
the red-fruited species are usually increased with great 
facility by suckers ; but plants with better roots may be ob- 
tained by planting under glass, with a mild bottom heat, cut- 
tings of the roots an inch or more in length. The American 
Blackcap and its varieties {Rubus occidentalis) are propagated 
readily by layers, the tips of the recurved branches when 
slightly buried soon taking root. This layering may be 
done in August or September, the tips of the shoots having 
been nipped about midsummer, and when these branch and 
form tips bare of leaves, bury them in the soil at an angle of 
forty-five degrees, and they will form fine roots before win- 
ter. New varieties are raised from seeds, and come into 
bearing the second or third year. 

The soil for the raspberry should be rich, and an admixture 
of swamp muck is useful. A strong, deep loam is the only 
soil from which a full crop may be expected every season. If 
sandy or gravelly, or a stiff, cold clay, it cannot be relied 
upon. But the most important requisite is dej)th, only to be 
attained by deep ploughing or trenching, which will go far 
toward affording a remedy for any natural defect of the soil. 
The more tender varieties may be raised on higher, drier, and 
firmer spots of ground, where they are less liable to severe 
frosts. 

The stems of the raspberry are biennial, the canes growing 
the first season and bearing fruit the second, after which they 
die, and the new ones take their places. As soon as growth 
ceases and the leaves drop, the old canes should therefore be 
cut away. When the new canes of the blackcap kinds have 
reached a sufficient height, the tips should be pinched off, to 
prevent their growing taller, which will cause them to be- 

585 



586 



THE RASPBERRY. 



come stout and thick, and to send out side-shoots, which in 
turn should also be pinched back when they have grown a 
foot or so in length, being shorter above and longer below. 
Figs. 792, 793- With the Cap varieties they should not be 
more than two and a half feet high, which will obviate the ne- 
cessity of staking. The Antwerps may be pinched back at 





Pig, 792.— Poor Canes of Cuthbert 
with high laterals. 



Pig. 793— Good Canes of Cuthbert 
with low laterals. 



three or four feet, but usually this is omitted, in which case 
they need stakes. The height should vary with the vigor of 
the plant, strong plants requiring more height. When suckers 
are numerous they must be cut away when they first appear 
at the surface, or they will enfeeble the plants. Four or five 
canes are enough to leave for each stool. The Antwerps and 
their varieties require the support of staking — which may be 
effected as shown in Fig. 794, or by means of wires stretched 
between stakes as in Fig. 795. 

In many parts of the Northern States, some tender varieties 
need winter protection. This is easily given by covering the 
stems, when prostrate, very thinly with earth; placing a 



THE RASPBERRY. 587 

small mound of earth against the bottom of the stems before 
laying them down, to bend upon and prevent breaking. This 
covering, is removed early in spring. It will be found to 
prove very useful even when not necessary to prevent winter- 
killing, by rendering the crop larger and more certain. 

A plantation of raspberries will continue in bearing five or 





Fig. 794. — Staked Canes. Fig. 795.— Wired Canes. 

six years, when it should be renewed. If it remain longer, 
the fruit becomes small, and the crop gradually declines. 
Nearly the same varieties succeed in the different States of 
the Union. The foreign or Antwerp raspberries are worthless 
in most places South. 

Planting for Market. 

William Parry, who cultivates extensive plantations of the 
raspberry near Philadelphia, gives the following directions 
for their management : 

" Plough and prepare the ground as for potatoes or other 
crops ; mark the rows six feet apart, and set the plants three 
feet distant in the rows, requiring about twenty-five hundred 
plants to the acre. The tops should be cut down to within a 
few inches of the ground, that the roots may become well es- 
tablished before they are required to supply nourishment for 
long tops of green foliage. Carrots or potatoes may, with ad- 
vantage, be grown between the rows the first year, after 
which the raspberries will require the whole space. Stir the 
ground frequently with horse and cultivator, to keep down 
grass and weeds, being careful during the warm, dry weather 
not to disturb the small roots feeding near the surface, b}- 
deep culture near to the plants. The raspberries should be 
carefully picked in small baskets not larger than pints, better 
less. Both baskets and crates should be ventilated, so as to 
allow the circulation of air to absorb the heat and moisture. 



588 THE RASPBERRY. 

as they will bear transportation to market much better when 
cool and dry." 

Good raspberry plantations will yield at the rate of fifty or 
sixty, and sometimes a hundred, bushels per acre. 

Propagating by »Seed, 

to produce new varieties, is easily performed by washing the 
ripe seed from the pulp, mixing with damp sand, and sowing 
in autumn in fine soil, about half an inch deep, covering till 
early spring with a moderate coat of leaves or litter. They 
will produce young plants, which may be taken up and heeled- 
in late in autumn, and set out the second spring, after cutting 
down closely. The second and third year they will begin to 
bear and to exhibit the characteristics of the new sorts. 

Rules for the Culture of Raspberries. 

1. Any good strong mellow soil, that will raise good corn, 
and which has been deeply pulverized, will raise good rasp- 
berries. 

2. Set the plants in rows that will admit of free cultivating,, 
say five to eight feet one way and two or three feet the other. 

3. For blackcaps, pinch back early, or when the young 
canes are about two feet high, to keep the bushes snug and 
compact, and to obviate staking. 

4. As the canes grow in one season and bear the next, cut 
the bearing canes away as soon as they drop their leaves, or 
never defer the work later than early the succeeding spring. 

5. Suckering sorts, to bear well, must have the suckers 
hoed away when they first appear above ground, or be treated 
like weeds. Leave four to six new canes to each hill. 

6. Increase the crop by clean, mellow culture, and if practi- 
cable by mulching for winter as well as for summer. 

Most of the cultivated sorts of the raspberry are varieties 
derived from three species of the genus Rubus. The Ant- 
werps, and others resembling them, are varieties of Riibiis 
Jdceus, the European Garden raspberry, which is distinguished 
by the stems being mostly rather tall and nearly erect, beset 
more or less with straight slender prickles, many of which are 



THE RASPBERRY. 589 

■mere bristles; and the plants increase by suckers. Most of 
these are rather tender. The Blackcap raspberries are varie- 
ties of Rubus occidentalis, an American species, the stems of 
which are armed with hooked prickles, bnt not with bristles, 
and are recurved so as to reach and take root at the tips, 
which touch or are buried in the ground. A few sorts are 
varieties of Rubus strigosus, or Wild Red Raspberry, which 
has upright stems, copiously furnished with bristles. The 
•canes increase by suckers, and are quite hardy. A few culti- 
vated sorts appear to be hybrids between some of these 
species. 



CLASSIFICATION. 



I. Rubus Idceus — Etiropean Origin. 

1. Red. 

2. Yellow. ^ 

II. Rubus occidentalis — American Blackcap Origin. 

1. Black. 

2. Purple, red or yellow. 

III. Rubus strigosus — Native Wild Red Raspberry. 

1. Red or purple. 

2. Yellow or orange. 



VARIETIES. 
Section I. — European Varieties. 

Red. 

Belle de Fontenay.* Large, long conical ; purplish-red, with a thin 
bloom ; moderately firm, sub-acid, good. Canes stout, branching, 
suckering freely ; hardy, and if kept clear of suckers, productive 
— bearing in autumn under favorable circumstances. French. 
Worthless in some localities. 

Belle de Paluau. Large, roundish-conical, regular; bright crim- 
son ; moderately firm, juicy, very good. Canes strong, upright, 
very productive ; spines short, purple. Requires winter protec- 
tion. French. 

Clarke.* Large, roundish conical ; light crimson, rather soft, juicy, 
sweet, high-flavored. Berries sometimes imperfect. Canes stout 



59° 



THE RASPBERRY. 



and branching, leaves large. Hardy, and succeeds on light soils. 
Suckers very freely. Productive. Early. Origin, New Haven, 
Conn. Fig. 796. 

Fastolf.* Very large, obtuse conical, approaching roundish bright 

purplish-red ; rather soft, high- 
flavored. Canes strong ; nearly 
erect, branching, productive. Eng- 
lish. Excellent for home use ; too 
soft for distant market. 

Fillbasket. (Northumberland Fill- 
basket.) Rather large, roundish; 
deep red ; pleasant sub-acid, 
moderately good. Very bristlj' 
or spiny. English. 

Franconia.* Large, obtuse coni- 
cal ; dark red ; firm, with a rich 
sub-acid flavor. Canes strong, 
branching and spreading, moder- 
ately hardy, productive. A valu- 
able market sort. French. Naomi 
closely resembles Franconia, and by many is supposed to be iden- 
tical. 

French, (Vice-President French. ) Medium or rather large ; round- 
ish, crimson ; firm, sweet or mild, very good. Productive and 
valuable. Philadelphia, Dr Brinckle. 




Fig. 796.— Clarke. 




Fig. 797.— Hudson River Antwerp. 



Hudson River Antwerp.* Large, oblong conical ; red, firm, with a 
very good flavor. Formerly cultivated with great success on the 
Hudson, rarely succeeds in other localities. Requires winter 
covering. Origin unknown, but supposed to have been imported. 
Distinct from Red Antwerp, or Old Red Antwerp, which has 
nearly round berries. Fig. 797. 

Knevett Giant. Quite large, rounded conical ; deep red ; flesh 



THE RASPBERRY. 



591 



Canes strong, erect, 
English. 



rather firm, adhering partly to the stalk, 
spines few. Moderately hardy, productive. 

Hornet. Quite large, ovate conical or roundish ; firm, sub-acid, 
good. Canes strong, fruit-stems long. Productive. Fig. 798. 

Large-Fruited Monthly. Medium or rather large, roundish ; crim- 
son ; soft, sweet, juicy, of good quality. Englisli. 




Fig. 798.— Hornet. 



Marvel of the Four Seasons. (Merveille des Quatre Saisons, Octo- 
ber Red.) Medium, roundish-conical; bright red; rather soft, 
juicy, sweet, rich. Canes hardy, suckering profusely ; spines or 
bristles short, purple. Under favorable circumstances bears till 
mid-autumn. French. 



Meredeth Queen. 

tender, suckers. 



Medium, red salmon, 
Late. 



juicy. Canes vigorous, 



Superlative.* Large, conical, dull red, fine dessert variety. Canes 
strong, vigorous. Hardy and productive. 

Thompson Prolific. Large, round-conical, red, firm, good ; early, 
vigorous, productive. 

Yellow or Orange. 

Col. Wilder. Large, roundish-conical ; yellowish-white or cream- 
colored, slightly translucent; very productive, rather soft. Ex- 
cellent. Canes strong, spines white. Philadelphia, Dr. Brinckle. 

Orange.* (Brinckle' s Orange.) Fruit large, nearly' conical ; clear 
orange-yellow, soft, juicy, sweet, rich, of excellent quality. 
Canes strong, branched, nearly hardy, very productive. The 
best of the yellow raspberries and the standard of excellence for 
quality in all raspberries. Mid-season. Philadelphia. 

Vermont.* Medium, round-obtuse, pale yellow, downy, very soft, 
juicy, very good, productive. Late. Canes vigorous, prickly. 
Good. ' Vermont. 



592 THE RASPBERRY. 

Section II. — American Blackcaps. 

Black. 

American Blackcap. The common Blackcap, with its many varia- 
tions, growing wild throughout the country, distinguished by its 
long recurved canes, and its regular, nearly round, or hemispheri- 
cal berries, is the type of this division. 

Conrath.* Very large, moderatelj' firm, very good to best. Vigor- 
ous and productive. Ripens early and has a long season. Michi- 
gan. Promising. 

Cumberland.* Very large, oval, glossy black, firm, of best quality. 
Season earl}'. This is rapidly coming to be a standard. Pennsyl- 
vania. 

Davison's Thornless. Medium in size, resembling the American 
Blackcap, but a week earlier ; sweeter, and with canes nearly free 
from prickles. New York. 

Doolittle.* (Joslyn's Improved, Improved Blackcap.) Full me- 
dium in size, black, sweet ; a large variety of the wild Black 
Raspberry. Ripens early. Canes strong, with numerous prickles, 
productive. Has been extensivel}' cultivated for market in many 
of the States. Ontario County, N. Y. 

Eureka.* Medium to large, round, firm, juicy, of good quality. 
Early to mid-season. Has a long sea.son. Highly esteemed for 
market. 

Gregg.* Large ; black, with some bloom ; firm, quality moderate. 
Rather late. A productive and popular variety. Largely planted 
for market. Origin, Indiana. 

Hilborn. Large, black, firm, juicy, sweet, good. Canes vigorous, 
productive. Mid-season, hardy. Ontario. 

Hopkins. Full medium or large ; black, with some bloom ; rather 
soft, of excellent quality. Early. Growth strong ; very produc- 
tive. Missouri. 

Kansas.* Large, round, black, firm, moderately juicy, hardy. 
Kansas. 

Mammoth Cluster.* (McCormick, Large Miami.) Quite large, 
often four-fifths of an inch in diameter, flavor very good ; canes 
strong, bearing very large crops— rather late. For many years 
the most popular of the Blackcap raspberries. 

Mills (No. 15). Medium, black, firm, juicy, sweet, very produc- 
tive, not hardy. New York. 

Nemaha.* Large, black, productive; mid-season, hardy: said to 
be a few days earlier than Gregg, almost identical. Nebraska. 



THE RASPBERRY. 593 

Ohio.* Medium in size ; black with a moderate bloom ; medium in 
quality. Canes unusually white. Profusely productive. Season 
early. Bears long shipping. This is the most popular berry for 
drying. It has large seeds and shrinks less in consequence than 
any other sort. 

Ohio Everbearing. Resembles the American Blackcap, except that 
it has the habit of fruiting in autumn. 

Older.* Medium, round, black, firm, juicy, prolific, hardy. Mid- 
season. Iowa. 

Ontario. Large, nearly black, with thick whitish bloom, quality 
good. Rather early. Wayne County, N. Y. 

Palmer.* Medium, black, very firm, nearly sweet, early, hardy. 
A good market berry. Ohio. 

Souhegan.* Medium, black. Very hardy and productive. Valu- 
able. Quite early. New Hampshire. A standard early variety. 

Tyler.* Medium or below, round, firm, good. Early. Resembles 
Souhegan very closely. New York. 

Purple, Red, or Yellow. 

Cata-wissa. Hardly medium, rather flat ; purplish-red, with a thick 
stem ; sub-acid. Canes rather tender, producing a second crop 
in autumn. Cutting down the whole stool in spring causes the 
canes to bear till late in autumn. Valuable only for the garden. 
Pennsjdvania. 

Columbian.* Yevy large, purple, firm, moderately juicy, nearly 
sweet. Verj' prolific. Canes tall, vigorous. Resembles Shaffer's 
Colossal. New York. Mid-season. Said to be a seedling of 
Cuthbert. 

Ganargua. Large, full and well x-ounded, reddish-purple, sub- 
acid, of good flavor. Canes very strong and vigorous, very 
prickly, bearing large crops, which ripen for several weeks. On- 
tario County, N. Y. 

Golden Cap. Resembles the American Blackcap, except in the 
yellow color of its fruit. But little cultivated. 

Golden Thornless. Quite large, dull j'ellow, firm, of moderate 
quality. 

Purplecane. Rather small ; dark dull red : soft, sweet, good. 
Canes long and strong, recurved. Resembles the Blackcaps in 
rooting at the tips of the canes, but differing in the character of 
the fruit. An old and popular variety, becoming superseded. 

Seneca Blackcap, Rather large, dark shining purplish-black, very 
good in quality. Season medium. Canes vigorous and produc- 
tive. One of the best of the Blackcaps. 

38 



594 THE RASPBERRY. 

Shaffer.* (Shaffer's Colossal.) Large; dull purple; soft, rather 
acid, moderate in flavor. Canes very large and tall, susceptible 
to anthracnose. Mid- season. Quite productive. An excellent 
canning variety. New York. 

Section III. — Native Red Raspberry. 
Red or Purple. 

Allen. Two or three sorts with this name were disseminated by 
L. F. Allen, of Black Rock, N. Y. The canes are strong, erect, 
very hardy, and sucker profusely. When kept free from suckers, 
they have produced good crops in some localities, of medium- 
sized, red, pleasant fruit. 

Brandywine.* Rather large, bright scarlet, handsome ; flesh firm, 
of good quality. A very popular early market sort in New Jersey 
and elsewhere. Canes low, and of a stout dwarf habit. Delaware. 

Cuthbert.* Medium or large; scarlet-crimson; firm, juicy, very 
good. Canes vigorous, productive, rather hardy. One of the 
most popular and valuable. Mid-season. Riverdale, N. Y. 
Suckers freely. 

Early Prolific. Medium, pale red, firm, juicy. Canes slender, few 
prickles, bright dark red, upright, vigorous, good. 

Erie. (Gladstone.) Medium, red-crimson, soft, juicy, nearly 
sweet. Canes vigorous ; second crop in autumn. Ohio. 

Hersteine. Large, oblong-conic ; bright crimson ; flesh rather 
soft, quality very good. Canes strong, light green, spines few. 
Very productive. Philadelphia. 

Kirtland. Medium, nearly round, red, moderate firm, sweet. 
Canes erect, nearly smooth, becoming pale red, suckering freely, 
hardy, productive, early. Fails in some localities. 

Loudon.* Large, roundish-conical, red, firm, good. Wisconsin. 
S. Productive, hardy, good shipper. 

Marlboro.* Large, roundish-conical, quite firm, red, of moderate 
quality. Vigorous, productive, and hardy. Quity early. New 
York. Desirable for market. 

Miller.* Large, round, brilliant, red ; firm, sprightly, very good. 
Early. Prolific and hardy. Delaware. Profitable on the Dela- 
ware peninsula ; has only a local adaptation. 

Montclair. Above medium, roundish ; dark red ; firm, of good 
quality. Suckers quite moderately. New Jersey. The variety 
named "Superb " resembles Montclair, but is more acid, crum- 
bling, and the plant suckers more freely. Both are valuable. 

New Rochelle. Rather large, obtuse-conical ; dark or dull red ; 
firm, sub-acid, moderately good. Valuable for canning. Canes 



THE RASPBERRY. 595 

short-jointed and branched. Very productive. New Rochelle, 
N. Y. 

Olathe. (Stagman No. 5.) Large, red, firm, juicy, productive. 
Canes slender, upright, vigorous. 

Pearl. (Susqueco.) Medium, bright red, firm, of good quality. 
Canes low and of a dwarf habit resembling those of Brandywine, 
but the foliage comes out a week later in spring. A popular 
market sort near Philadelphia. 

Philadelphia. Medium in size, nearly round, dark red, rather soft, 
sub-acid, of good but not rich flavor. Reddish-purple, with a 
few small spines, suckering moderately, bearing profuse crops. 
Hardy. This old variety is now nearly superseded. 

Reliance. Medium, roundish, dark red, soft, quality good. Pro- 
ductive and very hardy. Season medium. An improved Phila- 
delphia. New Jersey. 

Royal Church. Large, round, red, moderately juicy, crumbly. 
Canes vigorous. Late. Hardy. Valuable only for home use. 

Talbot. Medium, red, soft, juic}', sub-acid ; very good. Canes 
vigorous. 

Turner.* Full medium, roundish-conical ; bright red ; rather soft, 
sweet, pleasant. Canes vigorous. Very hardy and productive, 
suckering freely. Succeeds in nearly all localities. Mid-season. 
A little earlier than Cuthbert. Origin, Illinois. 

Yelloiu or Oi'aiige. 

Caroline. Medium, roundish-conical ; salmon ; soft, medium in 
quality. Handsome and productive. Early. It is propagated 

by tips and suckers. Origin, New York. 

Golden Queen.* Large, round conic, light yellow, of very good 
qualit}-. Seedling of Cuthbert and has all the good qualities of 
its parent. Varies in color. The most satisfactory of yellow 
varieties. For home use only. New Jersey. 

Rubus Flavus. Medium, yellow berries. Canes very strong and 
high. A rank grower in Florida, where it is said to be the only 
raspberry which will thrive in that climate. Ripens in May. 



CHAPTER XXXIV. 

THE STRAWBERRY; 

In the cultivation of this early and delicious fruit, the 
requisites for success are chiefly : 

1. A good, deep, rich soil. 

2. Clean cultivation between the rows. 

3. A renewal by planting as often as the vigor of the plants 
declines. » 

4. Selection of suitable varieties. 

Soil. — Any deep, rich soil, which will afford fine crops of 
corn and potatoes, is well adapted to the cultivation of the 
strawberry. To be uniformly productive, it must be deeply 
trenched, either by the spade or by double ploughing, and 
well enriched with manure. Fine crops, it is true, may be 
obtained without trenching, but not in such excellence, pro- 
fusion, or certainty, in all seasons. It rarely but sometimes 
happens that the soil is made too rich. The usual error is the 
reverse. 

Strawberries are increased by rooted runners, which are 
usually thrown out from the plants soon after bearing, and 
they root late in summer and in autumn. These new plants 
succeed best if set out the following spring; but strong plants 
may be set out in autumn in light soils, or in heavier soils if 
the roots are carefully spread out and the earth trodden com- 
pactly. 

Transplanting. — As far north as Albany, N. Y., setting out 
strawberries, either from well-rooted runners, or preferably 
from pot-plants, is now often performed during late August or 
early September. The plants will immediately take root, be- 
come well established before winter, and bear a good crop 
the following season. As the weather is often quite dry and 
warm at this time, precaution must be used to prevent the 
plants from perishing by drought. All the leaves, except the 

596 



THE STRA WBERR Y. 



597 



small central ones, should be cut off, the roots kept wet and 
carefully spread out when set, as just described. The earth 
should be well settled about them with water, and mellow 
earth then drawn over the surface. A covering of fine manure, 
an inch or two in thickness, is then spread on the ground to 
preserve the moisture. It is only in cases of severe drought 





Fig. 



Fig. 800. 



that further watering is required. But when given it should 
be copious and repeated daily until the fresh leaves begin to 
expand. By this treatment scarcely a plant will be lost. If 
the work is done well they will bear a good crop the following 
season, and a heavy one the next. The well-rooted runners 
should be taken up, so as to secure all the fibres, lifting the 
roots out with a spade and shaking the earth carefully from 
them ; if pulled severely by the hand the roots will be torn off. 
The older and dead leaves should be cut off from the plants, 
and the roots trimmed to about two and a half inches long. 
For ordinary field culture they may be set out with a dibble 




Pig. 801. 



(Fig. 799), care having been previously taken to immerse the 
roots in mud to prevent drying. But for more finished or for 
garden culture, it is better to spread the roots out like the 
frame of an umbrella (Fig. 800), and set them in a hole broad 
enough, with a small mound in the centre, on which the 
spread roots rest and form a cap, as shown in Fig. 801. 

Mr. F. Richards, of Freeport, N. Y., has invented an instru- 
ment for transplanting strawberries, which does the work ex- 



THE STRAWBERRY. 



I I 




Fig. 804. 



peditiously and well. Fig. 802 represents the " excavator," 
Fig. 803 the " transplanter," and Fig. 804 the " ejector." 

Treading the earth firmly about 
the plants when set lessens the lia- 
bility to winter-killing. 

A spontaneous renewal of plants 
may be effected by allowing run- 
ners to fill up the spaces between 
the rows, and then spading in the 
old rows. By thus filling alternate 
spaces in two successive years, an 
annual supply of fruit is afforded. 
This method of renewal has not 
been generall}^ adopted. 

Mulching among the plants, to 
keep the berries from becoming 
soiled with earth, should not be 
omitted. Straw answers a good 
purpose, and is more easily and 
neatly applied, if chopped short, 
say two or three inches. Rye 
straw, threshed by hand, will lie 
more smoothly than any other long 
straw. Applied in autumn, straw 
will protect from winter-killing, 
and may be renewed or retained in 
spring. 

Cultivation of Strawberries. — Clean cultivation is a 
most essential requisite. On a large scale, it may be very 
cheaply accomplished by a horse and cultivator, the rows be- 
ing about three feet apart, and the plants a foot to a foot and a 
half in the rows. The treatment may be varied with circum- 
stances, provided the great leading requisite is constantly kept 
in view, namely, to allow no weeds to get above the surface. This 
is the great cardinal essential, which must not be departed 
from. After the plantation is set out in clean, well-prepared 
soil, stir the ground often enough to destroy the sprouting 
weeds before they get to the light. The work may be then 
done with less than a tenth of the labor required after the 
weeds are several inches high ; and all the labor of this fre- 




FlG. S02. 



Fig. 803. 



THE S TRA WBERR V. 599 

quent stirring is more than repaid by the increased growth 
and vigor given to the plants, to say nothing about the weeds. 
If the plantation is small, the work may be done with a gar- 
den rake; if large, with a one-horse cultivator, or, perhaps 
better, with a fine-toothed one-horse harrow. If this is at- 
tended to thoroughly through autumn, the plantation may be 
mulched at the beginning of winter with straw. It will be 
better, especially for heavy soils, to remove the mulching in 
spring and mellow the surface one or more times before the 
plants blossom. This may be done by raking the mulch into 
every alternate row, and then, after the denuded spaces are 
stirred, to rake it back again and do the other rows. The 
mulch being replaced by flowering-time, the berries will be 
kept clean. Some cultivators, who have small plantations, do 
not disturb the mulch in spring, but loosen the soil through it 
with a pronged hoe — but whatever course is adopted, see that 
the weeds do not grow. 

Strawberry Runners. — The formation of runners exhausts 
and checks the plants more than a dense mass of weeds. If 
you wish them to become strong, and bear large, excellent 
fruit, and plenty of it, keep the runners cut off, and repeat the 
operation once a week through the summer. Begin the work 
as soon as the plants begin to form runners, and not after they 
have sent them out in profusion — which is usually immedi- 
ately after bearing-time. If intended for increase, and to form 
new beds, a small portion of the bed may be permitted to run 
and root. Some varieties will often bear profusely for a sin- 
gle season, even when the plants run thickly together ; others, 
and more particularly the larger sorts, must be cleared of run- 
ners and kept well cultivated, or they will bear small crops. 

Strawberries are injured in winter by severe winds, and by 
the successive heaving of freezing and thawing. They will 
always start earlier and fresher when covered. Sometimes 
snow will be an ample protection, but it must not be relied 
on. A thin coating of straw, evergreen boughs, or even corn- 
stalks, will shield and protect the surface of the ground, but 
it should not be applied till winter is close at hand, and after 
the ground is frozen hard is not too late. Do not forget to 
loosen up this mulching very early the next spring, and stir 
and mellow the soil. 



6oo THE STRAWBERRY. 

Early Strawberries. — The following method has been suc- 
cessfully tried in some places: Cover a good, well-managed, 
clean bed of strawberries, the runners of which have been 
kept off, so as to form large, vigorous stools, with dry forest 
leaves early in winter, three or four inches thick. Remove 
these leaves in February in the Middle States, and in March 
in the North, and place over the plants a frame with sash. 
Bank the sides with leaves, and cover the sash in severe 
weather. The plants will start early, and give ripe fruit at 
the usual blooming time. Airing and water must not be neg- 
lected. 

For garden culture it is most convenient to provide beds 
about five and a half feet wide, with paths two feet wide be- 
tween them. Four rows are then set in each bed, a foot and 
a half apart, and the outer six inches from the edges of the 
bed, as shown in this diagram : 

PATH. 



PATH. 

The plants may be about a foot apart in the rows. This ar- 
rangement allows the picking of the berries from the paths on 
each side without treading on the beds, the distance to the 
second, or inner rows being only two feet. If the ground is 
more limited, beds two feet and a half wide may be made and 
but two rows planted, as in the diagram below : 

PATH. 



PATH. 



In setting out strawberry-plants, the following rules may be 
observed: i. Use well-rooted one-year plants. 2. Make the 
rows straight and parallel by a stretched cord. 3. Take up in 
a moist time if practicable. 4. In a dry time water the plants 
well before taking up. 5. Dip the roots in thin mud before 



THE S TRA IV BEER V. 6 o i 

setting. 6. If watered after setting, finish by drawing on mel- 
low surface earth, and avoid covering the crown, y.' Plants 
set at midsummer should have the surface about them covered 
with fine manure an inch deep, to keep it moist and prevent 
crusting. 

Selection of Varieties. — Independently of fine quality, 
the selection of suitable varieties is of great importance. 
Some sorts, celebrated and highly recommended, will not 
yield a tenth part of the crop afforded by others. The most 
productive, among which the Crescent is conspicuous, have 
yielded at the rate of one hundred, and often two hundred 
bushels per acre ; the ground, at the period of ripening, glow- 
ing with the dense red clusters, which nearly cover the surface ; 
while on some foreign varieties the fruit is so thinly scattered 
and imperfect that whole square feet are destitute of fine 
specimens. It must constantly be remembered that no fruit 
is so influenced by soil and other conditions as the strawberry. 
Varieties which in our locality are nearly everything that, 
could be desired are almost valueless in others. In all cases- 
where large numbers of plants are to be set out, the experi- 
ence of the State Agricultural Experiment Station should be 
availed of. 

Staminate and Pistillate Sorts. 

As the productive qualities of strawberries depend so essen- 
tially on the presence of the stamens and pistils, some attention 
to this part of the subject becomes indispensable to their suc- 
cessful culture. 

Modern cultivators divide all strawberries into two distinct 
classes, one being termed staminate (or "male"), in which the 
stamens are fully developed and possess the power of ferti- 
lizing the germ ; and the other being termed, pistillate (or " fe- 
male"), in which the stamens are abortive, or so small and 
imperfectly developed that they fail to accomplish fertiliza- 
tion. In this work it is deemed advisable to designate the 
two as " perfect" and " imperfect." Figs 805 and 806 represent 
the usual appearance of these two kinds of flowers ; and Figs. 
807 and 808 enlarged portions of the same, Fig. 808 exhibit- 
ing a part of the flower of the Large Early Scarlet, and Fig.. 



6o2 



THE STRA WBERR V. 



807 the same of Hovey's Seedling; a being the stamens, and 
^ the pistils. By the use of a hand lens it will be found 
that the former is abundantly supplied with pollen or fertiliz- 
ing dust, while the latter is nearly or totally destitute. Hence 





Fig. 805.— Perfect Flower. 



Fig. 806.— Imperfect Flower. 



Hovey's Seedling, or any other pistillate variety, can never, 
or but very imperfectly, fertilize its own flowers, and the im- 
pregnation must be derived from a staminate sort. 





Fig. 807. 



Fig. 8o3. 



■ In planting strawberry beds, it is important, therefore, to 
know the character of the flowers. Nothing is easier than to 
distinguish the two when in blossom. This distinction is 
given in the arj-angement of varieties which follows. About 
one-quarter staminates are usually regarded as abundant for 
fertilizing a bed of pistillates. To prevent intermixture of the 
two sorts by runners, they may be planted in alternate strips, 



THE STRAWBERRY. 603 

as indicated by the following diagram, S representing stami- 
nate and P pistillate varieties : 



p p p 


p 




s 




P P P 


P 




s 




p 


p 


p 


p 




s 


s s s 


p p p 


p 




s 




P P P 


P 




s 




p 


p 


p 


p 




s 


s s s 


p p p 
p p p 
p p p 


p 
p 
p 




s 
s 
s 




P P P 
P P P 
P P P 


P 
P 
P 




s 
s 
s 


^ 

^ 


p 
p 
p 


p 
p 
p 


p 
p 
p 


p 
p 
p 




s 
s 
s 


s s s 
s s s 
s s s 


p ? p 


p 




s 




P P P 


P 




s 




p 


p 


p 


p 




s 


s s s 


p p p 


p 




3 




P P P 


P 




s 




p 


p 


p 


p 




s 


s s s 



In selecting two varieties for this purpose, perfect fertiliza- 
tion requires that their season of flowering should be nearly 
at the same time. Hence early and late flowering sorts will 
not succeed well together for this purpose. Nearly all sorts 
most commonly cultivated at the present time are staminate, 
and do not require this arrangement of beds for fertilization. 



VARIETIES. 



ARRANGEMENT. 

Class I. — Scarlet and Pine Strawberries. 



Scarlet strawberries have small flowers; leaves rather long, thin, 
and light green, sharply serrate ; fruit bright color, acid or subacid, 
seed deeply sunk. Pine strawberries are characterized by rather 
large flowers, leaves broad, dark green, sometimes obtuse ; fruit 
large, not acid, rather smooth, seeds little sunk. These two sorts 
have been much hybridized and crossed, until it is now difficult to 
assign many varieties to either separately. 

Section I. — Flowers Perfect. 
Section IT. — Flowers Imperfect. 

Class II. — -Alpine and Wood Strawberries. 



Flowers rather small, perfect ; leaves small, thin, light green ; fruit 
small, sweet, parting freely from the calyx. 



6o4 THE STRAWBERRY. 

Class III. — Hautbois Strawberries. 



Leaves large, pale green, on tall stalks; fruit-stalk tall and erect; 
fruit dull purplish. 

Class IV. — Chili Strawberries. 



Leaves very hairy, thick, obtusely serrate ; fruit very large, pale, 
insipid. Tender. 

Class V. — Green Strawberries. 
Leaves light green, plaited; flesh solid. Of little value. 

Of classes II., III., IV., and V. but few sorts are in cultivation, 
and as they are of little value no description of varieties will be given. 

VARIETIES OF SCARLET AND PINE STRAWBERRIES. 

It is not intended that the following list should be considered to 
embrace all the varieties of strawberries which have been introduced 
in the United States. The ease with which new sorts may be pro- 
duced has given rise to an almost endless number. 

Those only which have become standards of the older sorts, and 
the most promising of the newer ones are here described. It is re- 
peated that no other fruit is so influenced in all its characteristics by 
soil, climate, and cultivation as the strawberry. 

Section 1. Flowers Perfect. 

Aroma. Large, irregular conical ; light red , moderately firm ; not 
very productive ; berries uniform in size. A late variety from 
Kansas. 

Bederwood.* (Racster.) Medium roundish, conical, rather soft, 
sweet, light vermilion. Prolific ; a good pollinizer ; does well 
South. Early. 

Belle. (Lady Finger.) Very large, long round, necked; glossy 
red or crimson; flesh firm, reddish-white. Vigorous, hardy, pro- 
ductive. 

Beverly. Medium, good form and color; plants healthy and fairly- 
productive ; deep crimson ; sub-acid. Berries become smaller 
toward the last. Mid- season. Resembles Morris' Prolific. 
Massachusetts. 

Bidwell. Medium to large, long conical, often uneven ; bright 
crimson ; flesh firm ; rich, sub-acid. Early. Requires rich soil 
and cutting of runners. Light bearer. Fails in many localities, 
valuable in others. Michigan. 

Bismarck. Large, round conic, light scarlet, moderately firm, of 



THE STRAWBERRY. 605 

good quality. Needs high culture. Often too soft and light 
colored for market, but good for home use. Massachusetts. 

Bomba. Large, dark crimson, rather soft. Good for home use. 
Mid-season. 

Brandywine.* Medium to large, regular conical, sometimes irregu- 
lar ; dark scarlet ; firm, somewhat acid. Moderately productive. 
Mid-season. Runners very numerous. Good market berry. Does 
best in clay soil. Pennsylvania. 

Charles Downing."- Rather large, ovate-conical, regular ; color 
deep scarlet ; flesh firm, juicy, rich. Plant vigorous and produc- 
tive. Valuable in nearly all localities. Mid-season. Raised by 

■ J. S. Downer, Kentucky. Old. 

Clyde.* Large, long conic, light crimson to dark scarlet, firm, 
good. Mid-season. Throws out few runners, and sets more fruit 
than it can carry out except under high culture. Kansas. 

Crawford. Large, long conical; dark glossy red; firm, sub-acid. 
Productive. Good market berry. 

Cumberland.* (Cumberland Triumph.) Large, broad conical, 
very regular ; light red ; rather soft ; of a mild and very good 
quality. A vigorous grower and good bearer. Mid-season. 
Carlisle, Pa. 

Cyclone. Medium, regular conical ; size uniform ; scarlet; moder- 
ately firm ; fair quality ; foliage vigorous, but not very abun- 
dant. Moderately productive. 

Excelsior. Very vigorous and healthy ; berries large, long conic, 
bright scarlet, juicy, firm, good. Verj- early. Arkansas. 

Forest Rose. Medium or large, rounded conical ; scarlet ; moder- 
ately firm, rich, and rather sweet. Its value is nearly destroyed 
by the failure of the foliage in many localities. Ohio. 

Gandy.* (Gaudy's Prize, First Season.) Large, regular conical ; 
bright glossy crimson ; firm ; fine flavor ; vigorous, prolific. A 
fine late sort. Good shipper. New York. 

Hoffman. Medium, conical, crimson, hard. Mid-season. Will ship 
almost any distance, but no value otherwise. South Carolina. 

James Vick. Medium, regular ; sprightly, very good. Profusely 
productive. Requires rich culture. Missouri. 

Jessie.* Very large, often wedge-shaped ; bright Scarlet ; good. 
Mid-season. Requires careful cultivation. Wisconsin. 

Jucunda. Large, conical, rarely coxcombed ; glossy, brilliant scar- 
let ; seeds prominent ; flesh white, with pale salmon centre, firm, 
juicy ; of moderate quality — often poor. A profuse bearer on some 
soils, and valuable for market, bearing long conveyance. Plant 
rather tender. Late. Old. 



6o6 THE STRAWBERRY. 

Jucunda Improved. Large, regular conical, bright crimson, firm. 
Vigorous, prolific. A good berry. 

Lady Thompson.* Averaging large, ovate, light crimson, firm, 
good. Largely grown in the South for early market. North 
Carolina. 

Leader. Large, obtuse conical ; firm ; good. Early. Does best in 
clay soil. 

Lennig's White. Large, ovate conical ; whitish tinged with red ; 
flesh soft, tender, juicy, with a rich pineapple flavor. Delicious 
in quality, but a poor bearer. Pennsylvania. Old. 

Logan. Large, round conical ; scarlet ; moderately firm. Early 
to mid-season. 

Lovett.* (Lovett's Early.) Large, round, flattened conical, crim- 
son ; firm, sub-acid. Early to mid-season. A good pollinizer. 
Kentucky. 

Margaret.* Large, broad conical, dark crimson, firm, good. Mid- 
season. A good shipper. Inclined to mildew. Ohio. 

Marshall.* Large, round conical ; dark glossy crimson, running 
into the flesh ; firm, rich, best ; strong grower. Moderately pro- 
ductive ; needs high cultivation in clay soil. Mid-season. Massa- 
chusetts. 

Mary. Very large, long irregular conical ; dark crimson ; acid, 
rich. Productive. Keeps long on plants. Mid-season to late. 

Meek. (Meek's Early.) Small, round, dark crimson; flesh red, 
sub-acid. Early. Needs clay soil. Maryland. 

Mitchel's Early.* Small, conical ; dull vermilion, soft. Vigorous, 
prolific. Very early. Extensively used as a pollinizer. Arkansas. 

Miner.* (Miner's Prolific, Miner's Great Prolific.) Medium, 
roundish conical, slightly uneven; dark crimson; moderately 
firm, of fair quality. Rather late. Plant hardy, vigorous, pro- 
ductive ; valuable. Best with hill culture. New Jersey. 

Mrs. Cleveland. Large, long conical, irregular ; bright vermilion ; 
rather soft ; fine flavor. Productive. Good home sort. 

Muskingum. Large, obtuse conical, sometimes corkscrewed ; 
bright glossy red ; flesh red. Prolific under good cultivation. 
Mid-season to late. A good variety to plant with Bubach. 

Nicanor. Medium, ovate, conical, uniform and regular ; scarlet ; 
flesh rather firm, rich and of fine qualitj'-. Plant pi oductive and 
hardy ; valuable for its earliness. Raised by EUwanger & Barry, 
Rochester, N. Y. Old. 

Nick Ohmer. Large, ovate-conic, bright crimson, firm, very good. 
Mid-season. Handsome. Promising. 



THE STRAWBERRY. 607 

Parker Earle.* Medium, long conical ; light crimson ; slightly 
necked ; flesh red, sub-acid. Strong plants ; very productive. 
Season late. Needs rich soil. Texas. 

Wilder.* (President Wilder.) Large, ovate-conical, regular; bright 
scarlet ; flesh firm, sweet, rich. Often quite productive. Dor- 
chester, Mass. A European variety known as President Wilder 
is distinguished from this by the long neck of the fruit. Old. 

Princess.* Very large, roundish ; light crimson ; excellent flavor. 
Vigorous, not productive. Minnesota. Fine for home garden. 

Princeton. (Princeton Chief.) Medium roundish ; dark red ; ber- 
ries on stout stalks ; very sweet. Vigorous, productive. Mid- 
season. 

Ridgeway. Very vigorous and productive. Large, round conic, 
crimson, firm, tine quality. One of the best of the newer varieties. 

Rio. (Thompson's No. g.) Medium, irregular, ovate; bright red, 
or scarlet ; quality fair. Verj' early. 

Seth Boyden. (Boyden's No. 30.) Very large, roundish conical, 
regular, often with a short neck ; bright crimson ; rather soft on 
the surface ; juicy, rich, sub-acid. Plant vigorous and produc- 
tive. Newark, N. J. Old. 

Sharpless.* Large, often irregular and coxcombed or flat conical ; 
dark scarlet ; firm, rich, very good. Season medium. Widely 
known for its size and productiveness. Fails in some localities. 
Pennsylvania. 

Shuckless. (Mt. Vernon.) Large, obtuse conical; light crimson ; 
quality fair ; parts from the calyx in picking. Mid-season. 

Triomphe de Gand. Quite large (often two inches longest diameter 
under good cultivation) , sometimes irregularly roundish, more 
frequently much coxcombed ; crimson ; flesh rather firm, with a 
mild, sweet, very good flavor. Plant vigorous, hardy, and mod- 
erately productive — -requiring good cultivation and the removal 
of runners. Belgian. Old. 

William Belt.* Vigorous, setting an abundance of runners. Ber- 
ries large to very large, many of the first fruits coxcombed, later 
ones conical, crimson, firm, very good to best. Productive. 
Rusts badly. Mid-season. One of the best for home use. Ohio. 

Wilson.* (Wilson's Albany, Albany Seedling.) Medium to small, 
broadly conic, pointed ; deep crimson ; flesh crimson, firm, brisk 
acid, becoming i-ich and agreeable when fully ripe. Exceedingly 
productive and hard}', and succeeds well as a market sort at the 
North, South, and West. Although an old variety, it is still one 
of the popular standard sorts. It is a good poUinizer for imper- 
fect plants. New York. 

Wolverton.* Large, regular, round conical, bright crimson ; flavor 
good. Vigorous, productive. Mid-season to late. Canada. 



6o8 THE STRA WBERR Y. 

Yale. Medium, round conical, dark crimson, running into the 
flesh ; flavor good. Requires good cultivation. Very late. 



Seciio7i II. Flowers Imperfect. 

Barton's Eclipse. Very large, round conical ; glossy dark red ; 
medium fine. Vigorous, productive. 

Bubach.* (No. 5.) Large, round oblong, sometimes wedge- 
shaped, dark scarlet, sweet ; quality fair ; moderately firm, hol- 
low. A handsome berry. Requires good cultivation. Early to 
mid-season. Good nearby-market berry. Illinois. 

Burr's New Pine. Medium or large, an inch to an inch and a 
fourth in diameter, roundish conical, smooth, even, and regular; 
seeds scarcely sunk ; color pale red ; flesh whitish pink, very 
tender, flavor fine. Prolific and with perfect berries. Still very 
popular. Old. Illinois. 

Carrie. Large long conic, dark scarlet, medium firm, of good qual- 
ity. Mid-season. Resembles Haverland. Valued for market in 
some parts of New York. Virginia. 

Crescent.* Medium or large, roundish conical; bright scarlet; 
moderately good, rather soft. A prqfuse bearer. Rich culture 
improves its quality, and sometimes changes it to a staminate. 
Connecticut. 

Glen Mary.* Very large, heart-shaped, like Sharpless, of which it 
is probably a seedling. Crimson, fine quality, mid-season. 
Pennsylvania. A standard berry for market and one of the best 
for forcing. Glen Mary is perfect-flowered after the first few 
blooms. 

Green Prolific. Large, roundish ; orange scarlet. Good, rather 
acid ; valuable. A thrifty grower, productive. New Jersey. 

Greenville. Large, obtuse conical ; glossy crimson ; flesh reddish. 
Vigorous, productive. Mid-season. Ohio. 

Haverland.* Medium, large, long conical; light scarlet; large 
trusses. Mid-season. Very productive. New Jersey. 

Hovey's Seedling. Quite large, roundish oval, approaching coni- 
cal ; color deep shining scarlet ; seeds slightl)'' sunk ; firm, rather 
rich, good. Very large, showy, productive, and hence fine for 
market. Season medium. With high culture it has been made 
very productive. Once well-known and popular, now almost 
entirely superseded. Old. 

Jersey Queen. Large, roundish oblate ; crimson, handsome ; firm. 
Late. Usually a moderate bearer. New Jersey. 

Jewell. Large, flat conical ; crimson-scarlet ; firm, solid, good. 
Does best in heavy rich soil. 



THE STRAWBERRY. 609 

Pacific* (Great Pacific.) Large, irregular, lobed ; dark red ; firm. 
Good market berry. Early. South. 

Sample.* Medium large, round-conic, or irregular, bright scarlet, 
firm, of high quality. Late. 

Shuster's Gem. Medium, globular ; scarlet ; soft, sweet, good. 
Plants vigorous, productive. Mid-season. 

Timbrell.* Large, globular; dark crimson; firm, rich, juicy. 
Plants vigorous. Very'late. An excellent all-around berr3^ 

Warfield. Medium, round conical ; dark crimson ; flesh firm, red, 
mild acid. Claimed to be very productive. Good shipper and 
one of the best for canning. Early. Illinois. 



CHAPTER XXXV. 

WILD AND UNCLASSIFIED FRUITS. 

Buffalo Berry. 

The Buffalo Berry {Shej>herdia argentea), as its name indi- 
cates, is a native of the far West. It is a rather straggling, 
open shrub of eight to twelve feet, with alternate ovate 
leaves, silvery on both sides. The fruit, usually bright red 
(there is a yellow variety), one-quarter inch in diameter, 
thickly lines the branches and makes it quite ornamental. The 
berries are not edible until after hard freezing, and then have 
a brisk, pleasant sub-acid flavor. They are said to be good for 
jams and sauces. They will hang on the bushes all winter, if 
the birds permit. 

Eleagnus longipes. 

This fruit is a native of Japan, and when first introduced 
into this country was called Goumi. The shrub grows to four 
or five feet in height and blooms in May. Its flowers are 
small, greenish-yellow, and not conspicuous; it sets a large 
quantity of berries thickly strung along the branches, smooth 
or ribbed, oval and dark green, until ripe in July and August, 
when they change to a beautiful bright glossy crimson pro- 
fusely dotted with golden yellow spots — one of the most beau- 
tiful of berries. Until fully matured they are decidedly 
astringent, but when ripe their flavor is spicy and good. Mr. 
William Falconer says a very good jelly may be made from 
them. 

The bush is very ornamental at all times, and when covered 
with berries is uncommonly so. Unfortunately the birds seem 

6io 



WILD AND UNCLASSIFIED FRUITS. 



6ii 




Fig. 8oq.— Buffalo Berry. 



6i2 WILD AND UNCLASSIFIED FRUITS. 

inordinately fond of them and appear to know exactly the day 
they become just ripe, and on that day they will completely 
strip even a large bunch of bushes of every perfect berry. If 
they are wanted to eat, therefore, they must be protected with 
netting. 
Until within a few years, there has been no certainty of 




Fig. 8io.— Eleagnus longipes. 

obtaining this plant from the nurserymen, but frequently 
E. argentea or E. umbellatus have been substituted for it, both 
of which, while ornamental shrubs and producing berries, are 
inferior in the latter respect to E. longipes. 

Huckleberries. 

The so-called Huckleberries belong to the Heath family, and 
to the two genera Gaylussacia and Vaccinium. They are all 
found growing wild from Maine to the Mississippi and south 
to the Gulf. The bushes vary greatly in size, from six inches 
to ten feet or more, and the fruit differs as greatly, from juicy 
and sweet to dry and insipid. Immense tracts, especially of 
G. resinosa, the common black huckleberry of our markets, 



WILD AND UNCLASSIFIED FRUITS. 



613 



are found -usually in clearings on hills, all over the United 
States north of Georgia and Alabama. The gathering of this 
crop annually furnishes employment to large numbers of men, 
women, and children of the poorer class, from whom it is pur- 
chased by farmers and others, who daily meet the pickers at 
an appointed spot, and by them the berries are boxed and for- 
warded to market. 

Some attempts have been made to cultivate this berry. 




Fig. 811.— Clump of Black Huckleberries. 



Joseph Meehan says that if cut down one-half and transplanted 
to the garden in the spring few will die, and they will bear 
the second year, with promise of good crops thereafter. It is 
further stated by others that with all the varieties the size of 
the fruit increases under good cultivation. 

The growing of the huckleberry is one of the few as yet un- 
developed fields of horticulture, and seems to promise satis- 
factory returns to the patient investigator. 

While there are a number of species belonging to the two 
genera mentioned, the follov/ing only are worth consideration 
as edible. 



5l4 WILD AND UNCLASSIFIED FRUITS. 



Varieties. 

Bilberry.* {Vaccinium ccEspitosum.) Grows on a very low bush 
three to six inches high, in sandy, hilly ground ; berry large, light 
blue, round ; good. 

Black Huckleberry. {Gayhissacia resmosa.) Grows on dry sandy, 
rocky, hilly woods and clearings, one to three feet high. There 
are a number of varieties, some globular, some pear-shaped; jet 
black, glossy, seeds very large; not very good. The common 
huckleberry of the markets. 

Canada Blueberry. ( V. Canadensis.) Grows in dry sandy and 
rocky soil ; berries round, bhie, good. 

Highbush Blueberry.* (Dangleberry. G. frondosa.) Grov/s in 
open places by the woods, along fences, in damp, sandy soil, three 
to six feet high ; berries roundish-oblate, large, dark blue ; seeds 
small ; good. 

Highbush Huckleberry. {V. coryfnbosum.) Grows in wet or 
swampy ground five to fifteen feet high ; berry good size, blue or 
black ; flavor sub-acid. 

Low Blueberry.* ( V. Pennsylvancmtn. ) Grows six to fifteen inches 
high in sandy soil ; very large, light blue ; sweet and good. 



June Berry. 

Of late years nurserymen have been advertising this as a val- 
uable promising fruit. The sort most commonly known is a 
tree growing from ten to thirty or more feet high {Amelmichier 
Canadensis) usually called Service-tree or May cherry. The 
improved dwarf June berry is simply the wild variety A. 
alnifolia or A. Botryapium, the former being indigenous to the 
North and West, and the latter to Eastern States. There 
are also still other kinds. The shrubby or dwarf June berries 
are hard-wooded plants, which produce roots and stems but 
slowly. These are not difficult to transplant, and if left undis- 
turbed will soon produce quantities of dark purple berries 
about the size of large currants. The flowers appear before 
the leaves in long, rather loose clusters, and are quite large 
and clear white. As ornamental shrubbery they are worthy 



WILD AND UNCLASSIFIED FRUITS. 



615 



of a place in any lawn. They grow from three to five feet 
high. Two varieties, Success and Mammoth, are said to be 
larger and more productive than the wild forms. Both are 
dwarf. 




Fig. 812. —June Berry. 



Medlars. 

Probably a native of Persia. On its own roots it forms 
a low-growing tree, considerably planted in England, more 
rarely in the United States. The fruit is from one to one and 
a half inches in diameter, of peculiar shape, as shown in the 
illustration. Color, brown russet. It is gathered after the 
first severe frost, the stems dipped in strong brine, and after 



6i6 



WILD AND UNCLASSIFIED FRUITS. 



being laid in layers in shallow trays, it is covered with wet 
bran and placed in a cool room to soften, or, technically, 
" blet." The medlar is not sufficiently good to make it worth 
raising, except as a curiosity. Four varieties are grown in 




Fig. 813.— Medlars. 

England and on the Continent. Dutch, the largest ; Monstrous, 
large, vigorous, new ; Royal, prolific, brisk flavor ; and Not- 
tingham, the smallest in size, prolific, and the best. 



Paw-Paw {Asimina triloba). 

This tree is indigenous to the Central United States valleys, 
where it grows in thickets along the river-banks. It attains a 
height of from twelve to fifteen feet, densely clothed with 
large, obovate-lanceolate leaves. It blossoms in the latitude 
of New York in May before the foliage makes its appearance. 
The flowers are of a dark violet color, about an inch in diam- 
eter, in clusters of from two to six or eight. The fruit is a 
peculiar-looking affair, cylindrical, with obtuse ends, from 
three to five inches long and from one and a half to two inches 
thick, brown, with dark patches when fully ripe. The flesh is 



WILD A AW UNCLASSIFIED FRUITS. 



617 



a deep creamy yellow, very soft, a little gritty, very sweet. 
Embedded in this flesh are from two to six or eight large- 
glossy black seeds. 

While a most luxuriant grower and profuse bearer in its. 
native soil, it is not hardy north of New York, and even there 
it is often winter-killed. It is nevertheless an ornamental tree 
for the lawn or garden, and well worth cultivating for this- 




FlG. 814.— Paw-Paw. 
(Reduced one-half in diameter.) 



merit as well as for its curious fruit, which is much liked by- 
some. 

The young trees can be obtained of nurserymen. The paw- 
paw is diaecious, and if fruit is desii'ed it must always be 
stipulated that the stock purchased shall have borne fruit. 
The necessity of transplanting trees of such age and size en- 
hances the difficulty of successfully establishing them. In the 
towns along the Ohio and Mississippi and their tributaries, 
in the fall of the year, the paw-paw is plentifully exposed for 
sale, but as it is too soft for transportation it is never seen far; 
from the places where it grows. 



6l8 WILD AND UNCLASSIFIED FRUITS. 



Strawberry-Raspberry. 

Rubus roscefolius. — Commonly supposed to be a hybrid of the 
two fruits whose diphthongue name it bears. It is, however, a 
distinct species from the Himalayas. It is one of the most 
beautiful of fruits. The berries resemble an enormous rasp- 
berry, from one inch to an inch and a half in diameter. The 
plant is slender, branched, about two feet high, the stems 
armed from end to end with the sharpest spines. It is utterly 
worthless to eat, but the berry is so beautiful that it is well 
worth cultivating for table decoration. It requires heavy clay 
soil. When started, it is difficult as a weed to keep within 
bounds. Entirely hardy up to latitude 42°. 

Japanese Wineberry. 

Rubus phoenicolasius . — The English name gives its native 
habitat. The canes grow from ten to fifteen feet long, root- 
ing, and thus propagating itself, from their tips. These 
canes are thickly covered with very conspicuous purplish- 
red hairs. Leaves five to seven inches long, simple or tri- 
foliate ; leaflets crenate, serrate, downy white on the under side. 
The flowers are pinkish-white; the fruit is similar to other 
small raspberries, of a lively scarlet ; flavor sprightly, sub- 
acid, very refreshing. Birds, especially robins and cat birds, 
are so fond of them that it is hardly possible to gather any 
quantity, even from a pretty large bed. It is worth cultiva- 
tion simply for ornament, and is entirely hardy. 



part Ubree. 

SUBTROPICAL FRUITS 

BY 

E. H. HART 

FEDERAL POINT, FLORIDA 



CHAPTER XXXVI. 

CITRUS FRUITS. 
THE ORANGE. 

The citrus-tree is supposed to have originally travelled 
from China to India, and thence gradually spread over the 
world to all countries having a climate sufficiently mild for its 
growth. The citron was known on the shores of the Mediter- 
ranean long before the sweet orange, and some scriptural 
allusions to the apple are supposed to refer to it. The Seville 
orange, or bigarrade, is reported to have been brought from 
the East by the Moors, who established large plantations of it 
about Seville in Spain; hence the name. From Spain this 
orange was brought to Florida by the early Spanish settlers, 
and the Indians, becoming very fond of it, carried quantities 
about with them on their canoe excursions to be eaten at their 
camps on the shores of the numerous streams of that well- 
watered country. The seeds, dropping upon the ground, soon 
germinated, and from them sprang the famous sour-orange 
groves, which in time became so vast and numerous as to 
lead many to believe the sour orange an indigenous product. 

In Florida all sweet oranges were formerly called China 
oranges, to distinguish them from the Sevilles, and perhaps 
also in allusion to the country of their origin. Of late great 
attention has been paid to improvement of quality by selec- 
tion, cross-fertilization, and scientific cultivation, and when 
the efforts in these directions shall equal those expended upon 
the fruits of temperate climes, a greater demand and higher 
appreciation will follow. The renaissance of the industry in 
Florida at the close of the civil war, combined with the popu- 
lar estimation of the fruit grown in that peninsula, resulted 
in an increase of production in twenty-five years, from almost 
nothing up to about five million boxes per annum. 

Under favorable conditions the orange-tree lives and con- 
tinues fruitful to a great age. Its tenacity of life is wonder- 
ful. Trunks of large trees, after lying for weeks in the hold 
of a vessel as ballast, have struck root and renewed their lives 
when planted out and cared for. Others killed to the ground 
by fire or frost, and showing no signs of life for a year or 

62 1 



62 2 THE ORANGE. 

more, have at length sprouted and regained their former size. 
Unless actually diseased, there would seem to be hardly any 
limit to their recuperative power. Trees that had remained 
stationary for many years in the shade of crowded thickets, or 
stunted and dwarfed by aggressive grass and weeds, when 
removed to a congenial spot and cared for have immediately 
responded by growing off apace. 

Evolutio7i of the Orange. 

The orange, originally a berry about the size of a marble, 
bitter and full of seeds, has been brought to its present 
astonishing development in size and flavor by the patient 
efforts of cultivators from the most remote times. The dif- 
ferent types and varieties are the result of careful selection 
of seeds from fruit possessing the qualities most desired, and 
many variations have come from crossings with the lime and 
citron. Climate and soil have also exercised a powerful in- 
fluence, after a term of years changing a variety so much 
as to render difficult its identification with the original. 
"When various kinds of citrus are intermingled in one grove, 
distinguishing characteristics are sometimes completely 
wiped out. In extreme cases almost the whole crop on a 
tree of an elongated variety has become spherical or even 
flattened, and vice versa; navel oranges lost their special 
mark, and the navel seal appeared on nearly all the fruit of 
a China-orange tree. Navel oranges, properly seedless, have 
acquired seeds from the pollen of adjoining seedy varieties; 
also what appeared to be oranges have been found on lemon- 
trees and the reverse. Although these changes may not 
be sufficiently common to forbid the intermingling of dif- 
ferent trees in a commercial grove, yet they are common 
enough to prove how easily and rapidly changes in types and 
varieties may be brought about ; the necessity of care in the 
selection of seed; and also what some botanists have denied, 
namely, that the influence of pollination appears directly in 
the flesh of the fruit instead of affecting merely the seed. 
When quick results in crossing are desired, it may be remem- 
bered that the influence of strange pollen deposited upon the 
stigma will also affect for a short time several buds behind 
and under the blossom, and before this influence ceases these 



THE ORANGE. 623 

buds may be transferred to another tree, grown, and fruited in 
a year or two. If seeds of the hybrid fruit be planted, buds 
from the young seedling when in its fourth or fifth leaf may 
be skilfully inserted into the sprout of a bearing tree and 
fruited in the same space of time. 

That the bud influences the stock is proved by the more 
rapid expansion of the latter, after being worked with a faster- 
growing variety, as when a lemon is set into a sour orange, 
and also by the appearance below the union, in some rare in- 
stances, of adventitious growths of the same kind as the in- 
serted bud. The writer has a large lemon-tree, worked on a 
sour orange, a foot above the ground and killed down by the 
late freeze. From a large side root of this sour-orange stock, 
about two feet distant from the trunk, are growing a couple 
of vigorous lemon-sprouts, showing the subtle and potent in- 
fluence of the dominant top. The orange is also improved by 
double working, as, for instance, when a lemon is grown upon 
a sour stock and budded one or more times with an orange. 
Each successive change assists in refinement of flavor and 
elimination of seed and thorn. Some of these things may be 
deemed heresies, and possibly they are as applied to less tract- 
able subjects than the citrus, certainly one of the most re- 
markably docile of fruit-trees. 

Propagation. 

Seeds. — The orange is usually increased by seeds, which 
should be planted an inch deep, and about an inch apart, soon 
after removal from the fruit, and before they become too dry 
to germinate. If the seed cannot be planted at once, it may 
be mixed with moist sand, which will preserve its vitality for 
a long time, provided it be kept cool enough not to sprout. 
The young plants may be started in boxes filled with moder- 
ately rich earth, or in beds in open ground, covering the seeds 
with loose or sifted soil, which should not be allowed to be- 
come dry or crusted over. Shelter from the scorching beams 
of the sun in the hottest weather, and also from frosts, by 
screens of coarse cloth or lattice-work, with a liberal but not 
excessive supply of water, is necessary after they begin to 
grow. Moles may be kept from the seed-beds by an enclosure 



-62 4 THE ORANGE. 

of boards placed on edge and sunk deeply enough to exclude 
them. 

The following year the young plants may be transferred to 
the nursery rows, to be budded when of convenient size, or 
grown as seedlings until large enough for removal to the 
grove. Where seedlings are preferred the seed should be 
selected from the best sweet oranges, growing by themselves 
apart from lemon, citron, or bigarrade trees, so that the quality 
may not be debased by intermixture with these. Some kinds 
long grown by themselves, like the Bisry orange of Sidon, al- 
most invariably come true to kind. Generally there will be 
more or less variation in a grove of seedlings, though scarcely 
apparent to a superficial observer, and if the seeds have come 
of reputable stock, all will produce a fair quality of fruit. 
Sweet seedlings usually begin to bear six or eight ^^ears after 
planting. Ten inches or a foot apart in the nursery rows is a 
good distance, and to get an even stand only the strong thrift}' 
plants should be used, leaving the weakly ones until they be- 
come larger. 

Budding and Grafting. — Although the orange can be suc- 
cessfully grafted, budding is much preferred, and the opera- 
tion is performed the same as with other trees, excepting 
that more nicety is required. To prevent the entrance of 
water, the shield is inserted into a cross-cut at the bot- 
tom of the vertical slit and pushed upward. Only the lower 
corners of the vertical slit are raised, and the shield is 
made to open its own way. The shield should extend well 
above and below the bud, be sliced off smoothly with plenty 
of substance, and lie flat and snugly against the wood. The 
bandage may be of soft cotton twine, the turns of which 
are passed closely around and drawn tight. This is better 
than husks or bast, which are apt to loosen and the bud per- 
ishes. Better still are strips of muslin dipped m beeswax. 
These can be wound around so as to cover all, entirely exclud- 
ing air and water, and then it is immaterial whether the cross- 
cut be made above or below. The addition of oils or fats to 
the wax in very hot weather is liable to cause souring of the 
sap, which is fatal. Large stocks may be twig-budded or 
grafted, by inserting between bark and wood at the excised 
end several slender twigs cut thin and sloping and pushed well 



THE ORANGE. 625 

down, or a twig may be inserted between bark and wood in 
a diagonal incision at the side without cutting off the top. 

The fruitfulness and stamina of the future tree, in a great 
measure, depend upon the selection of the buds from which 
it is produced. It is commonly believed that a bud from a 
bearing branch will bear sooner and more abundantly than 
one from a watershoot or sucker. This theory is scarcely 
borne out by experience. A watershoot, after running up to 
the top of the tree and putting out branches, will often be 
found the next year weighted down with masses of fruit. 
Therefore a bud from a watershoot is just as likely to be fer- 
tile, and more likely to be vigorous, the same as a bud from 
near the end of a thrifty shoot. Buds near the base of a scion 
are apt to make trees with fewer thorns, but less vigorous. 
Again, buds from fruit-bearing twigs early in the season may 
be slightly affected by strange pollen absorbed through the 
bloom. This accounts for cases of so-called bud variation. 
Therefore buds from a thrifty non-bearing branch of a fruitful 
tree are the best guarantee of vigor and productiveness. No 
doubt there are a few buds on every tree that are naturally 
and unaccountably barren, and when these are unfortunately 
used an unprofitable tree is the result. Here and there such 
a one may be found in every grove. For these there is no 
remedy but working over again. 

The sour orange, or bigarrade, begins to bear at an earlier 
age than the sweet, and is naturally a smaller tree. Hav- 
ing a hardy constitution, it is commonly preferred as a 
stock. It begins to bear in two or three years after bud- 
ding, and, as it is only by this means that distinct varie- 
ties can be perpetuated, budding is always resorted to where 
speedy results and uniformity are desired. Fruit from 
budded trees grades higher and carries better than that from 
seedlings, for the reason that only the best kinds are selected. 
By repeated budding, the thorns, always numerous in a natural 
tree, finally almost entirel}' disappear. Thornless trees are 
always desirable, because the wounds inflicted upon the fruit 
by these sharp points, especially during high winds, cause 
great loss by decay both before and after gathering. Budded 
trees appear to be as hardy and long-lived as any. 

Stocks of grape-fruit, lemon, and the larger limes may 
40 



626 THE ORANGE. 

sometimes be used to advantage. A small orange, lacking 
flavor, is improved .in size, quality, and fruitfulness by being 
worked upon these free growers, but like them becomes tender 
as regards ability to bear frost. To ensure safety from total 
loss in a killing freeze, budding close to the root is now prac- 
tised. Some prefer the sweet seedling for a stock, especially 
in soils where it is not liable to " dieback" and mal de goma, 
arguing that, if killed down by frost, it can be allowed to grow 
up again without the trouble and delay of budding. The 
sweet seedling in such soils, when used as a stock for varieties, 
attains a great size and large bearing capacity. 

For dwarfing the orange and lemon, C. Otaheite and C. tri- 
foliata are used. The former, brought into France in 1815, 
is a nearly thornless evergreen shrub, with pendulous branches 
and glossy leaves, and quite tender. 

C. trifoliata, one of the original wild forms, is a deciduous 
shrub with trifoliate leaves, exceedingly thorny, and hardy 
enough to answer for hedges in a temperate climate. On 
either of the above the orange or lemon makes an elegant 
compact bush, freely producing large crops of fine fruit. On 
trifoliata, in the open ground, it becomes a small tree, capa- 
ble, when dormant, of enduring a greater degree of cold than 
otherwise. Such trees are adapted to exposed situations, and 
those along the northern edge of orange latitudes. They are 
hardy only while resting; during active growth the resistant 
powers of all are much the same. 

Where nursery trees were not to be had and a start must be 
made from the seed, groves have been quickly established 
by planting several plump seeds where each tree was to stand, 
and after they had grown a few months pulling out all plants 
but the best ones. Such trees, unchecked by removal, and 
each a survival of the fittest, have often fruited in three or 
four years. 

Transplaniing. — The orange bears transplanting well, and, 
if skilfully done, trees of any size can be moved without risk 
of loss. Where the roots have been closely cut off, recovery 
is better if most of the tops are pruned away. The roots must 
not be exposed to the sun nor allowed to become dry. After 
setting, the earth should be closely packed by hand or by 
pouring in water. Thus treated, the largest trees will begin 



THE ORANGE. . 627 

growing and bearing at once, and in a few years regain tops 
of their former size. Trees carrying half-grown fruit have 
been moved and retained the crop till maturity. 

Immediately after the civil war, when the planting of groves- 
began in Florida, there was no nursery stock to be had. Ac- 
cordingly, trees were taken from the extensive thickets of wild 
oranges existing here and there all over the State. Before 
removal they were cut back to four or five feet, and all the 
roots severed a few inches from the stump. As they had 
grown closely, with little room for expansion, many, still small, 
might have been a hundred years old, and yet these apparently 
stunted trees, after being transplanted and budded, grew off 
handsomely, becoming large and productive in time. Others, 
topped and budded where they stood, with roots intact, the 
surrounding bushes being cleared away, were transformed 
even sooner. Being evergreen, transplanting may be done 
any time of year, but the cooler weather of winter, when 
growth has nearly or entirely ceased, is considered safest. 

New roots begin to push out about three weeks after lifting, 
followed in a week or two more by the swelling of the buds. 
Besides being supplied with water, if the weather is very hot 
and dry, they should be shaded or wrapped till growth begins. 
Before movement of sap and root action is established, there 
is no power to resist the heat from the direct beams of the 
sun, which may cook and destroy them. Mulching is of great 
assistance in keeping the soil loose, moist, and cool until the 
recovery of the tree, and preventing the drying up of the 
tender rootlets. 

Trees should never be set deeper than they originally grew. 
On damp or low-lying soils they ought to be a few inches 
higher, and the earth drawn up to them, leaving a sloping bed 
with a depression in the middle to carry off surplus water that 
might accumulate during heavy rains. If the ground is loose 
they will settle a little, for which allowance should be made. 
Set too deep, they will never thrive nor grow much until raised, 
or waited upon until new collar-roots form. The ends of all 
tap-roots should be cut off smoothly, also the laterals, which 
should be drawn out straight, and clean soil tightly packed 
around them. Contact with strong fertilizers and fermenting 
manures is highly objectionable, and likely to breed disease. 



628 THE ORANGE. 

These should be worked into the soil beyond if used at all, to 
be sought after and appropriated as needed. The hungry- 
tree will scent out a compost or muck-heap many feet away, 
and, in an incredibly short time, fill it with the yellow root- 
lets. The tap-root starts first, sending down a whorl of slender 
threads, which soon coalesce in a single spike, replacing the 
severed portion. Nothing is lost by pruning away most of 
the branches, cutting back the top severely. A new head 
will form more quickly and the growth be more rapid and 
healthy if the leafage is diminished to correspond with the 
shortened roots. 

Cuttings and Layers. — All of the citrus tribe grow readily 
from cuttings or layers, particularly lemons and citrons, the 
branches of which often strike root as they rest upon the 
ground, weighed down with fruit. It might reasonably be 
supposed that seedlings of the lemon and citron would live 
longer and have better stamina than cuttings and layers, but 
the latter appear to do equally well, and have the advantage, 
if killed to the ground, of growing up true to kind without the 
trouble of grafting. The orange may be quickly propagated 
from the side-roots of large trees, which, having been cut 
through and air and light admitted to the severed portions, 
soon throw out rank sprouts and can be dug up as separate 
plants. This method and also by layers is a common mode 
of increasing the Otaheite for dwarfing. 

Soil. — The orange readily accommodates itself to any 
reasonably fertile soil, and although it will grow and produce 
fair crops on land too poor for grain, no other fruit-tree re- 
sponds more readily to generous treatment. It is found thriv- 
ing in the dryest situations, wherever the roots can extend 
down to the moisture beneath, and it also flourishes on alluvial 
soil subject at times to overflow, provided the water does not 
stand too long and is kept cool by the shade of overhanging 
forests. During seasons of active growth, an abundance of 
water, either from rain or irrigation, is a necessity. In many 
cases, besides what is drawn up by the roots from hidden 
sources, copious dews or the seepage of artesian wells are of 
material assistance. Dr. Bennett mentions an extensive grove 
in an alluvial valley of Sardinia, through which runs a never- 
failing rivulet of mountain water. No manure is ever given, 



THE ORANGE. 629 

and twice a week during summer the entire grove is flooded. 
As thus shown, the orange needs a well-watered situation, but 
it must be living or moving water ; swampy or sodden soils are 
to be avoided, also those having an impervious layer of rock, 
or hardpan near the surface, particularly if charged with an 
excess of salt or iron. On loose and friable soils, underlaid 
with marly or phosphatic deposits, the growth is wonderfully 
luxuriant and the fruit of surpassing delicacy, oftentimes too 
delicate for shipment to a distant market. 

All low and flat lands are more frosty. Trees on high 
ground often show little damage from a polar wave when 
those in the valleys below are badly hurt. But during the 
sweeping blizzards that destroyed the Florida groves, the in- 
tense and far-reaching cold was, if anything, more severe on 
elevations than in sheltered valleys. This, however, was an 
exceptional case. A body of water on the north or north- 
west side of a grove, wide and deep enough to retain heat, 
greatly lessens the rigor of cold winds, and a belt of dense 
timber on the east side, to keep off the morning sun for a few 
hours on a frosty morning, also mitigates the damage that 
might ensue from rapid thawing. 

Fertilizers. — Closely connected with the subject of soil is 
that of fertilizers, by the understanding use of which almost 
any kind of an orange may be, as it were, manufactured to 
order. Free use of potash thickens and toughens the rind, 
giving the firmness and durability requisite to bear transpor- 
tation and rough handling, but at the expense of saccharine 
qualities. The latter may be increased and acidulous proper- 
ties modified by the use of more phosphoric acid. Highly 
nitrogenous applications give fruit surcharged with insipid 
juice, and cause a lush growth of wood that never properly 
ripens, inviting attacks of insects and fungi. Composts from 
the barnyard, or those containing much decomposing animal 
matter, must be used sparingly if at all. The most wholesome 
growth and finest-flavored fruit comes from judicious employ- 
ment of the best high-grade commercial fertilizers. To keep 
up the productiveness of bearing groves, enormous quantities 
of these are applied, sometimes a ton to the acre every year, 
and in rare cases even more has been found profitable, or as 
much as the owner could afford to buy. No soil, however 



630 THE ORANGE. 

fertile, could long keep up its strength when crops of two 
hundred and fifty to nearly four times that number of boxes 
of fruit are annually removed from it, unless the elements 
taken away are continually being restored. In the wild 
groves, where the entire product falls and is immediately re- 
solved into original forms by decay, there is of course no 
impoverishment or deterioration. 

The peculiar characteristics of an orange are also due, in 
great measure, to the season of its development and ripening. 
The superior excellence of the Florida product is well known. 
About the ist of March the blossom opens. During the dry 
weather of April and May the superfluous setting falls ofF, and 
what remains progresses, under the fostering influences of 
heat and showers, to maturity by the last of autumn. The 
cool winter weather checks the flow of sap, the green rind 
assumes a brilliant golden hue, and the sharp acids become 
toned down and blended with a delightful intermingling of 
the saccharine. Evidently the conditions of climate and soil 
are eminently fitted and the changes of the seasons come just 
at the right time, to bring about these superlative qualities. 
But there are midsummer blooms whose fruit ripens the fol- 
lowing summer, and it is a curious fact that this summer fruit, 
though subject to the same influences, but at different seasons 
as regards stages of growth, is every way inferior to the regu- 
lar crop, and, instead of a ruddy golden yellow, never gets 
beyond a pale greenish tinge. The same has been observed 
in some tropical regions, where cool weather is unknown; 
hence it, is evident that a low temperature at the ripening 
period contributes to perfection, and it is believed that the 
orange is best at its northern limit in this hemisphere. South 
of the equator the conditions would be reversed. 

Distance of Planting. —The distance apart in the grove de- 
pends upon the kind of tree and character of soil. Sweet 
seedlings or buds on sweet stocks grow to a great size, and 
anywhere from thirtj^ to forty feet will not be found too close 
in loose and deeply drained ground. On sour stocks twenty- 
five to thirty feet. On trifoliata still closer, and dwarfed on 
Otaheite no more than ten by ten. On heavy, low-lying, and 
wet land, trees attain less size and should be set nearer; say 
twenty by twenty for sweet stocks and sixteen by twenty for 



THE ORANGE. 631 

sour. Such situations being more frosty, close planting cre- 
ates denser shade, which not only mitigates the cold, but also 
breaks the force of high winds, besides keeping the ground 
cool and moist by checking evaporation. Fruit grown in the 
shade is of a more delicate texture and a clearer complexion 
than that exposed to the sitn. Where plenty of space is advis- 
able the trees become very large in time and the product cor- 
respondingly great per tree. Growers on high lands assert 
that they get more fruit per acre from trees fifty feet apart 
than from those nearer together. In some countries close 
planting seems to be the rule. For example, in the Sardinian 
grove alluded to, the trees, according to Dr. Bennett, are only 
eight or ten feet apart ; and most of them very old, with trunks 
two or even three feet in diameter. The branches run up to 
a height of twenty feet, and form a dense canopy, which keeps 
the ground cool and moist, and the experience of centuries 
has satisfied the proprietors that this is the best plan. It was 
also found that seedlings were apt to die from limb-blight 
upon reaching maturity, while all the grafted trees were 
sound and healthy, Herman Melville, referring to a grove 
in Tahiti, says the trees formed a dense shade, spreading 
overhead a dark, rustling vault, in which nothing but leaves 
and fruit could be seen. 

Cultivation. 

The method of cultivation is a subject about which exists 
a great variety of opinions, and amid the many differences 
of soil, climate, and surroundings the treatment must, of 
course, be varied to suit each particular case. Nowhere do 
we find more beautiful fruit, nor brighter or more glossy 
foliage, than in many of the wild groves of Florida. Shielded 
from the fierce beams of the midsummer sun, from high 
winds and the severity of frosts by the intermingled and 
overarching forest trees, and fed by the decay of fallen leaves 
and branches, the conditions for a continued well-being are 
well-nigh perfect. Here nature provides a loose and friable 
soil, abounding in the elements of fertility, with protection 
from extremes of heat and cold, and as far as the artificial 
state of cultivated trees allows we will do well to imitate 



632 THE ORANGE. 

nature. High lands deficient in humus should be kept stirred 
part of the year, and during warm and rainy weather grass or 
green crops may be allowed to grow, and then turned under 
to furnish the vegetable mould upon which the rootlets delight 
to feed. Except in soils where the roots strike deeply, plough- 
ing must be shallow to avoid their mutilation. Low-lying 
and wet lands are better not ploughed at all. Mulching and 
an occasional superficial working over with the hoe or culti- 
vator will keep the soil loose and moist, as in a state of nature. 
Our aim should be to secure a steady and moderate growth, 
slowly ripening up and hardening, which is more wholesome 
for the tree and better enables it to bear an extreme of frost. 
An abnormally rapid growth invites disease, insects, and 
damage from low temperature. The orange resents too much 
interference. "Let well enough alone," and "make haste 
slowly," are golden rules in orange-culture. 

Priming. — Pruning is sometimes necessary to get rid of long 
thorns, or to open up the inside for convenience in climbing 
about to gather the fruit, and to admit air and light moder- 
ately. It is well to cut off dead or sickly branches, and those 
that chafe against each other. Trees with tall, naked trunks 
are more readily hurt by frost and high winds ; therefore while 
young they should be encouraged to branch out low. This 
does not interfere much with cultivation, for the plough should 
not be run too close, and the shade keeps down grass and 
weeds. As the top expands and thickens, these lower branches 
cease to be of service, and may be removed as having served 
their turn. The best time for pruning is in spring, when dan- 
ger of frost is less and vital forces strongest. Late in summer 
it is more weakening, besides increasing the susceptibility to 
cold by setting the sap in motion. There is much unneces- 
sary pruning done. Small twigs in the shade are continually 
dying and being succeeded by others more favorably situated. 
In a few weeks they become brittle and drop off, like leaves 
that have had their day. In the nursery more or less of clip- 
ping and pinching-back is needed to favor leading-shoots and 
bring the young trees into shape. Water-sprouts should be 
removed before they divert and absorb the energies of large 
trees. 



THE ORANGE. 633 

Frost. 

In many semi-tropical regions, where attention is paid to 
the orange, the arch enemy is frost. And yet it is not so 
much the degree of cold, as the condition of the tree at the 
time, which makes a fall of temperature harmful. At rest 
from growing, with no flow of sap and the bark clinging 
tightly to the wood^ a tough old tree has been known to come 
out of a brief period, during which ten degrees were indicated 
by the mercury, with scarcely a scar. In the freeze of 1886 
in Florida, a temperature of 17° at sunrise, rising to 32° at 
noon, and gradually dropping to below 20° by the next morn- 
ing, and this repeated for four days, was what many old 
groves passed through with so little harm that eighteen 
months afterward they were holding larger crops than ever 
before. But a drop below 30° is more or less hazardous when 
the sap is flowing, and a few hours* exposure, especially if 
trees are young and growing freely, may burst the bark and 
kill them to the ground. Nothing is more sensitive than the 
tip of a growing shoot. 

At the time of the freeze of February 7th, 1895, which 
killed down most of the orange-trees in Florida, except those 
in the extreme southern portion, the conditions were most 
unfavorable, aside from the severity of the cold, which regis- 
tered 12° to 15° in many places — three degrees lower than in 
Boston — and destroyed forest growths considered hardy in 
the Carolinas. A frost of almost equal intensity had occurred 
six weeks previously, which caused all the foliage to drop, 
and during the interval between the two the sap had begun 
to flow, and young leaves and blossom-buds were appearing. 
In this tender condition, and unsheltered by protecting foli- 
age, they fell an easy prey. 

The devastation seems to have been greater than during a 
similar visitation sixty years before. At that time the trunks 
of some old trees were spared in places where this last frost 
made a clean sweep. Previous to 1835 there were bearing- 
trees in St. Augustine of great size and capacity, which must 
have bordered upon one hundred years. Elderly people like 
to recall those days when the Ancient City was embowered in 
one vast grove, all yellow with ripening fruit, to an extent 



634 THE ORANGE. 

never since regained. A previous killing freeze is recorded 
as having occurred in 1747, and it is a curious fact that all 
three of these fatal frosts fell upon the same date in February. 

The trees killed by the recent freeze are mostly sprouting 
freely from the roots, and, if taken care of, will begin bearing 
in two or three years, and promise to regain their former size 
by another decade, if not sooner. But as some owners have 
neither the means nor courage to rebuild their groves, it will 
probably be longer before the previous output is reached. 

Although the trees can bear the low temperatures before 
stated, the fruit cannot. Exposed to 1^" for a few hours, the 
juice next the stem begins to evaporate, and a longer exposure 
will cause its total disappearance. Badly frozen oranges soon 
drop and decay, while many of those slightlj^ touched will 
hang for several weeks in fair condition for eating, and may 
be sent to near-by markets. Those that are small and tight- 
skinned often lose half or two-thirds of their juice, where the 
larger ones, having a loose and coarse rind, will become en- 
tirely dry, and light as puff-balls. The vitality of many of the 
seeds will also be destroyed. 

An effectual protection against total destruction by frost 
consists in banking up earth around the stem as far as prac- 
ticable, this to be removed when the danger is past. Should 
the top be killed down to this mound, the tree will at once 
sprout from the live wood with great vigor and begin to bear 
again in a year or two, whereas if killed to a level with the 
ground, its recovery would be much slower, if indeed it ral- 
lied at all. The boughs of pines or other evergreens laid 
among the branches afford some protection in a moderate 
freeze, but such precautions availed little in the intense cold 
weather in Florida during the month of February, 1895. It 
may be worth mentioning that, at the same time when all 
other citrus around them were destroyed, some whose growth 
had been checked a short time before by severe root-pruning 
came through with few signs of injury. Any top shade or 
scattering umbrageous trees mitigate the effects of lighter 
frosts to a considerable degree. In Europe and Northern 
India a latticed shelter is often built over the trees in exposed 
situations. 



THE ORANGE. 635 

Insects. 

Few trees are more liable to attacks of insects than mem- 
bers of the citrus tribe, but an inherent vigor makes them 
generally proof against lasting injury from this source. In 
a congenial soil, with favorable climatic conditions, the skil- 
ful cultivator feels little concern, knowing that where the 
parasitic enemies of any insect exist an undue increase of 
the latter is attended by a corresponding multiplication of the 
former, and thus is the balance of nature preserved. The use 
of insecticides is but a partial remedy, and without the aid of 
friendly parasites would, in many cases, prove inadequate. 
It is wise to apply the ounce of preventive and maintain a 
strict quarantine against the introduction of these insidious 
foes, and the wisdom of this is now being recognized by 
stringent laws imposing penalties against the admission of 
infected or infested plants. 

One of the most widely distributed insects affecting the 
citrus in Florida is the Rust-Mite {Fhytoj>s). Almost too mi- 
nute to be seen with the naked eye, it swarms in incredible 
numbers over the trees, and, attaching its beak to the fruit, 
sucks the juices of the peel, leaving it blackened and dry. 
Such fruit, commercially undesirable from a disfigured ap- 
pearance, also loses much of the delightful aroma, but carries 
and keeps better, and the juices evaporate more slowly. On 
the other hand it is more readily injured by frost, which 
causes it to drop and decay, before any effects are shown upon 
the bright. So that, although some claim preference for a 
rusty orange, the presence of this mite is objectionable, as de- 
preciating the market value of the fruit, as well as more or 
less affecting the health of the tree by a draft upon its 
strength. It is combated by spraying with a solution of sul- 
phur and lime, or any other good insecticide, in May or June, 
before its migration to the fruit, and occasionally thereafter, 
to make "assurance double sure." Lime or sulphur dusted 
over the foliage while wet with dew or rain is also help- 
ful. 

The Red Spider, Tetryancus sex viaculatus, or spotted mite, 
and several other similar mites, formerly inhabiting other 
growths, but of late emigrating to citrus-trees as the latter 
became common, do much harm by sucking the leaves, and 



6^6 THE ORANGE. 

causing them to drop, thus retarding- the growth and develop- 
ment of fruit and lessening the vitality of the tree. Water is 
the bane of these insects, which increase marvellously fast in 
times of drought, and correspondingly diminish during rainy 
periods. There is one species that thrives in the wet season. 
Kerosene emulsion and the sulphur or soda sprays are effec- 
tive destroyers. A minute lady-bird, scarcely visible to the 
naked eye, has been found preying upon the red spider. 

The Red Scale, Aspidiotus ficus, and Long Scale, Mytilaspis 
Gloveri, which fasten to the bark and leaves and feed upon 
the sap, are chiefly vulnerable when their larvae are in motion 
in March or April, June or July, and September or October, 
and may be checked by the same preparations. 

The White Fly, Aleyrodes citrifoUi, has lately wrought much 
harm in the Florida groves, particularly in the far south. 
This insect breeds three times during the year, and should be 
attacked soon after hatching. The rosin washes are most 
effectual against it. Lately there has appeared a parasitic 
fungus, Aschersonia, which attacks and destroys the larvae of 
the white fly. Trees which had suffered from the pest for 
years and nearly succumbed are now recovering since the 
spread of this fungus among them, which, it is thought, will 
finally put an end to the trouble. 

The insects above mentioned have proved the most trouble- 
some of any hitherto dealt with. There are other scales, of 
minor importance, which may be fought in the same manner 
whenever numerous enough to be harmful. The most effective 
method of killing scale or other insects, so far discovered, is 
by fumigation with hydrocyanic gas, as practised in California. 
The gas is generated under a tent enclosing the tree, and an 
exposure of half an hour has been found to destroy all insect 
life. The trouble and expense of applying may prevent its 
use except in desperate cases. 

The well-known Mealy Bug, Coccus adonidiu)i, often seen 
upon the pineapple, and generally to be found in the blossom- 
end of a ripe pomegranate, has sometimes been quite trouble- 
some to the orange. Besides weakening the tree, most of the 
insects spoken of leave a smutty deposit, sometimes to such 
an extent as to unfit the fruit for market unless previousl}'- 
cleaned, which involves much time and labor. 



THE ORANGE. 637 

The decay and falling ofE of ripe oranges is sometimes 
caused by attacks of members of the Mitre or Soldier-Bug 
family, Asopus, which collect in large numbers upon the fruit 
and suck its juices. These bugs usually breed upon cotton, 
the cow-pea, and cucurbitaceous plants, migrating from these 
to the orange-trees. They also puncture tender shoots, caus- 
ing the ends to wilt and die. The best way to avoid them is 
not to allow the plants upon which they breed to grow among 
the orange-trees. It is well to observe here that strong soda 
and potash sprays must be used with caution while the fruit 
is small, or it may be rendered insipid and worthless from 
the absorption of these substances, which neutralize its acids 
and destroy the sprightly flavor. 

It is a common opinion that the harm done by a severe 
winter has its compensations in the extinction of injurious 
insects. There is little foundation for this belief. The 
ravages of scale have often been more noticeable after rigor- 
ous seasons than before ; so we may infer either that a lowered 
vitality has rendered the trees more susceptible, or that the 
friendly parasites have been diminished. 

Diseases. 

Among diseases of the citrus, mal de gotna is one of the 
most serious. This is manifested by a gummy exudation 
at the base of the trunk, followed by decay of the bark; 
the malady gradually extending to the roots, and, if not 
checked, often causing the death of the tree. It is supposed 
to arise from a variety of causes, such as the close contact 
of fermenting manures or corrosive substances; a rich soil 
saturated with moisture, or highly nitrogenous fertilizers. 
Sometimes when the cause ceases to exist the tree recovers 
of itself. Removal of the soil about the diseased roots and 
exposure to the air are recommended; also the cutting away 
of diseased bark and wood and the application of a wash of 
sulphurous acid. Trees on a friendly soil, nourished with a 
well-balanced fertilizer, are seldom affected, and the sweet 
orange is more susceptible than the sour or bigarrade. 

Limb-blight is an obscure disease, the origin of which is 
still doubtful. The leaves wilt, small twigs perish gradually, 
and the tree falls into a decline and finally dies. There seems 



638 THE ORANGE. 

to be no specific remedy, but trees showing these symptoms 
have, in some instances, been fully restored by digging a 
trench all round two or three feet from the trunk, filling in 
v/ith fresh soil mixed with manure, and pruning away nearly 
all the top. Doubtless some cases of limb-blight are the re- 
sult of overcropping, and exhaustion of necessary elements. 
It seems to affect adjacent trees, but whether contagious has 
not yet been definitely settled. Removal and burning of 
affected limbs and extirpation of badly diseased trees are 
recommended, but as some forms of blight may proceed from 
preventable causes it might be well to go slowly in the execu- 
tion of such heroic measures. The matter is being studied 
by experts and will be better understood after further investi- 
gation. 

Dieback. — Another trouble of the grower, and perhaps the 
most common, is a condition called " dieback." This may be 
recognized by the damping-off of the ends of growing shoots, 
which are often unduly angular, distorted, curving downward, 
fairly bursting with crude sap, and disfigured by rusty red 
patches of exuding gum. There is a mighty effort at rapid 
growth; a constant advance and retrogression. Bearing trees 
either produce no fruit, or else set a heavy crop, which as- 
sumes a whity-green color, becomes scabby, cracks open and 
drops, and any that reaches maturity is insipid and worth- 
less. It must be considered a condition rather than a disease,, 
a dyspeptic state arising from over-stimulation or one-sided 
fertilizers. It is also caused by too deep planting, a wet and 
steaming soil, one that holds some noxious element, or is un- 
derlaid near the surface with impervious rock or hardpan. 
The grower must form a diagnosis of his own peculiar case, in 
order to know what remedy to apply or what cause to remove. 
If trees have been planted too deep they must be raised ; sod- 
den soils may have shallow cultivation, or top shade, or lie in 
grass during the hot and rainy season ; fermenting and over- 
stimulating fertilizers must be avoided and noxious elements 
neutralized. On a soil naturally adapted to the orange and 
judiciously fertilized and cultivated dieback is imknown. 

The same causes, variously affecting other plants, have been 
noticed. Pear and apple trees by a poultry-house or manure- 
pile have been killed outright; banana-plants have grown 



THE ORANGE. 639 

wondrously, set a few fruits, and then decayed at the base and 
fallen over; and even palms, perhaps the most resistant of all 
to such influences, have pushed up several leaves at once, with 
leaflets distorted and folded back. It must be remembered 
that the orange, although one of the toughest of trees in 
many ways, is yet one of the most discriminating and sen- 
sitive about what comes in contact with its roots. Strong 
brine will kill it, and an instance is remembered where a little 
London purple, spilled on the ground and dissolved by the 
rain, caused three vigorous old trees standing by to wilt and 
die in a few days. If strong manures must be used, the danger 
is lessened or entirely obviated by depositing them in holes 
or shallow pits dug here and there among the trees, instead of 
broadcasting over the surface. 

The Scab is a minute fungus badly affecting the bigarrade 
and lemon, and to a less degree the lime and citron. It has 
hitherto troubled the sweet orange very little. It may have 
previously existed in Florida, but did not become general 
until a short time before the great freeze of 1886, It is ap- 
pearing again in spite of the hopes of its extinction by the 
last killing down of the trees. Before its first appearance 
there was no difficulty in growing the most beautiful lemons, 
with smooth satiny skins, fully equal to any in the world. 
But now a large proportion are too rough and warty for 
marketing, and the leaves are distorted and covered with 
scars and excrescences. The growth of the trees does not 
seem to be greatly checked, nor the acid of the fruit injured, 
but it is terribly disfiguring. As the lemon is desired as 
much for the fragrant peel as for the juice, it will be readily 
seen how largely such an affection must detract from its 
value. Many Italian lemons show marks of the same or 
something similar. The copper sprays applied several times 
a jT'ear have been tried with the result of a mitigation but not 
an eradication of the evil. 

Mosses and Lichens growing upon the trunks and limbs may 
be scrubbed away with a stiff brush, but any good fungicide 
will cause them to die and drop off. Although they may not 
do much harm while an abundance of moisture prevails, yet, 
rooting as they do in the bark, many small branches are 
strangled and the general health of the trees affected in times 
of drought. 



640 THE ORANGE. 



Selection of Varieties. 

In establishing a commercial grove profit is, of course, 
the first consideration, and amid the great number of va- 
rieties, much perplexity arises in deciding which are best 
suited to that end. Some of those most esteemed, and 
commanding the ■ highest price, may be unprofitable by 
reason of an inherent defect, such as shy bearing, lack 
of stamina, too great delicacy to bear carriage, or a marked 
susceptibility to cold. Therefore in making a selection 
none should be used but those combining, in the great- 
est degree productiveness, vigor, firmness, high quality, 
and resistant power. Near the northern limit early sorts, 
that may be gathered before the approach of frost, are 
most desirable. In milder latitudes a succession will en- 
able the work of harvesting to go on uninterruptedly from 
October till May and even later, rendering the grower inde- 
pendent of gluts and depressed markets, which may happen 
some of the time but not all the time. As regards quality, 
there is perhaps less choice among varieties of the orange, 
nearly all of which are good, than among other fruits, many 
of which are indifferent and some positively bad. A seed- 
ling apple or pear may be wretchedly poor, but a seedling 
orange is almost sure to be excellent, and not infrequently 
extra fine. Differences of exterior are also less broad, so the 
uneducated are apt to think an orange is an orange the world 
over, until they learn to. detect its nice distinctions and rec- 
ognize its subtile flavors. A number of favorites in Florida 
and California since the renaissance are seedlings of local 
reputation, selected and named for their all-round excellence, 
and full of the vigor of youth. Some celebrities of world- 
wide fame have been imported. One of the most famous of 
these last is the Malta family, the type of which is widely 
known as Maltese Blood. This is readily distinguished by 
the rounded and flattened young leaves, quite different from 
the elongated and curled appearance of those of other sorts. 
The flecks and splashes of sanguine hue in the pulp, which is 
sometimes entirely crimsoned, were formerly supposed to 
have come from budding upon the pomegranate, but this is a 



THE ORANGE. 641 

gross error. It is reasonably believed they are the result of 
crossing, at a remote period, with the red shaddock. 

VARIETIES. 
Malta Oranges. 

Amory Maltese Oval. A superb variety of robust growth, and a 
good .cropper. Foreign. 

Fortuna. Robust growing and hardy ; spherical or sometimes flat- 
tened. Holds up late ; very prolific and desirable. 

Jaffa, Closely resembles Majorca every way, excepting that it is 
sweeter and a more regular bearer. Foreign. 

Jaffa Blood. Sport of Jaffa ; colored inside like the type, which it 
closely resembles and fully equals. Florida. 

Majorca. Tree and fruit similar to Maltese Blood, without inter- 
mingling color. Pulp fine-grained and tender, with unsurpassed 
refreshing vinous qualities. More round in shape, with a thin- 
ner rind ; a good keeper and shipper. Florida. 

Maltese Blood. Tree of moderate size, almost thornless, rounded, 
and compact ; rather sensitive to cold and needs high cultivation 
to ensure regular crops. Fruit oval, few seeds ; exterior often 
marked with patches of rosj' red ; very attractive in appearance ; 
flavor exceedingly piquant and delicious, giving it a reputation 
for quality second to none. Foreign. 

Maltese Egg. Oval in shape; runs from 176 to 225 size; fair 
grower and heavy bearer. One of the finest of this strain in 
quality. Foreign. 

Tephi. An improved Jaffa, modified by pollination. Excellent 
grower and bearer and of highest quality. 

Besides those mentioned above are other Maltas, as Oblong, 
Late, Long, and several unnamed, all having the same general 
characteristics and good points. Most of them were imported 
from Europe by Gen. H. S. Sanford and Mr. Charles Amory. 

Maltese Oval. (Garey's Mediterranean.) Sweet. Generally 
classed with the Maltas, but of distinct foliage ; is a favorite with 
florists on account of its habit of exuberant blooming. Fruit ob-. 
long, slightly flattened at the stem, of excellent quality and keeps 
very late ; apt to split on young trees. Needs high cultivation 
and abundant feeding. 

Valencia. (Valencia Late.) Growth and habit closely resemble 
the above ; also shape and general appearance of fruit, which is 
smoother, more acid, and ripens later. Valuable for late ship- 
ping. Foreign. 

41 



642 THE ORANGE. 



Portugal Oranges. 

The type of these is spherical or slightly flattened, with 
marked vinous properties, probably acquired long ago from 
the wild lime, and usually not becoming fully ripe till mid- 
winter or spring. The most desirable variety in this class is: 

Mediterranean. Fruit large to medium, very solid and with few 
seeds, ripening late ; tree thornless, of dwarf habit, inclined to 
overbear. Formerly verj' popular but now superseded by Wash- 
ington Navel. 

Others are Pernambuco, Circassian, Duroi, Botelha, Peerless, 
Rio, Nicaragua, Tahiti, Rivers' Prolific, Beach No. 5, and several 
kinds of St. Michael, all good growers and bearers, not differ- 
ing greatly from each other, and valuable for marketing. 

Sweet China Oranges. 

Typical form oval or elongated rather than flattened ; sac- 
charine qualities strongly marked ; become palatable early, 
and seem to show remote admixture with the sweet citron. 
Among these are : 

Early Oblong, St. Michael Egg, and Pride of Malta. These are of 
oval shape with a roughened exterior and very little acid, and 
ma}- be shipped early. Hardly so insipid as the following. 

Seville. (Sweet Seville.) Spherical in shape ; bears young and 
abundantly ; so utterly devoid of acid that it may be used as 
soon as it fills with juice, even before the rind colors. Good for 
early shipments when all others are sour. Foreign. 

Whittaker, Foster, Boone, Nonpareil, Parson, Centennial, Homo- 
sassa, and Magnum Bonum are all selected seedlings of extended 
reputation, strong growing and early ripening, combining the 
sweetness of the China with the sprightliness of the Portugal. 
To these may be added Cunningham, Arcadia, Pineapple, Indian 
River, and Stark or De Bary Seedless, all favorites and of extra 
fine quality. 

There is a class of blood oranges, suggesting the China and 
Portugal rather than the Malta, called Round Bloods. The 
best of these are the Amory, which is of very high quality, 
vigorous, prolific, and hardy, and the Italian, Also Imperial, 
which is early, and De Colmar, and St. Michael Blood, which 
are later, besides some unnamed and equally promising seed- 
lings. 



THE ORANGE. 643 

Brazilian. Brought to Florida from Louisiana a dozen years ago 
by Rev. W. P. Gardner of Fort Myers, and but little known as 
yet among orange growers. Highly recommended for vigor and 
productiveness, witli fruit of very fine qualitj^ which hangs upon 
the tree without deterioration until midsummer. 

Hart. (Hart's Late.) (TardifE, Brown of Thos. Rivers.) A high- 
class fruit with few seeds, slightly oblong, pale yellow, thin rind, 
dark pulp with a brisk and racy flavor. This is largely planted 
for its lateness, hanging throughout the summer without deteri- 
oration. Hart, Paper- Rind, Prata, and White show decided ad- 
mixture of lemon. 

Joppa. Originated in 1S77 from seed procured lay A. B. Chapman 
of San Gabriel, Cal., from Palestine. Tree thornless and strong 
growing. Fruit oblong, almost seedless, with thin rind, solid, 
juicy, and very sweet. Can be gathered early or left on the tree 
till midsummer. Said to be the heaviest orange grown and one 
of the most beautiful, and while some regard the flavor as hardly 
first-rate, others praise it highl}^ and think that when better 
known it will be very largely planted. 

Paper-Rind. (Paper-Rind St. Michael's Fruit.) Light colored, 
small, round, rather seedy, pungent, and aromatic, flesh very 
firm and juic)'. Ripens late and keeps well on the trees. Tree 
dwarf, medium thorny, productive. Very desirable. Has more 
specific gravity than almost any orange known ; a favorite for 
market in California. 

Prata. (Silver Orange.) A favorite in some European markets; 
is as light-colored in pulp and rind as a lemon ; piquant and 
delicious. 

White. Similar, but coarser and sweeter. 

Many of the choicest varieties of oranges owe their pecul- 
iar excellence to admixtures, more or less remote, with some 
other member of the citrus family. Hybrids of C. nobilis and 
C. decumana are said to have developed a superlative refine- 
ment in certain lines, indicating that when in the course of 
time the efforts of experimenters shall have been crowned 
with a fruit combining in harmonious proportions the best 
qualities of all, the result will be an orange worth having. 

Navel Oranges. 

This famous orange, broadly marked at the apex with an 
umbilical appearance, belongs to the China section, having 
the same slender and thornless habit, with few seeds and a 
sweet pulp dashed with a subtile blending of acid, giving a 
combination of rare delicacy. Originally from Brazil, it was 



644 THE ORANGE. 

cultivated in Florida many years ago, becoming extinct there, 
or nearly so by the great freeze of 1835. About 1874 it was 
again restored, under the name of Washington Navel or Bahia, 
in trees imported from South America and sent out by the 
Department of Agriculture at Washington. Fruit large, 
solid, very juicy, high flavored. Only in exceptional cases 
are seeds found. Tree prolific, often beginning to bear one 
year from the bud. Its magnificent size, smooth and silky 
exterior, delicious flavor, and total absence of seed, have 
raised it at once to pre-eminence. In California it seems sat- 
isfactorily productive, but in Florida, unless budded on lime 
or lemon, or the flow of sap interrupted by partial girdling, 
the crops are often too light to be remunerative. It is to-day 
the leading commercial variety of America. 

The same objection generally exists in other navels, such as 
Sustain, Rivers, Egyptian, Australian, Malta, some from Con- 
tinental gardens, and a native seedlmg- — the Double Im- 
perial. Flowers are freely produced, but nearly all fall off. 
By some the trouble has been attributed to exhaustion from 
too free blooming, or from lack of pollen, which cannot be the 
cause, seeing that one variety, a cross of Botelha and Sustain, 
and as free a bloomer as any, always sets, and carries such an 
enormous crop as to paralyze its energies and arrest its 
growth. 

Mandarin Oranges (Citrus nobilis). 

This appears to be of a race entirely distinct from the 
common orange, and may have been identical with or sprung 
from the Suntara group, either indigenous to the northeast- 
ern border of India, or introduced there long ago from south- 
ern China. The leaves and blossoms are smaller than those 
of the common orange, and exhale a peculiar aromatic odor. 
The branches are slender and the fruit is flattened, with seg- 
ments loosely adhering, forming a hole in the centre, and en- 
closed in a smooth and glossy rind of a saffron yellow, easily 
detached. When fully ripe it is exceedingly^ juicy and melt- 
ing, and has become a favorite in European and American 
markets, where it v»''as unknown until recentl5^ Tree of mod- 
erate size and nearly destitute of thorns, except when grown 
from seed, and then very thorny. 



THE ORANGE. 645 

Tangerine Oranges. 

A section of C. nobilis commonly called Tangerine is a more 
robust and sizeable tree, with larger foliage, and fruit of the 
same shape and size, but of a lobster-red color, This fruit is 
greatly admired, and more in request on account of its showy 
appearance, but in delicacy of flavor scarcely equals the yel- 
low. A small variety of Tangerine, the Spice or Cleopatra, is 
of quite inferior quality, but an enormous bearer and very 
showy and ornamental. Used for garnishing tables. 

Bergamot (C. Berganiia). Fruit pear-shaped, pale yellow, with 
green, sub-acid, firm, fragrant pulp ; fruit and foliage distinct. 
Oil of bergamot is distilled from the rind. 

C. Desimatus. An odd variety grown for ornament, with drooping 
leaves, no two alike. 

King. (King of Siam.) A large variety of Tangerine, of more 
globular shape, introduced from Cochin China in 18S2. Skin 
thick and uneven, dark red and loosely adhering ; pulp mild and 
delicious. Tree thorny and robust, with large foliage. The 
habit of ripening late when other varieties of C. iiobilis are out 
of season, together with other prime qualities, recommended it 
for general cultivation. California. 

Kumquat (C Japonica) . A small shrub hardier than the orange, 
upon which ortrifoliata it is usually worked. Fruit about an inch 
in diameter, with sweet rind and acid juice, wholesome and re- 
freshing. Large quantities preserved in sugar are imported from 
China. There are two kinds, round and oval. 

Myrtle-Leaved Orange (C. myrtifolia). A handsome dwarf tree, 
with small, dense, dark green, glossy leaves, bearing a small 
flattened fruit of little use. A beautiful shrub for ornamental 
grounds. 

Philip's Bittersweet. Resembles the sour orange in leaf and fruit, 
and is found intermingled with it in the wild groves of Florida. 
Its juice is insipidly sweet, and the white inner rind extremely 
bitter and disagreeable, which spoils it for commercial purposes. 
Florida. 

Satsuma is another section of C. nobilis, with tree and foliage more 
like the regular orange, but with fruit of a bright yellow, closely 
resembling the Mandarin. Nearly seedless. It ripens earlier 
and is quite hardy, particularly when budded on trifoliata. The 
flavor is less spicy and aromatic. It is in great request for plant- 
ing in exposed situations, too cold for other oranges. Identical 
with Unshiu of Japan. Has not been a profitable commercial 
sort. Japan. 

Tangerona. A recent importation from Brazil, evidently a hybrid 
• of the Mandarin, judging from the pulp, which resembles Sat- 



646 THE ORANGE. 

suma in mildness and delicacj-. Fruit small, round or slightlj' 
flattened, with a roughened, bright yellow exterior. Leaves 
large, like those of the ordinary orange. It is of robust habit,, a 
free bearer, and ripens very early. 

In Florida the earliest varieties of oranges, such as Tan- 
gerona, Satsuma, Sweet Seville, and Early Oblong, are sweet 
enough for shipment by the end of September or. early in 
October. About the middle or last of April, owing to the hot 
and dry weather, and the draught on the trees by the young 
crop, the fruit remaining becomes over-ripe, loses flavor, and 
dries up, or becomes too soft and flabby to handle. Valencia 
Late, Paper-Rind St. Michael, Majorca, and Garey's Mediter- 
ranean Sweet hold up several weeks longer, but Hart's Late 
or Tardiff keeps all the year round. This last is being more 
largely propagated in Florida than any other, and when the 
trees grow up again Florida oranges will be found in market 
at all seasons. In southern California oranges ripen later 
than in Florida, in northern California about the same time 
and in Arizona somewhat earlier. 

THE LEMON. 

The lemon {^Citrus limonuin) is supposed to have sprung from 
the citron and was introduced into Palestine and Egypt by the 
Arabs in the tenth century, and into Europe at the time of 
the Crusades. While not so extensively cultivated as the 
orange, it is far more useful, being indispensable in cookery, 
confectionery, perfumery, and medicine. The tree is faster 
growing and larger than the orange, and exhales from every 
part when bruised a delicious perfume. The flowers are of 
greater size and tinged with purple. It not only thrives on a 
poorer soil, but is more productive and patient under neglect, 
though less hardy against gold. 

The rules for cultivating the orange apply generally to the 
lemon. To secure the finest and smoothest fruit it should not 
be allowed to run up to any considerable height, but rather 
shortened-in and pruned downward. A low, widely spreading 
tree, sheltered from winds, is best, as the most beautiful 
lemons grow in partial shade and near the ground. It is gen- 
erally worked on sweet or sour orange stocks, preferably the 
latter, as making a tree more hardy and less liable to disease. 
As a seedling the rind is apt to be bitter, therefore varieties 



THE LEMON. C47 

having sweet rinds are selected for propagation. If allowed to 
hang till fully ripe, the fruit often grows to an enormous size ; 
the peel becomes thick and spongy, and the acidulous proper- 
ties diminish, rendering it unfit for market. To avoid this it 
is gathered green and partially grown, and stored in cool, dark 
apartments until the skin changes to a bright yellow. A 
lemon weighing three ounces is reckoned a convenient size. 
With proper care it will keep many months in prime condition. 
Its brief periods of rest and almost continuous stages of growth 
and bloom render the tree very sensitive to frost. In a state of 
quiescence it has endured almost as great a degree of cold as 
the orange. The ideal shape of a lemon is oblong, with a 
pointed protuberance at the blossom end. The rind should be 
as free as possible from bitterness, clean, smooth, glossy, and 
abounding in aromatic oil-cells ; the pulp fine-grained, solid, 
with few seeds, and highly charged with strong acid juice. 

Bonnie Brae. A California seedling of high reputation. 

Eureka. Fruit medium, sweet, rind a good keeper, few seeds ; tree 
prolific, not thorny. Very popular in the coast regions of Cali- 
fornia. Native of Los Angeles, Cal. 

Genoa. Fruit medium, oval, sweet rind, nearly seedless ; tree 
dwarf, thornless. One of the best. 

Varieties. 

Imperial Messina. Considered the finest among many desirable 
varieties, imported into Florida b^' the late General Sanford. 
Tree has a few thorns, but the fruit is unsurpassed. 

Lisbon. Fruit medium, oblong, with a thin sweet rind, few-seeded ; 
tree prolific but begins to bear late, vigorous and thorny. Popu- 
lar in California. Portugal. 

Sicily. Several imported sorts bearing this name are largely 
planted and profitable. 

Villafranca. Fruit medium, oblong, thin rind, juicy, strongly acid, 
nearly seedless ; tree thornless ; withstands lower temperature 
than other imported varieties. 

Marketing the Orange and Lemon. 

The same methods of gathering and packing apply to both, 
except that the lemon is taken off while green, while the 
orange, unless in case of the earliest shipments, is allowed to 
become fully ripe. The fruit should never be pulled, which 



648 THE LEMON. 

often ruptures the skin and causes decay, but clipped closely 
with a shears made for the purpose, and deposited carefully 
in sacks, or baskets lined with cloth. Rough handling is a 
fertile cause of loss, and bruises and abrasions must be strictly 
guarded against. After being removed to the packing-house, 
they are left in the boxes or spread out in bins to lie for several 
days, which causes the skins to dry and soften a little. This 
facilitates handling and allows defects to develop. It is then 
assorted into different grades, according to color and appear- 
ance, and the sizes separated by running through a sizing- 
machine. Dusty or smutty fruit is first cleaned by washing 
or scrubbing, and afterward dried. 

It is finally wrapped in tissue-paper, and each size and grade 
packed separately in boxes divided by a partition in the 
middle, and holding two cubic feet, which have been adopted 
as a standard. It must be crowded in snugly, with the top 
layer a little above the edges of the box, so that when the 
cover is pressed down and nailed, there will be no shaking or 
moving about of the contents. Then the package is made 
secure by a wooden strap around the middle and each end. 
Iron straps have been tried, but dealers prefer the wooden. 
On the ends are stencilled the grade, number in box, address 
of consignee and shipper, and route by which to travel. 

In large establishments washing, sizing, and wrapping have 
been done by steam or other power, but nothing to supersede 
hand-work in grading and packing has yet been devised. A 
box contains 96, 126, 150, 176, 200, 216, 226, and 252, according 
to size, and there is an established method of arranging every 
layer so as exactly to fill the boxes. The most popular sizes 
of oranges are 176 and 200, and of lemons 300 to 400. Larger 
or smaller fruit than these, or that which is rough or rusty, 
brings a lower price, and overgrown lemons are almost un- 
salable. Fruit of high color and an exterior without spot or 
blemish is marked " Fancy," and sells much above the rest. 

Until within a few years imported lemons have sold higher 
than our own, not from any inherent superiority, but on ac- 
count of being gathered at the right stage and put up in a 
neater manner. Lately domestic lemons of the best quality 
have been produced, and packed in a style fully equalling and 
even surpassing those imported, and at no distant day our 



THE CITRON. 649 

groves will render us independent of the foreign product. 
The unmerchantable fruit can be used in making citric acid, 
for which there is a large demand in the arts and medicine, or 
made into wine or vinegar. Although well-cared-for fruit 
often keeps months in good condition, the process of shrivel- 
ling up or decay, though slow at first, really begins when the 
stem is severed ; therefore it is best laid down in market as 
soon as possible. Various applications have been used, some 
of which were warranted to preserve oranges in a fresh con- 
dition for years, but so far none have given satisfaction. 
Fruit from cold-storage goes to pieces very soon after being 
taken out. 



THE CITRON. 

The citron {Citrus medica cedra) is usually grown as a shrub 
or small tree ; the flowers are large and externally of a violet 
color; the branches, weighed down by the enormous fruit, 
are continually rooting at the ends and spreading, causing a 
neglected bush to expand in time into a dense thicket. It is 
very tender and best grown from layers or cuttings, which 
quickly spring up again if killed down by frost. It is sup- 
posed to be the parent of the lemon, and between the two 
occur an endless variety of intermediate forms or hybrids. 
Chiefly valued for the thick and tender rind, which, after 
having first lain in strong brine, is freshened and stewed in 
syrup till saturated, and then, after being candied and dried, 
is familiar to every one as the citron of commerce. A fragrant 
oil, used by perfumers, is also distilled from the rind. For 
preserving it must be used in a green state. 



Varieties. 

Fingered Citron. A rare and primitive form ; fruit of enormous 
size, with lobes separating and projecting like fingers. Grown 
sparingly in China, where it is highly esteemed for its delightful 
odor. Placed upon porcelain dishes and brought into their tem- 
ples and apartments, it fills the air with a fragrance so penetrat- 
ing as to be perceptible at the distance of a mile. Has been 
brought into California from Japan, but is little known as yet 
here. 

Lemon. So-called from resembling a lemon in shape and color ; 



650 THE SHADDOCK. 

skin pale yellow, glossy, and wavy. Fruit sometimes weighs as 
much as ten pounds. 

Lyman. A lemon-citron of moderate size, with a sweet and edtble 
rind, also excellent for preserving. 

Orange. Resembles the above, except that the skin is more wavy, 
and like the orange in color. 

THE SHADDOCK. 

The Shaddock, or Pomelo (C decumana), named after 
Captain Shaddock, who first brought it to the West Indies, 
is supposed to be indigenous to the Malayan Islands. It is 
one of the handsomest of the genus ; of moderate height and 
spreading form; rather more tender than the orange; at- 
tractive by reason of the magnificent size of its fruit, which 
sometimes attains a diameter of nine inches and a weight of fif- 
teen pounds. The flowers are very large, white, and fragrant ; 
the leaves large, with broadly winged leaf-stalks ; the skin is 
pale yellow, the rind thick, white, spongy and bitter ; the pulp 
greenish, sub-acid, watery, and aromatic. No section of the 
citrus exhibits a greater diversity than this. There are oblate, 
globose, oval, pyriform, and flattened forms, both thick and 
thin-skinned, enclosing white, pink, red, or greenish pulp, 
which varies from sour, bitter, and acrid to a most delightful 
blending of all in harmonious proportions. 

In the West Indies it is a favorite addition to the dessert, 
after being prepared by removing the bitter membranes and 
sprinkling the pulp with sugar. In this country a small 
variety, somewhat larger than an overgrown orange, is be- 
coming a favorite and beginning to be extensively grown 
for market. This is the " Forbidden Fruit," called grape- 
fruit, from a habit of growing in clusters like bunches of 
grapes, or pomelo, leaving the name shaddock for the 
large sort, although, strictly speaking, all are pomeloes. 
This is rather thin-skinned for its size, and filled with a 
refreshing, sub-acid juice. There is a pronounced bitter 
principle in the inner rind and integuments, which, if not 
too strong, one acquires a liking for in time. The firm, 
tough skin renders it a good shipper, and preseves the juices 
for a long time, often till far into the summer. In very warm 
and oppressive weather, nothing can be more salutary or re- 



THE LIME. 651 

freshing, and the demand for it is constantly increasing. It is 
wonderfully productive. Sixteen barrels of fruit have been 
gathered from a tree twent)'^-five years old. 

Until quite lately but little attention was paid to the 
grape-fruit, specimen trees of which, were found here and 
there, mostlj^ seedlings not greatly varying from each other, 
except where accidental crossing with the orange had de- 
veloped some distinctive qualities. Perhaps the best is 
Mays' Pomelo. 



Varieties. 

Aurantium, Royal, Leonardy, and Triumph are much like Mays. 

Marsh. Recommended as having few seeds, which, in a fruit so 
full of seeds, is an obvious advantage. 

Mays. Was growing as an old tree, at the home of Dr. Mays. 
Orange Mills, Florida, at the close of the civil war. Has always 
taken premiums over others wherever exhibited. Shows slight 
admixture of orange. Flavor unusually sweet and delicious, 
with but little of the bitter principle. 



THE LIME. 

The Lime {C. acida) is generally considered to be remotely 
allied to the citron, but may be, as we know it, a modi- 
fied and improved form of the wild lime (C. hystrix) of 
India or the Malay Islands. Though classed as a shrub, in a 
favorable climate and with room to expand it forms a small 
tree. Being the most tender of the family and nearly always 
in a growing state, it is easily killed down by frost, but never 
fails to spring up again vigorously. It is very thorny, and 
when closely planted forms an admirable and impenetrable 
hedge, always full of fruit and so robust as to need little care. 
The flowers are small and entirely white ; color of fruit pale 
yellow, resembling a lemon. The skin is thin; pulp light 
green and filled to bursting with a very sharp acid juice, better 
for most purposes than that of a lemon and used in preference 
by people in the tropics. The peel, however, lacks the mild 
fragrance of the lemon, which, together with the better keep- 
ing qualities of the latter, accounts for its greater estimation 
in countries where these fruits do not grow. Still, when care- 
fully handled, with our present rapid transportation, is bears 



652 THE LIME. 

carriage and goes through well, and there is no reason why, 
when better known, it should not become more popular in 
northern markets. Its early and wonderfully abundant bear- 
ing, sturdy. indifference to neglect, and freedom from disease 
make it easier grown than any other citrus. It flourishes ad- 
mirably in Southern Florida. 

I'ropagation. — The most common mode of propagation is 
from seed, which, to prevent deterioration, should be taken 
from the best fruit. It nearly always comes true to kind and 
bears in three or four years. In cooler latitudes, near its 
northern limit, it is budded at the surface of the ground, on 
any hardy orange-stock which will retard the too active flow 
of sap in winter, and make it more resistant. The trees can 
be planted much closer than the orange. 

The most common is a small variety, resembling a minia- 
ture lemon, called the Mexican, Florida, or West Indian lime. 
Skin very thin and smooth; juice abundant, highly aromatic, 
rich, acid, and pleasant. The Persian and Tahiti are vigorous 
growers and not very thorny. Fruit excellent and nearly as 
large as a lemon. Tree spreading, with coarser foliage. 

Varieties. 

French. (False Lemon.) Grown for many years in Florida and 
the West Indies. This is more correctly a lime. Skin thick, 
very warty and uneven, and loosely adhering. Shape resembling 
a King orange, but smaller, with a protuberance at the blossom 
end. Color deep yellow. Pulp agreeably acid, and segments 
divide as easily as those of Citrus nobilis. The Minorcan resi- 
dents of Florida esteem it above all others for making punch, but 
it has no commercial value. It is of very vigorous growth and 
in great demand as a stock upon which to bud varieties of oranges 
and lemons. On this stock the Navel orange, usually a poor 
bearer, produces abundant crops. 

Imperial. Very large, oval, of good quality. Reported as un- 

iisually hardy. 
Kurna, Galgal, Turanj, and other East Indian limes have a very 

thin spongy rind, with little pulp, and may be considered citrons 

rather than limes. 

A variety imported into Florida from South Africa, by Colonel 

Church, of Orlando, and called "Forbidden Fruit," is really a 

lime of enormous size, resembling a citron in appearance, but 

thin-skinned and full of strongly acid juice. 
Mexican. Medium large, oval, light yellow, good. The common 

variety in California. 
Rangpur. (Mandarin Lime.) Closely resembles a Mandarin 

orange in appearance, with a strong acid juice of distinct flavor. 

India. 



CHAPTER XXXVII. 

THE BANANA. 

The banana {Musa Sapientum), though a strictly tropical 
plant, is often seen in gardens from Charleston south and 
along the lower portions of the Gulf States, where it is used 
chiefly for ornament, but after mild winters fruit is freely 
produced. It is one of the most beautiful and graceful of all 
members of the vegetable kingdom ; one species, M. Eiisete, the 
great Abyssinian banana, was pronounced by Charles Kings- 
ley the most beautiful of any he had ever beheld. 

In the middle and even northern portions of Florida it was 
grown in a small way for its fruit, until the large importations 
by steamers from the West Indies and Central America, at low 
prices, rendered its production there unprofitable. In the 
extreme southern portions of the peninsula, however, where 
there is little frost, it can still be raised to advantage. 

The large yellow bananas (Jamaica or Martinique) and the 
red, or Baracoa, are the best and most profitable for market. 
These varieties require too long a season for any place out- 
side of the tropics. In middle Florida an inferior sort called 
Orinoco, and a very delicate, high-flavored variety, Hart, 
are the best to cultivate, as they ripen sooner and are the 
most hardy. Farther south the dwarf Jamaica (J/. Caven- 
dishii), is preferred as being least liable to be prostrated by 
high winds, and, though short and stout, produces very large 
bunches. The only practicable mode of protection in winter 
against frost is by banking with earth or sods around the stem 
two or three feet high. Then, if the exposed portion above 
should be killed, it is cut off in spring when the earth is drawn 
away, and the stump remaining will grow up and blossom in 
time to perfect fruit before the following winter. Propaga- 
tion is effected by suckers or offsets, planted eight or ten feet 
apart in strong rich soil. Each stalk produces but one cluster, 

653 



654 "^^^ BANANA, 

after which it dies and is replaced by the numerous sprouts 
from the base. To obtain the largest bunches these offsets 
should be chopped out as they appear, and only three or four 
stalks of different ages, so as to keep up a succession, allowed 
to remain in one place. Ashes or strong stable manure 
are good fertilizers. In the tropics, bunches of 200 fruit and 
upward are common, but near the northern limit from 75 
to 125 are all that can be expected. From long cultivation 
and propagation by offsets, seed has almost entirely disap- 
peared from the fruit. Sometimes, but rarely, a few are 
found, and from these new varieties may be obtained. There 
are several ornamental sorts which produce seeds and do not 
sucker. 

Bananas are generally ripened in the house, the bunch being- 
cut when its stem curves over to the stem after the fruit is 
fully developed, though still green. It should then be hung 
in a dark place to color and ripen. There is no difficulty in 
raising and fruiting it in hothouses. 



CHAPTER XXXVIII. 

THE DATE. 

The Date Palm {Fha'/iix dactyli'fera) is one of the most 
striking and beautiful of trees, and especially attractive by its 
novelty to persons coming from the temperate zones, where 
no palms exist out of doors. It has not as yet been cultivated 
to any extent in this country ; indeed there are but few places 
where it is likely to prove a success as regards fruit produc- 
tion. For this a location is necessary where there is no ap- 
proach to frost in winter, or where the mercury does not fall 
below twenty degrees for any considerable length of time, 
and a hot rainless summer, with facilities for irrigation. 

The Arabs say that the date should have its head in the 
fire and its roots in the water. Such conditions exist in some 
districts of Arizona and California. In the lower Atlantic 
and Gulf States, and in the West India Islands, thrifty speci- 
mens may occasionalh^ be seen, but their fruit is much inferior 
to that frorithe Orient, either by reason of the scalding show- 
ers during the growing and ripening season, or neglect of 
proper fertilization of the bloom, for, the tree being dioeci- 
ous, unless pollen from the staminate blossom is applied to 
the pistillate blooms at the right time the fruit will not be 
properly developed, and the seed will be imperfect or entirely 
lacking. In date-producing countries, propagation is chiefly 
effected by suckers or offsets from the base of the parent tree, 
which are removed when large enough to form roots and 
planted where they are to grow. Copious and continued 
watering is necessar}^ until new roots form. Seeds germinate 
readily, but produce many more staminate trees than are 
wanted — one of these to twenty of the opposite sex being 
sufficient — and until flowering begins there is no means of 
determining the sex. Of course, suckers are always the same 

as their parent. 

655 



656 



THE DATE. 




Fig. 815.— Date Palms. 



THE DATE. 657 

In 1890 a large number of offsets from several of the best 
varieties were imported by the Department of Agriculture 
from Algeria and Cairo and distributed throughout New 
Mexico, Arizona, and California. When these come to matur- 
ity the question of adaptation will be more definitely settled. 
In the date-producing countries of the East trees often begin 
to bear at six or eight years of age, but specimens in the 
Southern States frequently have not flowered until after fifteen 
or twenty years. Like other palms, all of which are greatly 
retarded by mutilation of their roots in transplanting, it is 
best to remove the seedlings either while very young, so that 
the roots may be preserved intact, or to defer the operation 
until the tree has acquired considerable size, when the roots 
may be cut closely, and the top shortened-in to a single leaf. 
If freely watered, new roots will start at once. A better way 
still is to plant several seeds where the tree is to grow, re- 
movmg all but the best one a few months after they have 
germinated. Seeds of the imported dates sprout in five or 
six weeks after being placed in the ground. 
42 



CHAPTER XXXIX. 

THE FIG. 

The genus Ficus consists of about six hundred species. 
Most of them, being natives of tropical regions, are tender, 
but their easy propagation, robust growth, indifference to 
rough treatment, and the beauty of their large, glossy, dark- 
green leaves, sometimes handsomely variegated, combine to 
render them general favorites. In their native forests many 
grow to an immense size. 

The one that concerns us here is the Ficus carica, which 
produces the well-known fig of commerce. 

While its original habitat is supposed to be the country 
around the Persian Gulf, it is perfectly at home in all warm 
temperate regions, particularly those bordering on the Medi- 
terranean, where it grows spontaneously. Besides being the 
hardiest of the family, it is at the same time the most useful, 
as well as one of the longest-lived, continuing in health and 
productiveness for several hundred years. 

Unless accustomed to them from childhood, one does not 
always relish fresh figs at first, but, as with many other tropical 
fruits, a liking for them once acquired becomes very strong. 
As an article of food they are exceeding nutritive, and by 
reason of their mucilaginous character few fruits are so mild 
and salutary or so free from irritating tendencies. Being 
slightly laxative, there is no danger of evil consequences from 
eating to repletion. 

Although the fig flourishes everywhere in the warmer parts 
of the United States, its cultivation is still much neglected. 
This seems strange when we consider the excellence of the 
fruit and the hardy constitution of the tree, which always 
grows up after being frozen down, and sometimes bears a 
little fruit the season following. Old and well-ripened wood 
withstands hard freezing, but the tender ends of growing shoots 

6:;8 



THE FIG. 659 

are easily nipped. When in free growth, with the sap mov- 
ing, a few degrees of frost may be fatal, and, as the tree is a 
rank grower and starts early in the spring, this habit renders 
it peculiarly susceptible to damage from late frosts. Even as 
far north as New York the roots often survive the loss of the 
top, and if trained low, so that the branches may be layered 
and deeply buried in the fall, and uncovered the following- 
spring, it may be wintered in fair condition if one cares to 
take the trouble. But in order that this operation be success- 
ful, it is essential that the young wood be well ripened, and 
late growths be prevented as far as possible by planting on 
dry, well-drained, sandy or gravelly soil, in a cool exposure, 
and giving no fertilizers or cultivation late in the season. If 
the fig is grown at all, however, out of its own proper latitude 
by these precautions, it is more as a curiosity than for profit, 
because where it is a rarity few have acquired a taste for the 
fresh fruit, which, as before remarked, needs the high heat of 
a southern climate to develop the rich and melting honeyed 
sweetness in perfection. Even in the far South, figs that 
mature in September, when the weather becomes cooler, are 
almost insipid compared with those of midsummer. 

Probably the chief reason for the little attention paid to the 
fig in this country lies in its extreme fragility, it being one of 
the most perishable and delicate of fruits, and one of the most 
difficult of carriage to any but the nearest markets. Rapid 
transportation in refrigerating cars ought now to do away 
with this objection, and there is no reason why figs should 
not be conveyed long distances like the equally perishable 
strawberry, nor why, when they become plentiful in any 
market, and people have learned to like them, a large demand 
should not spring up for this, one of the most delicious and 
wholesome of all fruits. 

In the Gulf and cotton States one sees a few fig-trees around 
almost every country house, but attempts at field culture are 
rare. About 1883, Mr. J. K. Russell, of Olustee, Fla., set 
out an orchard of tliirtj- acres, which he destroyed after the 
trees came into bearing, having become satisfied that, on ac- 
count of the high price of labor in this country, he could not 
compete with the cheaply produced dried figs imported from 
the Mediterranean. Much about the same time Mr. S. B. 



66o THE FIG. 

Vails, of St. Augustine, went into the business of preserving- 
them, using during the season some sixty bushels per day, 
but, as he finally gave it up, we may infer that the profits were 
too uncertain to warrant the continuance of the enterprise. 

In the Southern Atlantic and Gulf States one great difficulty 
lies in the time of ripening, which comes at the opening of 
the rainy season. vShould the rains be moderate or slightly 
delayed, all is well ; if not, the figs, surcharged with watery 
juice, burst open and decay just before maturity. In the 
warm interior valleys of California and Arizona the conditions 
are much more favorable, on account of little or no rain fall- 
ing during the ripening period. 

The fig is not at all particular about soils. It will grow in 
the driest situations, but unless there is moisture enough to 
support and preserve the foliage the fruit will not mature. 
Even in the hottest valleys, so long as its roots can draw up 
water, scorching winds that roast all other fruits only serve to 
help along the fig. It is a voracious feeder, and the long rope- 
like roots travel surprising distances in search of nutriment. 
Trees on the sites of old buildings, amid decaying mortar and 
the accumulated fertility of years, have borne enormous crops 
for many successive seasons. The soil should be moderately 
well drained, but excellent results have been noted even 
wjiere water came near to the surface, so long as it did not 
overflow and remain upon the ground. Moist and rich lands 
promote a late and heavy growth of unripened wood easily 
killed by frost, and such places should be avoided where ex- 
treme cold weather is likely to occur. Many tender varieties 
from the warm regions about the Mediterranean cannot be 
expected to do well in our country, except in a few favored 
sections subject to similar conditions, where the nights as 
well as the days are warm, as a rule, and where there is a 
sufficiency of moisture in the soil. 

Propagation. 

Seeds. — Propagation may be effected from seeds, cuttings. 
layers, and suckers. Seedlings are only resorted to when new 
varieties are desired, and . as their tendency is to revert to a 
wild state, and the figs raised in this countr)'' seldom contain 



THE FIG. 66 1 

fertile seeds, this method of propagation is rarely used. If 
the seeds of imported figs are separated by washing, and those 
that sink in water planted under glass in fine loam, most of 
them will soon germinate, and may be set out in nursery the 
following year. They should bear in three years, but several 
years more are required fully to establish their qualities. 

Ctittings. — The usual method of obtaining plants is by cut- 
tings, generally six to eight inches long; those with a heel, or 
layers beginning to form roots, are the quickest. Cuttings 
may be made of the young, well-ripened wood any time be- 
fore the buds start in spring, and if tied in bundles and in- 
verted until the butts are calloused there will be fewer failures. 
If wood be scarce, single-ej^e cuttings may be rooted with 
proper care. Trees get on more rapidly if planted as cut- 
tings where they are to grow. When transplanted they will 
often remain dormant, sometimes for several years, until the 
old roots are replaced by new ones. Better cut the old roots 
off quite close and head back the stock to a foot or two above 
the ground, which will cause it to grow sooner. If a deep and 
wide hole is excavated where the tree is to stand, and filled 
in with rich earth mixed with good compost, the growth will 
be greatly accelerated. This filling should be allowed to 
settle, and the cutting planted in a slanting direction in the 
centre with clean, fine sand tightly packed about its base, then 
mulched and supplied with water if the weather is dry. 
When careful!}- done there will be few failures, and some of 
these cuttings may produce several figs in the following fall, 
and begin to bear freely in two or three years. 

Grafting and Budding. — Where trees are barren or shed their 
fruit, they may be grafted or budded. This is not generally 
recommended, for the reason that trees which have been 
worked over sucker freely and constantly. In grafting, all 
excised parts must be coated with hot wax thorough!)^ to ex- 
clude the air. Common shield budding is successful, if the 
edges of the thick bark are pared down a little, and narrow 
strips of waxed cloth wound around tightly and closely. An- 
nular budding, as practised on the pecan or hickory, is pre- 
ferred by some. This is done during the fall in sprouts about 
the size of one's finger, which are made to grow by cutting 
off the limbs to be worked and rubbing away all subsequent 



662 THE FIG. 

sprouts except those reserved for budding. The ring of bark 
containing the bud should be from one to two inches long, 
closely fitted and snugly tied. After a few weeks the part 
above is cut off. If done in spring, when the sap is up, the 
part above had better be removed at once to prevent souring 
and decay from descending sap before the union takes place. 

Cultivation. 

Orchard Flanting. — As the fig-tree grows in our Southern 
States, fifteen or twenty feet apart is a good distance for 
orchard planting, but where it reaches the size some varie- 
ties do on the Pacific coast, forty feet or more would not be 
too close. The more robust varieties need more room than 
moderate growers. While young, peach-trees, vines, or any- 
thing of a temporary character may be grown between, to be 
removed when the figs require more room. It is best to favor 
low branching, which protects the trunks from sunburn until 
shaded by the tops. Low-headed trees are also less likely to 
be injured by high winds. 

Pruning. — The fig needs little pruning beyond the removal 
of dead or decaying limbs, and those that interfere with each 
other. While young, clean cultivation is desirable, which 
must be shallow, since the roots run near the surface. As the 
trees become older and cover the ground, less is required; 
often none is given besides cutting down bushes and weeds 
that may spring up. A coating of loose litter or mulch, scat- 
tered about under-foot, protects the fruit from bruising as it 
falls, and keeps it clean from sand and dirt. Fertilizers may 
be applied broadcast and lightly worked in or allowed to dis- 
solve by the rains. The fig is singularly exempt from disease 
and attacks of insects. Sometimes a few scale are found, 
which can be destroyed b}^ the usual insecticides. In some 
sections wood-borers have been troublesome. 

Ca;prification. — In this operation the fruit of the wild or 
Capri fig is hung about among the limbs of the cultivated 
varieties, and sometimes a branch of the latter is grafted with 
a scion of the other, so that a few of the wild figs may be grown 
among the improved ones, with the object of securing a better 
fertilization from the pollen of the staminate flowers, which 



THE FIG. 663 

are abundant in the wild variety. In Europe this is effected 
by an insect called blastophaga, which travels about over the 
trees. Repeated attempts have been made to naturalize this 
insect here, and recently with success, into the fig plantations 
of California. Mr. Roeding and Mr. Eisen, of California, and 
others, have recently experimented successfully with Caprifica- 
tion. Similar experiments were made by J. L. Normand, of 
Louisiana, with excellent results. Perhaps when we under- 
stand better how to secure perfect fertilization of the young 
fruit, its untimely falling off, which renders so many fine 
sorts worthless, may be prevented. 

JDrying. — In drying, the figs are carefully gathered in slatted 
trays and dried like raisins, being turned occasionally and 
covered at night. If not sufficiently dried they will ferment 
and spoil, and if over-dried their fine flavor will be permanently 
injured. They are then dipped for a moment in boiling brine, 
to be worked over afterward with the fingers and pressed 
tightly into boxes. The dipping into salt water seems to be 
essential, and during the manipulations the fingers must be 
occasionally moistened to keep them from adhering. A little 
of the salt is absorbed by the fruit, improving its flavor and 
preserving it from the attacks of insects. 

In the old fig-producing countries, the varieties are very 
numerous, but here only a few are generally cultivated, being, 
as it were, a survival of the fittest. In the Southern States we 
find the following list in common use as the most hardy and 
productive : 

Varieties. 

Adriatic. Medium, roundish ; skin very thin, green and yellow ; 
pulp red or white, with violet streaks in the meat, varying with 
location. Good. 

Angelique. Medium, pyriform, yellowish-white ; pulp white with 
rose-colored centre. Quality very poor to good. 

Athens.* (Marseillaise.) Small, roundish or turbinate, indistinctly 
ribbed ; skin whitish-yellow ; pulp red, very sweet. One of the 
best drying figs in France and California. 

Black Ischia. Small, roundish-obovate ; skin smooth, dark violet 
black, greenish around apex ; pulp red, sweet, and rich. Excel- 
lent, but small size. 

Brunswick. Very large, pyriform, ribs distinct; skin pale amber 



664 THE FIG. 

with a violet tint ; pulp amber. Early and large, but of poor 
flavor. Common. 

Celestial.* (Celeste.) Small, ovate, turbinate; skin dark violet 
amber, thin; pulp deep rose ; sweet, good. Very hardy. 

Dottato. Medium, ovate, pyriform ; skin yellowish-green ; meat 
white ; pulp yellowish-amber, or with a tinge of violet. One of 
the best for drying. 

Du Roi.* Above medium, round, pyriform; skin pale bluish- 
green ; pulp amber, with rosy streaks ; related to Athens. One 
of best for drying. 

Genoa. Above medium, pyriform ; skin downy, pale olive green ; 
pulp pale rose. 

Marseillaise.* Medium, ovate-pyriform, ribs numerous and dis- 
tinct ; skin pale yellowish-green, mottled with white ; pulp amber, 
sweet, good. A standard drj'ing fig. 

Mission.* Medium to large, turbinate, ribs distinct; skin rough 
mahogany violet, with a red flush ; pulp red, sweet but not rich. 
The oldest fig in the country and profitable on account of its 
great productiveness. 

Monaco Bianco. Large, rounded, turbinate, flattened ; skin dark 
bluish-green ; pulp dark rose, very good. An excellent table fig. 

San Pedro, Black. Very large, elongated ovate, with no stalk ; 
skin srnooth, violet black, with green neck ; pulp red, tinted 
violet, excellent. The largest fig known, good for table use. 

San Pedro, White. Large upright grower ; fruit very large, round- 
ish or flattened ; skin greenish or bright yellow, very tender ; 
pulp light clear amber, sometimes slightly tinted with red. Sweet 
and good when fresh, but not adapted to drying. In the South- 
ern States casts its fruit badly. 

Smyrna.* This well-known fig of commerce has recently been 
introduced into California, and it seems probable that a very im- 
portant industry will be established upon it. 

Turkey.* Large turbinate, pyriform, stem short ; skin brownish 
or purplish-red, with darker ribs ; pulp dark red, sweet, very 
good. One of the best. Confused with Brunswick. 

There are some other excellent varieties cultivated, whose 
nomenclature is still unsettled. As much attention has lately 
been directed to fig-culture in this hemisphere, a few years' 
further experience will greatly add to our knowledge of the 
different sorts and the various idiosyncrasies of the family. 



CHAPTER XL. 

THE GUAVA. 

The Guava {Psidiuin guayaba) may be called the apple of 
the tropics. From its original home in tropical America, it 
has become dispersed over all equatorial regions. As the 
tops, which succumb to several degrees of frost, are promptly 
renewed from the roots and bear in a few months, it is often 
grown in a small way in subtropical climates. As soon as 
the repugnance to its penetrating and rather unpleasant odor 
has been overcome, it is accounted one of the most fascinat- 
ing of fruits, either fresh or made into jelly, marmalade, pud- 
dings, and pies. 

In productiveness it exceeds almost any known fruit-tree. 
In subtropical regions the regular crop ripens gradually from 
August to October, but there are a few scatttering specimens 
to be found maturing at all seasons. If the whole ripened at 
once the branches would bend to the ground with their load, 
of which there is a perennial renewal and no barren years. 
In the tropics it is often a pest, springing up everywhere from 
seeds dropped by the birds, and overrunning abandoned plan- 
tations - till they become transformed into impenetrable 
jungles. In Southern Florida it is an inmate of every garden, 
and some of the large white-fleshed kinds brought from the 
East Indies are among the most delicious and fascinating 
fruits in cultivation. 

The leaf, resembling that of a cherry, is rounded at the end 
and of a wine-color while young. Flowers white, axillary, 
fragrant, and produced in great abundance. 

The fruit is round or pyriform, with a white or yellow skin, 
and a most refreshing sub-acid pulp, of the same color or 
sometimes crimson, containing many small seeds. It ranges 
from the size of a cherry to that of a large pear or apple. 

Two kinds, P. Cattleyanum and P. lucidum, are very dis- 

665 



(566 THE GUAVA. 

tinct, with thick, shining, dark-green leaves like the camellia, 
but smaller. These are subtropical and almost as hardy as 
the orange. The first, sometimes called Strawberry guava, 
bears a dark crimson fruit, from an inch to an inch and a half 
in diameter, while that of the latter is lemon or cream-color. 
If the fruit were not produced in such enormous quantities 
it would be larger, as it always is whenever there is a light 
crop, which rarely happens. 

Propagation. 

It is easily grown from seed, cuttings, or layers, and, where 
there is a little frost, may be safely carried through the winter 
by bending down and covering the branches with straw and 
earth. 



CHAPTER XLI. 

THE LOQUAT. 



The Loquat {Eriobotrya or Photinia Japotiica), sometimes 
called Japan plum, a small evergreen tree, with long and 
broad, serrated, dark green, roughened, and wavy leaves, is 
one of the most desirable both for ornament and fruit. The 
blossoms, freely produced in terminal panicles, are white and 
deliciously fragrant. 
They begin opening 
in August, and from 
that time until De- 
cember the air is 
laden with their rich 
perfume. The fruit, 
of a creamy yellow, 
resembling in shape 
a small apple, round 
or pyriform, and 
growing in compact 
bunches like grapes, 
ranges from an inch 
to an inch and a half 
in diameter, and con- 
tains several large 
seeds surrounded with a most piquant, juicy, and refreshing 
sub-acid pulp. Ripening from February till May, when other 
small fruits are scarce, and bearing transportation well, it 
ought to be plentiful in our Northern markets, where it is 
as yet scarcely ever seen. In Louisiana and other Gulf 
States it forms a good substitute for the cherry, which does 
not bear well in that latitude, and which it somewhat re- 
sembles in flavor, but to which it is superior for jellies, pies, 
and preserving, having all the richness of the cranberry with- 
out its asperity. 

667 




Fig. 816.— Loquat. 



668 THE LOQUAT. 

"While generally hardy as far north as Charleston or farther, 
where it is a favorite for ornamental purposes, it cannot be 
depended upon to bear fruit except in the middle of the 
orange-growing districts, on account of the habit of ripening 
in winter. 

Propagation 

is generally effected by seeds, but cuttings are easily rooted. 
The best method is to bud or graft upon seedling stocks scions 
taken from trees producing the largest and best-flavored fruit. 
As it belongs to the Rosacece, stocks appertaining to that 
genus, or an}'' of the closely allied Pomacece, may be used. 

Soils. — Although growing well almost anywhere, some 
soils are unfavorable for the production of its fruit. Perhaps 
the best is a moist and well-drained sandy loam with clay 
foundation. In such a situation, trees at the age of ten years 
have borne over a barrel of fruit. Full crops every year are 
the rule. For culinary purposes the fruit need not be quite 
ripe, but for eating fresh it is unpleasantly acid unless fully 
matured. Some are much more acid than others. No atten- 
tion has been paid to varieties beyond the importation from 
Japan of an improved sort called the Giant, which is said t» 
have fewer seeds, but otherwise is no better than our selected 
seedlings. It improves very fast by selection, from due at- 
tention to which great possibilities are probable. 

The same distance apart in orchard as for the peach will 
answer for the loquat, which does not appear to live to a great 
age, and forms a dense and compact head of a rounded and 
symmetrical shape. 

Beyond a few specimens, the loquat has only come into 
prominence in this country during the past twenty-five years. 
From being indigenous to Japan and China it is often called 
Japan plum, although not a plum at all. 

Varieties. 

Advance. Fruit yellow, pear-shaped, very sweet ; clusters large, 
Victor. Largest, pink to red, desirable for canning. 



CHAPTER XLII. 

THE PERSIMMON. 

The Persimmon, or Date Plum, belongs to the genus JDios- 
Pyros, which includes about one hundred and fifty species of 
trees, natives of tropical or temperate regions, many of low 
growth, and others rising to a lofty height. The fruits are 
round or pointed berries, vaying from the size of a cherry to 
a large apple, and, though disagreeably astringent while 
green, by reason of the excellence of some when fully ripe 
have won from botanists the generic name, which literally 
means " food of the gods." 

Varieties. 

D. Mabola. A garden favorite in the Isle of France ; fruit as large 
as a quince and of delicious flavor. 

D. Texana. The persimmon of Texas and Mexico. A low tree, 
bearing a large round luscious berry of a dark color. 

D. Virginiana. (American Date Plum. ) The common persimmon 
of the United States, sometimes called American Ebony. A tree 
of moderate size, occasionally rising to sixty feet or more in thick 
forests; very abundant throughout the Southern and "Western 
States, especially those bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, and oc- 
curring more sparingly as we approach the latitude of New York, 
its northern limit. Wood close-grained and hard, dark yellow or 
almost black. Trees often dioecious, with ovate oblong leaves and 
pale yellow flowers. Fruit reddish-yellow, resembling a plum, 
containing eight or ten flattened oval seeds; sweet, melting, and' 
delicious when ripe, but horribly astringent previous to maturity. 

In the latitude of Virginia it does not ripen before frost, 
hence the belief that the action of frost is necessary to its 
amelioration, but farther south the long warm summers ac- 
complish the same result, bringing it to the highest degree of 
perfection before cool weather. So far nothing has been done 
in the United States to improve this fruit, except the oc- 

669 



670 



THE PERSIMMON. 



casional selection of a wild tree whose product was of better 
quality than usual. 

[The illustration (Fig. 817) shows the usual appearance of 
the wild persimmon, and Fig. 818 of one which has been care- 




FiG. 817 —Virginia Persimmon. 

fully cultivated. The American persimmon is entirely hardy 
at least fifty miles north of New York City, and will bear 
full crops annually. While in the Southern States it is said 
to be easy to transplant, it is farther north quite difEerent. 
■ It is not an easy tree to transplant, its long tap-root be- 
ing intolerant of molestation; saplings two to three feet 
high may be moved, however, with fair prospect of success. 

The hole in which they are 
to be placed should be dug 
out fully three feet dsep, 
and the original earth re- 
placed with good surface 
soil. Do not give them up 
if they do not put out a leaf 
the first season. I have 
had them start and grow 
well the second summer. 
The tree is dioecious, and 
unless one has a number 
of them, the only sure way 
to get fruit is to insert a 
graft from a male tree oil 
a female, which will in a year or two furnish sufficient pollen 
to fertilize the entire tree. It bears at six to eight years 
from seed. (Grafting on the j^ersimmon is usually done 
in winter, as in apples, by collar-grafting.) As there is 




Fig. 818.— Effect of Cultivation on 
Persimmon. 



THE PERSIMMON. 671 

no way of distinguishing a male from a female tree, until they 
have blossomed, and nurserymen are therefore unable to tell 
what they are selling, it is rather a drawback to the cultiva- 
tion of the fruit beyond its native habitat. — Ed.] 

By fermentation an excellent beer and by distillation an in- 
ferior spirit is made from the persimmon. The fruit is also 
greedily devoured by birds and by the opossums, insomuch 
that an abundant crop is interpreted by the country people 
as a sign of fat 'possums and a hard winter. 

The Japanese have worked upon their own native dtospyros 
till it has become the most highly esteemed of all the fruits 
of the island empire, and the original little berries have not 
only improved in flavor but increased in size till some exceed 
a pound in weight. Planted everywhere, it is now a con- 
spicuous feature of their landscape, and, aside from its value 
as food, travellers unanimously agree in extolling the beauty 
of the broad, glossy leaves, and the brilliant crimson and 
golden tints of the fruit clinging to the branches after the 
foliage has fallen. This species, D. Kaki, although brought 
into Europe from China over a century ago, has only within 
a few years been known here. In the spring of 1863 the first 
seeds were received and planted in the garden of the Depart- 
ment of Agriculture at Washington. These grew off well, 
but were killed by frost in winter. The experiment was re- 
peated with the same results, proving the climate of that lati- 
tude to be too severe for the varieties then introduced. About 
ten years later, some grafted trees of the best varieties were 
imported and distributed throughout the Southern States. A 
more extended experience proved them to be about as hardy 
as Magnolia grandiflora. Some are more tender than others, 
but all are perfectly safe where the mercury does not fall be- 
low ten degrees for any considerable length of time. In the 
coast region from Norfolk southward, and all through the 
cotton-belt, they seem to be perfectly at home and vie in 
vigor and productiveness with the native species. From parts 
of New Jersey we hear reports of their survival during mild 
winters and of satisfactory fruitage, and it is possible that 
when varieties from the more northerly and colder parts of 
Japan have been tried here, some may be found even more 
resistant than any we now have. Much about the same time 



672 THE PERSIMMON. 

large importations were made by Rev. Henry Loomis, of San 
Francisco, and sent all over the country. His circulars, with 
descriptions and brilliantly colored full-size illustrations of 
several varieties, astonished and fascinated fruit-growers, in- 
citing them to try this, the most interesting pomological 
novelty ever brought forward. Many of these imported trees 
began to bear in two or three years, and, encouraged by the 
beauty, size, and excellence of the fruit, a large demand for 
the trees sprang up wherever the winter climate was found 
sufficiently mild. 

As a general rule, the imported trees proved short-lived and 
unsatisfactory. They were for the most part deficient in 
roots, and did not take kindly to our soil like the native per- 
simmon, which, after being tried as a stock with complete 
success, showed a better adaptation even than seedlings of the 
kaki grown here. To insure good crops it is necessary to bud 
or graft from the best and most prolific varieties. Seedlings, 
usually having few perfect flowers and sometimes none, are 
unproductive and inferior. 

Bearing begins early — often at two years — and the fruit sets 
so freely that, unless judiciously thinned, the trees become 
dwarfed by the tax on their energies. Trees from seed planted 
in the fall may be budded the following summer, and by an- 
other year will often reach a height of six feet and be ready 
for planting in orchard. Ten to fifteen feet each way is 
recommended as a suitable distance apart. After getting into 
regular bearing there is but a slow and gradual increase of 
wood, the strength being absorbed in the production of fruit. 
Some heavy -bearing sorts remain permanently dwarfed, but 
there are instances of isolated trees reaching a height of 
twenty-five or thirty feet, with a corresponding spread of 
branches, and a yearly record of thousands of fruit. The 
roots extend to a great distance, like those of the fig, but gen- 
erally strike deeply enough to cause little interference when 
among other trees. Much of the nourishment seems to be 
drawn up from the subsoil. Native stocks in low-lying pine 
barrens, where the land is sour, filled with roots of the most 
persistent wild grasses and shrubs, and never cultivated, have, 
when topped and grafted with choice varieties of kaki, made 
fine heads and produced a profusion of beautiful, high-colored 



THE PERSIMMON. 



67> 



waxy fruit every year. From this it might be inferred that 
but a minimum of culture is really needed. Still, knowing 
that something cannot come of nothing, it is evident that the 
•continued removal of large quantities of fruit from the ground 
must finally end in exhaustion and barrenness, and that a re- 
cuperative system of fertilizing must be adopted. Perhaps 
the best soil is a well-drained clay or sandy or gravelly loam, 
"but the trees appear to succeed on any soil not too wet, par- 
ticularly where the native persimmon flourishes. 

There are but few diseases or enemies. The most trouble- 
some is the twig-girdler {Oncideres ciiigu- 
lata) (Fig. 819), which can be checked by 
gathering and burning the girdled branches 
as they fall, thus destroying the eggs of the 
insects which have been deposited in them. 
In some places the damage caused by this 
beetle has been so great as almost to discour- 
age planters. There are several species of 
borers that work in the wood, sometimes 
killing the tree to the roots, which however 
always sprouts up again and may be re- 
drafted. Kerosene applications will destroy 
them. They often come from hickory-trees, 
and the trouble may be lessened by the re- 
moval of the latter. If the red spider or 
other allied mites attack the foliage, causing it to curl, or 
soft-shell scales appear, they may be easily disposed of by 
applying the common insecticides. 

The earliest varieties of the persimmon begin to ripen in 
August or September, and mature gradually, so that, in order 
to gather the fruit at the right stage, a tree must be gone over 
several times. For shipping, persimmons should be picked 
two or three weeks before softening, or they will not reach 
market in sound condition. Some experience is required to 
know just when they should be taken off. When fully ripe 
the color varies from bright crimson to yellow, and the out- 
lines from flat or tomato-shaped to forms elongated like an 
acorn. Those having clear orange-colored pulp are more or 
less astringent at first, and unpleasant for eating till they 
become soft. The round or flattened forms, with dark flesh, 
43 




Pig. 819.— Twig- 
girdler. 



6'/ 4 THE PERSIMMON. 

being sweeter and less astringent, can be eaten sooner, or just 
before softening. As with all new fruits, however good, the 
public is slow in acquiring a taste for them. At first they 
were eagerly bought by dealers for purposes of display, but 
as they became more common a liking for them sprang up, 
and the demand is yearly increasing. A light frost improves 
the flavor, but at the expense of keeping qualities. If the late 
fruit is gathered before frost and stored in the house, much of 
it will remain sound for several months. 

The texture of the fruit is soft and mealy ; some are very 
sweet and juicy, without any decided acid. Their mild, 
wholesome, and nutritious properties recommend them to the 
most delicate persons. 

Among the many varieties cultivated in China and Japan 
some are eaten fresh, and others made into a sweetmeat or 
dried like figs, to which they are much superior. 

All fruit-loving birds are extravagantly fond of persimmons. 
Jays, mocking-birds, sapsuck'ers, and blackbirds destroy much 
of the ripening crop. If one does not care to kill them, which 
appears to be the only way of escaping their depredations, 
nothing remains but to plant enough for both ourselves and 
the birds. 

Owing to carelessness of the Oriental nurserymen, the no- 
menclature of the Japan persimmon was at first badly confused. 
Sometimes half a dozen lots, differently labelled, would turn 
out to be all alike. Efforts have been made, with much care 
and study, to classify and name some of the best varieties, 
such as are now offered by our own growers. ^The following 
list includes the most valuable, and may be relied upon as 
correct. The varieties are arranged in the order of ripening, 
beginning with the earliest : 

Varieties of Japanese Persimmons. 

(The illustrations are reduced one-half in diameter. ) 

Zengi. One of the earliest, beginning to ripen in August or Sep- 
tember according to latitude, and continuing in season two months. 
Round or oblate in shape, with a diameter of two inches and depth 
of one and three-fourths. Flesh very dark brown, solid, sweet, 
and containing many seeds. Tree prolific and vigorous. Fig. 820. 

Taber's 129. Round, slightly flattened, and pointed at the apex. 
Diameter two and one-half inches; color dark reddish-yellow; 
skin a little roughened ; crisp, light brown flesh, sweet and excel- 



THE PERSIMMON. 



675 



lent. One of the best, very early shippers ; a free grower and 
regular an-d heavy bearer. 

Okame. Round or oblate, with dark lines about the apex.. Vertical 
diameter two and one-half inches, cross-section three or more. 
Clear waxy skin of a deep yellow color, changing to red and 
mantled with blootm. Interspersed in 
the light flesh are a few brown patches 
enveloping the seeds. Ripens in Sep- 
tember, and lasts a month. One of the 
handsomest; quality excellent; tree 
strong and productive. 




Hachiya. (Yamato, Imperial.) One of 
the largest and most showy. Slightly 
lengthened, conical and pointed ; three 
and three-quarters inches vertical by 
three and one-quarter transverse di- 
ameter ; skin bright crimson with lines 
and markings at apex. Flesh light, with 
dark spots enveloping the few seeds. 
Very good when ripe after losing astrin- 

gency. Tree vigorous and handsome, and a moderate bearer. 
Last of September. Fig. 821. 

Yemen. (Among.) Flattened like a tomato, with depressed apex; 
occasionally deeply ribbed ; two and one-half inches vertical by 
three transverse diameter ; often much larger ; skin dark yellow- 



FlG. 820.— Zengi-Maru. 




Fig. 82T.— Hachiya. 



Fig. 822.— Yemon, 



ish-red ; flesh dull red with brown spots around the seeds, of 
which there are sometimes a few ; clear yellow when seedless. 
Very sweet, juicy, and one of the best. Tree of moderate size, 
robust, and bears well. Ripens last of September ; good keeper ; 
very desirable. Fig. 822. 

Hiyakume. Large, round, generallyflattened, but sometimes slightly 



676 



THE PERSIMMON. 



elongated ; three to four inches in diameter ; skin yellow with net- 
work of lines around the apex ; flesh dark, solid, and sweet with- 
out astringency. Very desirable for market; tree strong-growing 
and prolihc. Last of September. Fig. 823. 




Fig. 823.— Hyakume. 



Fig. 824.>— Tanenashi. 



Tanenashi. (Seedless. ) Often very large, slightly conical and 
pointed ; diameter three and one-half inches or more ; skin clear 
bright orange ; flesh golden yellow ; soft and rich without seeds. 
Tree of moderate size, good grower and bearer. Fruit 'generally 
perfect and handsome, making it one of the most profitable market 
varieties. Last of September. Fig. 824. 





Fig. 825. -Yeddo-ichi. 



Fig. 826. — Tsuro-no-ko. 



Yeddo-ichi. (Maru-gata. ) Round or slightly oblong ; depressed at 
apex ; skin very dark red, with heavy bloom ; flesh dark brown, 
almost purple ; sweet, crisp, and juicy ; edible while hard. Strong 
upright grower, producing fruit abundantly in clusters. Fig. 825. 



THE PERSIMMON. 677 

Kurokuma. Round or flattened ; three to three and one-half inches 
diameter; from three-quarters pound to one pound in weight: 
flesh yellowish-red. Late keeper and of upright habit. 

Mazelli. (Miyotan.) Spherical or slightly elongated ; diameter two 
^'^v.^^t'. '°^^^^ ' ^^^'^ orange-red ; flesh dark reddish-brown • 
edible before softening. Moderate grower and heavy bearer. Ri- 
pens m October and keeps late. 

Costata. So called from its ribbed exterior; medium; pointed at 
apex; vertical diameter two and one-quarter inches, transverse two 
and one-half ; skm buff-yellow ; flesh light, good when soft. Ripens 
late and keeps well. Strong, upright, and very handsome tree. 

Tsuru. (Minokaki. ) Extremely elongated and pointed ; vertical 
diameter three and one-half inches, transverse two and one-half- 
skin deep crimson, sometimes mottled with black at the apex ; con^ 
tains a very few seeds enclosed in a dark pulp ; astringent until 
soft. Tree very vigorous and productive, with long glossy leaves 
The latest of all to ripen its fruit, which clings to the branches 
long after the fall of the leaves. Fig. 826. 



CHAPTER XLIIl. 

THE PINEAPPLE. 

The Pineapple {Ananassa sativa), which Lindley says " is 
universally acknowledged to be one of the most delicious fruits 
in existence," was found by the early discoverers growing wild 
in tropical America, from whence it has spread over all the 
warmer regions of the globe. As we naturally expect to find 
fruits upon trees or bushes, it seems an anomaly to see two of 
the choicest, this and the banana, growing like vegetables, the 
former on a stalk from one to three feet high, much after the 
fashion of an humble and unpretending cabbage ; yet these 
two have risen so greatly in popular estimation as to be re- 
garded only second in importance to the orange and lemon. 
Europe draws its chief supply of pineapples from the Azores 
or Western Islands as the nearest source', and the United 
States from the Bahamas and Florida, although some come 
from greater distances. Since the advent of steam-carriage 
they reach these markets in a more matured and better con- 
dition than was possible by the sailing-vessels of former 
days. Then they were considered rarities, and many were 
grown with much labor and expense in hot-houses, a branch 
of horticulture which attained the importance of a science by 
itself, and no large establishment was considered complete 
without its pinery. 

Few people in temperate climates have an adequate concep- 
tion of the surpassing excellence of a pineapple ripened on its 
stalk and eaten just at the turn, when the deep yellow pulp 
becomes almost as deliquescent as an orange. A pine is more 
easily eaten and tastes better when sliced perpendicularly in- 
stead of transversely, but a perfectly ripe one is almost too 
mellow for slicing. 

In addition to possessing remarkably nutritive properties, 
scarcely inferior to those of lean beef, the juice is a wonder- 

678 



THE PINEAPPLE. 679 

ful digester, and has been made the basis of an extract of un- 
doubted efficacy in relieving stubborn cases of dyspepsia. It 
will also quickly dissolve and disperse the obstructions in the 
throats of diphtheritic patients. Thin people who do not 
properly assimilate their food soon gain flesh and strength on 
a diet of ripe pineapples. The long, narrow leaves contain an 
abundance of one of the best fibres known, being strong, flex- 
ible, soft, and silky. 

On the Florida Keys the regular crop becomes ripe enough 
to cut in April, the season lasting for several months; but a 
few are coming in at all times. Those that mature under 
sheds in the winter often bring five times the price of others. 
The fruit is taken off with long, sharp knives, and carried out 
in baskets holding four or five dozen. The first crop is con- 
sidered the best for size and quantity, except under intensive 
cultivation, which causes progressive improvement. It is 
packed for shipment in crates the size of a barrel, which 
when full weigh about one hundred and sixty pounds. One 
hundred crates to the acre is called an average, and one hun- 
dred and twenty-five a large yield of the common kinds, 
which run fifty to eighty in a crate ; but some fancy varieties, 
like Porto Rico, Smooth Cayenne, Queen, or Abbaka, are 
much larger. Often twelve Porto Ricos will fill a crate, and 
specimens of twenty pounds in weight have been gathered. 
Those too small for shipment are canned and preserved, or 
made into cider and vinegar. As before remarked, a valuable 
medicine is prepared from the juice, which may also be dis- 
tilled into brandy. The pines grown on the mainland of 
Florida are more tender, sweet, and succulent than most of 
those from other countries. 

Propagation. 

Like the banana, the pineapple originally produced seed 
freely, but renewal by offsets through a long course of years 
has caused these seeds nearly to disappear. Of a dark color, 
and about half as large as those of an apple, they may be found 
interspersed in the pulp near the crown. New varieties are 
started from these or from the offsets of cross-fertilized plants. 
The writer once saw a Black Jamaica apple on a smooth Cay- 



68o 



THE PINEAPPLE. 



enne stalk, the result of crossing, the effects of which prob- 
ably extended to the crown above and the slips immediately 
below it. Plants are multiplied by the crown at the top of 
the fruit, the slips which cluster about its base, the suckers 
near the foot of the stalk, or the ratoons from the root. If the 

variety be scarce and va- 
luable, additional plants- 
may be produced ixora. 
cuttings of the stem, 
which contain dormant 
axillary buds, but these 
are slow in sprouting^ 
and require a long time 
to become established. 
Suckers are preferred 
as being much the 
strongest and soonest 
to arrive at maturity. 
Ripe apples may be 
expected from them in 
twelve months, and 
from slips and crowns 
inside of two years. 
Each stalk bears but 
once and is renewed by 
the suckers, which, ex- 
cept in a plant of extra- 
ordinary vigor, should 
be thinned out to one or two ; if more are left the fruit will be 
small and inferior. The natural increase of the pineapple is 
exceedingly rapid. Starting with a single fruiting plant, and 
using all the slips and suckers as they mature, it has been 
estimated that, if all grew, the number in a dozen years would 
occupy more than sixteen acres, allowing ten thousand plants 
to the acre. 

Cultivation. 

Exemption from frosts in winter, combined with a season of 
prolonged heat in summer, are requisites to success. From 
seventy degrees to seventy-eight degrees may be considered 




Pig. 827. — Manner of Growth of Pineapples. 



THE PINEAPPLE. 68 1 

a happy mean. Countries, even through frostless, where 
summers are cool, are unfavorable. Where there is sufficient 
heat, but occasional frosts and even light freezes of a few 
hours duration in winter, pines have been found to do very 
well when planted under partially open screens. In parts of 
Florida where such conditions prevail, they are successfully 
and extensively grown under these structures, composed of a 
cover of thin slats set a few inches apart, and supported by 
posts and cross-pieces six feet above the ground and eight or 
ten feet apart from each other. Thus sheltered, no effects of 
frost will be seen, even when a thin glaze of ice forms out- 
side, and in a hard freeze the damage will be greatly lessened. 
The covering also serves as a protection against the rays of a 
sometimes too ardent sun, besides preventing excessive evap- 
oration of moisture from the ground. Even where there is 
no need of erecting these sheds to keep off frost, the plants 
have been found to grow more luxuriantly under them than 
in the open air. This seems reasonable when we reflect upon 
their surroundings in a state of nature, where they flourish 
under the shade of lofty forest-trees, falling over as the fruit 
ripens, and the offsets rooting in the cool and mellow soil. 
Farther north, where these screens would be inadequate, a 
temporary scaffold, built lower and just over the plants, and 
covered with straw or matting during cold weather, will be 
found an effectual safeguard. During intermediate warm 
periods, this can be partially removed or lifted to let in light 
and air, and after winter has passed taken away entirely. Such 
an arrangement will answer a good purpose where one does 
not care to go to the expense of glass, and it is surprising how 
easily, in mild latitudes, a liberal supply of excellent fruit 
can be thus obtained. 

Soils. — Although the pineapple seems to prefer a light and 
well-drained sand, rather poor than naturally rich, it will grow 
in a great variety of soils. Damp and heavy ground is uncon- 
genial. It flourishes on the rocky limestone formation of the 
Bahama Islands and Florida Keys, and in the loose sands of 
the interior, but does not thrive where there is a large admix- 
ture of small or broken shells. Like a air-plant, it is able to 
endure long-continued droughts without much harm, but 
plenty of water is necessary while the young sets are rooting. 



682 THE PINEAPPLE. 

or they may become stunted or seriously retarded. Being a 
voracious feeder, a liberal dressing of strong nitrogenous fer- 
tilizers will promote an astonishing luxuriance of growth, 
causing the leaves to stand often six feet high, and the fruit 
to swell with fatness. From one to two thousand pounds per 
acre every year of blood and bone, fish guano, or cotton-seed 
meal are recommended as continually improving the quan- 
tity, quality, and size of the fruit. Even three times the above 
amount has been used to advantage, and the results are better 
if the materials are made into a compost and well rotted be- 
fore application. The Florida soft phosphate, combined with 
kainit or potash salts and cotton-seed meal, makes a very 
effective and complete fertilizer. There are also some excel- 
lent formulas gotten up expressly for the pineapple by manu- 
facturers of the best commercial manures. By this course of 
liberal feeding, plantations do not become exhausted in a 
few years as they otherwise would, but steadily improve, bid- 
ding fair to last for an indefinite period. The first year's crop 
should average ninety per cent and that of the second year 
one hundred per cent, or more if several suckers are left to a 
stalk. Some water is needed, and this is generally supplied 
by the rains. Much is drawn up by the tap-roots from below, 
and no small quantity is caught in the shape of dew by the 
long concaved leaves, and conveyed by them directly to the 
stalk and roots. 

Setting. — Before. setting, the ground should be thoroughly 
loosened and fertilized. The offsets are prepared by stripping 
away a few of the leaf-butts and paring the ends smoothly, 
which helps the formation of tap-roots. This brings the em- 
bryo roots into close contact with the soil and encourages them 
to strike at once. If not done, they will be slower in starting, 
and some may not start at all. This is the general practice, 
but a few growers deem this cutting and trimming to be un- 
necessary, and plant with the lower leaves spread out and 
covered with soil, which is firmly tramped around the stalk. 
The sets should be planted on a level — slips about three 
inches deep ; suckers four to six inches. The centre or bud 
must be left high enough above the ground to avoid as much 
as possible the washing in. of sand, which may check or even 
kill the plant. A pinch of cotton-seed meal dropped in as- 



THE PINEAPPLE. 683 

sists in keeping out the sand, and helps to fertilize. Eighteen 
to twenty inches apart is considered a good distance, with a 
wider space at short intervals for convenience in passing 
through and gathering the fruit. Farther apart they do not 
support and shade each other, and the fruit is liable to fall 
over and break off, or spoil and sunburn. From twelve to 
twenty thousand plants are set to the acre. The offsets are 
planted as fast as they become large enough, preferably dur- 
ing the summer and fall months, when the moisture needed 
for root development is supplied by showers. It is of great 
importance that they should strike quickly and grow off at 
once ; should they become stunted the fruitage is correspond- 
ingly diminished and retarded. 

While the plants are young the cultivation must be thor- 
ough and shallow, care being taken not to cut the feeding 
roots, which run near the surface. A wheel-hoe is an effec- 
tive implement before the leaves begin to spread. Until 
some length of stalk is made, sand will be liable to wash into 
the bud during heavy rains, and if not removed check the 
growth. It may be forced out by pouring in water from the 
height of a few feet, and a little cotton-seed meal dropped in 
afterward v^ill assist in keeping it out for some time. By the 
second year the leaves cover the ground and no further culti- 
vation is needed. Fertilizers can be applied by sowing broad- 
cast. 

Mulching is not recommended for the reason that it in- 
creases the liability to injury by frost. After producing for 
six or eight years, a pineapple-field does better to be entirely 
reset with fresh young plants. 

Diseases. 

S;pike or long leaf is a condition sometimes produced by rank 
unfermented manures, or other causes, and recognized in 
stunted plants with long and very narrow leaves. These will 
never fruit, and should be replaced by young and healthy 
suckers. It is well for a pineapple-field to be laid out in 
squares, with alleys between broad enough to head off fire, 
which, should it get in during a dry time, could not otherwise 
be checked and would lay waste the whole. 



684 THE PINEAPPLE. 

If there is trouble from mealy-bug, red sj>ider, or white scale, 
spray every week with a good insecticide until the pest disap- 
pears. The red spider works around the base of the stem, 
causing it to decay and break off. 

Varieties. 

Among the numerous varieties, those which have been 
selected for extensive planting as being the most delicious, 
hardy, and best shippers are Red Spanish, Smooth Cayenne, 
Porto Rico, and Queen. 

Abachi (Abbakacha) , called Abbaka for short, and sometimes Bra- 
zilian, from the country of its introduction. A tall growing plant, 
with narrow dark-green purple-tinged leaves. Fruit a rich 
golden yellow ; weighs five to ten pounds ; in quality fully equal 
to Cayenne, but more tender and difficult to ship. 

Cayenne. (Smooth Cayenne.) Flowers purple; fruit cylindrical 
and slightly conical ; dark orange, with pale yellow, rich and 
highly flavored flesh. Excellent for winter fruiting and one of 
the most juicy ; weight six to ten pounds. Of robust growth, 
with long and broad dark-green leaves, nearly free from spines, 
which is a great convenience in handling and working. Makes 
few offsets, and can therefore be increased slowly. Very exten- 
sivelj' cultivated in the Azores and Sandwich Islands. 

Porto Rico. (Trinidad, Pitch Lake.) A very robust plant, pro- 
ducing perhaps the largest fruit of any ; generally averaging eight 
to fifteen pounds, and sometimes larger. Of fair quality and 
flavor, and a good shipper. 

Queen. This is the Queen par excellence, and the mother of the 
whole family of Queens, many names of which, as Lemon, Vic- 
toria, Golden, Egyptian, and Gipsy Queen, are sjmonyms. One 
of the first seedlings raised in England. The family is distin- 
guished by an indescribably peculiar aromatic flavor, and pointed 
conical shape of the pips, which are usually flattened in other 

' sorts. Next to the Spanish it is the most extensively cultivated, 
being every way desirable, and perhaps the best for general pur- 
poses. The plant is free growing, compact and handsome, com- 
ing quickly to maturity. Fruit of an attractive yellow color, very 
juicy, of exquisite flavor and a good keeper ; weight three to eight 
pounds, and brings about double the price of the Spanish. 

Spanish. (Red Spanish, Key Largo, Red Pine, Havana, Cuban, 
Black Spanish, and Strawberry.) Size of plants medium ; leaves 
broad and sharply serrated ; fruit short and rounded ; large pips 
or protuberances, of a very dark color, changing to a reddish- 
yellow when ripe. Usual weight two to six pounds ; sub-acid. 



THE PINEAPPLE. 685 

juicy, and good ; hardy and early. This is the favorite for mar- 
ket and more largely planted than all others put together. 

Besides the above are many cultivated on a small scale by 
way of experiment. The best are Enville, Albert, Antigua, 
Jamaica, Rothschild, etc. 



CHAPTER XLIV. 

THE POMEGRANATE. 

The Pomegranate {Punka granatum) in flower, fruit, and 
foliage is one of the most graceful and beautiful shrubs in 
existence. A native of Persia or Northern India, and often 
alluded to in Scripture, it has been admired and cultivated 
from the earliest times. At the present day it is met with in 
most of the warmer parts of the globe, but does not appear to 
be grown for commercial purposes to any great extent, per- 
haps because it is not a profuse bearer, and the fruit, enclosed 
in a thick and bitter rind and containing many seeds, is less 
easil}'' eaten than most others. As an ornamental shrub it is 
a great favorite, and the dwarf double-flowering varieties 
make a gorgeous display when in full bloom. 

The crimson pulp enveloping the seeds is alwaj^s agreeable 
and refreshing, besides being extremely cooling and grateful 
to patients suffering from fever. The astringent skin pos- 
sesses tonic properties, while the bark of the tree is used for 
tanning morocco leather, and that of the root is an effective 
vermifuge. 

Propagation 

is readily effected by seed, layers, or cuttings. The branches 
are slender, sometimes thorny, and clothed with narrow, light 
green leaves two or three inches long. Flowers of good size 
with a thick, fleshy calyx, and petals of a delicate texture and 
curled or crimped; the whole of a deep scarlet color. The 
fruits often grow to the dimensions of a large apple, and are 
exceedingly handsome and attractive ; the leathery rind being 
golden yellow, or nearly pure white with a light or dark 
blush. The tree is hardy generally all over the Gulf States 
and a little farther north, and is perfectly at home in Arizona, 
New Mexico, and California. The sour varieties seem able to 

6^6 



THE POMEGRANATE. 687 

bear more cold than the sweet. There is no doubt that if the 
best sorts from the Orient were naturalized here, they would 
become very popular; especially as the trees are so easily 
grown and seem to have no diseases or enemies. We are told 
of kinds in Persia and Asia Minor almost seedless and nearly 
as large as a human head. 

At present in Southern California and the Gulf States, be- 
sides the common sweet and sour varieties, we find the follow- 
ing, thus described ; 

Varieties. 

Caribbean. Large, yellow, with crimson blush ; skin thick but soft 
and leathery ; a good shipper; pulp pink and aromatic. Ripens 
in June. 

Paper-Shell. A new variety of extra tine quality, with a verj- thin 
skin ; valuable for home consumption. 

Ruby. (Purple Seeded.) Fruit as large as the largest apple ; skin 
5'ellow with crimson blush ; pulp deep rich crimson ; very sweet 
and aromatic. Good grower, bearer, and shipper. 



DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



[The following list contains the names of most of the varieties of 
fruits cultivated in the United States, either local or widely dissemi- 
nated, with brief notices of new sorts not described in the body of 
the work and older varieties which are superseded and are passing 
out of cultiv0,tion, but are retained in the lists as a matter of pomo- 
logical history. References from one name to another are always to 
synonyms.] 



APPLES. 



Abbott, or Abbott's Sweet. Me- 
dium, roundish, striped ; of 
moderate flavor. Winter. N. H. 

Abram. Rather small, round- 
ish, yellow and red; sub-acid, 
good. Winter. Va. and N. C. 

Acuba-leaved Reinette. Medium, 
oblate, red and yellow ; tender, 
sub-acid, good. 

Adams. Large, oblate, faintly 
striped ; flesh greenish-white, 
of pleasant flavor. Winter. 
Union County, Pa. 

Adams Pearmain. Medium, con- 
ical, greenish-yellow and gray 
russet; flesh yellowish, aro- 
matic. Early winter. For- 
eign. 

Agnes. Rather small, flattened, 
striped; spicy, sub-acid, good. 
Late summer. Pa. 

Ailes, p. 322. 

Albermarle Pippin of Va. ' See 
Yellow Newtown Pippin. 

Alerson's Early. Medium, round, 
yellow, good. Summer. 



Alexander, p. 308. 

Alfriston. Large, roundish-ob- 
long, ribbed, green; sub-acid, 
of moderate quality. Autumn, 
Foreign. 

All-summer Apple. Rather small, 
roundish, greenish white ; flesh 
white, crisp, pleasant. July, 
August. Pa. 

Allen's Choice. Medium, round- 
ish-oblate, striped ; coarse, aro- 
matic, good. Winter. Pa. 

Allum, ( Hallum, Rockingham 
Red.) Medium, oblate, irreg- 
ular, red; brisk acid. Long 
keeper. North Carolina. 

American Beauty, or Sterling 
Beauty. Medium, roundish, 
deep red; rich, vinous. Win- 
ter. Mass. 

American Golden Pippin. See 
Golden Pippin of Westchester 
Co. 

American Golden Russet See 
Bullock's Pippin. 

American Pippin, or Grindstone. 



44 



689 



690 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



Medium, roundish-oblate, reg- 
ular, dull red; very hard, dry. 
Long keeper. 

American Red Juneating. See 
Early Strawberry. 

American Summer Pearmain, p. 
299. 

Angle. Medium, roundish, 

striped; sweet. September. 

Anglo- American. Medium, 
roundish-conic, striped; sweet, 
aromatic, very good. Late 
summer. Canada West. 

Anis, p. 322. 

A n i s i m. Medium, yellow, 
splashed and striped crimson. 
Very hardy and sure bearer. 
Russian. 

Anisovka, p. 322. 

Antonovka, p. 337. The varie- 
ties of this family received 
from different parts of Eastern 
Europe vary somewhat from 
each other, and are difficult 
to separate from the apple 
usually imported under this 
name. Russian. 

Api, See Lady Apple. 

Apple of Commerce. See Bead. 

Arabskoe, p. 337. 

Arbroath Pippin. See Oslin. 

Arkansas Black Twig, p. 322. 

Arnold's Beauty. Medium, 

bright yellow, flesh firm, juicy, 
rich. Late winter. Ontario. 

Aromatic Carolina, p. 300. 

Ashland. Medium, roundish- 
oblate, striped dull red ; mild 
sub-acid. Early winter. 

Ashmore, or Red or Striped 
Ashmore. Rather large, 
roundish-oblate, red ; crisp, 
sub-acid. Autumn. Showy — 
market. Ohio Valley. 



Ashton. Small, roundish, red, 
flesh white, tender, sweet.. 
Early winter. Ohio. 

August Apple. See Early Pen- 
nock. 

Augustine. Large, roundish- 
conic, striped; sweet, dry» 
August. 

Aunt's Apple. Rather large, 
roundish, striped ; sub-acid, 
musky, good. Early winter. 

Aunt Hannah, p. 337. 

Austin Sweet. Medium, round- 
ish, yellow, rich, sweet, very 
good. Autumn. Pa. 

Autumn Bough. See Autumn. 
Sweet Bough. 

Autumn Pearmain, or Winter 
Pearmain. Rather small, 
roundish-oblong, dull red, 
stripes small; crisp, dry, rich, 
and high flavored. Autumn 
and early winter. 

Autumn Pippin. Rather large, 
oblong conic, with a brown- 
ish cheek; pleasant, sub-acid. 
Early winter. 

Autumn Seek-no-further. Me- 
dium, roundish-oblate, green, 
faintly striped; juicy, tender, 
sub-acid, very good. October. 

Autumn Strawberry. See Late 
Strawberry. 

Autumn Swaar, p. 306. 

Autumn Sweet Bough, p. 307. 

Averill. Rather large, conic, 
irregular, ribbed, s t r ip e d ; 
pleasant, sub-acid. Long 
keeper. Conn. 

Babbitt, p. 322. 
Bachelor. See Buckingham. 
Bachelor's Blush. Rather large, 
oblate, stalk very short, green- 



APPLES. 



691 



ishyellow with a blush ; rather 
acid, good. August. 

Baer, p. 322. 

Bagby Russet, or Egyptian Rus- 
set. Medium, slightly conic, 
light russet on yellow; tender, 
fine-grained, juicy, sub-acid, 
aromatic, rich, excellent. Win- 
ter. 

Bailey's Golden. Large, ob- 
long, yellowish, slightly rus- 
seted; flesh white, pleasant, 
sub-acid. Winter. Maine. 

Bailey's Spice, p. 315. 

Bailey Sweet, p. 319. 

Baker. Large, roundish, striped 
crimson, rather coarse; pleas- 
ant, sub-acid, very good. Pro- 
ductive and profitable. 
Conn. 

Baker's Sweet, or Winter Golden 
Sweet. Medium, roundish, 
rich yellow; rather coarse, 
rich. Early winter. Conn. 

Baldwin, p. 323. 

Baltimore. Medium, roundish, 
striped purplish red; sub-acid, 
very good. Winter. 

Baltimore Pippin. See Falla- 
water. 

Baltzby. Large, oblate, yellow- 
ish-white; firm, almost sweet, 
October. Va. 

Barbour. Medium, roundish- 
oblate; striped; pleasant, very 
good. Pa. 

Barrett. Rather large; conical, 
striped red on yellow; pleas- 
ant, aromatic, nearly sweet. 
Winter. Conn. 

Bars. Rather large, roundish, 
pale yellow, marbled red; 
mild, pleasant, rich. Late 
summer. Rhode Island. 



Basil the Great, p. 337. 

Beach (Lady Pippin). Medium, 
roundish, irregular, greenish- 
yellow, splashed red, flesh yel- 
lowish, tough, juicy, sub-acid. 
Ark. 

Bean Sweet. Medium, oblong 
ovate, white, handsome ; crisp, 
juicy — baking. Autumn and 
winter. Little known. 

Beautifiil Arcad, p. 298. 

Beauty of Kent, p. 308. 

Beauty of the West. Large, 
roundish, regular, striped ; 
sweet, pleasant, of moderate 
flavor. Autumn. 

Bedfordshire Foundling. Large, 
roundish, green; pleasant, acid 
— cooking. Autumn and win- 
ter. English. 

Beefsteak, or Garden Apple. 
Medium, oblate, somewhat 
oval, striped; mild, pleasant, 
sub-acid. Autumn. Mass. 

Belden Sweet. Rather small, 
conic, angular, yellow with a 
blush; flesh white, pleasant, 
aromatic. Winter. Conn. 

Belle de Boskoop. Above me- 
dium, roundish, shaded and 
obscurely striped red on yel- 
low skin; crisp, juicy, brisk 
sub-acid, rich, very good. Late 
winter. Russian. 

Belle et Bonne, p. 337. [Another 
Belle Bonne (called also Billy 
Bond) is cultivated in Western 
New York, and is a medium, 
roundish-conic, striped apple, 
rather coarse, and good for 
cooking.] 

Belle-Fleur. See Bellflower. 

Belle-Fleur Rouge, or Red Bell- 
flower. Large, oblong conical, 



692 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



striped; of moderate or poor 
flavor. Winter. 

BellerdoYskoe, p. 315. 

Bellflower. See White and Yel- 
low Bellflower. 

Bell's Early. See Sops of Wine. 

Bell's Scarlet Pearmain. See 
Scarlet Pearmain. 

Belmont, p. 337. 

Belzer. Medium, striped red on 
greenish-yellow ; flesh white, 
sub-acid. August. Ohio. 

Ben. See Eustis. 

Ben Davis, p. 343. 

Benoni, p. 300. 

Bentley's Sweet, p. 319. 

Bergamot, p. 338. 

Berkshire Spy. Medium, round- 
ish-conical; red striped, good- 
Early winter. 

Berry, or Red Hazel. See Nick- 
ajack, 

Bethlehemite, p. 343. 

Betsey's Fancy. Rather small, 
oblate, yellow, shaded dull 
red; mild sub-acid. Winter. 

Better than Good, or Juicy Bite. 
Medium, oblate, pale yellow; 
tender, mild, sub-acid. Early 
winter. Pa. 

Be van, or Bevan's Favorite. 
Medium, roundish-oblate, 
striped red and yellow; flesh 
firm, sub-acid. Late summer. 
N. J. 

Bietigheimer, p. 315. 

BiggerstafF. Large, striped ; 
flesh yellow, sweet. Autumn. 
N. C. 

Billy Bond. See Belle et Bonne. 

Billy's Pippin. Large, round 
ovate, red on yellow; sub-acid, 
rich, very good. Autumn. 

Black Apple. See Jersev Black. 



Black Coal. Rather large, 
roundish, irregular, dark red 
with white dots; flesh white, 
a little stained, rather acid. 
Early v/inter. Western. See 
Hoover. 

Black Gilliflower, p. 343. 

Black Lady Apple, resembles the 
Lady Apple in size and form, 
but is nearly black, and has a 
poor flavor. 

Black Oxford. Below medium, 
roundish-oblate, dark red ; 
flesh compact, not juicy, mild 
sub-acid. Valued as a good 
bearer and keeper. Maine. 

Black's Annette. Small, round- 
ish, dark red. Autumn. Ken- 
tucky. 

Black Detroit. See Detroit. 

Black Twig. Medium, oblate, 
yellow shaded with red, ten- 
der, mild sub-acid, very good. 
Early winter. Tennessee. 

Blackwood. Medium, roundish- 
conic, green with red blush, 
cavity large, stem medium, 
slender, basin medium ; flesh 
yellowish, juicy, sub-acid. 
Winter. 

Blake. Rather large, roundish, 
greenish-yellow ; crisp, juicy, 
good. October to January. 
Maine. 

Blakely. Large, oblate, regular, 
yellow with a sunny cheek; 
flesh mild, sub-acid, pleasant. 
Winter. Vt. 

Bledsoe, or Bledsoe Pippin, 
Very large, oblate, regular, 
somewhat conic, striped ; flesh 
white, fine-grained, pleasant, 
sub-acid. Winter. Ky. 

Blenheim Orange, or Blenheim 



APPLES, 



693 



Pippin. Large, roundish, 
striped dull red; flesh yellow, 
breaking, flavor moderate. 
Autumn. English. 

Blockley. Rather large, round- 
ish, oblate, ribbed, yellow; 
flesh yellowish, compact. 

Blood. Medium, roundish, 
ribbed, striped dull red ; break- 
ing, mild, good. Winter. 
Ohio. 

Blue Pearmain, p. 324. 

Blue Sweet. Medium, roundish, 
slightly conical, striped dull 
red; flesh white, fine, not 
juicy. A long keeper. Mass. 

Blush June. See Carolina Red 
June. 

Blushed Calville, p. 315. 

Boalsburg. Large, oblong, 
slightly conical, striped ; flesh 
yellow, with a very good re- 
freshing flavor. Winter. Pa. 

Boardman, p. 324, 

Boas. Medium, roundish, oblate, 
striped; good. Late winter. 

Bohannan. Medium, roundish, 
slightly conic and flattened ; 
yellow with red cheek ; tender, 
juicy, sub-acid, of moderate 
flavor. July and August. 
Southwestern. Popular. 

Boiken, p. 338. 

Bonum, p. 308. 

Borovinka. See Sweet Boro- 
vinka. 

Borovitsky. Medium, roundish, 
striped; firm, sub-acid. Au- 
gust. Russian. 

BorsdoriF. Small, roundish- 
oval, yellow with a red cheek; 
flesh firm, crisp, rich, brisk, 
perfumed. Early winter. 
German. 



Boston Russet. See Roxbury 
Russet. 

Bough. See Sweet Bough. 

Bourassa. Medium, roundish- 
conic, rich orange russet, 
tender, aromatic, good. Early 
winter. 

Bowen. (Bowen's Favorite.) 
Medium, roundish-oblate, red. 
Autumn. 

Bower's Nonpareil. Large, ob- 
late, yellow and red. Good. 
Winter. 

Bowker. Medium, roundish- 
oblate, yellow and crimson; 
tender, sub-acid. Autumn. 

Bowling's Sweet. Medium, 
roundish, dull red; rich, sweet. 
October to January. Va. 

Boxford. Medium, oblate, 
striped, not juicy nor high 
flavored. Autumn. 

Brabant Bellflower. Large, 
roundish-oblong, striped; rich, 
sub-acid. Late autumn. Hol- 
land. 

Brenneman. Medium, striped ; 
flesh white ; sub-acid — cook- 
ing. Late summer. Pa. 

Breskovka. Medium, conical, 
yellow; red blush, cavity 
broad, stem long; basin nar- 
row, ribbed; flesh white, sub- 
acid, good. Autumn. Rus- 
sian. 

Brewer. Very large, roundish, 
yellow; flesh yellowish; pleas- 
ant, sub-acid. Autumn. 
Mass. 

Brier. Medium large, round, 
yellow and red; good. Mis- 
season. Wisconsin. 

Brier Sweet Crab. See Van 
Wyck. 



694 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



Briggs' Auburn. Large, oblate, 
light yellow; sub-acid. Sep- 
tember, October. Me. 

Brightwater, p. 324. 

Brittle Sweet. Rather large, 
roundish; crisp, sweet, very 
good. Autumn. 

Broadwell, p. 320. 

Brookes' Pippin, p. 338. 

Bryant, p. 324. 

Brown. Large, oblate, red 
striped, good. Late autumn. 

Buchanan's Pippin. Medium, 
oblate yellow, shaded maroon ; 
flesh greenish; crisp, refresh- 
ing, sub-acid. Late winter. 
Ohio. 

Buckingham, p. 308. 

Buckley. See Chenango Straw- 
berry. 

Buck Meadow. Above medium, 
roundish, streaked ; sub-acid, 
rather rich. Winter. Conn. 

Bucks County Pippin. Large, 
roundish, slightly oblate and 
oblique, greenish-yellow ; firm, 
slightly sub-acid. Pa. 

BufF, p. 324. 

Bufiington's Early. Rather 
small, oblate, light yellow; 
fine, sub-acid, excellent. Sum- 
mer. A poor bearer. 

Bullet, p. 324. 

Bullock's Pippin, p. 338. 

Buncombe or Bunkum. See Red 
Winter Pearmain. 

Burlington Pippin. Full me- 
dium, roundish-oblate, striped, 
flesh white, mild sub-acid, very 
good. Early winter. Vt. 

Burnhap Greening. Medium, 
roundish, greenish-yellow ; 
crisp, sub-acid. Early winter. 
Yt. 



Burr's Winter Sweet. Medium, 
oblate, striped ; aromatic. 
Winter. Mass. 

Bush. Rather large, oblate, 
greenish-yellow ; pleasant. 
September. Pa. 

Butter. Rather large, roundish- 
oblong, yellow, fair; sweet, 
rich — cooking. Autumn. Pa. 
Several of this name. 

Byer's. See Buckingha.m. 

Byram's Sweet. Medium, ob- 
late, yellow; sweet; pleasant 
flavor. October. 

Cabashea. Very large, oblate, 
striped dull red; coarse; sub- 
acid. Early winter. 

Cabbage-head. Large, yellow, 
coarse, crisp, sub-acid. Good. 
Vigorous and productive. 
N.J. 

Cadwallader. ( Cadwa 1 1 a d e r ' s 
Golden.) Medium, roundish- 
oblate; yellow. Winter. 

Cain, or Cane. See Kane. 

Calef's Sweet. Very large, 
roundish, yellow; sweet, rich. 
November to January. N. H. 
Valuable. 

Calkin. (Calkin's Pippin.) 
Large, roundish conical ; yel- 
low and red. Winter. 

Callasaga. See Cullasaga. 

Camak's Sweet, p. 320. 

Campfield, or Newark Sweet- 
ing. Medium, roundish-ob- 
late, smooth, striped; firm, 
not juicy ; rich, sweet. Keeps 
long. N. J. 

Canada Baldwin. Medium, 
roundish oblate, striped rich 
red on a white skin; flesh 
white, with a mild sub-acid, 



APPLES. 



695 



quince-like flavor. Winter. 
Quebec. 

Canada Pippin. See White Pip- 
pin. 

Canada Reinette, p. 338. 

Cane Creek Sweet. Medium, 
round, yellow. Summer. 

Cann, or Sweet Cann. Large, 
conic, greenish, dull cheek ; 
sweet, pleasant. Winter. 

Cannon Pearmain, p. 324. 

Capron's Pleasant, p. 315. 

Carnahan's Favorite, p. 324. 

Carnation, p. 308. 

Carpenter's Sweet. Medium, 
roundish-conic, yellow and red, 
flesh white, sweet, pleasant, 
rk;h ; mid-autumn, valuable for 
market. Conn. 

Carolina Red June, p. 300. 

Carolina Red Streak. See Ben 
Davis. 

Carolina Spice. See Nickajack. 

Carolina Watson, p. 300. 

Carolina Queen, p. 324. 

Caroline. Medium, oblate, 
ribbed, maroon, mild sub- 
acid. Winter. N. J. 

Carter, p. 324. 

Carter of Virginia. Medium, 
yellowish, tender, juicy, pleas- 
ant. 

Carter's Blue. Large, round- 
oblate, striped dull red on a 
greenish skin, with a blue 
bloom; crisp, rich, aromatic, 
good. Autumn. Ala. Pop- 
ular. 

Carthouse, p. 324. 

Cash Sweet. Medium, oblate, 
conic, whitish; flesh sweet, 
dry. September. 

Cat-head. Very large, round, 
pale green, sub-acid. Value- 



less except for cooking. Au- 
tumn. Foreign. 

Cat-head Greening. See Cat- 
head. 

Cat-head Sweet. Large, round- 
ish conic, greenish-yellow ; 
sweet, not rich. October. 

Catline. Small, oblate, striped; 
rich, sweet. Autumn. Del. 

Catooga. Quite large, irregular, 
yellow ; sub-acid. Winter. 

Southern. 

Cat Pippin. Rather large, 
greenish ; sub-acid. Winter. 
Western Pa. 

Cattail Apple. See Meyer's 
Nonpareil. 

Cayuga Red Streak. See 
Twenty Ounce. 

Caywood. Medium oblate, 
bright yellow; firm, not juicy, 
nor rich. Keeps into summer. 
Ulster Co., N. Y. 

Challenge. Large, oblate, deep 
yellow; crisp, tender, sweet. 
Good through winter. Great 
bearer. Ohio. 

Champlain. See Summer Pip- 
pin. 

Champion. See Collins. 

Chandler, p. 325. 

Charles Apple. See Male Carle. 

Chattahoochie. Rather small, 
greenish-yellow ; crisp, sub- 
acid, pleasant. Winter. 
Georgia. 

Cheeseborough Russet. Large, 
conical, greenish russet; sub- 
acid, dry. Of little value. 
Autumn. 

Chenango Strawberry, p. 308. 

Cherry Crab, p. 348. 

Chester. Medium, oblate, whit- 
ish yellow, carmine dots; 



696 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



crisp, tender, sub-acid. Good. 
Early winter. Pa. 

Chief Good. Rather large, 
roundish, red on light yellow; 
flesh white, sub-acid, aromatic. 
September, October. Ky. 

Churchill Greening, Large, ob- 
late conic, ribbed, dull red on 
yellowish-green ; rich, vinous. 
Winter. 

Clare mont Pippin. See Easter 
Pippin. 

Clarke's Pearmain, p. 339. 

Clark's Prolific. Medium, oblate- 
conic, pale yellow; flesh white, 
fine, tender, juicy, sub-acid. 
Early winter. Tree hardy, 
very productive. Iowa. 

Clayton. Large, conical, yellow 
and red. Winter. 

Cloth of Gold. See Drap d'Or. 

Clyde Beauty, or Mackie's Clyde 
Beauty, p. 309. 

Cocklin's Favorite. Small, 

roundish, flattened at ends. 
Good. Pa. 

Cogswell, p. 325. 

Cole, or Scarlet Perfume. Large, 
roundish-conic, crimson; qual- 
ity moderate. Summer. Eng- 
lish. 

Cole's Quince, p. 303. 

Collins. Large, roundish-oblate, 
greenish yellow, shaded and 
striped red, flesh yellowish, 
solid, coarse, juicy; good. 
Winter. Ark. 

Colvert. Large, oblate, striped; 
sub-acid, quality moderate — 
culinary. Autumn. Succeeds 

• well Northwest. 

Conant's Sweeting. Medium, 
light yellow; good. Produc- 
tive. 



Congress. Large, yellow and 
striped; coarse, acid. Good. 
November. Mass. 

Connecticut Seek-no-further. 
See Westfield ditto. 

Connett's Sweet. Large, round- 
ish-oblate, dark red on rich 
yellow; sweet. Very good. 
December to March. 

Conway. Medium, oblate, green- 
ish-yellow; crisp, rich, aro- 
matic. January to February. 

Cooper, p. 309. 

Cooper's Early White. Medium, 
roundish, pale yellow; crisp, 
sprightly. Autumn. Western. 

Cooper's Red, Cooper's Market, 
or Cooper's Redling, p. 325. 

Corlies' Sweet. Medium, light 
yellow; firm, sweet. Good. 
Great bearer. October. 

Cornell's Fancy, or Cornell's 
Favorite, p. 309. 

Cornish Aromatic. Medium, 
roundish, ribbed, red; rich 
sub-acid, aromatic. Autumn. 
English. 

Cornish Gilliflower, or Red Gilli- 
flower. Rather large, conic, 
ribbed; dull stripes; flesh yel- 
low, firm, very rich, aromatic. 
Winter. English. A poor 
bearer. 

Corse's St. Lawrence. See St. 
Lawrence. 

Cos or Cass. Large, roundish- 
conic, one-sided, striped; 
mild, agreeable. Winter. 
Kingston, N. Y. 

Court Pendu Plat. Medium, ob- 
late, regular, deep red; rich, 
brisk sub-acid. Early winter. 
French. 

Court of Wick. Small, roundish 



APPLES. 



697 



OTate, approaching oblate, 
greenish-yellow and orange ; 
crisp, juicy, rich. Fails here. 
Autumn. English. 

Cox's Orange Pippin. Medium, 
roundish-oblate, yellow with 
some red over the surface ; rich 
sub-acid, very good. Autumn. 
Very popular in England. 

Cracking, p. 315. 

Cranberry Pippin. Medium, ob- 
late, with a handsome scarlet 
cheek; sub-acid, poor — cooking. 
Productive. Autumn. N. Y. 

Cranford, p. 325. 

Creek. Medium, roundish- 
conical, greenish-yellow with 
some red stripes, mild, pleas- 
ant sub-acid. Tree very pro- 
ductive. Winter. Pa. 

Crimson Pippin. See Black De- 
troit. 

Cross, p. 325. 

CuUasaga, p. 325. 

Culp. Medium, conic, ribbed, 
irregular, yellow with a blush; 
firm, vinous. Winter. Ohio. 

Cumberland or Cumberland 
Seedling. Large, roundish 
oblate ; flesh white, sub-acid — 
market. Pa. 

Cumberland Spice, p. 339. 

Curtis Sweet. Large, oval, 
ribbed, striped red on pale yel- 
low; tender and pleasant. 
August to October. 

Dansic Pepka, p. 339. 
Danvers Winter Sweet, p. 321. 
Darlington Russet. Medium, 

roundish; of moderate quality. 

A good keeper. Ohio. 
Dartmouth. Medium, yellow ; 

sweet, good. October. Mass. 



Dartmouth Crab, p. 348. 

Davis. Small, oblong, flattened, 
crimson ; crisp, sub-acid. 
Good keeper. Mich. 

Dawes. Medium, light yellow, 
tender, sub-acid, very good. 
Autumn. Vigorous and hardy, 
and productive alternate years. 
Mass. 

Dean. Medium, oblate, red 
streaked, good. Autumn. 

De Bretagne. See Canada Rei- 
nette. 

Decaire. Medium, oblate coni- 
cal, dark rich red on white 
skin, tender, juicy, sub-acid, 
with a quince-like flavor. Au- 
tumn. Quebec. 

Delaware. See Lawver. 

Delight. Medium, roundish-ob- 
late, russet and crimson; flesh 
firm, nearly sweet. Very good. 
Winter. Southern Ohio. 

Democrat. Medium, roundish- 
conical, striped with crimson; 
mild, pleasant, sub-acid. Very 
good, productive. Western 
New York, 

D'Espagne. See White Spanish 
Reinette. 

Derrick's Graft. See Richard's 
Graft. 

Derry Nonsuch. Rather large, 
oblong, conic, angular, striped ; 
sub-acid, agreeable. Winter. 
N. H. 

Detroit, p. 325. 

Detroit of the West. See Ortley. 

Devonshire Quarrenden. Me- 
dium, roundish-oblate, crim- 
son; crisp, sub-acid. Late 
summer. English. 

De Witt. See Doctor. 

Dickson's Emperor. Large, ir- 



698 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



regular, red; good. Winter. 
Scotch. 

Dillingham. Medium, roundish- 
conic, greenish-yellow; sweet. 
Early winter. Sandusky, Ohio. 

Disharoon, p. 316. 

Doctor, p. 309. 

Dr. Walker. Large, roundish, 
red, sub-acid. Winter. 

Dominie, p. 325. 

Douse or Dowse. See Hawley. 

Downing's Paragon. Rather 
large, oblong, oval, light yel- 
low; sweet, aromatic. Au- 
gust. Illinois. 

Downton Pippin. Small, round- 
ish-oblate, yellow; rich, sub- 
acid. Autumn. English. 

Drap d'Or, p. 316. 

Duchess of Oldenburgh. See 
Oldenberg. 

Duckett, p. 316. 

Dutch Codlin. Large, roundish- 
oblong, irregular, yellow; sub- 
acid — cooking. August and 
September. 

Dutch Mignonne, p. 325. 

Duzenbury. Medium, striped ; 
crisp, tender, mild sub-acid. 
Very good, productive, keeps 
into spring. Putnam County, 
N. Y. 

Dyer, p. 316. 

Early Crofton. See Irish Peach. 

Early French Reinette. See 
Early Harvest. 

Early Harvest, p. 303. 

Early Joe, p. 300. 

Early Long Stem. Small, ob- 
long conic, greenish-yellow ; 
sub-acid, aromatic. August. 

Early May. See White Juneating. 

Early Norfolk, p. 301. 



Early Pennock, p. 301. 

Early Red Juneating. See Early 
Red Margaret. 

Early Red Margaret, p. 301. 

Early Ripe. Medium, roundish- 
oblate, yellow. Summer. 

Early Spice. See Early Long 
Stem. 

Early Strawberry, p. 301. 

Early Summer Pearmain. See 
American Summer Pearmain. 

Early Summer Pippin. See 
Drap d'Or. 

Early Sweet. Medium, round- 
ish, oblique, yellow; tender, 
sweet. Very good. July and 
August. Ohio. 

Early Sweet Bough. See Sweet 
Bough. 

Easter Pippin. Medium, green; 
firm, dry, sub-acid, good. 
Keeps two years. 

Eckel's Summer. Large, dark 
red, sweet. N. C. 

Edgar Red Streak, See Wal- 
bridge. 

Edgerly Sweet. See Bailey 
Sweet. 

Edwards. See Nickajack. 

Egg-top. Medium, oblong oval, 
striped, handsome ; sub-acid, 
of moderate quality. Autumn. 

Egyptian Russet. See Bagby 
Russet. 

Eighteen Ounce. See Twenty 
Ounce. 

Elgin Pippin. Medium, yellow, 
conical ; flesh white, crisp. Ala. 

Elkhorn, p. 326. 

Ellis. Small, roundish, greenish- 
yellow ; firm, pleasant — long 
keeper. Conn. 

Elton Pippin. See Downton 
Pippin. 



APPLES. 



699 



Emperor Alexander. See Alex- 
ander. 

Enfield Pearmain. Rather small, 
round, deep red; mild, rich. 
Early winter. 

English Codlin. Rather large, 
oblong conic, yellow; sub-acid 
— cooking. Summer and au- 
tumn. 

English Golden Pippin. Small, 
roundish, yellow; flesh yellow, 
with a rich, sub-acid flavor. 
Winter. English. 

English Nonsuch. See Non- 
such. 

English Red Streak. See Red 
Streak. 

English Russet, p. 339. 

English Sweeting. See Rams- 
dell Sweeting. 

English Vandervere. See Smoke- 
house. 

Episcopal. See Fall Pippin. 

Epse's Sweet. See Dan vers 
Sweet. 

Epsy. Small, long conic, deep 
red; sweet, rich, handsome. 
Productive. Early winter. Vt. 

Equine tely. Large, roundish, 
slightly oblate, dark red or 
whitish-yellow, stalk short, 
flesh yellowish, coarse, sub- 
acid. Valued South. 

Ernst's Pippin, p. 316. 

Esopus Spitzenburgh, p. 334. 

Esten, p. 316. 

Etowah. See Cooper's Red. 

Eustis, p. 326. 

Eve. See Early Red Margaret. 

Evening Party, p. 326. 

Ewalt. Medium, flattened, 
greenish-yellow, and a red 
cheek; tender, pleasant, per- 
fumed, very good. April. Pa. 



Excel. Large, oblate, ribbed, 
red on yellow; rich, sub-acid. 
Winter. Conn. 

Excelsior Crab, p. 348. 

Exquisite. Below medium, ob- 
late, striped; juicy, rich, pleas- 
ant. Autumn. 111. 

Fairbanks, p. 309. 

Fallawater, p. 339. 

Fall Bough. See Autumn Sweet 
Bough. 

Fall Harvey, p. 316. 

Fall Jenneting. Rather large, 
oblate, greenish-yellow ; sub- 
acid, pleasant — cooking. No- 
vember. A great bearer. 

Fall Orange, p. 316. 

Fall or Summer Cheese. Re- 
sembles Winter Cheese, but 
earlier. Va. 

Fall Pearmain. Medium, round- 
ish-conic, striped; rich sub- 
acid. Autumn. Ct. 

Fall Pippin, p. 316. 

Fall Queen of Kentucky. See 
Buckingham. 

Fall Seek-no-fiirther, p. 309. 

Fall Stripe. See Saxton. 

Fall Wine, p. 310. 

Fameuse, p. 310. 

Fameuse Sucree. Nearly me- 
dium, roundish-oblate, rich, 
red, delicate, very good. Au- 
tumn. A handsome and excel- 
lent dessert apple. Montreal. 

Family. Medium, striped; mild 
sub-acid, very good. August. 
Ga. Productive. 

Fanny, p. 303. 

Farley's Red. Oblong oval, 
striped; firm, pleasant. Win- 
ter. Ky. 

Father Abraham. Small, flat, 



700 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



red ; flesh white, pleasant. 
Keeps well. Va. and Ky. 

Father Apple. See Pittsburgh 
Pippin. 

Faust. Medium ; sub-acid, good. 
November. N. C. 

Fay's Russet. See Hunt's Russet. 

Fenley. Large, oblate, irregu- 
lar, yellowish-white ; very 
good. September. Ky. 

P*enouillet Gris. Small, round- 
ish, yellow and russet; firm, 
rich, perftimed. Winter, For- 
eign. 

Fenouillet Rouge. Small, round- 
ish, rough, brownish-red; firm. 
Autumn. Foreign. 

Ferdinand. Large, oblate, irreg- 
ular, greenish-yellow. Winter. 
S. C. 

Ferris. See R. I. Seek-no-fur- 
ther. 

Fink. Medium, oblate, red and 
yellow. Late winter. 

Fisk's Seedling. Medium, ob- 
late, oblique, deep red; flesh 
greenish-white, tender, rich. 
Autumn. N. H. 

Flake's Fall. Large, striped ; 
mild sub-acid, aromatic. Mar- 
ket. October. Pa. 

Flat Pippin. See Pittsburgh 
Pippin. 

Fleiner. Medium, oblong, yel- 
low; sub-acid, of moderate 
quality. A great bearer. Au- 
tumn. Foreign. 

Florence Crab, p. 348. 

Flower of Kent. Large, round- 
ish conic, red and yellow; sub- 
acid — cooking. Late autumn. 
English. 

Flushing Seek-no-further. See 
Green Seek-no-flirther. 



Flushing Spitzenburgh, p. 326. 

Ford Apple. Large, roundish, 
yellow; rich, rather acid. Au- 
tumn. N. Y. 

Formosa Pippin. See Ribston 
Pippin. 

Forney. Rather large, roundish, 
striped light and dark red, mild 
sub-acid, good. Late autumn. 
North Carolina. 

Fornwalder. See Fallawater. 

Fort Miami. Medium or. large, 
roundish-oblong, ribbed, 
brownish and russeted ; sub- 
acid, spicy. Winter. Ohio. 

Foster, p. 298. 

Foundling, p. 301. 

Fourth of July, p. 301. 

Frank. See Chenango Straw- 
berry. 

Franklin Golden Pippin. Me- 
dium, oval, regular, deep yel- 
low; rich, aromatic. Au- 
tumn. 

French Pippin. See Newark 
Pippin. 

French's Sweet. Large, round 
ovate, greenish-yellow ; firm, 
perfumed, very good. Late 
autumn. Mass. 

Fronclin. Medium, round, 
bright red ; rather acid. Great 
bearer. Pa. 

Fulton, p. 340. 

Gabriel, p. 310. 

Gano, p. 326. 

Garden. Small, striped; sub- 
acid, good. November. 

Garden Royal, p. 301. 

Garden Sweet. Medium, oblong, 
yellow; juicy, tender, sweet, 
good. September, October. 
Hardy and productive. 



APPLES. 



701 



Garretson's Early, p. 303. 

Gate. See Belmont. 

Genesee Chief. Large, roundish- 
conic, ribbed, whitish with red 
cheek ; sub-acid — cooking. 

Geneva Pippin. See Winter 
Pippin of Geneva. 

Gibb Crab, p. 348. 

Gideon Crab, p. 348. 

Giles. Medium, conic, dark red. 
Ct. 

Gillet's Seedling. See Rome 
Beauty. 

Gilpin. See Carthouse. 

Gipson's Kentucky Seedling. 
Rather small, round ovate, 
dark red and greenish-yellow; 
sub-acid. Productive. Long 
keeper. Ky. 

Gloria Mundi. See Monstrous 
Pippin. 

Glory of York. See Ribston 
Pippin. 

Gloucester Cheese. See Fall 
Cheese. 

Gloucester . Pearmain. See 
Clark's Pearmain. 

Gloucester White. Medium, 
roundish-oblate, yellow ; rich, 
aromatic. Autumn. Va. 

Goble Russet. Medium, oblong, 
russet, reddened; dry, sweet. 
Autumn. 

GofF. Full medium, whitish, ten- 
der, brisk sub-acid. Late sum- 
mer. Ohio. 

Golden Ball, p. 340. 

Golden Dixie. Medium, round- 
ish-oblate, greenish-yellow, 
good. Summer. 

Golden Goss. Round-oblate, 
ribbed, yellow; good. 

Golden Harvey. Small, round- 
ish, rough, russety orange; 



rich sub-acid. Winter. Eng- 
lish. 

Golden Pippin. See English 
Golden Pippin. 

Golden Pippin of Westchester 
Co., p. 340. [Another Golden 
Pippin, called also Pound 
Royal and Mammoth, is very 
large, yellow; coarse, good. 
Late autumn. There are still 
others of this name.] 

Golden Pearmain. See Clarke's 
Pearmain. 

Golden Reinette. Small, round- 
ish, regular, yellow and or- 
ange striped; rich, mild 
sub-acid. Late autumn. Eng- 
lish. 

Golden Russet of New York. See 
Golden Russet. 

Golden Spice. See Dyer. 

Golden Sweet, p. 299. 

Golden Wilding. Medium, ob- 
late, rich yellow; crisp, acid, 
good. N. C. 

Good Peasant, p. 327. 

Grandfather. Medium, round- 
ish, oblate-conic, striped and 
whitish ; pleasant, sub-acid. 
Autumn. 

Grandmother, p. 327. 

Granniwinkle. Medium, round- 
ish-oblong, red ; sweet — for 
cider only, ^utumn. N. J. 

Granny Earle. Small, roundish- 
oval, greenish, striped. Early 
winter. 

Grand Sachem. See Black De- 
troit. 

Granite Beauty, p. 327. 

Grape Vine. See Camak's 
Sweet. 

Gravenstein, p. 310. 

Gray Apple. See Pomme Grise. 



702 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



Gray Pippin. See Buel's Favor- 
ite. 

Gray Vandevere. See Vande- 
vere. 

Greasy Pippin. See Lowell. 

Green Abram. See Bullet. 

Green Cheese, See Winter 
Cheese. 

Green Domine. Medium, oblate, 
dull red ; firm, pleasant. Early 
winter. 

Greening. See Rhode Island 
Greening. 

Green Mountain Pippin, of Ga. 
See Virginia Greening. 

Green Newtown Pippin. See 
Newtown Pippin. 

Green Seek-no-further, p. 340. 

Greenskin. Medium, oblate, 
greenish-yellow ; tender, rich. 
Early winter. Southern and 
Western. 

Green Sweet, p. 321. 

Green Vandevere. See Vande- 
vere. 

Green Winter Pippin. See New- 
town Pippin. 

Green's Choice. Medium, round- 
ish-conic, striped ; nearly sweet. 
Late summer. Pa. 

Gregson. See Catline. 

Greyhouse. Medium, roundish, 
dull red ; firm, dry — for cider. 
Winter. N, J. 

Grimes' Golden Pippin, p. 341. 

Grindstone. See American Pip- 
pin. 

Groton. See Foundling. 

Gully. See Mangum. 

Haas or Fall Queen. Medium, 
oblate conic, striped with red ; 
flesh white, juicy, acid, rich, 
very good. Autumn. Popu- 



lar at the Southwest. Distinct 
from Horse Apple. 

Hagloe Crab. Small, distorted 
— for cider only. 

Hague Pippin. Large, conical, 
striped deep red, handsome. 
January. Western. 

Hain. Large, roundish-oblong, 
striped; sweet, aromatic. 
Winter. Berks County. Pa. 

Hall, p. 327. 

Hall's Red. See Hall. 

Hallum. See Allum. 

Hames. Large, round oblate; 
whitish-striped and blotched 
with red; flesh whitish, firm, 
juicy, sub-acid. Summer. 
Ga. 

Hamilton. Large, round, yellow 
and red. Autumn. 

Hargrove. Medium, oblate ; yel- 
low with carmine cheek; flesh 
white, crisp, sub-acid, very 
good. Autumn. N. C. 

Harmony. See Early Pennock. 

Harnish. Medium, oblong oval, 
dark red ; compact, rather dry, 
sweet. Autumn. Pa. 

Harrigan. See Milam. 

Harris. Large, oblate, yellow; 
coarse, pleasant, sub-acid. 
Early autumn. For cooking. 
N. C. 

Harrison. Medium, roundish- 
oblong, yellow; dry, tough, 
rich — for cider. N. J. 

Hartford Sweet, p. 319. 

Harvest Red Streak. Medium, 
oblate, striped ; coarse, acid- 
cooking. Late summer. 

Haskell Sweet, p. 307. 

Hawley, p. 317. 

Hawthornden. Rather large, 
oblate, regular, pale yellow; 



APPLES. 



703 



pleasant, sub-acid — for cook- 
ing. Great bearer. Autumn. 

Hay's Apple, or Hay's Winter. 
See Wine. 

Heart's Pippin. Medium, round- 
ish, yellow ;' tender, acid — cook- 
ing. November. 

Hector. Large, oblong conic, 
striped; pleasant, very good. 
Winter. Pa. 

Heicke's Winter Sweet. See 
London Sweet. 

Helen's Favorite. Medium, 
roundish, dark red; flesh 
white, good. Winter. Ohio. 

Henrick Sweet. See Sweet 
Pearmain. 

Henry. Large, oblong conic, 
yellow; rich, pleasant. Late 
autumn. Vt. 

Henwood Seedling. Large, ob- 
long oval, greenish-yellow ; 
good. January. Western. 

Hepler. Medium, oblate conic, 
light yellow, shaded dull red; 
sub-acid. Winter. Pa. 

Herefordshire Pearmain, p. 
327. 

Herman. Medium, oblong conic, 
striped; flesh greenish, sub- 
acid, very good. Winter. Pa. 

Herren, p. 327. 

Hess, p. 327. 

Hewes' Virginia Crab, p. 348. 

Hewitt's Sweet. Large, oblate, 
yellow and red ; sweet. Au- 
tumn. 

Hicks. Medium, roundish, yel- 
low, slightly striped; juicy, 
rich, sweet, very good. Au- 
gust. Long Island. 

Higby's Sweet, p. 321. 

Highlander. Medium, oblate, 
slightly conic, green, striped 



with red; pleasant. Autumn. 
Yt. 

Hightop Sweet, p. 299. 

Hill's Favorite. Medium, round- 
ish, red ; compact, sub-acid, 
aromatic. Autumn. Mass. 

Hilton. Large, roundish, yel- 
lowish-green ; sub-acid — cook- 
ing. Autumn. N. Y. 

Hinckman. See Newark King. 

Hoary Morning. Large, oblate 
conic, striped; sub-acid — cook- 
ing. Autumn. English. 

Hockett's Sweet, p. 319. 

Hocking, p. 302. 

Hog Island Sweet. Medium, 
oblate, fine red; sweet, rich, 
very good. Autumn, Pro- 
ductive. N. Y. 

Holden Pippin. See Fall Or- 
ange. 

Hollady's Seedling. Medium, 
oblate, yellow; rich,, aromatic. 
Winter. Va. 

Holland Pippin, p. 317. 

Hollow Core Pippin. See Ort- 
ley. 

Hollow Crown, p. 327. 

Holly. Medium, roundish ob- 
late; yellow and red. Winter. 

Holman. Large, roundish-conic, 
splashed red, sub-acid, good. 
Early winter. N. C. 

Homony. See Sops of Wine. 

Honey Greening, p. 321. 

Hooker. Medium, conic, striped; 
flesh greenish; sub-acid. De- 
cember. Cbnn. 

Hoover. Large, roundish, rich 
crimson with large whitish 
dots ; brisk acid. Early win- 
ter. S. C. 

Horn. Small, oblate, green with 
dark red cheek; flesh firm, 



704 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



crisp; good keeper. Winter. 
Ala. 

Horse, p. 304. 

Horse Block. See Manomet 
Sweet. 

Housom's Red. Large, oblong, 
striped; tender, aromatic, very 
good. October to February. 
Pa. 

Howe's Russet. Closely resem- 
bles Roxbury Russet. Mass. 

Hubbardston Nonsuch, p. 327. 

Hubbardton Pippin. Large, 
roundish, variable, striped ; 
crisp, pleasant, sub-acid. 
Winter. N. H. 

Hughes, p. 341. 

Hunge, p. 317. 

Hunter. Medium, roundish- 
conic, striped bright red; flesh 
white. October. Pa. 

Hunt's Connecticut. Large, 
round oblate, yellow and dull 
red; dry, breaking; sub-acid, 
good. Winter. 

Huntsman, p. 341. 

Huntsman's Favorite. See 
Huntsman. 

Hunt's Russet. Small, conic, 
russet and dull red; fine, sub- 
acid. Winter. Mass, 

Hurlbut, p. 310. 

Hutchison. Medium, roundish, 
yellow and red, mild sub-acid, 
or nearly sweet. Good. Win- 
ter. A handsome long keeper. 
Ky. 

Hyde's Sweet. See Wood's Sweet. 

Hyslop's Crab, p. 348. 

Improved Yellow Bellflower. See 
Mason's Orange. 

Indian Queen. See Early Pen- 
nock. 



Indiana Favorite, p. 328. 

Indiana J annetting. SeeRawle's 
Jannet. 

Indiana Vandevere. See Van- 
devere. 

Ingram, Seedling of Rawle's Jan- 
et. Medium, conical, flesh red, 
white spots on surface; good 
keeper. Mo. p. 328. 

Iowa Blush, p. 341. 

Irish Peach Apple. Medium, 
roundish, striped, brownish- 
red; flavor tolerable. August. 

Irish Pippin. Medium, round, 
red streaked; good. Early 
winter. 

Jabe. Medium, flattened, yel- 
low with a red cheek; tender, 
juicy, melting, rich. Hardy 
and productive. September to 
November. 

Jabez Sweet. Medium, round- 
ish, dull red; sweet. Winter. 
Conn. 

Jackson. See Chenango Straw- 
berry. 

Jackson Red. See Nickajack. 

Jacob's Sweet, p. 321. 

James River. See Limber Twig. 

Jefferis, p. 310. 

Jefferson. Rather large, round- 
ish-conic, splashed dull red; 
sub-acid, very good. Good 
keeper. Ky. 

Jefferson County, p. 310. 

Jeniton. See Ralls. 

Jenkins. Small, roundish ovate, 
red with white dots; pleasant, 
aromatic. Very good. Win- 
ter. Pa. 

Jenette. See Rawle's Jannet. 

Jersey Black, p. 328. 

Jersey Greening. See Ortley. 



APPLES. 



705 



Jersey Pippin. Medium, oblong 
conic, striped; sub-acid, good. 
December. Foreign. 

Jersey Sweet, p. 306. 

Jewett's Best. Large, roundish 
or oblate, deep red, flesh yel- 
low, juicy, rich, sub-acid. 
Early winter. Vt. 

Jewett's Fine Red. See Jewett's 
Red. 

Jewett's Red, p. 311. 

Joe Berry. See Newtown Spitz- 
enburgh. 

John's Sweet. Medium, oblong 
or conic, striped red on whit- 
ish-yellow ; sweet, of a peculiar 
flavor. Winter. N. H. 

Johnson. Rather large, round- 
ish-conic, striped; tender, 
sweet, becoming mealy. Late 
summer. Conn. Another 
Johnson, in Illinois, is oblate, 
pale yellow and crimson, mild 
sub-acid, rich, very good. 
Winter. Productive, and val- 
uable for market. 

Johnson's Fine Winter. See 
York Imperial. 

Jonathan, p. 328. 

Jones' Pippin. See Fall Orange. 

Jones' Seedling, p. 328. 

Juicy Bite. See Better than 
Good. 

Julian, p. 302. 

Julin. See Julian. 

July Cluster. Medium, yellow, 
sub-acid. Va. 

July Pippin. See Early Harvest. 

Junaluska. Large, roundish- 
conic, yellow; flesh yellow; 
sub-acid. Winter. N. C. 

Kaighn's Spitzenburgh. Large, 
oblong, approaching ovate, 

45 



red; coarse, crisp, sub-acid. 
Early winter. 

Kaiser, p. 328. 

Kalproth, p. 302. 

Kane, p. 311. 

Kansas Queen. Large, yellow, 
nearly covered with crimson. 
Early autumn. 

Keim. Rather small, oblong 
oval, yellow, sub-acid, aro- 
matic, delicate, very good. 
Winter, Pa. 

Keister. Small, roundish-conic, 
striped; pleasant, very good. 
October. Pa. 

Kelly's Sweet. See Moore's 
Sweet. 

Kelly White. See Belmont. 

Kelsey. Medium, roundish- 
oblate, greenish-yellow ; flesh 
greenish-white, tender, pleas- 
ant, aromatic, very good. 
Maroh. Pa. 

Kenrick's Autumn. Large, 
roundish, striped ; sprightly 
sub-acid. September. 

Kent. See Beauty of Kent. 

Kentish Fill-Basket. Very large, 
roundish, yellow, slightly 
streaked ; sub-acid — cooking. 
October, January. English. 

Kentucky. Large, roundish, 
yellow and dull red ; juicy, ten- 
der, sub-acid, good. Great 
bearer. October. 

Kentucky Cream. Medium or 
above, roundish, largest at 
apex, yellow and red ; mild 
sub-acid, good. Winter. N. Y. 

Kentucky Queen. See Bucking- 
ham. 

Kentucky Streak. See Ben 
Davis. 

Kernodle's Winter. Medium, 



]o6 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



yellow, blotched and striped 
red ; flesh white, juicy. N. C. 

Kerry Pippin. Medium, oval, 
yellow; crisp, rich. Autumn. 
Irish. 

Keswick Codlin, p. 317. 

Ketchum's Favorite. Medium, 
oval conic, yellow with a blush ; 
mild, rich, very good. Au- 
tumn. Vt. 

Key's Fall. Medium, round, 
russet; good. Early winter. 

Kilham Hill. Rather large, 
roundish, striped ; good at first, 
becoming mealy and worthless. 
September. Mass. 

King, p. 329. 

King of the Pippins. Medium, 
roundish-oblate, striped; 
rather poor. English. 

King Philip. See Jonathan. 

Kingsbury Russet. See Cheese- 
borough Russet. 

Kingsley. Medium, roundish- 
oval, striped ; sub-acid, very 
good. Winter and spring. 
Monroe County, N. Y. 

King Sweet. Rather small, 
round-conical, yellow, rich, 
sweet. Autumn. Maine. 

Kinkead. Large, roundish- 
oblate, striped red, juicy, mild 
sub-acid, very good. Septem- 
ber.- Ohio. New. 

Kinnaird, p. 341. 

Kinnaird's Choice. See Kin- 
naird. 

Kirkbridge White, p. 304. 

Kirk's Lord Nelson. Rather 
large, roundish, striped ; qual- 
ity moderate. Autumn. Eng- 
lish. 

Kittageskee. Rather small, ob- 
late, yellow ; crisp, tender. 



sub-acid, very good. Winter, 
Southern. 

Klaproth, p. 302. 

Knickerbocker. Medium, round- 
ish-oblate, greenish-yellow, 
brisk sub-acid, good. Au- 
tumn. 

Knight's Golden Pippin. See 
Downton Pippin. 

Kohl. Small, roundish — good 
keeper. German. 

Krowser. Medium, roundish- 
conic, striped ; flesh white, 
mild sub-acid. Winter. Pa. 
Productive and popular. 

Lacker, p. 329. 

Ladies' Blush. See Gabriel. 

Ladies' Favorite of Tenn. See 
Buckingham. 

Ladies' Sweet, p. 319. 

Lady Apple, p. 341. 

Lady Crab, p. 348. 

Lady Finger. See White Para- 
dise. 

Lady Finger Crab, p. 349. 

Lady Fitzpatrick. See Carter's 
Blue. 

Lady's Fancy. Above medium, 
oblong conical, yellow and red ; 
agreeable, sub-acid. Early 
winter. Vt. 

Lady Washington. See Cooper. 

Lake. Small, ovate conic, 
stripedj sub-acid, very good. 
A great bearer. Ohio. 

Lancaster Greening. Medium, 
roundish-conic, greenish-yel- 
low ; sub-acid —cooking. Good 
keeper. Pa. 

Landon. Medium, roundish, 
yellow and red ; flesh yellow- 
ish, firm, crisp, aromatic, very 
good. Winter. Vt. 



APPLES. 



707 



Landrum. Medium, conic, deep 
crimson; rather coarse, rich. 
Autumn. Southern. 

Lane's Red Streak. Large, 
roundish-conic, yellow, with 
small stripes; sub-acid, good. 
October. Illinpis. 

Lane Sweet. Medium, oblate, 
yellow; sweet, aromatic. 
Winter. Mass. 

Lansingburg. Medium, roundish 
conic; yellow, with a hand- 
some red cheek; flesh firm, 
sub-acid, moderately rich — 
keeps through spring. Ohio. 
New. 

Large Anis, p. 329. 

Large Romanite. See Pennock. 

Large Striped Winter Pearmain. 
See McAfee's Nonsuch. 

Large Summer Queen. Quite 
large, roundish, yellow and 
red ; mild, rich, sub-acid, good. 
Late summer. N. C. 

Large Yellow Bough. See Sweet 
Bough. 

Late Baldwin. See Baldwin. 

Late Bough. See Autumn Sweet 
Bough. 

Late Golden Sweet. See Baker's 
Sweet. 

Late Queen. Large, roundish 
conical, pale red on yellow; 
sub-acid, good. Autumn. 
Ohio. 

Late Strawberiy, p. 311. 

Lawver, p. 329. 

Lead, p. 341. 

Ledenets, p. 341. 

Ledge Sweet. Large, roundish- 
oblate, yellowish-green with a 
blush; sweet. A good keeper. 
N. H. 

Leicester Sweet, p. 321. 



Leland Spice, or Leland Pip- 
pin, p. 312. 

Lemon Pippin. Medium, oval, 
greenish-yellow ; sub-acid. 
English. 

Lewis. Medium, oblate conic, 
skin yellow, striped; flesh yel- 
low, compact, rich, sub-acid. 
Early winter. Indiana. 

Liberty. Rather large, oblong 
conic, striped ; flesh yellow ; 
firm, mild sub-acid. Long 
keeper. Western. 

Lieby. See Recumbent. 

Limber Twig, p. 329. 

Lippincott's Early. See Sum- 
mer Rose. 

Lippincott's Sweet. Rather 
large, greenish-white. Produc- 
tive, keeps till spring, good. 
N. J. 

Little Pearmain. See Bullock's 
Pippin. 

Lowland Raspberry, p. 254. 

London Pippin, p. 341. 

London Sweet, p. 321. 

Longfield, p. 341. 

Long Island Russet. Medium, 
round, russet. Winter. 

Long Island Seek-no-further, or 
R. I. Seek-no-further, p. 312. 

Long John. Large, conical, 
green, with a dry flesh ; a great 
keeper. 

Long Stem of Conn, is roundish, 
yellow. Long Stem of Mass. 
is oblate with a blush. Long 
Stem of Ky. is oblate, striped. 

Long Stem of Pa., p. 329. 

Long Stem Sweet. See Baker's 
Sweet. 

Looker Winter Crab, p. 349. 

Lord Nelson. See Blenheim 
Pippin. 



7o8 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



Lome. See Marquis of Lome. 
Loudon Pippin, p. 291. 
Lowell, p. 317. 
Lowland Raspberry, 304. 
Lubsk Queen, p. 341. 
Lyman's Large Summer, p. 304. 
Lyman's Pumpkin Sweet, p. 

307. 
Lyscom, p. 312. 

Mackay Sv/eet. Medium, round- 
ish-conic, yellow, sweet, good. 
Winter. Mass. 

Mackie's Clyde Beauty. See 
Clyde Beauty. 

Macomber. Medium, oblate, 
ribbed, striped; flesh white, 
tender, sub-acid. Early, win- 
ter, Maine. 

Magnolia, p. 312. 

Magnum Bonum. See Bonum. 

Magog Red Streak. Medium, 
roundish-oblong, faintly 
striped on a light yellow skin ; 
mild sub-acid. Winter. Very 
hardy. Vt. 

Mahomet. Medium, roundish- 
oblate, yellow and red; good. 
Autumn. 

Maiden's Blush, p. 317. 

Maiden's Favorite. Rather 
small, oblong, wh tish-yellow 
and crimson; pleasant, very 
delicate. Winter. N. Y. 

Major. Large, roundish, red; 
flesh yellowish, crisp, pleasant, 
rich. Pa. 

Male Carle, or Charles Apple. 
Medium, regular, smooth yel- 
low with a fine cheek, hand- 
some; not rich, pleasant. Au- 
tumn. Succeeds South. For- 
eign. 

Mallett, p. 329. 



Mammoth Black Twig. See Ar- 
kansas Black Twig. 

Mamma Beam. See Belmont. 

Mangum, p. 312. 

Manks Codlin. Medium, round- 
ish-oblong, yellow — cooking. 
August. English. 

Mann, p. 341. 

Manomet Sweet, p. 299. 

Mansfield Russet. Small, oblong 
conic, cinnamon russet; rich, 
aromatic. Good bearer and 
keeper. Mass. 

Marengo Crab, p. 349. 

Maria Bush. Large, round ob- 
late, striped; flesh white, 
tender, sub-acid. Autumn. 
Pa. 

Marks. Medium, roundish conic, 
light yellow; flesh whitish, 
fine, perfumed, very good. 
Winter. Pa. 

Marquis of Lome. Large, 
roundish-oblate ; green, red 
streaked; good. Winter. 

Marshall. Rather large, round- 
ish, green — market. April to 
July. Vigorous and produc- 
tive. 

Marshall Red, p. 341. 

Marston's Red Winter, p. 329. 

Martha Crab, p. 349. 

Martin. See McLellan. 

Mary Wornac. Large, roundish- 
oblate ; yellow and red ; good. 
Winter. 

Mason's Orange. Very large, 
oblate, yellow. Winter. 

Mason's Stranger. Medium ob- 
late, yellow and red; good. 
Winter. 

Masten's Seedling. Medium, 
round ovate, greenish-yellow ; 
mild, pleasant sub-acid, agree- 



APPLES. 



709 



able. Dutchess County, N. Y. 
Winter. New. 

Mattamuskeet. Medium, yellow 
and red; brisk sub-acid. Win- 
ter. Good keeper. N. C. 

Maverack's Sweet, p. 319. 

Maxey. Full medium, striped ; 
sub-acid, good, rather dry. 
Long keeper. Ky. 

Maxfield. See Mangum. 

May, or May Apple of Virginia, 
p. 306. 

McAfee's Nonsuch. Large, 
roundish-oblate, striped ; pleas- 
ant sub-acid. Early winter. 
Ky, Valued in many locali- 
'ties. 

McCoy's Pippin. Large, oblate, 
greenish-white ; pleasant sub- 
acid, good. Autumn. Pa. 

McDowell's Sweet. Medium, 
roundish-oblate, striped; 

sweet, very good. Autumn. 
N. C. 

McHenry. Resembles American 
Summer Pearmi;dn — keeps till 
winter. Growth free. 

Mcintosh Red. Full medium, 
roundish, bright crimson on 
light yellow skin ; heavy bloom, 
flesh white, stained with light 
red, tender, juicy, sub-acid. 
Early winter. Very hardy. 
Ontario. 

McKinley. Large, dull red, 
showy; good, sub-acid. Early 
winter. Mo. 

McLellan, p. 329. 

McMahan's. White, large, 
roundish-obovate, yellowish- 
white ; a good cooking apple. 
Wis. 

Meach. Large, roundish, 
striped, light red; rich, mild 



sub-acid, aromatic. Autumn, 
Vt. 

Meigs. See Red Winter Pear- 
main. 

Mellinger. Medium, roundish- 
conical, red striped; good. 
Winter. 

Melon, p. 312. 

Melt-in-the-mouth, p. 312. 

Melvin Sweet. Medium, round- 
ish, striped pale red; rich. 
December. Mass. 

Menagere. Very large, flat, pale 
yellow — cooking. German. 

Merritt's Sweet. Medium, ob- 
late, yellow; very sweet — good 
bearer. August and Septem- 
ber. 

Methodist. Medium, oblong 
oval, greenish, striped ; mild 
sub-acid, not rich. November. 
Conn. 

Mexico, p. 313. 

Michael Henry Pippin, p. 342. 

Michigan Golden Pippin. See 
Lowell. 

Mickel, p. 330. 

Mifilin King. Small, oblong 
oval, dull red; very good. 
Autumn. Pa. 

Milam, p. 330. 

Milden. (Milding.) Large, ob- 
late, yellow and red ; good. 
Early winter. 

Millcreek. See Smokehouse. 

Millcreek Vandevere. See Smoke- 
house. 

Miller Apple. Large, ovate, 
striped; mild sub-acid, rich. 
Autumn. N. Y. [Another Mil- 
ler Apple, in Pa., is rather 
small, striped, with white flesh. 
October.] 

Miller's Best Sort. See Progress. 



7ro DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



Minister, p. 330. 

Minkler. Medium, conic, red; 
acid, good, long keeper. Ill, 
New. 

Minnesota, p. 349. 

Missouri Pippin. Above me- 
dium, roundish-oblate, striped 
with red on pale yellow skin; 
crisp, breaking, sub-acid, 
good; keeps through winter. 

Molasses. There are several of 
this name, all medium in size, 
striped, and sweet. 

Monarch. Medium, roundish- 
oblate, striped; sub-acid. Au- 
tumn. 

Monk's Favorite, p. 330. 

Monmouth Pippin, p. 342. 

Monstrous Pippin, p. 342. 

Montreal. See St. Lawrence. 

Montreal Beauty Crab, p. 349. 

Moore's Extra. Above medium, 
striped, fine grained, mild sub- 
acid, very good. Winter. 
Ohio. 

Moore's Greening. Medium, 
round, greenish-yellow ; brisk 
acid, good. Productive. Win- 
ter. Conn. 

Moore's Sweeting. Medium, 

oblate, deep red; sweet, dry — 
good keeper. 

Moose, or Mouse. Large, round- 
ish-oblong, greenish ; flesh 
yellow, fine grained, light, del- 
icate. N. Y. 

Morrison's Red. Medium, conic, 
light yellow and red; mild, 
pleasant. Winter, Mass. 

Moses Wood, Medium, round- 
ish, yellow and red; tender, 
juicy, pleasant, sub-acid. Sep- 
tember. Vigorous, productive. 

Mote's Sweet. Large, roundish. 



light yellow; rich sweet, very 
good. Autumn. Ohio. 

Mother, p. 330. 

Mountain Pippin. See Falla- 
water. 

Mrs. Bryan. Large, orange red; 
good. Autumn. Ga. 

Munson Sweet, p. 307. 

Murphy, or Murphy's Red, 
Large, roundish-oblong, 
striped ; tender, agreeable. 
Early winter. Mass. 

Murray. Medium, oblong, conic, 
rich orange yellow; brisk sub- 
acid. Winter. Southern, 

Muskmelon. See Toccoa, 

Musk Spice. See Fall Wine. 

Myer's, p. 313. 

Mygatt's Bergamot. See Dyer. 

Naigle's Winter. Medium, yel- 
low and red ; crisp, juicy, sub- 
acid, very good. Productive. 
Early winter. Mo. 

Nantahalee. Medium, oblate, 
conic, pale green; sprightly 
and good. Summer. Ala. 

Nansemond. (Nansemond 
Beauty.) Medium, roundish- 
oblate, red streaked ; good. 
Winter. 

Ned. Medium, striped; pleas- 
ant sub-acid, very good. Early 
winter. Pa. 

Ne Plus Ultra of Georgia. See 
Buckingham. 

Nequassa. Large, oblate, 
striped; flesh white, very 
sweet. December. N. C. 

Neverfail. See Ralle's Jannet. 

Neversink. Large, roundish, 
red on yellow; very good — 
pineapple flavor. Winter. Pa. 

Newark King, p. 331. 



APPLES. 



711 



Newark Pippin, p. 342. 
Newark Sweetingo See Campfield. 
New England Seek-no-further. 

See Westfield ditto. 
New Jersey Red Streak. See 

Early Pennock. 
Newtown Greening. See Golden 

Pippin of Westchester County. 
Newtown Pippin, p. 342. 
Newtown Spitzenburgh. See 

New York Vandevere. 
New York Greening. See Golden 

Pippin of Westchester County. 
New York Pippin. See Ben 

Davis. 
New York Spice. See Leland 

Spice. 
New York Vandevere, p. 331. 
Nickajack, p. 331. 
Nix Green. Medium, oblate, 

greenish-yellow ; sub-acid, 

good. Early winter. Ga. 
Nixonite (Ozark Mammoth). 

Large, round oblate, yellow, 

flesh coarse, acid; good 

keeper. Mo. 
Nodhead. See Jewett's Red. 
Nonpareil, or Old Nonpareil. 

Rather small, roundish ovate, 

greenish-yellow; rich, acid. 

December. English — of little 

value here. 
Nonsuch, See Red Canada. 
Norfolk Beaufin. Large, oblate, 

dull red; flesh firm, poor — 

cooking. Good keeper. Eng- 
lish. 
Northampton. Medium, oblate, 

red streaked; good. Early 

winter. 
North Carolina Greening. See 

Bullet. 
Northern Golden Sweet. See 

Ndrthern Sweet. 



Northern Spy, p. 331. 

Northern Sweet. Medium, 
roundish-conic, yellow; sweet, 
rich, very good. Autumn. 
Vermont. 

Northwestern Greening, p. 343. 

Norton's Melon. See Melon. 

Nottingham Brown. See Brown. 

Oakland. (Oakland County 
Seek-no- further.) Medium, 
roundish-oblate, yellow and 
red; good. Winter. 

Oconee Greening. Very large, 
roundish-oblate, yellow; lively 
sub-acid, aromatic, very good. 
Resembles Disharoon. Win- 
ter. Ga. 

Oglesby. Medium, oblate, yel- 
low; crisp, sub-acid, good. 
Va. 

Ohio Favorite. See Ortley. 

Ohio Nonpareil. See Myer's. 

Ohio Pippin. See Ernst's Pip- 
pin. 

Ohio Red Streak. Medium, ob- 
late, striped; compact, rich, 
sub-acid. Winter. Ohio. 

Ohio Wine. See Fall Wine. 

Oldenburgh, p. 313. 

Ord English Codlin. Rather 
large, oblong conic, yellow; 
sub-acid — cooking. Summer 
and autumn. English. 

Oldfield. Medium, oblate conic, 
yellow; mild sub-acid, pleas-, 
ant. Winter. Conn. 

Old Nonsuch. See Red Canada. 

Old Town Crab, or Spice Apple 
of Va. Rather small, greenish- 
yellow; crisp, sweet, pleasant, 
aromatic. Winter. 

Old Town Pippin. See Hub- 
bardston Nonsuch. 



712 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



Oliver, p. 318. 

Orange Crab, p. 349. 

Orange Pippin. Medium, round- 
ish, whitish-yellow; fine- 
grained, mild sub-acid, good. 
Early autumn. N. J. 

Orange Sweet. Several of this 
name. 

Orndorf, p. 313. 

Orne's Early. Rather large, 
pale yellow. September. For- 
eign. 

Ortley, p. 343. 

Osborn's Sweet. Large, round- 
ish, yellow; sweet. October. 
Western. 

Osceola, p. 331. 

Osgood's Favorite. See Lyscon. 

Oslin. Rather small, oblate, 
yellow; firm, rich, aromatic. 
August. Scotch. 

Ostrokoff". Medium, round, yel- 
low, cavity deep, stem me- 
dium, basin shallow, ribbed ; 
flesh greenish, acid. Good 
iox cooking purposes. Early 
winter. Russian. 

Otoe Red. (Otoe Red Streak.) 
Medium, roundish-oblate, yel- 
low and red; good. Winter. 

Overman's Sweet. Medium, 

conic, striped ; sweet, very 
good — baking. October. 111. 

Ox Apple. See Monstrous Pippin. 

Ox Eye. See N. Y. Vandevere. 

Ozark. See Gano. 

Paradise, Summer Sweet, p. 257. 

Paradise, Winter Sweet, p. 272. 

Paragon. Large, roundish-coni- 
cal, smooth yellow, washed 
red, cavity large, regular, deep, 
basin furrowed, stem short, 
slender, but yellow, crisp. 



juicy, good. Winter. Tenn. 
Said by some to be identical 
with Arkansas Black Twig. 

Park Spice, or Park Apple. Me- 
dium, roundish, striped; mild 
sub-acid, aromatic, very good. 
Winter. Productive. West- 
chester County, N. Y. 

Patterson Sweet. See Bailey 
Sweet. 

Paul's Imperial Crab, p. 349. 

Pawpaw. Medium, striped; 
mild, sub-acid. Mich. 

Payne's Hesper. Medium, round- 
ish oblate, nearly sweet. Keep 
well. Mo. 

Peach of Montreal. Resembles 
Porter, but with a bright red 
cheek. Very productive and 
hardy. September. 

Peach Pond Sweet. Medium, 
oblate, striped light red ; ten- 
der, sweet, agreeable. Au- 
tumn. N. Y. 

Pearsall's Sweet. Large, light 
red, shaded and striped; 
coarse, sweet, good. Early 
winter. Productive, good for 
baking. Long Island. 

Peck's Pleasant, p. 343. 

Pennock's Red Winter. Large, 
roundish, slightly oblong, deep 
dull red; rather coarse, mild, 
pleasant. Affected with bitter 
rot. Good keeper. Pa. 

Pennsylvania Vandevere. See 
Vandevere, 

People's Choice. Medium, ob- 
late, bright red; brisk sub- 
acid. Winter. Pa. 

Pepka. See Sweet Pepka. 

Perry, p. 332. 

Petersburgh Pippin. Ste New- 
town Pippin. 



APPLES. 



713 



Pewaukee, p. 332. 

PHladelphia Sweet. See Au- 
tumn Sweet Bough. 

PHlippi. Large, oblate conical, 
greenish-yellow ; tender, fra- 
grant, very good. January, 
Pa. 

Phillips' Sweet, p. 319. 

Picard. (Picard's Reserve.) 
Medium, roundish-oblate, red 
and yellow. Winter. 

Pickman Pippin. Medium, 
roundish-oblate, yellow ; acid 
— cooking. Winter. Mass. 

Pilot, p. 322. 

Pine Apple Russet. Medium, 
conic, whitish-yellow; sub-acid 
— of little value. Autumn. 

Pink Sweet. Small, greenish and 
bright red; rich, pleasant, 
sweet. Great bearer. Septem- 
ber, October. Pa. 

Pittsburgh Pippin, p. 343. See 
also Switzer. 

Pittstown. Rather large, round- 
ish, slightly oblong, light yel- 
low, with a brown blush; ten- 
der, mild, sub-acid, good. 
October. Pittstown, N. Y. 

Pleasant Valley. ( Pleasant Val- 
ley Pippin.) Medium, round- 
ish-oblate, greenish-yellow; 
good. Winter. 

Plumb's Cider. Medium, round- 
ish, greenish-yellow with some 
stripes, juicy, mild sub-acid. 
Autumn. Wis. 

Polhemus of Long Island. See 
Moore's Sweet. 

Polly Bright. Oblong conic, 
light yellow, with a red cheek ; 
tender, pleasant. September, 
October. Va. and West. 

Pomeroy. Medium, regular, 



ovate ; shaded and striped red. 
Flesh whitish, crisp, sweet. 
Winter. N. Y. 

Pomme d'Api. See Lady Apple. 

Pomme de Neige. See Fa- 
meuse. 

Pomme Grise, p. 343. 

Pomme Royal. See Dyer. 

Porter, p. 317. 

Potter Sweet. See Leicester 
Sweet. 

Poughkeepsie Russet. See Eng- 
lish Russet. 

Pound Royal, p. 343. 

Pound Sweet. See Lyman's 
Pumpkin Sweet. Several 
others of the name. 

Pownal Spitzenburgh. Rather 
large, oblate, slightly conic, 
striped; sub-acid. Winter. 

Premium. Medium, roundish- 
conical, yellow; good. Winter. 

President. Large, roundish ; yel- 
low, with red on sunny side, 
slightly sprinkled with gray 
dots. 

Pres. Ewing. Medium, round- 
ish, striped; firm, agreeable, 
sub-acid. Winter. Ky. 

Pride of September. See Sep- 
tember. 

Priestley. Medium, roundish ob- 
long, striped dull red; spicy, 
good. Winter. Pa. 

Priest's Sweet. Medium, round- 
ish conic, striped dull red ; ten- 
der, pleasant. Good keeper. 
Mass. 

Primate, p. 304. 

Princely. Rather large, round- 
ish-oblate, striped ; sub-acid, 
fine. Autumn. N. J. and Pa. 

Prince's Harvest. See Early 
Harvest. 



714 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



Progress, p. 344. 
Prolific Sweet, p. 307. 
Prother's Winter. Medium, 

conical, yellow and red. Late 

winter. 
Pryor's Pearmain. See Pryor's 

Red. 
Pryor's Red, p. 332. 
Pumpkin Russet, p. 307. 
Pumpkin Sweet, p. 307. There 

are several varieties under the 

name Pumpkin Sweet. 
Putnam Harvey. Medium, 

roundish-oblate, pale green ; 

tender, sub-acid, agreeable. 

August and September. 
Putnam Russet. See Roxbury 

Russet. 
Pyle's Red Winter. Large, 

roundish, greenish-yellow 

shaded with pale red; crisp, 

juicy, pleasant, very good. 

Winter. Pa. 

Quaker Beauty Crab, p. 349. 

Queen Anne. See Lowell. 

Queen's Choice Crab, p. 350. 

Quince. Rather large, roundish- 
oblate, yellow; mild, sub-acid, 
aromatic. November. 

Ragan, p. 332. 

Rainbow. Large, conical, yel- 
low, striped with red; flesh 
yellow, solid, juicy, sub-acid. 
West. 

Rambo, p. 313. 

Rambour d'Ete, or Summer 
Rambour. Medium, flat, 
striped ; sub-acid. September. 
French. 

Rambour Queen, p. 333. 

Ramsdell's Sweet, p. 319. 

Randal's Best. Medium, round- 



ish, striped; sweet. Decem- 
ber. 

Raspberry, p. 302. 

Rail's Jannet, p. 333. 

Rawle's Jannet. See Rail's Jan- 
net. 

Ray Apple. See Munson's Sweet. 

Rebecca. Large, roundish-ob- 
late, whitish-yellow and crim- 
son ; tender, pleasant, spicy. 
August, September. Del. 

Recumbent, p. 333. 

Red and Green Sweet. Large 
oblong conic, ribbed, striped; 
quality moderate — baking. 
End of summer. 

Red Astrachan, p. 304. 

Red Bellflower. Large, oblong 
conic, striped; mild, sub-acid, 
becoming mealy. Worthless. 
French. 

Red Bietigheimer. See Bietig- 
heimer. 

Red Calville, or Red Winter 
Calville. Medium, roundish- 
conic, ribbed, red ; mild, sub- 
acid. Winter. Foreign. 

Red Canada, p. 333, 

Red Cat-head. Large, roundish- 
conic, yellow, shaded rfed, 
brisk, pleasant. Autumn. Va. 

Red Cheek. See Fall Orange, 
also Raspberry. Several 
others of the name. 

Red-Cheeked Pippin. See Mon- 
mouth Pippin. 

Red Detroit. See Detroit. 

Red Doctor. See Doctor. 

Red Everlasting. See Simmon's 
Red. 

Red Fall Pippin. See Red Win- 
ter Pearmain. 

Red Gilliflower. See Cornish 
Gilliflower. 



APPLES. 



715 



Red Hazel. See Nickajack. 

Red Ingestrie. Small, ovate, 
yellow and red; firm, rich. 
Autumn. English. Of little 
value here. 

Red June. See Carolina Red 
June. 

Red Juneating. See Early 
Strawberry. 

Red Lady Finger. See Red Win- 
ter Pearmain. 

Red Pearmain. See Kaighn's 
Spitzenburgh. 

Red Pumpkin Sweet. See Ra;ms- 
dell's Sweet. 

Red Quarrenden. See Devon- 
shire Quarrenden. 

Red Queen, p. 344. 

Red Ranee. Medium, roundish- 
oblate, red striped; good. 
Winter. 

Red Republican. Large, round- 
ish-oblate, striped ; coarse ; 
sub-acid. Autumn. Pa. 

Red Romanite. See Carthouse. 

Red Russet, p. 344. 

Red Seek-no-further. See Keiser. 

Red Siberian Crab, p. 350. 

Red Spitzenburgh. See Rich- 
ards' Graft. 

Red Streak. Medium, round- 
ish, streaked; rich, firm, dry — 
for cider. English. 

Red Stripe. Rather large, ob- 
long, conical, striped; mild, 
sub-acid, very good. Late 
summer. Ind. 

Red Summer Calville, p. 313. 

Red Sweet. Medium, roundish- 
oval, striped; tender, sweet, 
very good. December. Ohio. 

Red Vandevere. See Red Win- 
ter Pearmain. 

Red Warrior. See lates. 



Red Winter Pearmain, p. 333. 

Red Winter Sweet. Medium, 
roundish, striped deep red; 
coarse, rich, very sweet. 
Early winter. Va. and Ky. 

Reinette Blanche d'Espagne. 
See White Spanish Reinette. 

Reinette de Canada. See Can- 
ada Reinette. 

Republican Pippin, p. 313. 

Rhode Island Greening, p. 344. 

R. I. Seek-no-further. See Long 
Island Seek-no-further. 

Rhode's Orange. Medium, 
roundish-oblate, yellow and 
red. Summer. 

Ribston Pippin, p. 313. 

Richards' Graft, p. 314. 

Richfield Nonsuch. See Red Can- 
ada. 

Richland Sweet Crab, p. 350. 

Richmond, p. 306. 

Ridge Pippin. Large, roundish- 
conic, yellow; mild, aromatic. 
Spring. 
■ Riest. Large, roundish, yellow; 
pleasant, very good. August. 
Pa. 

Ritter. Medium, roundish-ob- 
long, striped, good. Autumn. 
Pa. 

River. Rather large, oblong 
ovate, striped ; coarse, pleas- 
ant, sub-acid. Autumn. Mass. 

Roadstown Pippin. Large, ob- 
late, greenish-yellow; sprightly 
sub-acid — market and cooking. 
N.J. 

Roberson's White, p. 318. 

Robey's Seedling, p. 333. 

Robinson. Rather small, round- 
ish-conical, greenish-yellow ; 
very mild sub-acid, good. 
Winter. Iowa. 



7i6 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



Rock Apple. Large, roundish, 
striped; sub-acid, very good. 
Autumn. N. H. 

Rockingham Red. See AUum. 

Rockremain. See Ralle's Jannet. 

Rockport Sweet. Medium, ob- 
late, yellow, with a red cheek; 
sweet, aromatic. Winter. 

Mass, 

Rock Sweet. Rather small, 
roundish, oblate conic, striped ; 
sweet, rich. September. Mass. 

Romanite, See Carthouse. 

Romanite of New Jersey. See 
Rambo. 

Roman Stem, p. 344. 

Rome Beauty, p. 333. 

Romna, p. 345. 

Roseau. Large, irregular, dark 
red; of little value. Foreign. 

Rosenhager, p. 345. 

Rose Red. Medium, oblate, 
striped and shaded red; lively 
sub-acid, very good. Autumn. 
Western N. Y. 

Ross Nonpareil. Small, round- 
ish, thin russet; rich sub-acid, 
aromatic. October, Irish. Of 
little value. 

Rosy Red. Medium, striped; 
mild sub-acid. Early winter. 
Michigan. 

Roxbury Russet, p. 345. 

Royal Pearmain. See Hereford- 
shire Pearmain. 

Royal Pippin. See Carter. 

Royal Table, p. 333. 

Rum Apple. Medium, oblate, 
yellow, shaded crimson; sub- 
acid. Winter. N. H. 

Runnels. Medium, green, rough ; 
flesh firm, very good. Late 
keeper — market. 

Russet Pearmain, p. 334. 



Rymer. Large, oblate conic, yel- 
low, shaded crimson; sub-acid. 
December, Foreign, 

Sailly Autumn, Medium, oblate 
conic, greenish-yellow, with a 
reddish cheek; tender, rich, 
aromatic, September. N. Y. 

Saint Lawrence, p. 314. 

Salome. Medium, roundish, 
slightly conical, striped and 
shaded light and deep red on 
a pale yellow skin ; flesh ten- 
der, mild sub-acid, slightly 
aromatic, very good. Long 
keeper. A valuable new west- 
ern apple. 

Sandy Glass, p. 345. 

Sapson. See Sops-of-Wine. 

Sarah, Large, oblate, red 
striped; good. Autumn. 

Sassafras Sweet. See Haskell's 
Sweet, 

Saxton, or Fall Stripe, Bright 
red, sub-acid, crisp, pleasant. 
September, 

Scarlet Nonpareil. Medium, 
roundish-conic, striped ; sub- 
acid. November. English. 

Scarlet Pearmain. Medium, 
ovate conic, crimson; flesh 
white, good. Autumn. Eng- 
lish. 

Scarlet Perfume. See Cole. 

Schoonmaker. Large, roundish- 
oblate, greenish-yellow ; brisk 
sub-acid, good. Winter. 

Scollop Gilliflower, Rather large, 
roundish-conic, much ribbed, 
striped, firm, December. 
Ohio. 

Scott's Winter, Medium, round, 
deep red, rather acid, good. 
Is very hardy and a long 



APPLES. 



717 



keeper, and a good substitute 
at the North for Roxbury Rus- 
set. 

Seager. Large, roundish-conic, 
red striped; good. 

Seago. See Mangum. 

Seek-no-further. See Green do. 
and Westfield do. 

Seever's Red Streak. Medium, 
roundish, striped, sub-acid. 
Autumn. Ohio. 

Selma. Rather large, roundish- 
oblate, yellow, russet, and dull 
red; mild sub-acid, good. De- 
cember. Ohio. 

Senator. See Oliver. 

September. Large, roundish, 
yellow ; agreeable sub-acid. 
October. Pa. 

Settle Pippin. Medium, white 
shaded light red; flesh white, 
crisp, juicy, pleasant. Au- 
tumn. Va. 

Shackleford. Large, roundish, 
oblate, red; flesh yellow, mild 
sub-acid. Said to be hardy 
and free grower. West. Winter. 

Shakers' Yellow. See Early Pen- 
nock. 

Shannon. See Ohio Pippin. 

Sharpe's Early. See Summer 
Queen. 

Sharp's Spice. See Fall Wine. 

Sheep Nose. See Bullock's Pip- 
pin. Other sorts of the name. 

Sheppard's Sweet. Medium, 
ovate, ribbed, striped; sweet, 
pleasant. Autumn. Conn. 

Sherwood's Favorite. See Che- 
nango Strawberry. 

Shiawasse Beauty, p. 314. 

Shippen's Russet. Large, round- 
ish-oblate; spongy, acid. Win- 
ter. 



Shirley. See Foundling. 

Shockley, p. 334. 

Siloam, p. 334. 

Simmon's Red. Medium, oblate, 
yellow with red blush; flesh 
yellow, good. Tree vigorous; 
profuse bearer. Summer. Ala. 

Sinclair's Yellow. See Early 
Harvest. 

Sine Qua Non, p. 305. 

Skrnishapfel, p. 334. 

Slingerland Pippin. Rather 

large, conic oblate, yellow, 
shaded red; rich sub-acid. 
Early winter. N. Y. 

Small, roundish-conical, yellow 
russeted; good. Autumn. 

Small Romanite. See Carthouse. 

Smalley, or Spice. Medium, ob- 
late conic, yellow; brisk, aro- 
matic. Autumn. Conn. 

Smithfield Spice. See Dyer. 

Smith's Cider, p. 334. 

Smokehouse, p. 314. 

Snow. See Fameuse. 

Snyder, p. 350. 

Sol. Carter. See Equinetely. 

Somerset. Large, roundish, yel- 
low and red; tender, juicy, 
sub-acid. September. 

Somerset of New York. 

Snyder Crab, p. 350. 

Sonoma. Large, irregular, yel- 
low striped with red. Winter. 
Cal. 

Sops-of-Wine, p. 302. 

Soulard, p. 314. 

Sour Bough. See Summer Pip- 
pin. 

Southern Porter. Medium, 

ovate, bright yellow, rich sub- 
acid. Ripens several weeks 
after Porter, or in September 
in California. 



7i8 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



Southern Striped June. See 
Early Red Margaret. 

Spanish Reinette. See White 
Spanish Reinette. 

Spencer Sweet. See Hartford 
Sweet. 

Spice Apple of Virginia. See 
Old Town Crab. 

Spice Russet. Small, round ob- 
late, yellow russet; aromatic, 
good. Winter. 

Spice Sweeting, or Berry Bough. 
Medium, oblate, smooth, pale 
yellow; sweet, aromatic; often 
knotty. August. 

Spitzenburgh, p. 334. Several 
of this name. 

Sponge. Large, roundish, 

striped red on light green; 
rather acid. December. 

Sprague. Rather small, oblong 
ovate, yellow, sub-acid. Oc- 
tober. 

Springport Pippin. Medium, 

roundish, yellowish-green ; 
sub-acid, very good. Winter. 
Cayuga County, N. Y. 

St. Lawrence, p. 314. 

Stanard. Large, roundish, yel- 
low and red ; rather coarse, 
sub-acid. December. Erie 
County, N. Y. 

Star, p. 318. 

Stark. Large, striped, coarse; 
mild sub-acid, good. Valuable 
as a keeper. Ohio. 

Starkey. Medium, roundish-ob- 
late, nearly all rich red, mild 
sub-acid, very good. Early 
winter. Me. 

Starr, p. 305. 

Steele's Red Winter. See Bald- 
win — also Red Canada. 

Steel's Sweet. Medium, round, 



ribbed, yellow. Winter. 
Conn. 

Stensill. Rather large, oblate, 
striped; sub-acid. January. 
Early bearer. N. C. 

Sterling Beauty. See American 
Beauty. 

Stevenson's. Medium, green, 
russeted; flesh firm, juicy. 
Winter. Ark. 

Stevenson's W^inter, p. 318. 

Stillman's Early. Small, round- 
ish-conic, yellow; tender, pleas- 
ant, sub-acid. July and Au- 
gust. Oneida County, N. Y. 

Stillwater Sweet. Medium, 
greenish-yellow, tender, sweet, 
very good. Autumn. Ohio. 

Straat. See Stroat. 

Strawberry. See Late Straw- 
berry and Chenango Straw- 
berry. 

Streintown, p. 345. 

Striped Ashmore. See Ashmore. 

Striped Belle Fleur. See Red 
Bellflower. 

Striped Gilliflower. Roundish- 
conical, striped bright red on 
white skin, brisk sub-acid. 
Tree a vigorous grower. Win- 
ter, 

Striped Harvest. See Harvest 
Red Streak. 

Striped June. See Early Red 
Margaret. 

Striped Pearmain, or Striped 
Winter Pearmain. See Mc- 
Afee's Nonsuch. 

Striped Sweet Pippin. Rather 
large, roundish, striped rich 
red on bright yellow; very 
mild sub-acid, very good. 
Early winter. 

Stroat. Medium, roundish, 



APPLES. 



719 



ovate, yellowisli-green ; rich ; 
very good. Autumn. N. Y. 

Stump, p. 307. 

Sturmer Pippin. Small, oblate, 
yellow and red; rich, sub-acid. 
Winter. Ky. 

Sudlow's Fall Pippin. See 
Franklin Golden Pippin. 

Sugar Loaf Pippin. Medium, 
oblong conic, smooth, whitish- 
yellow; sub-acid, poor. Sum- 
mer. English. 

Sugar Sweet. Large, conic, 
ribbed, yellow, shaded red; 
rich, very sweet. Winter, 
Mass. 

Summer Bellflower. Medium, 
ovate, yellow; flesh white, 
rich, sub-acid, very good. 
August. Dutchess County, 
N. Y. 

Summer Golden Pippin. Small, 
ovate, yellow; rich. August. 
English. 

Summer Hagloe, p. 303. 

Summ.er Horse. See Horse. 

Summer King. Medium, oblate; 
yellow, red blush; good. 

Summerour. See Nickajack. 

Summer Pearmain. See Autumn 
Pearmain. 

Summer Pippin, p. 305. 

Summer Pound Royal. Large, 
roundish-conic, greenish- 
white ; fine-grained, tender, 
sub-acid, very good. End of 
summer. Profitable. Grown 
in Ohio and Mich. 

Summer Queen, p. 303. 

Summer Rambo. (A corruption 
of Summer Rambour.) See 
Western Beauty. 

Summer Rambour. See Ram- 
bour d'Ete. 



Summer Rose, p. 303. 

Summer Seek-no-further. Me- 
dium, oblate conical, yellow; 
very good. 

Summer Sweet of Ohio. See 
High-top. 

Summer Sweet Paradise, p. 307. 

Superb Sweet. Large, roundish, 
yellow and red; tender, rich, 
sweet. Autumn. Mass. 

Surprise. Small, roundish, yel- 
low ; flesh red. Of little value. 

Susan's Spice. Medium, oblate, 
yellow and red. Autumn. 

Sutton Beauty, p. 334. 

Sutton's Early. Medium, 
slightly conic, light yellow; 
tender, juicy, rich sub-acid. 
September. Nova Scotia. 

Swaar, p. 345. 

Sweet and Sour. Rather large, 
with green acid ribs, and yel- 
low insipid hollows between 
them — a curiosity only. 

Sweet Baldwin. Medium round- 
ish, deep red; firm, sweet — of 
little value. November. 

Sweet Belle et Bonne. Medium, 
roundish-oblate, yellow rus- 
seted; good. Early winter. 

Sweet Borovinka, p. 298. 

Sweet Bough, p. 299. 

Sweet Fall Pippin. Large, • ob- 
late, greenish-yellow ; sweet, 
rich. October, November. 
N. Y. 

Sweet Golden Pippin. See Au- 
tumnal Swaar. 

Sweet Golden Russet. Rather 
large, conical, yellow, russeted ; 
rich, sweet. September, Oc- 
tober. Hardy, productive. 

Sweet Harvest. See Sweet 
Bough. 



720 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



Sweet Harvey. See Sweet Van- 
devere. 

Sweet June. See High-Top. 

Sweet Longfield, p. 307. 

Sweet Nonsuch. See Sweet Ro- 
manite. 

Sweet Pear. Medium, roundish- 
conical, yellow. Autumn. 

Sweet Pearmain, p. 320. 

Sweet Pepka, p. 308. 

Sweet Pippin. See Hog Island 
Sweet; also Moore's Sweet. 

Sweet Rambo. Medium, round- 
ish-oblate, yellow, shaded red 
with large dots; tender, juicy, 
rich, aromatic. Late autumn. 
Pa. 

Sweet Red Streak. See Sweet 
Yandevere. 

Sweet Romanite, p. 320. 

Sweet Russet. See Pumpkin 
Russet. 

Sweet Russet Crab, p. 350. 

Sweet Swaar. See Autumnal 
Swaar. 

Sweet Vandevere, p. 320. 

Sweet Wine. See Fall Wine, 

Sweet Wine Sap. Medium, ob- 
late, splashed deep crimson ; 
tender, juicy, sweet, rich. 
November. Pa. 

Swiss, or Switzer, p. 303. 

Switzer, p. 303. 

Sylvan Sweet Crab, p. 350. 

Tallman Sweeting, p. 271. 

Tallow Pippin. See Lowell. 

Tart Bough. See Early Harvest. 
This name is also applied to 
two other sorts, one of which 
resembles Early Harvest, but 
is later, more acid, and the tree 
of more rapid growth;, the 
other is a small, whitish. 



roundish, conical apple, \\ath a 
pleasant sub-acid flavor; rip- 
ening in August. 

Taunton. Large, oblate conic, 
greenish-yellow and striped ; 
aromatic, acid, good. Au- 
tumn. Southern. 

Tenderskin. Small, yellow, and 
striped; tender, pleasant, sub- 
acid, very good. Early win- 
ter. Southern. 

Terral's Late. Large, striped; 
sub-acid, good. Autumn. 

Great bearer. Southern. 

Terry. Medium, oblate, dark 
red; flesh yellow, cnsp, sub- 
acid. Good keeper. Winter. Ga. 

Tetofsky, p. 304. 

Tewksbury Blush, p. 345. 

Tibbett's Seedling. Large, 
conic, whitish; sub-acid, pleas- 
ant. Michigan. 

TifFt Sweet, p. 308. 

Tillaquah. Medium, roundish- 
oblate, yellow with red stripes. 
Winter. 

Tinmouth, or Teignmouth. 
Rather large, oblate, whitish- 
yellow, shaded red; mild sub- 
acid. Early winter. Very 
hardy. Vt. 

Titovca. Large, striped with 
bright red on a greenish-yellow 
skin; coarse, sub-acid, good. 
Late summer. Russian. 

Titus, p. 314. 

Titus Pippin. Large, oblong 
conic, light yellow; not high 
flavored. December. 

Toccoa. Rather large, conic, 
irregular striped ; with a rich 
Spitzenburgh flavor. August. 
Ga. 

Tolman's Sweet, p. 321. 



APPLES. 



721 



Tompkins. See Dyer. 

Tompkins County King. See 
King. 

Toole's Indian Rareripe. Large, 
roundish, light yellow, reddish 
cheek ; sub-acid, good — culi- 
nary. Early autumn. 

Townsend. See Hocking. 

Transcendent Crab, p. 350. 

Transparent Zoar. Large, 
roundish, regular, white with 
a carmine blush, flesh tender, 
mild sub-acid. Late Autumn. 
Ohio. 

Trenton Early, p. 305. 

Trumbull Sweeting. Rather 

large, round oblate, yellow; 
sweet, good. Autumn. Ohio. 

Tuft's, or Tuft's Baldwin. 
Large, red on yellow ground, 
handsome; flesh dry, with a 
moderately good, sub-acid 
flavor. Autumn. Mass. 

Tulpahocken. See Fallawater. 

Turkey Greening. Large, ob- 
late, green with a dull blush; 
flesh greenish, sub-acid, not 
rich. Winter. Conn. 

Turner's Green. See Winter 

Cheese. 

Tuscaloosa Seedling. Medium, 
yellow, almost covered with 
dark red ; flesh yellow, tender, 
good. A good keeper. Ala. 

Tuttle, of Conn. Large, round- 
ish, regular, striped dark red; 
pleasant sub-acid, good. 

Twenty Ounce, p. 314. 

Twitchell's Sweet. Medium, 
conic, red and purple ; flesh 
white, stained; sweet, pleas- 
ant flavor. November. N. H. 

Uncle Sam's Best. See Fall Wine. 
46 



Utter. Rather large, oblate, 
striped with red on a yellow 
skin ; pleasant sub-acid, good 
in quality. Early winter. A 
hardy, popular, Wisconsin 
apple. 

Vandevere, p. 314. 

Vandyne. Large, roundish, 
yellow ; sub-acid, agreeable. 
October. 

Van Wyck Crab, p. 350, 

Vasili's Largest. See Basil the 
Great. 

Vaughan's Winter. Medium, 

oblate oblique, whitish-yellow, 
shaded red; agreeable. Win- 
ter. Ky. 

Vermont. See Walworth. 

Vermont Pippin. See Tin- 
mouth. 

Victoria Red. See Ben Davis. 

Victorious Reinette. Large, 
roundish, oblong, pale yellow; 
pleasant, aromatic. Winter. 
German. 

Victuals and Drink. Large, ob- 
long, dull yellow; rich, sweet, 
very good. Early winter and 
later. N. J. 

Vine Apple. Medium, oblong 
conical, golden yellow; flesh 
yellow, sub-acid. Fall. Va. 

Virginia Greening, p. 345. 

Vorontsh Rosy. Large, round- 
ish-conic; yellow, striped red; 
flesh yellow, sub-acid. Mid- 
winter. Russian. 

Wabash Bellflower. Large, 
ovate, orange red on yellow; 
sub-acid, good — handsome. 
November. Pa. 

Waddel's Hall. See Shockley. 



72 2 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



Wagener, p. 335. 

Walbridge, p. , 326. Late win- 
ter. Very hardy. 111. 

Walker's Yellow. Large, conic, 
golden yellow; rather acid. 
Winter. Pa. 

Wallace Howard. Large, coni- 
cal; orange red, with crimson 
stripes ; flesh crisp, nearly 
sweet. Fall. Ga. 

Walpole. Medium, roundish, 
striped; sub-acid. Late sum- 
mer. Mass. 

Walworth. See Summer Pippin. 

Warfield, p. 306. 

Warren Pennock. See Early 
Pennock. 

Warren Pippin. See Ortley. 

Washington. See Sops-of-Wine. 

Washington Royal. Rather 
large, round oblate, yellowish- 
green; fine flavored — ^keeps till 
July. Mass. 

Washington Strawberry, p. 314. 

Water. Medium, ovate, whitish- 
yellow with crimson cheek; 
pleasant sub-acid, very good. 
Autumn and winter. Hand- 
some and valuable. Pa. 

Watermelon. See Melon. 

Watson's Dumpling. Large, 
roundish, red on yellowish- 
green; sub-acid — cooking. 
Late autumn. English. 

Watson's Favorite. Medium, 
roundish-oblate, red on yel- 
low; pleasant, rich, juicy, 
very good. 

Watson's Vandevere. See Van- 
devere. 

Wattaugah. See Hoover. 

Waxen of Core. Medium,' 
roundish-oblate, pale yellow ; 
mild sub-acid. November. Va. 



Wealthy, p. 318. 

Webb's Winter. Medium, round, 
yellow. 

Wellford's Yellow, p. 335. 

Wellington Apple. See Dume- 
low's Seedling. 

Wells' Apple. Medium, round- 
ish-oblate, red on yellow; sub- 
acid. Tree vigorous, stems 
slender, prolific. Good keeper. 
Origin Pa., but disseminated 
from Ohio. See Dominie. 

Wells' Sweet, p. 322. 

Westchester Seek-no-further. 
See Long Island Seek-no-fur- 
ther. 

Western Beauty. Large, round- 
ish, shaded with bright red on 
pale yellow; coarse, crisp, 
tender, mild sub-acid. Early 
winter. Ohio. 

Western Baldwin. See Babbitt. 

Western Spy, p. 346. 

Westfield Seek-no-fiirther, p. 335. 

Weston. Medium, roundish- 

conical, striped on light yel- 
low; mild, pleasant. October. 
Mass. 

Wetherell's White Sweeting. 
Large, yellow. September. 
N. J. 

Wheeler's Sweet. Large, conical, 
ribbed, yellow, with a red 
cheek; sweet, pleasant. Octo- 
ber. Ohio. 

White Astrachan. Medium, 
roundish, very smooth ; tender, 
delicate, rather dry. August. 
Russian. Of little value. 

White Bellflower. See Ortley. 

White Detroit. See Ortley. 

White Doctor. Large, roundish- 
oblate, greenish-yellow; acid, 
not rich. Autumn. Pa. 



APPLES. 



723 



White Golden Sweet. See Bak- 
er's Sweet. 

White Hawthornden. See Haw- 
thornden. 

White Juneating, p. 305. 

White Paradise. Medium, 
roundish-oblate; yellow, 
streaked red. Good. Winter. 

White Pippin, p. 346, 

White Rambo, p. 346. 

White Seek-no-farther. See 

Green do. 

White Spanish Reinette, p. 346. 

White Spice. See Dyer. 

White Sweet. Medium, roundish- 
oblate, white with a red cheek ; 
very sweet — culinary. Autumn. 
Great bearer. Me. 

White Vandevere. See Vande- 
vere. 

Whitewater Sweet. Medium, 
round, yellow ; sweet — long 
keeper. Southern Ohio. 

White Winter. Small, round, 
light yellow, with a red cheek ; 
juicy, mild, sub-acid, not rich. 
Spring. Pa. 

White Winter Calville. Medium, 
roundish-conic, ribbed, yellow; 
coarse, pleasant. December. 
French. Valueless here. 

Wliite Winter Pearmain, p. 346. 

Whitney's Crab, p. 350. 

Whitney's Russet. Medium, 
oblate, russeted; flesh fine- 
grained, rich, spicy. Winter. 
Canada. 

William Penn. Rather large, 
round oblate, grayish stripes 
on greenish-yellow; juicy, rich, 
aromatic, very good. Febru- 
ary. Pa. 

William Tell. See Pittsburgh 
Pippin. 



Williams' Early Red. See Wil- 
liams' Favorite. 

Williams' Favorite, p. 303. 

Williams' Red. See Williams' 
Favorite. 

Willis Sweet. Rather large, 
roundish, light yellow with 
some red; sweet, rich, very 
good — productive. Early au- 
tumn. L. I. 

Willow Twig, p. 335. 

Windsor, p. 335. 

Windsor Chief. See Windsor. 

Wine, p. 335. 

Wine of Conn. See Twenty 
Ounce. 

Winesap, p. 336. 

Wine Strawberry. See Richard's 
Graft. 

Wing Sweet, p. 320. 

Winn's Russet. Large dark rus- 
est, striped; sub-acid. Good 
keeper. Me. 

Winslow. Large, round, striped; 
sub-acid. November and De- 
cember. Va. 

Winter Aport, p. 336. 

Winter Cheese, p. 346. 

Winter Genneting. See Rawle's 
Jannet. 

Winter Harvey. Large, round- 
ish-conic, pale yellow. 

Winter King. See King of 
Tompkins County. 

Winter Pear, p. 315. 

Winter Pearmain. See Autumn 
Pearmain. Some other sorts 
of the name. 

Winter Pippin of Geneva, p. 
346. 

Winter Pippin of Vermont. 
Large, round, yellow with red 
cheek; tender, agreeable. Win- 
ter. 



724 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



Winter Queen. Medium, conic, 
crimson ; mild sub-acid. Early 
winter. 

Winter Queen. See Fall Queen 
of Kentucky. 

Winter. Seek-no-further. See 
Fall do. Winter Strawberry. 
Above medium, roundish, juicy, 
with peculiar aromatic sub- 
acid flavor. Montreal. 

Winter Sweet Paradise, p. 322. 

Winter Wine. See Wine. 

Winthrop Greening, p. 318. 

Winthrop Pearmain. Large, 
round ovate, striped; spicy, 
pleasant. Autumn. Me. 

Wolf River, p. 336. 

Wolf's Den. See Averill. 

Wolman's Harvest. See Sum- 
mer Rose. 

Wood's Greening, p. 346. 

Wood's Sweet. Large, oblate, 
irregular, striped ; tender, juicy, 
rich ; very good. Autumn. Vt. 

Woodstock. See Dyer. 

Woodstock Pippin. See Blen- 
heim Pippin. 

Woolman's Early. See Summer 
Rose. 

Woollman's Long. See Ortley. 

Woollman's Striped Harvest. 
See Summer Rose. 

Wormsley Pippin. Medium, 
roundish, greenish-yellow; 
sharp sub-acid. September. 
English. 

Wright Apple. Medium, round- 
ish-oblate, yellow ; tender, 
juicy, aromatic, almost sweet. 
Autumn. Vt. 

Wyker Pippin. See Golden 
Reinette. 

Wythe. Medium, oblate, red 
streaked; good. Winter. 



Yacht. Large, roundish, striped; 
sub-acid. Winter. Pa. 

Yacob, p. 336. 

Yates, p. 336. 

Yellow Bellflower, p. 346. 

Yellow German Reinette. See 
Golden Reinette. 

Yellow Harvest. See Early 
Harvest. 

Yellow Horse. See Horse. 

Yellow Ingestrie. Small, yellow; 
spicy — valueless. Foreign. 

Yellow June. See Kirkbridge 
White. 

Yellow May. See White Juneating. 

Yellow Meadow. Large, oblate, 
greenish-yellow; compact, rich, 
very good. November. South- 
ern. 

Yellow Newtown Pippin, p. 347. 

Yellow Pearmain. See Golden 
Pearmain. 

Yellow Siberian Crab, p. 350. 

Yellow Sweet. Very similar to 
the Smoky Arcad. Hardy in 
the far North. 

Yellow Transparent, p. 306. 

Yopp. See Yopp's Favorite. 

Yopp's Favorite. Large, round- 
ish, greenish-yellow; juicy, sub- 
acid, very pleasant. Ga. 

York Imperial, p. 336. 

York Pippin. See Fall Pippin. 

York Russet. See Pumpkin Rus- 
set. 

Yorkshire Greening. Large, 
round ovate, dull green, 
striped; acid. Winter. Eng- 
Hsh. 

Young's Long Keeper. See 
Easter Pippin. 

Yost. Flat, striped; coarse, 
pleasant, sub-acid. December. 
Pa. 



APRICOTS. 



725 



Zachary. (Zachary Pippin.) 
Large, oblate, red striped; 
good. Early winter. 

Zane, or Zane Greening. Large, 
roundish, green ; poor. Winter. 



Zieber. Small, yellow, striped; 

dry, good. 
Zukoff's Winter, p. 347. 



APRICOTS. 



Abricot. See Red Masculine. 

Abricot Blanc. See White Mas- 
culine. 

Abricot Common. See Roman. 

Abricoti. See Red Masculine. 

Abricotier Hatif. See Red Mas- 
culine. 

Abricot Peche. See Peach. 

Alberge de Montgarnet. See 
Montgamet. 

Albergier. See Montgarnet. 

Alexander, p. 352. 

Alexis, p. 352. 

Amande Aveline. See Breda. 

Anson's. See Moorpark. 

Anson's Imperial. See Peach. 

Black, p. 352. 

Blanc. See White Masculine. 

Blenheim, p. 352. 

Bourgoume. (Hubbard.) 
Large, round, compressed, yel- 
low; juicy and very acid. 
Early. Of not much value. 

Breda, p. 352. 

Briancon. A small tree or shrub, 
a native of the Alps. Fruit 
small, round, scarcely eatable. 
Ornamental. 

Brown Masculine. See Red Mas- 
culine. 

Brussels, p. 853. 

Budd, J. L., p. 353. 

Burlington, p. 353. 



Catharine. Medium, yellow; 
mild sub-acid ; good. July 25. 
Russian. 

Dartmouth, p. 353. 

D'Alexandrie. See Musch. 

D'HoUande. See Breda. 

Double Flowering. Ornamental 
— rare here. 

Dubois Early Golden. See Early 
Golden. 

Du Luxemburg. See Peach. 

Dunmore's Breda. See Moor- 
park. 

Early Golden, p. 353. 

Early Masculine. See Red Mas- 
culine. 

Early Moorpark, p. 353. 

Early Orange. See Orange. 

Early White Masculine. See 
White Ditto. 

Germine. See Roman. 
Gibb, p. 353. 

Gold Dust. Large, round, red- 
dish-yellow. 

Harris, p. 353. 
Hemshirke, p. 353. 

Japan. Small, greenish-yellow; 
clingstone; flesh hard and 
acid; poor. 



726 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



Lafayette, p. 353. 

"Large Early, p. 353. 

Large Red. Large, roundish 

oval, orange with red cheek; 

very good. Ripens about first 

of August. 
Large Turkey. See Turkey. 

Montgarnet, p. 353. 
Moorpark, p. 353. 
Musch, p. 354. 
Musch-musch. See Musch. 

Nicholas. Medium, white, 
sweet, melting. July. Rus- 
sian. 

Noir. See Black. 

Oldaker's Moorpark. See Moor- 
park. 
Orange, p. 354. 

Peche. See Peach. 
Peche Grosse. See Peach. 
Peach, p. 354. 
Persian. See Orange. 
Precoce. See Red Masculine. 
Purple Apricot, See Black. 

Red Masculine, p. 354. 



Ringgold, p. 354. 

Roman, p. 355. 

Royal, p. 355. 

Royal Orange. See Orange. 

Royal Peach. See Peach. 

Royal Persian. See Orange. 

Shipley's. See Blenheim. 

Smith's Early. Medium size, 
oval, sides flattened, suture 
very distinct. Early. Resem- 
bles Harris. N. Y. 

St. Ambroise. Large, roundish, 
compressed, yellow, shaded 
dark orange. Prolific, good. 

Temple's. See Moorpark. 
Texas, p. 355. 
Transparent. See Roman. 
Turkey, p. 355. 

Turkish of Western New York, 
p. 355. 

Violet. See Black. 

Walton Moorpark. See Moor- 
park. 
White. See White Masculine. 
White Masculine, p. 355. 
Wurtemburg. See Peach. 



BANANAS. 

Abyssinian (M. Ensete) , p. 589. Hart's Choice, p. 589. 
Baracoa (red), p. 589. Jamaica (Martinique) , p. 589. 

Dwarf Jamaica, p. 589. Orinoco, p. 589. 

BLACKBERRIES. 

Adair's Claret. Medium, pale Ancient Briton, p. 357. 

red; soft, pleasant. Not quite 

hardy. Ky. Barnard. Medium, high flavor, 

Agawam, p. 357. has tendency to dry before 

Albion. Large, light red, im- becoming ftiUy ripe. Canes 

perfect, poor, not productive. strong, very prickly. 



BLACKBERRIES. 



727 



Bartel Dewberry, Variously de- 
scribed as large and small. 
Cylindrical canes, vigorous, 
not very spiny. Fruit juicy, 
sub-acid. Finds favor mostly 
in the West. 

Cape May. Large, black ; sweet, 
soft; loses color. 

Carlo. Small, juicy, sub-acid. 
Canes vigorous, drooping, few 
thorns. 

Crystal White. Medium, oblong 
oval, light creamy white, 
sweet. Only a curiosity. Not 
hardy. 111. 

Cumberland. Medium, black ; 
sweet, early. Hardy. N. J. 

Cut-leaved, Small, roundish, 
black; an old European sort. 

Cutter's Mulberry. Long, slen- 
der; sweet. Mass. 

Dewberry, or Low Blackberry. 

A wild bush, producing sweet, 

excellent fruit. 
Dorchester, p. 357, 

Early Cluster, p. 358. 

Early Harvest, p. 358. 

Early Mammoth. Medium, ir- 
regular, bright black, juicy, 
sub-acid. Canes red, vigorous, 
drooping, thorny. Not very 
hardy. 

Eldorado. Medium, oblong con- 
ical, juicy, sweet. Canes not 
very vigorous, thorny. Good, 

Erie, p. 358. 

Evergreen. Small, hard core, 
sub-acid. Canes straggling, 
vigorous, stout thorns. Win- 
ter kills. 

Parley. Large; sweet. Early. 
New. 



Felton. Large, oblong; sweet, 
good, often defective. Early. 
N. J. 

Holcomb. Large, roundish-oval, 
black; sweet, very good. Vig- 
orous^ and productive. Conn. 

Kittatinny, p. 358. 

Lawton, See New Rochelle. 

Lincoln, Small, jiiicy, sweet, 
imperfect. Canes vigorous, 
upright, thorny. Not good, 

Logan Berry, p, 359, Its hardi- 
ness not yet proven in the 
Eastern States, 

Lovett, Small, juicy, nearly 
sweet, many imperfect. Canes 
vigorous, upright, thorny. 

Lucretia Dewberry, p. 359. 

Luther. Medium, juicy, nearly 
sweet. Canes vigorous, arched, 
pale red; thorns slender and 
numerous. 

Mayes' (Austin) Hybrid Dew- 
berry, p. 359. 
Mersereau, p. 359. 
Minnewaska, p. 359. 
Missouri Mammoth, p. 360. 

Newman's Thornless, p. 360. 
New Rochelle, p. 361. 

Oregon Evergreen. See Ever- 
green. 

Rathbun. Medium-sized berry, 
good flavor, coreless. New. 

Sable Queen. Medium or large, 

black. Mass. 
Snyder, p. 361. 



728 DESCRIPTIVE 11 ST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



Stone's Hardy. Small, produc- 
tive, extremely hardy. 

Taylor, p. 361. 

Thompson's Early Mammoth. 
See Early Mammoth. 

Wachusett. (Wachusett Thorn- 



less.) Small, oblong oval, 
juicy, sweet. Canes moder- 
ately stout, purplish thorns 
few and small. 

Wilson's Early, p. 361. 

Wilson, Jr., p. 361. 



CHERRIES. 



Adam's Crown. Medium, round- 
ish, pale red; flavor pleasant. 
Late June. 

Afghanistan, p. 366. 

Amber Gean. Small, oval heart- 
shaped, pale yellow ; sweet, 
pleasant. Great bearer. 
Late. 

American Amber. Medium, 
roundish heart-shaped, light 
amber and red; flavor moder- 
ate. 

American Heart, p. 369. 

Anne. Rather small, roundish, 
red ; sweet, very good. Ky. 

Ansell's Fine Black. See Black 
Heart. 

Apple Cherry. See Gridley. 

Archduke, p. 375. 

Arden's Early White Heart. See 
Early White Heart. 

Baumann's May. See May Bi- 

garreau. 
Belle de Bavay. See Reine 

Hortense. 
Belle de Choisy, p. 378. 
Belle d'Orleans, p. 369. 
Belle de Sceaux, p. 378. 
Belle Magnifique, p. 378. 
Belle Vezzouris. Rather large, 

light red; sub-acid. Late. 
Bessarabian. Medium, round, 



heart-shaped, dark red, acid, 
slightly astringent. Hardy 
and prolific. Russian. 

Bigarreau. See Yellow Spanish. 

Bigarreau, Black. Medium, 
heart-shaped, black ; flesh firm, 
rather dry. See Medium. 

Bigarreau Blanc. See White 
Bigarreau. 

Bigarreau, China, p. 319. 

Bigarreau Couleur de Chair. 
See Elton. 

Bigarreau Gaubalais. See Ale- 
zel. 

Bigarreau de Mai. See May 
Bigarreau. 

Bigarreau Gros Coeuret. Large, 
roundish heart-shaped, suture 
raised, becoming reddish- 
black; flesh firm, -flavor mod- 
erate. 

Bigarreau Gros Noir. See Elk- 
horn. 

Bigarreau, Large Red. Large, 
oblong heart-shaped, dark red ; 
flesh firm. Season medium. 

Bigarreau, Royal and Bigarreau 
Tardif. See Yellow Spanish. 

Black Bigarreau of Savoy. 
Large, heart-shaped, black ; 
flesh purple, firm. Late. 

Black Caroon, or Carone. 
Rather small, intermediate in 



CHERRIES. 



729 



character between the Mazzard 
and Black Heart — of little 
value. 

Black Circassian. See Black 
Tartarian. 

Black Eagle, p. 366. 

Black Hawk, p. 366. 

Black Heart, p. 366. 

Black Honey. See Black Maz- 
zard. 

Black Mazzard. The wild or 
original type of the Heart vari- 
eties of the cherry. Small, 
oval, heart-shaped, black; bit- 
ter. Only valuable for raising 
stocks. 

Black Republican. See Snelling. 

Black Russian. See Black Tar- 
tarian. 

Black Tartarian, p. 367. 

Bleeding Heart. Medium, long 
heart-shaped, dark red; flavor 
moderate. Late June. 

Bloodgood's Amber, or Blood- 
good's Honey. See American 
Amber. 

Bower's Early, Medium. Sweet, 
Cooking. Southern. 

Bowyer's Early Heart. Medium, 
obtuse heart-shaped, amber 
and red; flavor pleasant. 
Middle of June. 

Brandywine, p. 367. 

Brant, p. 367. 

Brenneman's Early. See Cum- 
berland Seedling. 

Bristol Cherry. See Black Maz- 
zard. 

Brusseller Braune. Large, glob- 
ular, heart-shaped, very dark 
red; flesh firm, red, acid, as- 
tringent; pit large. Tree vig- 
orous, prolific. Middle of July, 
good. Russian. 



Burr Seedling, p. 369. 

Buttner's Black Heart. Large, 
nearly black; flesh firm, flavor 
moderate. German. 

Buttner's October Morello. 
Small, acid. Late; of little 
value. 

Buttner's Yellow. Medium, 
roundish, clear yellow; flesh 
firm, sweet, of moderate qual- 
ity. Late. 

Carmine Stripe, p. 370. 

Carnation, p. 378. 

Caroline, p. 370. 

Centennial, p. 370. 

Cerise de Ostheim. Medium, 
nearly black; flesh firm, ten- 
der, juicy, rich; pit small; 
juice high-colored. 

Cerise InduUe. See Early May. 

Champagne, p. 370. 

Choisy. See Belle de Choisy. 

China Bigarreau, p. 370. 

Cleveland, p. 370. 

Cluster. Quitei small, round, red. 
Two to six in a close cluster 
on a common stalk ; of little 
value. 

Coe's Late Carnation, p. 378. 

Coe's Transparent, p. 370. 

Common English. See Black 
Mazzard, and Black Caroon. 

Common Red. See Pie Cherry. 

Compass, p. 380. 

Conestoga, p. 368. 

Cumberland Seedling, p. 368. 

Davenport's, p. 367. 
Delicate, p. 370. 
Doctor, p. 370. 
Dr. Wiseman, p. 372. 
Donna Maria, p. 375. 
Downer, p. 370. 



73° DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



Downer's Late Red. See' 

Downer. 
Downing's Red Cheek, p. 371. 
Downton, p. 371. 
Duchesse de Palluau, p. 378. 
Dutch Morello. See Morello. 
Dyehouse. Resembles Early 

Richmond but a week earlier. 

Kentucky. 

Early Black. See Black Heart. 

Early La Maurie. Medium, 
heart-shape, purple, sweet, 
Early. Southern. 

Early May, p. 379. 

Early Morello, p. 375, 

Early ProHfic, p. 371. 

Early Purple Guigne, p. 368. 

Early Richmond, p. 379. 

Early White Heart. See White 
Heart. 

Early York. Medium, flesh 
greenish-white, tender, juicy, 
sub-acid. 

Elizabeth. Rather large, heart- 
shaped, rich dark red; flesh 
half tender, pleasant. Late 
June. Ohio. 

Elkhorn, p. 368. 

Elliott's Favorite, p. 372. 

Elton, p. 372. 

English Morello. See Morello. 

Eugenie, p. 375. 

Favorite. Rather small, pale 
yellow and red; sweet, deli- 
cate. Late June. Ohio. 

Flemish. Rather large, oblate, 
red ; sub-acid, not rich. 

Flesh-colored Bigarreau. See 
Elton. 

Florence, p. 372. 

Four - to - the - Pound. See To- 
bacco-Leaved. 



Eraser's Black Heart. See Black 

Tartarian. 
Eraser's Black Tartarian. See 

Black Tartarian. 
Fraser's White Tartarian. See 

White Tartarian. 

Gascoigne's Heart. See Bleed- 
ing Heart. 

George Glass. See Bessarabian. 

German Mayduke. See Early 
Purple Guigne. 

GifFord's Seedling. Small round 
heart-shaped, light red; sweet. 

Governor Wood, p. 373. 

Graffion. See Yellow Spanish. 

Great Bigarreau. See Mezel. 

Gridley. Medium, roundish, 
black ; flesh firm, flavor mod- 
erate. Late June. Great 
bearer. Mass. 

Griotte du Nord. Medium, 
round, dark red; acid, slightly 
astringent. Hardy, vigorous ; 
dwarf, slow grower. Russian. 

Griotte Precoce. Belongs to 
same family as June Morello; 
ripens ten days later. 

Guigne Noir Luisante. Medium, 
round heart-shaped, reddish- 
black ; rich, acid. Late July. 

Guigne Noir Tardive. See Elk- 
horn, 

Hative. See Early May, 

Hildesheim. Medium, heart- 
shaped, yellow and red ; sweet, 
agreeable, 

Hoadley, p. 372, 

Holland Bigarreau, See Napo- 
leon, 

Holman's Duke. See Mayduke. 

Honey. Small, roundish, yellow 
and red; very sweet. Late. 



CHERRIES. 



731 



Hoskins, p. 368. 

Hovey, p. 372. 

Hyde's Late Black, p. 372. 

Hyde's Red Heart. Medium, 

heart-shaped, lively red; 

pleasant. 

Imperial Morello. Medium, 

roundish, dark purplish red; 

acid. Late. 
Intorka. Medium, round, yellow 

and red; flesh firm, yellowish, 

sub-acid. Russian. 

Jeffrey's Duke, p. 379. 
Jocosot, p. 368. 
June Morello. Small, round ob- 
late, red, firm; flesh meaty. 

Kennicot, p. 368. 

Kentish Red. See Early Rich- 
mond. 

Keokuk. Large, heart-shaped, 
dark purple, rather coarse, 
poor. Strong grower; produc- 
tive. Ohio. 

King's Morello. Fruit of the 
Richmond type, but larger and 
better. 

Kirtland's Large Morello. See 
Large Morello. 

Kirtland's Mammoth, p. 373. 

Kirtland's Mary, p. 373. 

Knevett's Late Bigarreau. See 
Florence. 

Knight's Early Black, p. 368. 

Lady Southampton's Yellow. 
Medium, heart-shaped, all yel- 
low; firm, poor. Late. 

Large Black Bigarreau. See 
Elkhorn. 

Large Heart-shaped Bigarreau. 
See Bigarreau Grosse Coeuret. 



Large Montmorency. Medium or 
large, dark rich red, tender; 
rich acid. A week later than 
Early Richmond. French. 

Large Morello, p. 379. 

Large White Bigarreau. See 
White Bigarreau. 

Late Archduke. See Archduke. 

Late Duke, p. 376. 

Late Honey. See Honey. 

Late Kentish. See Pie Cherry. 

Leather Stocking, p. 368. 

Lemercier. See Reine Hortense. 

Lewelling, p. 376. 

Lieb. Rather larger than Early 
Richmond, slightly later and 
less acid. S-upposed to be Ger- 
man. 

Lithaur Weichsel. From South- 
ern Russia. Of not much 
value. 

Logan, p. 368. 

Louis Philippe, p. 376, 

Lundie Gean. Medium, round- 
ish, black. July. 

Madison Bigarreau. Medium, 
roundish, yellow and red; 
pleasant, moderate flavor. 

Mammoth. See Kirtland Mam- 
moth. 

Manning's Late Black, p. 368. 

Manning's Mottled, p. 373. 

May. See Kirtland's Mary. 

May Bigarreau, p. 368. 

May Cherry. See Early May. 

Mayduke, p. 376. 

Mazzard. See Black Mazzard. 

Mercer. Medium, heart-shaped, 
dark red, sweet, good shipper, 

Merveille de Septembre. Small; 
rather dry, sweet. Of little 
value, August, September. 
French. 



732 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



Mezel, p. 369. 

Milan. See Morello. 

Minnesota Ostheim. Smaller 
than Griotte de Ostheim, 

Monstreuse de Bavay. See 
Reine Hortense. 

Monstreuse de Mezel. See 
Mezel. 

Montmorency, p. 377. 

Montmorency Ordinaire, p. 377. 

Morello, p. 377. 

Mottled Bigarreau. See Man- 
ning's Mottled. 

Napoleon, p. 374. 

Ohio Beauty, p. 374. 

Olivet, p. 377. 

Orel. Large, black, quite acid. 
Tree very dwarf and hardy. 

Orel Sweet. Medium, black; 
flesh firm and very sweet, 
juice colored. East Europe. 

Orleans. See Belle d'Orleans. 

Osceola, p. 369. 

Ostheim, p. 377. 

Ox-Heart (of the English). 
Large obtuse heart-shaped, 
dark red; half- tender, of sec- 
ond quality. The name of Ox- 
heart is erroneously applied 
here to the White Bigarreau 
and to several worthless 
sorts. 

Philippe. See Louis Philippe. 

Pie Cherry, p. 379. 

Pierce's Late. Medium, heart- 
shaped, amber and dark red ; 
flesh tender, sweet, rich. Late. 
Mass. 

Plymouth Rock. Medium, 
heart-shaped, amber-colored. 



overspread wath red. New, 

highly spoken of. 
Plumstone Morello, p. 379. 
Pontiac, p. 369. 
Portugal Duke. See Archduke. 
Powhatan, p. 369. 
Precoce. See Early May. 
President. Large, dark red ; 

half tender, sweet. Late 

June. 
Proudfoot. Large, heart-shaped, 

dark purplish-red ; flesh firm, 

sweet. Late. Ohio. 

Red Jacket, p. 374. 

Reine Hortense, p. 380. 

Remington White Heart. Small, 
heart-shaped, yellow ; flavor 
poor. Very late. Worthless. 

Richardson, p. 369. 

Richmond. See Early Richmond. 

Rivers' Early Amber. Resem- 
bles Early White Heart, but 
later. 

Rivers' Early Heart. Medium, 
heart-shaped. Rather early, 
but poor. English. 

Robert's Red Heart. Medium, 
round heart-shaped, pale 
amber and pale red ; wath a 
good flavor. Late June. 
Mass. 

Rockport Bigarreau, p. 374. 

Rocky Mountain, p. 380. 

Ronald's Large Black Heart. 
See Black Tartarian. 

Ronald's Large Morello. See 
Morello. 

Royal Ann. See Napoleon. 

Royal Duke, p. 378. 

Rumsey's Late Morello. Large, 
roundish heart-shaped ; rich 
red, juicy, acid. Late August. 
Of little value. 



CHERRIES. 



733 



Sand Cherry, p. 380. 

Schmidt. Very large, deep 
black; flesh dark, tender, 
juicy, sweet. Prolific. 

Schmidt's Bigarreau. Medium, 
light yellow. 

Shadow Morello. Large, nearly 
black; juice highly colored. 
Said to be valuable for can- 
ning. Tree bush-like. 

Shannon, p. 378. 

Shubianca. Large, black, acid, 
juice colored. Tree bush-like 
and very hardy. 

Sklanka. Large, yellow with 
red cheek, sub-acid, produc- 
tive, good. Russian. 

Small May. See Early May. 

Smidt's Yellow. Medium, yel- 
low, marbled red. Prolific. 
Early. Good Southern variety. 

Spanish. See Yellow Spanish. 

Spanish Black Heart. See Black 
Heart. 

Sparhawk's Honey. Medium, 
round heart-shaped, regular, 
pale and bright red ; sweet. 
Late June. 

Strauss Weichsel. Medium, 

roundish-oblate, short stalk ; 
flesh dark red, firm, juicy, 
slightly astringent ; pit small. 
Good. 

Street's May. See Early White 
Heart. 

Swedish, See Early White 
Heart. 

Sweet Montmorency, p. 375. 

Tartarian, p. 316. 
Tecumseh, p. 369. 
Tobacco-leaved. Leaves large, 

fruit small. Worthless. 
Townsend, p. 375. 



Tradescant's Black Heart. See 
Elkhorn. 

Transparent Guigne, or Trans- 
parent Gean. Small, oval 
heart-shaped, pink and red, 
pellucid ; tender, slightly bit- 
ter, becoming rich and good. 
Rather late. Tree vigorous 
and productive. 

Triumph of Cumberland. See 
Cumberland's Seedling. 

Utah Hybrid, p. 381. 

Yail's August Duke, p. 380. 

Vilne Sweet. Large, sweet. 
Russian. 

Virginian May. See Early Rich- 
mond. 

Wax Cherry. See Carnation. 

Wendell Mottled Bigarreau, p. 
369. 

Werder Early Black Heart, p. 
369. 

Western Dwarf. See Rocky 
Mountain. 

White Bigarreau, p. 375. 

White Heart, p. 371. 

White Oxheart. See White Bi- 
garreau. 

White Tartarian. Rather small, 
wholly pale yellow, somewhat 
pellucid, with a moderate, 
rather bitter flavor. [A spuri- 
ous White Tartarian, but of 
better quality, is light pink 
and red, with a sweet, good 
flavor.^ 

Windsor, p. 375. 

Wiseman. See Dr. Wiseman. 

Wood. See Gov. Wood. 

Wragg. Medium, round, dark 
purple. Vigorous and produc- 
tive. 



734 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 

Yellow Glass. Large, bright yel- Yellow Honey. See Honey, 
low; flesh firm, fine-grained, Yellow Spanish, p. 375. 
juicy, sweet. Russian. 

CITRON. 
Fingered Citron, p. 649. Lyman, p. 650. 

Lemon, p. 649. Orange, p. 650. 

CRANBERRIES. 
Bell, p. 385. Gould, p. 384. 

Cherry, p. 385. Lewis, p. 384. 

Dennis, p. 384. Makepeace, p. 384. 

McFarlin, p. 384. 
Early Black, p. 384. 
Early Red, p. 384. Neville, p. 384. 

Franklin, p. 384. Shaw, p. 385. 

CURRANTS. 

Attractor, p. 388. Danen's Selected. See Knight's 

Sweet Red. 
Belle de St. Gilles. See Red 

Dutch. Fay, p. 389. 

Black English. See Common Fertile. See Red Dutch. 

Black. Fertile Currant of Paluau. See 

Black Naples, p. 391. Paluau. 

Blanc Transparent. See Trans- Fertile d'Angers. See Yersail- 

parent. laise. 

Bertin No. 1. See Knight's Fertile d'Angleterre. See Red 

Sweet Red. Dutch. 

Bertin No. 9. See Red Dutch. Fertile de Bertin. See Red 

Dutch. 

Champagne. Medium, pink or Fielder's Red. See Knight's 

very pale red; rather acid. Sweet Red. 
Champion, p. 392. 

Chenonceaux. See Red Dutch. Giant Ruby. (Moore's Ruby.) 

Cherry, p. 389. Large, dark crimson, vigorous, 

Common Black, p. 392. productive, new. 

Crandall, p. 392. Gloire des Sablons. Medium, 



CURRANTS. 



735 



bunches long, loose, white, 
striped red; acid. Unproduc- 
tive. 

Goliath. See Knight's Sweet. 

Gondoin Red, p. 389. 

Gondoin White, p. 390. 

Grosse Rouge de Boulogne. See 
Red Dutch. 

Hative de Bertin. See Red 

Dutch. 
Holland, p. 390. 
Houghton Castle. See Victoria. 

Imperial Yellow, or Imperial 
White. See White Grape. 

Knight's Early Red. Possesses 
no distinctive merits, being 
scarcely earlier than other 
sorts. 

Knight's Large Red, p. 390. 

Knight's Sweet Red, p. 390. 

La Hative. See Red Dutch. 

Large-Fruited Missouri. A 
large-sized variety of the Mis- 
souri Currant (Ribes aureum), 
possessing a pleasant flavor. 

Large Sweet Red. See Knight's 
Sweet Red. 

Lee's Black Prolific, p. 392. 

Le Fertile. Large, deep red, 
vigorous, very productive. 

London Market, p. 390. 

Long-Bunch. See Holland. 

Macrocarpa. Nearly resembles 

the Cherry Currant, but more 

productive. 
May's Victoria. See Gondoin 

Red. 
Missouri. See Large-Fruited 

Missouri. 



Moore's Ruby. See Giant Ruby. 
Morgan's Red. See Red Dutch. 
Morgan's White. See White 
Dutch. 



North Star, p. 390. 



See 



Palmer's Late Red. 
Knight's Sweet Red. 

Paluau, p. 391. 

Pitmaston Red. See Knight's 
Sweet Red. 

Pitmaston Prolific. See Knight's 
Sweet Red. 

Pleasant Eye. See Champagne, 

Pomona. Medium size, red, pro- 
ductive, sweet. New. 

Prince Albert, p. 391. 

Prince of Wales, p. 392. 

Queen Victoria. See Red Dutch. 

Raby Castle. See Gondoin Red. 

Red Cherry. See Versaillaise. 

Red Cross, p. 391. 

Red Dutch, p. 391. 

Red Grape. See Red Dutch. 

Red Provence. Late, acid ; vig- 
orous, shoots reddish. 

Reeve's White. See White Dutch. 

Rouge d' Holland. See Gondoin 
Red. 

Short-Bunched (London Red). 

Strong, upright grower, good 

size berries. 
Striped Fruited. Small, striped, 

of little value. German. 

Transparent, p. 391. 

Versaillaise, p. 391. 
Victoria, p. 391. 



736 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



White Antwerp. Large, bunches 
rather long; sweet; very pro- 
ductive. 

White Clinton. Closely resem- 
bles or is identical with White 
Dutch. 

White Crystal. See White Dutch. 

White Dutch, p. 391. 

White Grape, p. 391. 

White Leghorn. See White 
Dutch. 



White Provence. Large white; 
the most vigorous of the white 
sorts, but moderately produc- 
tive. Leaves often edged with 
white. New. 

Wilder, p. 391. 

Wilmot's Red Grape. Resembles 
May's Victoria ; good and pro- 
ductive. 

Zante. See "Grapes." 



DATE— See p. 591. 



Adriatic, p. 663. 
Angelique, p. 663. 
Athens, p. 663. 

Black Genoa, p. 664, 
Black Ischia, p. 663. 
Brown Turkey, p. 599. 
Brunswick, p. 663. 

California Black, p. 600. 
Celestial, p. 664. 

Dotato, p. 664. 



Champion, p. 395. 
Chautauqua, p. 393. 
Columbus, p. 393. 
Crown Bob, p. 393. 



FIG. 

Du Roi, 664. 

Early Lemon. See Angelique. 

Madonna. See Brunswick. 
Marseillaise, p. 664. 
Mission, p. 664. 
Monoco Bianco, p. 664. 

San Pedro Black, p. 664. 
San Pedro White, p. 664. 
Smyrna, p. 664 

GOOSEBERRIES. 

Lancashire Lad, p. 394. 

Mountain, p. 396. 



Downing, p. 395. 
Golden Prolific, p. 396. 
Houghton's Seedling, p. 395. 
Industry, p. 393. 



Pale Red, p. 396. 
Pearl, p. 396. 

Raby Castle. Medium, bright 
red, clusters long; hardy and 
vigorous. An English variety. 

Red Jacket, p. 397. 

Red Warrington, p. 394. 



Smith's, p. 397. 



GRAPES. 

Triumph, p. 394. 



737 



Transparent. Medium size, light Wellington's Glory, p. 
red, sweet ; productive ; stems Whitesmith, p. 395. 
spreading. Ohio. 



395 



GRAPES. 



Ada. Bunches large, compact, 
berries dark; sweet, vinous. 
Flushing, L. I. 

Adirondac, p. 419. 

Agawam, p. 424. 

Alexander's, p. 419. 

Allen's Hybrid, p. 425. 

Alvey, p. 419. 

Amber, p. 424. 

Amiens. See Royal Muscadine. 

Anna, p. 425. 

Arkansas. Closely resembles or 
is identical with Norton's Vir- 
ginia. 

August Muscat. Berries small, 
oval, black ; poor quality. A 
weak grower. Very early. 

Barnes. Bunches and berries 
medium, black; sweet, good. 
Quite early. New. 

Barry, p. 419. 

Beagle. Bunch small, long, 
loose; berry below medium, 
round, black; flesh rather 
dry, vinous. Ripe Septem- 
ber. Texas. 

Berckman's, p. 419. 

Black Corinth, or Zante Cur- 
rant. Small, round, black; 
quality moderate. 

Black Eagle, p. 419. 

Black Spanish. Large black; 
hardy, productive. For South. 

Black German. See York Ma- 
deira. 

47 



Blanco. Bunch medium; berry 
rather small, round ; flesh 
juicy, sweet, pulp tender. 
Texas. 

Bland, p. 424. 

Bland's Madeira, Bland's Pale 
Red, and Bland's Virginia. 
See Bland. 

Blood's Black. Large, coarse, 
foxy. Early. 

Boston. See Black Prince. 

Brant, or Arnold's No. 8. Bunch 
and berry resembling Clinton, 
but much better in quality. 
Hardy, strong grower, very 
early. New. 

Brighton, p. 420. 

Brilliant, p. 420. 

Brinckle. Bunches large, com- 
pact, berries round, black; 
flesh solid, not pulpy; flavor 
rich, vinous. Phila. 

Bull, or Bullet. See Scupper- 
nong. 

Bullitt. See Taylor's BulKtt. 

Campbell's Early, p. 420. 

Canada, .or Arnold's No. 16. 
Bunch and berry above me- 
dium, black, rich, aromatic. 
Hardy, moderate grower. 

Canadian Chief. Bunches large, 
shouldered ; vine productive. 
Of foreign origin. 

Canby's August. See York Ma- 
deira. 



738 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



Cape Grape. See Alexander's. 

Carman, p. 420. 

Carter. Berries large, round, 
reddish-black, of good quality. 
Season medium. 

Cassady, p. 426. 

Catawba, p. 420. 

Catawba Tokay. See Catawba. 

Cayuga, p. 420. 

Centennial. Bunch and berry 
medium ; light red, tender, rich, 
vinous. Watertown, N. Y. 

Champion. Bunch medium, com- 
pact; berries medium, round, 
black, of poor quality. A 
strong grower, productive and 
showy, and profitable for mar- 
ket in some places. 

Clara, p. 426. 

Clifton's Constantine. See Al- 
exander's. 

Chnton, p. 420. 

Clover Street Black. Bunches 
and berries large, black; very 
good. Cross of native and 
foreign. Rochester, N. Y. New. 

Coleraine. Bunch medium; 
berry rather small, whitish, 
juicy, very sweet, hangs well 
to the stems. 

Columbia. Bunches small, com- 
pact; berries small, black; 
pleasant, vinous. Georgetown, 
D. C. 

Columbian. Bunch large, com- 
pact; berry very large, round, 
black. 

Concord, p. 420. 

Cornucopia, p. 420. 

Cornucopia Bunch. Berry small, 
cracks badly. 

Cottage, p. 421. 

Creveling, p. 421. 

Critic. A seedling of Jefferson, 



resembles Delaware, though 

not so good. 
Croton, p. 426. 
Cuyahoga, p. 426. 
Cynthiana, p. 421. 

Damascus. Bunches large ; ber- 
ries very large, black; rather 
acid. Exotic — requires fire- 
heat. 

Dana. Bunches and berries me- 
dium, dark red ; slightly vinous, 
fine. Roxbury, Mass. New. 

Delaware, p. 424. 

Devereux. Bunches medium;; 
berries small, purple; sweet.. 
Foreign. 

Diamond, p. 426. 

Diana, p. 424, 

Diana Hamburg, p. 424, 

Dracut Amber. A brown fox, 
somewhat resembling but not 
equal in flavor to the Northern 
Muscadine. 

Duchess, p. 426. 

Dutch Sweetwater. Bunches me 
dium; berries large, oval, am- 
ber; good early white grape. 
Foreign, 

Early Dawn. Bunch medium, 
long, shouldered ; berry round, 
black, with a thick bloom ; rich 
and of good quality. Quite 
early. A cross of Israella and 
Muscat Hamburgh. Origin, 
Newburg, N. Y'^. 

Early Golden Campbell, p. 368, 

Early Sweetwater. See White 
Sweetwater, 

Early Victor, p, 421, 

Eaton, p, 421. 

Elsinborough, or Elsinburgh, p. 
421, 



GRAPES. 



739 



Elvira. Bunch medium; berry 
medium, round, pale green, 
tender, sweet; hangs well to 
the vine and is improved by 
slight frost. Missouri. 

Emily. Berries rather small, 
pale red, excellent ; of foreign 
parentage. A worthless native 
also has this name. 

Empire State, p. 426. 

Essex, p. 421. 

Eumelan, p. 421. 

Flowers. Bunch small; berry 
medium, round, black, sweet. 

Fox Grape. A name applied to 
the several wUd varieties of 
Yitis labrusca at the North, 
usually possessing a strong 
musky aroma; and to the 
Scuppernong at the South. 

Framingham. Medium, black, 
very early ; quality moderate. 
Mass. 

Franklin. Bunches medium ; ber- 
ries rather small, bluish pur- 
ple; rather acid, moderately 
good. A strong grower and 
productive. 

Garrigues. See Isabella. 

Goethe, p. 424. 

Golden Campbell, p. 424. 

Golden Clinton. A greenish- 
white seedling of the Clinton. 
Rochester, N. Y. 

Graham. Bunches medium, 
shouldered, not compact; ber- 
ries round, purple, little or no 
pulp, good. Pa. 

Green Golden, p. 426. 

Green Mountain, p. 426. 

Gros Colman. Bunches large; 



berries large, round, black. 
Foreign. New. 
Grove End Sweetwater. See 
Early White Sweetwater. 

Hall's Grape. Berries medium, 
dark; quality and season me- 
dium. Ohio. 

Hardy Blue Windsor. See Es- 
perione. 

Harris. Medium, black; sweet, 
with pulp. Productive. 
Southern. 

Hartford ProHfic, p. 421. 

Hayes, p. 426. 

Heath. See Delaware. 

Herbemont, p. 421. 

Herbert (two varieties), p. 421. 

Highland, p. 421. 

Hosford, p. 421. 

Howell. Bunches and berries 
medium, black; skin thick, 
pulp firm, good. Early. New. 

Hudson. Resembles Isabella, 
but not so rich and sprightly. 
Hudson, N. Y. 

Hyde's Eliza. Intermediate in 
appearance between Isabella 
and Clinton. Growth not as 
strong as Isabella, but earlier. 

lona, p. 425. 
Isabella, p. 422. 
Israella, p. 422. 
Ives, p. 422. 

Janesville. An early bla k grape, 
of moderate size, ripening with 
Hartford, of rather poor qual- 
ity. Western. Valuable only 
in cold regions. 

JeiFerson, p. 425. 

Labe. Bunches medium; ber- 



74° DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



ries large, black, pleasant. 
Pa. 

Lady. Berry and bunch me- 
dium, light greenish-yellow, 
tender, sweet. Early; hardy. 
Ohio. 

Lady Washington, p. 426. 

Large German. See York Ma- 
deira. 

Lawrence, p. 422. 

Lenoir, p. 422. 

Lindley, p. 425. 

Logan, p. 422. 

Longworth's Ohio. See Ohio. 

Louisa. See Isabella. 

Lucile. Medium size, red, vig- 
orous, hardy, productive. 
New. 

Lydia, p. 427. 

Lyman. Bunches small, com- 
pact; berries round, smooth, 
black; resembles Clinton in 
flavor. 

Macready's Early. Bunches 
compact; berries white, 
pointed ; juicy, melting, pleas- 
ant. Foreign. 

Mammoth Catawba. Bunches 
large, not compact; berries 
large, round, red — does not 
equal Catawba in flavor. 

Marion. Bunches rather large, 
compact; berries medium, 
black, purple, with bloom ; 
flavor sharp. Of the Clinton 
family ; becomes eatable in 
winter. 

Marionport. See York Madeira. 

Martha, p. 427. 

Mary, p. 427. 

Mary Ann. Bunches large, ob- 
long oval, black; sweet, very 
foxy. Early. 



Massachusetts White. A large, 
light brown fox — of little or no 
value. 

Massasoit, p. 425. 

Maxatawney, p. 427. 

McPike. Very large, black, 
skin thin, juicy, sweet, resem- 
bles Eaton. 111. 

Meade's Seedling. Closely re- 
sembles its parent, the Ca- 
tawba, but a little darker and 
better. Mass. 

Merrimac, p. 422. 

Michigan, p. 425. 

Miles, p. 422. 

Mills, p. 366. 

Miner's Seedling. See Venango. 

Missouri, p. 422. 

Monroe. Bunch medium, shoul- 
dered; berries medium, round, 
black; vinous and sprightly; 
early. Rochester, N. Y. 

Moore's Early, p. 422. 

Mottled, p. 423. 

Niagara, p. 427. 

Noah. Bunch medium, com- 
pact, shouldered; berry me- 
dium, round, pale yellow, pulp 
hard, sweet, of moderate qual- 
ity. Illinois. 

Nonantum. Bunches small, ber- 
ries good size ; black, free from 
pulp; good. Mass. 

Northern Muscadine, p. 425. 

Norton, or Norton's Virginia, 
p. 423. 

Ohio, p. 423. 

Ontario. See Union Village. 

Oporto. A native ^^4th small 
bunches, and rather small ber- 
ries, dark; acid. Claimed as 
good for w4ne, its only merit. 



GRAPES. 



741 



Osage. Bunch large, shoul- 
dered; berry large, round, 
black, blue bloom ; flesh juicy, 
sweet, foxy. 

Othello. Berry and bunch large ; 
rather firm, very good. Pro- 
ductive. Season medium. 
Paris, Ontario. 

Ozark. Bunch large, compact, 
shouldered ; berry medium, 
round, black, blue bloom. 

Palestine. Bunches immense; 
berries small, amber; sweet. 
Foreign. 

Pauline. Bunches large, com- 
pact, shouldered ; berries me- 
dium, brownish-red ; sweet 
without pulp. Southern. 

Payn's Early. See Isabella. 

Perkins. Bunch rather small, 
conical, shouldered ; berry 
round, amber, whitish bloom. 
A brown fox grape, resembling 
Northern Muscadine, but 
lighter colored and inferior in 
quality. 

Peter Wylie. Bunch small; 
berry small, red. Little value. 

Pocklington, p. 427. 

Powell. See Bland. 

Prentiss, p. 427. 

Purple Urbana. See Logan. 

Raabe, p. 423. 

Rebecca, p. 427. 

. Rochester. Bunch large, shoul- 
dered, compact ; berry medium, 
dark lilac purple, sweet, rich, 
aromatic ; vine very vigorous 
and healthy. Early September. 
Rochester, N. Y. 

Rogers' Hybrids, p. 368. 

Rogers' No. 41. See Herbert. 



Rogers' No. 43. See Barry. 

Royal Vineyard. Bunches and 
berries large, amber ; rich, aro- 
matic. Foreign. New. 

Salem, p. 425. 

Schiras, p. 427. 

Schuylkill Muscadel. See Alex- 
ander's. 

Scuppernong, p. 427. 

Secretary. Bunch large, shoul- 
dered, loose ; berry large, 
black, tender. For amateur 
culture only. Newburg, N. Y. 

Segar Box. See Ohio, 

Senasqua, p. 423. 

Spring Hill Constantia. See 
Alexander's. 

St. Catherine. Bunches and ber- 
ries large ; sweet, tough, very 
foxy. 

Talman. See Champion. 

Tasker's Grape. See Alex- 
ander's. 

Taylor's Bullitt, p. 427. 

Telegraph, p. 423. 

Thomas. Bunch small; berry 
large, oblong, transparent, 
violet; pulp tender, sweet, 
vinous. Makes a superior red 
wine. Southern. 

To-Kalon, p. 423. 

Trebbiano. Resembles Syrian, 
but better — keeps well. For- 
eign. 

Trentham Black. Resembles 
Black Prince — better in qual- 
ity. Foreign. 

Tryon. See York Madeira. 

Ulster Prolific. Bunch small; 
berry small, round, bright red, 
good. Vine weak grower. 



742 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



Underhill's Seedling. A red or 
brown fox, with large, round 
berries, tough pulp, of moder- 
ately foxy flavor. 

Union Village, p. 423. 

Venango, p. 425. 
Vergennes, p. 423. 

Walter, p. 425. 

Warren. See Herbemont. 

White Catawba. Bunches me- 
dium, compact; berries large, 
round, white; sweet. Cincin- 
nati, Ohio. 

White Corinth. Bunches com- 
pact; sweet, pleasant. For- 
eign. 

White Gascoigne. Bunches and 
berries oval, good. Foreign. 

Wilder, p. 423. 

Wilmington. Bunches and ber- 
ries large, white; acid, 
showy. 



Winchell. See Green Mountain. 

Winchester. See Union Village. 

Winnie. See Alexander's. 

Winslow. Bunches small, com- 
pact; berries small, black; 
resembles Clinton, but earlier. 
Ohio. 

Woodruff red. Bunch large, 
shouldered ; berry large, red. 

Worden, p. 423. 

Wyoming Red. Medium, early, 
vigorous and hardy, quality 
moderate. 

Yeddo. Bunches medium, ber- 
ries brown; excellent. Rather 
late. 

York Madeira. Bunches short, 
thick, compact; berries round- 
ish-oval ; excellent. Produc- 
tive and hardy. Pa. 

Zante Currant. See Black Cor- 
inth. 



GUAVA. 
Psidium Cattleyanum, p. 601. Psidium Lucidum, p. 601. 

HUCKLEBERRIES, p. 551. 
See Wild and Unclassified Fruits, p. 744 of this Index. 



BeUir, p. 583. 
Bonnie Brae, p. 647. 



Eureka, p. 647. 
Genoa. See Eureka. 



LEMONS. 

- Imperial Messina, p. 647. 
Lisbon, p. 647. 
Sicily, p. 647. 
Villafranca, p. 647. 



LIMES— NECTARINES. 



743 



LIMES. 

Frencli (False Lemon), p. 652. Mandarin. See Sour Rangpur. 

Mexican, p. 652. 

Rangpur, p. 652. 
Turang, p. 588. 



Imperial, p. 652 
Kurna, p. 6 2. 



Adviance, p. 668. 



LOQUAT. 

Victor, p. 668. 



MEDLARS, p. 553. . 
See Wild and Unclassified Fruits, p. 744 of this Index. 



MULBERRIES. 

Downing, p. 429. Russian, p. 430. 

Downing's Everbearing. See Rives. No special value. Tex- 
Downing. as. 

Hicks, p. 429. Spalding. A seedling of Down- 

Hicks' Everbearing. See Hicks. . 

Stubbs, p. 430. 

Tea's Weeping, p. 430. 

white Victoria. Large, black, sweet. 
Very productive. Russian. 



Johnson, p. 429. 

New American, p. 430. 

Ramsey's White. A 
berry; bears young. 



NECTARINES. 



Anderson's. See Newington. 
Aromatic. See Early Violet. 



Claremont. See Elruge. 
Common Elruge. See Elruge. 
Coosa. Large, red, white flesh. 

From Ga. 
Cowdray White. See New 

White. 



Black. See Early Newington. 
Black Murray. See Murry. 
Boston, p. 432. 
Broomfield. Large, roundish, 

yellow, with a dull red cheek; D' Angle terre. See Newington. 

rather pleasant. Late. Mass. Downton, p. 431. 
Brugnon Musquee. See Red Du Tilly's. See Due de Tel 

Roman. Hers. 



744 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



Early Black. See Early New- 
ington. 

Early Brugnon. See Early Vio- 
let. 

Early Newington, p. 432. 

Early Violet, p. 431. 

Elruge, p. 431. 

Eraerton's New White. See New 
White. 

Fairchild's. Small, round, flat- 
tened, yellowish-green, with a 
red cheek; flesh yellow, dry, 
poor. Earliness its only 
merit. 

Fine Gold-Fleshed. See Golden. 

Flanders. See New White. 

French Newington. See New- 
ington. 

Golden, Medium, roundish- 
ovate, yellow, with a scarlet 
cheek ; firm, poor. Late. 
Cultivated only for its beauty. 
[Prince's Golden Nectarine 
resembles this, but is larger, 
a week later, and has larger 
flowers.] 

Hardwicke, p. 432. 
Hunt's Tawny, p. 432. 

Kirkman's Mammoth. Very 
large, quality fair. N. C. 

Large Scarlet. See Early Violet. 
Lewis. See Boston. 
Lucombe's Seedling. See Early 
Newington. 

Murry. Medium, roundish, pale 
green with a red cheek; sweet, 
of good flavor. 20th of Au- 



gust. English. Poor 
— little known here. 



bearer 



Newington, p. 433. 

New Scarlet. See Early Violet. 

New White, p. 432. 

Oatlands. See Elruge. 
Old Newington. See Newington. 
Old Roman. See Red Roman. 
Old White. See New White. 
Orange. See Golden. 

Perkins' Seedling. See Boston. 
Peterborough. Small, roundish, 

green ; flesh juicy, of tolerable 

flavor. October. 
Pitmaston Orange, p. 432. 

Red Roman, p. 433. 
Roman. See Red Roman. 

Scarlet. See Newington. 

Scarlet Newington, See Newing- 
ton, 

Smith's Newington, See New- 
ington. 

Stanwick. Rather large, round- 
ish, oval, greenish-white, red 
in the sun; tender, juicy, rich, 
sugary. 

Telliers, p, 432, 
Temple's, See Elruge. 

Victoria. Medium, purple, dark 
brownish cheek, 

Violet Musk, See Early Violet. 

Violet Musquee. See Early Vio- 
let. 

Violette Hative. See Early Vio- 
let. 



Williams' Orange, 
ton's Orange. 



See Pitmas- 



NUTS. 



745 



NUTS. 



Chestnuts : 

Advance, p. 442. 

Alpha, p. 442. 

Bartram Late, p. 442. 

Black, p. 442. 

Comfort. Large, glossy, 

handsome, early. One of 
. the best. 
Dager, p. 442. 
Early Reliance, p. 442. 
Eureka, p. 443. 
Felton, p. 443. 
Giant, p. 444. 
Hannum, p. 443. 
Kerr, p. 443. 
Killen, p. 443. 
Mammoth, p. 443. 
Murrell, p. 382. 
Native, p. 382. 
Numbo, p. 443. 
Paragon, p. 444. 
Parry's Superb, p. 444. 
Pedigree Mammoth. See 

Mammoth. 
Reliance. Large, handsome, 
good. 

Ridgely, p. 444. 
Success, p. 444. 
Tamba-guri, p. 441, 
Wild, p. 383. 
Chinquapin, p. 444. 

Hazelnuts : 

Native forms, p. 444. 
Istrian, p. 444. 
Bond Nut, p. 447. 
Cape Nut. See Frizzled Fil- 
bert. 
Cob, p. 448. 
Cosford, p. 448. 
Downton Square, p. 448. 



Hazelnuts : 

Dwarf. See Pearson. 

Frizzled, p. 448. 

Filbert Cob. See Lambert 

Filbert. 
Kentish Cob. See Lambert 

Filbert. 
Lambert, p. 448. 
Miss Young's. See Cosford. 
Nottingham. See Pearson. 
Pearson, p. 449. 
Purple, p. 449. 
Red, p. 449. 
Round Cob. See Cob. 
White, p. 449. 

Hickories : 
Pecans : 

Biloxi, p. 451. 
Centennial, p. 452. 
Columbian, p. 452. 
Faust, p. 452. 
Frotscher, p. 452. 
Gonzales, p. 452. 
Idlewald, p. 452. 
Jewett, p. 452. 
Jumbo, p. 452. 
McCalHster, p. 453. 
Pearl, p. 453. 
Ribera, p. 453. 
Risien, p. 453. 
San Sata, p. 453. 
Stuart, p. 453. 
Van Deman, p. 453. 
Shellbark Hickories : 
Thin Shell, p. 454. 
Oval, p. 454. 
Quadrangular, p. 455. 
Long Ovate, p. 455. 
Round Compressed, p. 
456. 



746 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



Shellbark Hickories : 

Round Oblique, p. 456. 
Walnuts : 

Butternuts, p. 451. 

Black Walnut, p. 458. 
Walnuts, Persian : 

Barthieveana, p. 460. 

Chalbert, p. 461. 

Franquette, p. 461. 

Gilbosa, p. 460. 

Intermedia Pyriformis, ] 
460. 



Walnuts, Persian : 

Kaghagi, p. 461.' 

Mayette, p. 461. 

Parisienne, p. 461. 

Prgeparturiens, p. 461. 

Regia microcarpo, p. 460. 

St. Jean, p. 461. 
Walnuts, Asian and Japanese : 

Cordiformis, p. 461. 

Japan, p. 463. 

Juglans Manchuria, p. 463. 

Sieboldiana. See Japan. 



^ ORANGES. 



Amory, p. 578. 
Amory's Malta Oval, p. 641. 
Arcadia. See Whittaker. 
Australian, p. 644. 

Bahia. See Washington Navel. 
Beach's No. 5, p. 642. 
Bergamot, p. 645. 
Bittersweet, p. 645. 
Boone, p. 642. 
Botelha, p. 642. 
Brazilian, p. 643. 
Brown of Thos. Rivers. See 
Hart's Late. 

Centennial, p. 642. 
Circassian, p. 642. 
Citrus Desimatus, p. 645. 
Cunningham, p. 642. 

De Colmar, p. 642. 
Double Imperial, p. 644. 
Duroi, p. 642. 

Early Oblong, p. 642. 
Egyptian, p. 644. 

Fortuna, p. 641. 



Foster, p. 642. 

Hart's Late, p. 643. 
Homosassa, p. 642. 

Imperial, p. 642. 

Indian River. See Whittaker. 

Jaffa, p. 641. 
Jaffa Blood, p. 641. 
Joppa, p. 643. 

King (King of Siam) , p. 645. 
Kum Quat, p. 645. 

Magnum Bonum, p. 642. 
Majorca, p. 641. 
Mandarin, p. 644. 
Maltese Blood, p. 641. 
Maltese Egg, p. 641. 
Maltese Late, p. 641. 
Maltese Long, p. 641. 
Maltese Navel, p. 644. 
Maltese Oblong, p. 641. 
Maltese Oval, p. 641. 
Mediterranean, p. 642. 
Myrtle-leaved Orange, p. 645. 



PEA CHES. 



747 



INavel Oranges, p. 643. 
Nicaragua, p. 642. 
Nonpareil, p. 642. 

Paper Rind St. Michael's, p. 643. 
Parson Brown, p. 578. 
Peerless, p. 642. 
Pernambuco, p. 642. 
Pineapple. See Whittaker. 
Portugal Oranges, p. 642. 
Prata, p. 643. 
Pride of Malta, p. 642. 

Rivers', p. 643. 
Rivers' Prolific, p. 642. 
Rio, p. 642. 

Sanford's Mediterranean Sweet, 

p. 578. 
Satsuma, p. 645. 



Spice (Cleopatra), p. 645. 
Stark (De Bary Seedless) . 

Whittaker. 
St. Michael Blood, p. 642. 
St. Michael's Egg, p. 642. 
Sustain, p. 643. 
Sweet China Oranges, p. 578. 
Sweet Seville, p. 642. 

Tahiti, p. 642. 
Tangerines, p. 645. 
Tangerona, p. 645. 
Tardiff. See Hart's Late. 
Tephi, p. 641. 

Valencia Late, p. 641. 

Washington Navel, p. 644. 
Whitaker, p. 642. 
White, p. 643. 



See 



PEACHES. 



Abricottee. See Yellow Admira- 
ble. 

Acton Scott. Medium, rather 
woolly, nearly white, with a 
red cheek ; flesh pale to the 
stone, rich, sometimes a little 
bitter. Early English. Rare 
here. 

Admirable. See Early Admira- 
ble. 

Admirable Jaune. See Yellow 
Admirable. 

Admirable Tardive. See Belle 
de Vitry. 

Albert. (Early Albert.) 

Albert's Late Rareripe. Large, 
yellowish-white and red. A 
Southern variety, where it 
ripens in September. 

Albright's October Cling, 
Large, round, white; flesh 



juicy, sweet. Said to keep laid 
away like apples until Christ- 
mas. Late. N. C. 

Alexander, p. 478. 

Alexander Noblesse. Large ; 
flesh buttery, rich. 

. Algiers Yellow, or Algiers Win- 
ter. See Late Yellow Al- 
berge. 

Alpha. See Alexander. 

Amelia. Stroman's Carolina, 
Orangeburg, Rayger's June.) 
Large, roundish-oblong, light 
yellow and crimson ; melting, 
vinous, rich; freestone. 
Ripens at the North, end of 
August ; at the South, in July. 

Amsden, p. 478. 

Anne. See Early Anne. 

Apricot Peach. See Yellow Ad- 
mirable. 



748 DESCRIPTIVE 11 ST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



Arkansas Traveller. Medium 
size ; white, nearly covered with 
dark red ; juicy, sweet, nearly 
free. Early. Arkansas. 
Claimed by some to be identi- 
cal with Alexander. 

Astor, p. 478. 

Austin's Late Red. Large, ob- 
long, white and red ; cling- 
stone. October. Southern. 

Avant Blanche. See White Nut- 
meg. 

Baldwin's Late, p. 483. 

Baltimore, p. 485. 

Barnard, p. 485. 

Barrington, p. 479. 

Batchelder. Large, round, 
white with a blush ; flesh white ; 
juicy, vinous. End of Sep- 
tember. Mass. 

Baugh, p. 483. 

Baxter's Seedling. See Jane. 

Beers' Smock. See Smock Free. 

Belle Bausse. Large, deep red ; 
flesh white ; melting, vinous ; 
very good. September. 
French. 

Belle Beaute. See Grosse Mig- 
nonne. 

Belle de Vitry, p. 476. 

Bellegarde, p. 479. 

Belle of Georgia. Large, w^hite 
with red cheek ; flesh white, 
firm, good. Seedling of Chi- 
nese Cling. Ga. 

Berenice. Large, yellow, mot- 
tled dark crimson, flesh yel- 
low, juicy, rich. Chinese blood. 
Ga. Good. 

Bergen's Yellow, p. 487. 

Bidwell's Early. Medium ; cream 
white, washed carmine ; cling. 
Seedling of Peen-to. 



Bidwell's Late. Large, yellow 
white ; flesh juicy, sweet, cling. 
Ripens three weeks after Peen- 
to. 

Bilyen. (Bilyen's Late October, 
Bilyen's Comet.) Large, 

white, red cheek; flesh firm, 
white, juicy, sweet, free. 
Good shipper. Md. 

Blanton Cling, p. 489. 

Blood Cling, p. 490. 

Bordeaux Cling. Large, oval, 
downy, yellow \i\4th a red 
cheek; flesh yellow, red at 
stone ; juicy, vinous ; very 
good. First of August. 

Bourdine. See Late Admirable. 

Brandywine. Large, yellow, 
free. Does well South. 

Brentford Mignonne. See Beile- 
garde. 

Brevoort, p. 483. 

Brevoort's Seedling Melter. See 
Brevoort. 

Brice's Early. See Alexander. 

Briggs' May. Medium, round- 
ish-oval, shaded and striped 
red on white skin. Ripens 
xA^th Amsden. Leaves serrate. 

Brigdon, p. 485. 

Brown Nutmeg. See Red Nut- 
meg. 

Buckingham Mignonne. See 
Barrington. 

Butler's Late. Large, whitish 
with red cheek ; flesh white, 
firm, good. Tree vigorous and 
productive. Late. Va. 

Cambridge Belle. Large, round- 
ish, reddened in the sun; rich, 
fine : handsome. Early Sep- 
tember. Mass. 

Carman. Large, creamy white, 



PEACHES. 



749 



splashed red, tough skin, flesh 
tender, rich, juicy, good. Ga. 
New. 

Carpenter's White, p. 479. 

Catherine, p. 488. 

Champion, p. 479. 

Chancellor, p. 483. 

Charlotte. See Royal Char- 
lotte. - 

Chili Seedling No. 2. Large, 
round, distinct suture; yellow 
and dark red mottled; flesh 
yellow, juicy, vinous, rich. 
An improvement of Hill's 
Chili. 

Chinese Cling, p. 488. 

Chinese Peach. See Flat Peach 
of China. 

Claret Clingstone. See Blood 
Clingstone. 

Clinton. Medium, roundish, red 
on yellow ; juicy ; good. Late 
August. 

Cole's Early Red, p. 479. 

Cole's White Melocoton. See 
Morris White. 

Colonel Ausley's. See Barring- 
ton. 

Columbia, p. 487. 

Columbus June, p. 483. 

Conkling. Large, round, golden 
yellow with a crimson cheek, 
high flavored. Early autumn. 
New. 

Conner's Cling. (Connor's 
White.) Medium, white, tinged 
red; flesh white, red at pit, 
firm; not very good. 

Connet's Early. Large, cream 
white with red cheek; flesh 
white ; freestone. A seedling of 
the Chinese Cling. New. N. C. 

Cooledge's Early Red Rareripe. 
See Cooledge's Favorite. 



Cooledge's Favorite, p. 479. 

Crawford's Early Melocoton, or 
Crawford's Early, p. 485. 

Crawford's Late Melocoton, p. 
485. 

Crosby, p. 485. 

Crother's. Medium, roundish, 
white shaded crimson ; flesh 
white, red at pit, tender, juicy, 
good. Late Southern variety. 

Cut-leaved. See Emperor of 
Russia. 

D'Abricot. See Yellow Admi- 
rable. 

Darby. Large, round, white 
with blue wash; flesh white to 
stone, juicy, sweet, good, 
cling. S. C. 

Deming's Orange. (Deming's 
September. ) Large, oblong, 
yellow with red cheek; flesh 
yellow, red at stone, juicy, 
vinous, good. Late. 

Dixie. Medium, yellow white, 
red blush; flesh white, sub- 
acid, poor. Fla. 

Donahoo Cling, p. 488. 

Dorsetshire. See Nivette. 

Double Blossomed. Ornamen- 
tal; fruit rather large, round- 
ish, of poor quality. 

Double Flowering Peach. See 
Double Blossomed. 

Double Montague. See Double 
Mountain. 

Double Mountain, p. 476. 

Dr. Berckman's. Large, creamy 
white, blushed with crimson, 
mottlings at base ; flesh white, 
red at stone, juicy, vinous, 
good. Ga. 

Downing's Sweetwater. See 
Sweetwater Early. 



75° DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



Druid Hill, p. 479. 

Duff Yellow. Large, yellow, 

red blush ; flesh yellow, cling. 
Dwarf Orleans, or Italian Dwarf. 

Very small, trees dwarf^a 

curiosity. 

Early Admirable, p. 479. 

Early Anne, p. 476. 

Early Beatrice. Small, round- 
ish-oblong, deep red, hand- 
some. Tree overbears and 
needs thinning to make fruit 
of any size. A week or more 
later than Amsden. English. 

Early Chelmsford, p. 477. 

Early Crawford. See Crawford's 
Early. 

Early Louise. Medium, round, 
red, melting, soft, very good. 
Ripens imniediately after 
Early Beatrice. English. 

Early Maiden. Medium, round- 
ish, whitish and red; juicy, 
sprightly. August. C. W. 

Early Melocoton. See Craw- 
ford's Early. 

Early Newington. See Smith's 
Newington. 

Early Newington Free, p. 483. 

Early Purple, p. 483. 

Early Red Nutmeg. See White 
Nutmeg. 

Early Red Rareripe. See Red 
Rareripe. 

Early Rivers. Large, roundish, 
nearly white, shaded with 
pink; soft, melting, rich, ex- 
cellent. Closely follows Early 
Louise. English. 

Early Royal George. See Royal 
George. 

Early Silver. Large, roundish- 
ovate, light yellow with a 



slight blush, melting and excel- 
lent. Early autumn, English. 

Early Tillotson, p. 477. 

Early White Nutmeg. See WTiite 
Nutmeg. 

Early York. See Large Early 
York. 

Early York of Downing. See 
Serrate Early York. 

Eaton's Golden. Medium, 
golden yellow, with few pink 
spots; flesh yellow, sweet, 
juicy, with an apricot flavor. 
A good canner. N. C. 

Edgar's Late Melting. See 
Chancellor. 

Edward's Late WTiite. Large, 
roundish, white with a red 
cheek, handsome; sweet, 
juicy, excellent. Mid-autumn. 
Ala. 

Elberta, p. 485. 

Eliza. Medium, round, yellow 
and red. Late September. 
Phila. 

Elmira Cling. Large, oval, 
white, downy ; sweet, good. " 
Early August. Miss. 

Emperor. Large, yellow, red 
cheek ; flesh yellow, free. 
Seedling of Cra\\'ford's Late. 
New. N. J. 

Emperor of Russia, p. 477. 

Excelsior. See Crosby. 

Everbearing. Medium, white 
vinous, juicy, no value for mar- 
ket. Good. 

Favorite, p. 480. 

Fay's Early Ann, p. 480. 

Flater's St. John. Large, re- 
sembling Crawford, deep red; 
flesh yellow; good. Southern. 
Very early. 



PEACHES. 



75r 



Flat Peach of China. See 
Peen-to. 

Fleitas, or Yellow St. John. 
(May Beauty.) Large, round- 
ish, orange yellow with a deep 
red cheek; flesh yellow; high 
flavored ; a popular peach at 
the South. 

Flewellen Cling. Large, round, 
dark red and yellowish-white; 
juicy, high flavored ; cling- 
stone. Early August. 

Foster, p. 485. 

Fox's Seedling, p. 480. 

Freeman. Large, round, yellow 
and red; flesh yellow. Late. 
111. 

Freestone Heath. See Kenrick's 
Heath. 

French Bourdine. See Late Ad- 
mirable. 

French Magdalen. See Magda- 
len of Courson. 

French Mignonne. See Grosse 
Mignonne. 

French Royal George. See 
Bellegarde. 

Fruitland. Large, ovate, green- 
ish-white ; juicy, vinous. 
Southern, in September. 

Fulkerson, p. 477. 

Galande. See Bellegarde. 

Garfield. See Brigdon. 

General Lee. Medium to large, 
oblong, creamy white, crimson 
splashes ; flesh whitish, melt- 
ing, juicy, rich, cling. 

George the Fourth, p. 480. 

Globe. Very large, globular, 
yellow red cheek; free; flesh 
yellow, very firm, sweet and 
luscious. Good shipper. 
Ripens with Crawford's Late. 



Golden Dwarf (Van Buren's). 
Medium, golden yellow, red 
cheek ; dwarf, four or five feet 
high. September. Southern 
— tender and poor North. 

Golden Mignonne. See Yellow 
Alberge. 

Goode's October. Large, white 
washed and veined red ; flesh 
white with red veins, juicy, 
vinous. Ga. 

Gorgas, p. 477. 

Governor Garland. See Alex- 
ander. 

Grand Admirable. Very large, 
yellowish- white ; flesh white,, 
red at stone; very good. 

Green Catharine, p. 480. 

Green Nutmeg. See Early Anne. 

Greenboro, Medium, red, 
shaded yellow; flesh white,, 
juicy, good. Early. 

Griffin's Mignonne. See Royal 
George. 

Griffiths. See Susquehanna. 

Grimwood's Royal George. See 
Grosse Mignonne. 

Grosse Mignonne, p. 480. 

Haines' Early Red, p. 480. 
Hale's Early, p. 480. 
Hastings' Rareripe, p. 480. 
Hative de Ferrieres. Medium, 

roundish, white, and rich red; 

juicy, sweet, rich, vinous; 

freestone. French. 
Hawkins' Winter. Large, free- 
stone. Ripens in November in 

Va. 
Heath, p. 489. 
Heiley. (Early Belle.) Large, 

white, red cheek. Early. Ga. 

New. 
Henrietta. (Levy's Late) . Very 



752 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



large, yellow, nearly covered 
with bright crimson ; cling- 
stone. A very handsome fruit. 
Hardy, prolific. Late. 

Henry Clay, p. 484. 

Hill. See Sweet Hill. 

Hill's Chili, p. 487. 

Hoffman's Pound. See Morris- 
ania Pound. 

Honest John. See Large Early 
York. 

Honey. Medium, oblong, 
pointed, white, mottled car- 
mine ; flesh very sweet. Tree 
vigorous and prolific, allied to 
the Peen-to. 

Honeywell. Medium, round, 
greenish- white, washed red ; 
flesh whitish, juicy, sweet, 
good. Pit nearly free. 

Horton's Delicious. Large, 
roundish-oval ; creamy white 
and faint red ; flesh wholly 
white, excellent ; clingstone. 
October. Ga. 

Hovey's Cambridge Belle. See 
Cambridge Belle. 

Hull's Athenian. Very large, 
oblong, downy, dull red on 
yellowish-white ; rich, vinous. 
October. Ga. 

Hyslop, p. 489. 

Incomparable. Large, roundish, 
light red on yellowish-white ; 
juicy, melting; moderately 
good ; clingstone. September. 

Indian Blood. Clingstone ; large, 
purple red, veined red, downy ; 
flesh dark red, juicy, vinous. 

ItaUan. See Malta. 

Jackson Cling. Large, oblong, 
pointed, dark yellow and dark 



red; firm, red at stone; juicy, 
rich; excellent. Late August. 
Ga. 

Jane. Large, roundish-oblate, 
red on greenish-yellow; excel- 
lent. Late September. Phila. 

Japan Dwarf Blood. Medium, 
yellow and crimson ; flesh 
white, striated red, juicy. Tree 
dwarf. Claimed to be earliest 
of all. New. 

Jaques' Rareripe, p. 486. 

Java Peach. See Flat Peach of 
China. 

Jones' Early, p. 480. 

Jones' Large Early, p. 484. 

Judd's Melting. See Late Ad- 
mirable. 

Kennedy's Cling, or Carolina. 
See Lemon Cling. 

Kenrick's Heath, p. 484. 

Keyport White. Large, pure 
white, free from stone; vigor- 
ous, productive, and valuable. 
N.J. 

Lady Ann Steward. See Morris 

White. 
Lady Ingold. Medium, red on 

yellow; flesh yellow, sweet, 

rich. Ripens one week earlier 

than Crawford's Early. New. 

N. C. 
Lady Parham, p. 484. 
La Grange, p. 484. 
La Royal. See Late Admirable. 
Large American Nutmeg. See 

Early Sweetwater. 
Large Early York, p. 481. 
Large French Mignonne. See 

Grosse Mignonne. 
Large Newington. See Old New- 

inofton. 



PEACHES. 



753 



Large Red. See Red Rareripe. 

Large Violet. See Bellegarde. 

Large White Cling, p. 488. 

Large Yellow Rareripe. See 
Yellow Rareripe. 

Large Admirable, p. 481. 

Late Rareripe, p. 481. 

Late Yellow Alberge, October 
Yellow, or Algiers Winter. 
Medium, roundish, greenish- 
yellow ; downy, clingstone ; 
rather sweet. Only for pre- 
serving. Of little value. 

Lemon. See Tuskena. 

Lemon Cling, p. 489. 

Leopold I. Large, roundish, 
yellow and red ; melting, juicy. 
Rather late. Belgian. 

Levy's Late. See Henrietta. 

Lincoln, p. 486. 

Long Yellow Pineapple. See 
Lemon Cling. 

Lord Palmerston. Very large, 
creamy white with a blush; 
very good. New. Late. 

Lorentz. Medium, yellow, red 
cheek; flesh yellow, freestone. 
Prolific, hardy. 

Lovett's White. Large, white, 
in distinct suture; flesh white 
to pit, solid, sweet, freestone. 
Hardy, prolific. New. 

Madeleine Rouge. See Magda- 
len of Courson. 

Madeline de Courson. See Mag- 
dalen of Courson. 

Magdala. Medium, round oval, 
yellow white, marbled crim- 
son; flesh greenish-white, melt- 
ing, rich, free. 

Magdalen of Courson. Medium, 
round, sutured, skin white, 
red cheek, flesh white, slightly 



red at stone, juicy, rich. 
French, little known in U. S. 

Malta, p. 477. 

Mammoth. See Early Chelms- 
ford. 

Marshall's Late. Large, orange 
yellow, red blush, freestone; 
good. 

Mary's Choice. A very produc- 
tive New Jersey peach; re- 
quires thinning and high cul- 
ture. 

Mellish's Favorite. See No- 
blesse. 

Melocoton. See Crawford's 
Late. 

Merriam, p. 486. 

Mignonne. See Grosse Mignonne. 

Molden's White. Large oblong, 
whitish; flesh wholly white; 
juicy, sweet, excellent. Late 
September. 

Monstrous Pavie. See Pavie de 
Pompone. 

Montgomery's Late, p. 484. 

Moore's Favorite, p. 481. 

Moore's June. Rather small, 
round, yellowish and red; 
juicy, vinous ; good. Ga. Late 
June. 

Morris' Red, p. 481. 

Morris White, p. 484. 

Morrisania Pound, p. 481. 

Motteux. See Late Admirable. 

Mountain Rose, p. 478. 

Mrs. Brett. Large, round, hand- 
somely marked with red on a 
white skin; melting, rich, ex- 
cellent. Season medium. 

Mrs. Poinsette, p. 486. 

Muir, p. 486. 

Muscoga. Large, yellow, nearly 
covered crimson and brown; 
flesh white, red veins at stone, 



754 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



juicy, rich. A variety of Co- 
lumbia. 
Musser. See Alexander. 

Narbonne. See Late Admirable. 

Neil's Early Purple. See Grosse 
Mignonne. 

New Cut-Leaved. See Emperor 
of Russia. 

Newington. See Old Newington. 

New York Rareripe, p. 481. 

New York White Clingstone. 
See Large White Cling. 

Nivette, p. 481. 

Nix's Late White. Large, round- 
ish-oblong, white with a light 
red cheek; flesh white, adher- 
ing to the stone ; sweet, rich. 
Late in October. Ga. 

Noblesse, p. 420. 

Noisette. See Chancellor. 

Nutmeg. Red. Very small, 
roundish, pointed, yellow and 
red; flesh yellowish-white; 
flavor moderate. Late July. 

Nutmeg, White. Very small, 
roundish-oval, whitish ; flesh 
wholly white; mild, pleasant. 
Late July. 

Oldmixon Cling, p. 488. 

Oldmixon Free, p. 487. 

Old Newington, p. 488. 

Orange Cling, p. 489. 

Orange Free. Medium, round, 
yellow mottled red; flesh yel- 
low, juicy, very sweet; free- 
stone. New. 

Owen. Large, roundish, yellow 
and dark red; flesh yellow; 
juicy, delicious. Late Septem- 
ber. Mass. 

Owen's Lemon Rareripe. See 
Owen. 



Pallas. Large, r©und, whitish 
with crimson ; flesh white, melt- 
ing, vinous. Ga. 

Pavie Admirable. See Incom- 
parable. 

Pavie de Pompone, p. 489. 

Pavie Monstreux. See Pavie de 
Pompone. 

Peen-to. (Flat Peach of China. ) 
Small, very oblate, deeply in- 
dented to the stone at base 
and apex ; greenish-white, mot- 
tled red; flesh juicy, good; 
cling. Does well in the South. 

Peeble's May Cling. See Sneed. 

Picquet's Late. Quite large, 
round, yellow and red; flesh 
yellow, melting, rich; very 
good. Southern. September. 

Pineapple Cling. See Lemon 
Cling. 

Poole's Large Yellow, p. 486. 

Poole's Late Yellow Freestone. 
See Poole's Large Yellow. 

Pourpree Hative. See Early 
Purple. 

Pourpree Hative a Grandes 
Fleurs. See Early Purple. 

President, p. 482. 

President Church, p. 484. 

Preston Cling. Large, cream 
yellow, red cheek; flesh light 
yellow, juicy, good. N. C. 

Prince's Climax. Large, oval, 
yellow and red ; rich, aromatic ; 
clingstone. Late September. 
L. I. 

Prince's Excelsior. Very large, 
round, bright orange; flesh 
wholly yellow; rich, aromatic. 
October. L. I. 

Prince's Paragon. Large, oval, 
yellowish-green and red; 
juicy, rich. September. 



PEACHES. 



755 



Prince's Red Rareripe. See 
Prince's Paragon. 

Princess of Wales. Large, 
round, cream yellow, pink 
about stem; flesh white, 
slightly red at pit; freestone; 
juicy, tender, rich. 

Purple Alberge. See Yellow 
Alberge. 

Quality. Medium, round, 
white splashed crimson; flesh 
cream white, red at pit, tender, 
juicy, vinous, very good. Md. 

Red Alberge. See Yellow ditto. 

Red Avant. See Nutmeg, Red. 

Red Celon. Small, oval, green- 
ish-white, blood-red around 
pit; free, acid, poor. 

Red Cheek Melocoton, p. 486. 

Red Cling, See Rodman's Cling. 

Red Heath. See Heath. 

Red Magdalen. See Magdalen 
of Courson. 

Red Rareripe, p. 478. 

Reeves' Favorite, p. 486. 

Richmond. Medium, round, 
yellow, with red cheek; flesh 
yellow; melting, very good. 
Late. Lyons, N. Y. 

Robena. Large, roundish, yel- 
low shaded red; flesh deep 
yellow, red at pit, juicy, melt- 
ing, mild, sub-acid, good. 
D. C. 

Rodman's Cling, p. 489. 

Ronald's Mignonne. See Belle- 
garde. 

Rose. See Strawberry. 

R?^ebank. Large, round, red 
on greenish-white; juicy, rich; 
very good. Late August. 
C. W. 



Royal Charlotte, p. 478. 

Royal George, p. 478. 

Royal Kensington. See Grosse 

Mignonne. 
Royale. See Late Admirable. 

Salway, p. 486. 

Saunders'. See Alexander. 

Schumaker. Large, round, crim- 
son. Very early. 

Scott's Early Red, p. 482. 

Scott's Magnate, p. 484. 

Scott's Nectar, p. 482. 

Scott's Nonpareil, p. 486. 

Selby's Cling. See Large White 
Cling. 

Serrated. See Emperor of Rus- 
sia. 

Shanghae, p, 489. 

Sim's November. Large, green- 
ish-white, dull red cheek ; poor. 
Late. 

Smith's Favorite, p. 487. 

Smith's Newington, p. 487. 

Smock Free, p. 487. 

Smooth-Leaved Royal George. 
See Bellegarde. 

Sneed. (Peeble's May Cling.) 
Medium, oval, yellow white, 
red blush ; flesh white, tender. 
Claimed to be very early. New 
seedling of Chinese Cling. 

Snow, p. 484. 

Steadly. Large, whitish with a 
slight blush. Ripens a few 
days after Heath Cling. 

Strawberry, p. 484. 

Stetson's Seedling, p. 482. 

Stevens' Rareripe, p. 478. 

Stump, p. 482. 

Sturtevant. Resembles Bergen's 
Yellow, slightly larger; hardy, 
vigorous, productive. New. 

Summer Snow. Medium, white; 



75^ DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



flesh white to pit, sweet, cling. 
A good preserving peach. 

Surpasse Melocoton. Large, 
roundish-oval ; yellow with a 
red cheek ; flesh nearly white ; 
rich, excellent. Early aut- 
umn. Productive. Rochester, 
N. Y. 

Susquehanna, p. 487. 

Sweetwater, p. 478. 

Sweetwater, Early, p. 482. 

Thurber. Large, roundish-ob- 
late, creamy white marbled 
with crimson; juicy, melting, 
rich; freestone. Ripens in 
July in Georgia. 

Tippecanoe, p. 490. 

Titus. Large, roundish, yellow 
and red; juicy, rich; excellent. 
Late September. Phila. 

Triumph, p. 487. 

Troth's Early, p. 482. 

True Red Magdalen. See Red 
Magdalen. 

Tuft's Rareripe, p. 486. 

Tuskena. (Tuscan, Tustin.) 
Large, oblong, yellow, deep 
red cheek; cling; hardy. 
Strong grower. Miss. 

Unique. See Emperor of Rus- 
sia. 

Van Buren's Golden Dwarf. 
Medium, ovate, yellow; cling- 
stone; quality poor. South- 
ern. Tree small or dwarf; 
tender and valueless at the 
North. 

Vanguard. See Noblesse. 

Van Zandt, p. 482. 

Waddell. Medium, skin greenish- 



white, covered red, flesh white, 
juicy, prolific. New. Ga. 

Wager. Medium, long oval, yel- 
low, firm ; early autumn. Dry- 
ing and canning. 

Walburton Admirable, p. 478. 

Waldo. Medium. Hybrid of 
Peen-to and Honey. 

Walter's Early, p. 482. 

Ward's Late Free, p. 482. 

Washington, p. 424. 

Washington Cling, p. 490. 

Washington Red Free. See Wash- 
ington, p. 482. 

Waterloo. See Alexander. 

Wheatland. Large, roundish, 
golden yellow vinth a crimson 
cheek; juicy, very good, pro- 
ductive. Ripens after Craw- 
ford's Early. 

White Avant. See White Nut- 
meg. 

White-Blossomed Incomparable. 
Large, oval, white; flesh 
white ; juicy, pleasant. Sep- 
tember. 

White Imperial, p. 483. 

White Melocoton. See Morris 
White. 

White Rareripe. See Morris 
White. 

Wilder. See Alexander. 

Wonderful. Large, globular, 
yellow covered with carmine; 
flesh yellow, red at pit, rich; 
freestone. Tree vigorous and 
productive. Late. New. 

Yellow Admirable, p. 487. 
Yellow Alberge, p. 486. 
Yellow St. John's, p. 487. 
Yellow Pineapple. See Lemon 

Clingstone. 
Yellow Rareripe, p. 487= 



PEARS. 



757 



PEARS. 



Abbe Edouard. Medium, obo- 
vate, bright green becoming 
yellow ; juicy, half- melting, 
agreeable. November. Bel- 
gian. 

Abbott, p. 525. 

Adams, p. 515. 

Adelaide de Reves. Medium, 
roundish, green becoming yel- 
low; very juicy, melting, rich, 
vinous. October. Belgian. 

Adele de St. Denis. See Ba- 
ronne de Mello. 

Albret. Medium, long pyriform, 
yellow, russeted, very juicy, 
buttery and melting, rich ; very 
good. October. 

Alengon, p. 541. 

Alexander. Medium, oblong 
obovate, greenish and russet; 
juicy, melting, rich, very good. 
October. N. Y. 

Alexandre Lambre, p. 541. 

Alexandrina. Medium, round- 
ish, obovate, yellow, with a 
red cheek; melting, rich; very 
good. September. 

Alice Payne. Medium, yellow 
white. Winter. N. C. 

Almond Pear. See Beurrd 
Amande. 

Alpha, p. 515. 

Alphonse Karr. See Soldat 
Laboureur. 

Althorpe Crassane. Medium, 
roundish-ovate, pale green ; 
juicy, not rich. October. 

Amadotte. Large, pyriform ; 
coarse; juicy, often astringent 
and worthless. October. 

Amalis, p. 525. 



Amande. Medium, long pyri- 
form, dull green, rough; but- 
tery, juicy; very good. Sep- 
tember. Belgian. 

Amanlis. See Amalis. 

Ambrosia. Medium, roundish, 
obovate; buttery, without 
much flavor. September. 
French. 

Amire Joannet. Small, short 
pyriform, greenish-yellow, 
crimson dotted ; becoming 
mealy. Middle of July. 
Worthless and superseded. 

Amory, See Andrews. 

Ananas. See Henry IV. 

Ananas de Courtral. See Ananas 
d'Ete. 

Ananas d'Ete, p. 515. 

Andre Desportes. Medium, obo- 
vate pyriform, pale green, juicy 
and melting. Summer. 
France. 

Andrews, p. 515. 

Angel. Large, handsome, early, 
poor. Ghent, N. Y. 

Angora. See Pound. 

Angouleme, p. 515. 

Angleterre. Medium, pyriform, 
dull green; juicy, melting, 
pleasant, not rich. September. 

Anjou, p. 525. 

Arbre Courbre. Medium, pyri- 
form, greenish; coarse; half- 
melting, astringent. Septem- 
ber. 

Aremberg, p. 537. 

Assomption. Large, irregular 
pyriform, yellow, reddened to- 
ward the sun; juicy and melt- 
ing ; partly coarse ; of moder- 



5'58 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



ate quality. Tree vigorous 
and productive. August. 
French. 

Aston Town. Small, roundish, 
yellow; rather sweet. Sep- 
tember. 

Audusson. See Ridelle's. 

Auguste de Maraise. Large 

. pyriform, rough brown; but- 
tery, juicy, sweet. October. 
Belgian. 

Auguste Royer, p. 525. 

Augustus Dana, p. 525. 

Autumn Colmar, or Colmar 
d'Ete. Conic, greenish-yellow; 
coarse ; juicy, astringent ; rots. 
September. [Another Autumn 
Colmar is medium, pyriform, 
green; rich, agreeable. Oc- 
tober.] 

Autumn Paradise, p. 516. 

Bachelier, p. 516. 

Bankerbine. Medium, obovate, 
greenish-yellow; coarse, 
breaking. October. 

Baronne de Mello, p. 516. 

Barry, p. 537. 

Bartlett, p. 510. 

Bartram. Medium, obovate pyr- 
iform, pale yellow; juicy, melt- 
ing, excellent. September. 
Phila. 

Bavey, p. 526. 

Beadnell. Medium, turbinate, 
yellowish-green and red; 
juicy, melting. September. 

Beauchamps. See Bergamotte 
Cadette. 

Beaufort. Medium, russeted 
yellow. Winter. N. C. 

Beaulieu. Medium, roundish 
conic, greenish-yellow and 
russet; rather coarse; but- 



tery, melting, vinous. Octo- 
ber. 

Beaumont. See Vaet. 

Beau Present d'Artois. Large, 
pyriform, yellow ; granular, 
sweet ; rots at core. Septem- 
ber. 

Belle Angevine. See Pound. 

Belle de Bruxelles, or Belle 
d'Aout. Large, pyriform, yel- 
low; sweet, poor. A hand- 
some, worthless sort. 

Belle de Flandres. See Flemish 
Beauty. 

Belle de Noel; or, Belle Apres 
Noel. See Fondante de Noel. 

Belle Epine Dumas. See Dumas. 

Belle et Bonne. Large, round- 
ish, greenish; rather coarse; 
buttery, sweet. September. 
Belgian. 

Belle Fondante. Medium, conic 
turbinate, yellow russet; but- 
tery, juicy, rich, slightly as- 
tringent. October. 

Belle Julie. Small, obovate, 
light green ; melting, buttery, 
sweet, perfumed. October. 

Belle Lucrative, p. 525. 

Belle Williams. Large, pyriform, 
greenish-yellow; buttery, melt- 
ing; very good — has cracked 
badly at some places. Winter. 

Bellissime d'Ete. See French 
Jargonelle. 

Bellissime Jargonelle. See 
French Jargonelle. 

Belmont. Medium, roundish- 
obovate, yellow green; coarse; 
juicy, sweet. October. An 
English cooking-pear. 

Bennert. Small, melting. Mid- 
winter; hardy. Belgian. 

Benoist. Medium, turbinate ; 



PEARS. 



759 



jellow with a red cheek; melt- 
ing, sweet, agreeable. Au- 
gust. 

Bergamot, Easter. Medium, 
roundish-obovate, pale green; 
crisp, juicy, pleasant. Late 
winter. 

Bergamot, Gansel's, p. 535. 

Bergamot, Hampden's. Large, 
roundish, yellow; a little 
coarse; breaking and buttery, 
if house-ripened. September. 

Bergamot, Summer. Small, 
round, yellowish-green ; juicy, 
rich, becoming mealy. Late 

July. 

Bergamotte Cadette, p. 525. 

Bergamotte de la Pentecote. See 
Easter Beurrd. 

Bergamotte de Millepieds. Me- 
dium, roundish, dark green ; 
melting, juicy ; very good. 
September. French. 

Bergamotte de Soulers. See De 
Sorlus. 

Bergamotte d'Esperen. Me- 
dium, flattened pyriform, 
green, rough; sweet, rich, 
juicy, spicy. December to 
February. French. 

Bergamotte d'Ete. See Hamp- 
den's Bergamot. 

Berga^motte d'HoUande. Rather 
large, roundish, green and rus- 
set, becoming yellow; crisp, 
juicy, agreeable. Through win- 
ter till spring. 

Bergamotte Gaudry. Medium, 
roundish, yellowish-green, 
coarsely dotted ; very juicy, 
mild sub- acid. 

Bergamotte Heimbourg. Large, 
roundish, rough, green becom- 
ing yellow; buttery, juicy, 



rich, perfumed. October. 
French. 

Bergamotte Leseble. Medium, 
oblate, yellow, partly russeted ; 
juicy, sweet, melting, per- 
fumed. October. 

Bergamotte Suisse. Medium, 
roundish, pale green, yellow 
and pale red; melting, sweet, 
pleasant. October. 

Bergen, p. 517. 

Berkmans, p. 526. 

Berriays. Medium, obovate, 
p y r i f o r m , pale greenish-yel- 
low; juicy, sweet; very good. 
September. French. 

Bessemianka. Medium, pyri- 
form; flesh tender, buttery, 
juicy, sub-acid; good. Rus- 
sian. 

Beymont, p. 526. 

Bieumont. See Beymont. 

Bijou. Medium, yellow, red 
cheek. August. 

Bilboa. See Golden Beurre of 
Bilboa. 

Bishop's Thumb. Rather large, 
conic oblong, yellowish-green, 
with a russet cheek; juicy, 
melting, vinous, slightly as- 
tringent. October. English. 

Black Worcester, p. 537. 

Blanc. See White Doyenne. 

Bleeker's Meadow. Small, 
roundish, yellow; flesh white, 
firm, musky, sometimes soft, 
but mostly remaining hard. 
October. Pa. Very produc- 
tive, and valuable for cooking, 

Bloodgood, p. 513. 

Bolwiller. A baking-pear — not 
valuable. 

Bon Chrdtien, Flemish. Me- 
dium, obovate, pale green and 



76o DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



brown ; crisp, juicy ; stews 
tender. Winter. 

Bon Chretien Fondante, p. 526. 

Bon Chretien, Spanish. Large, 
pyriform, deep yellow and red ; 
half breaking — cooking. 

Bon Gustave. Medium, pyri- 
form, greenish and russet ; but- 
tery, juicy, perfumed. Decem- 
ber. Belgian. 

Bonne Charlotte. Medium, 
mostly oboTate; buttery, rich, 
perfumed. August. 

Bonne d'Ezee. Large, pyriform, 
yellowish-green, with some 
russet; juicy, melting, rich; 
very good. September, Octo- 
ber. Often cracks badly. 

Bonne de Malines. See Winter 
Nelis. 

Bonne du Puits Ansault. Rather 
small, roundish-oblate, green- 
ish-yellow ; juicy, melting, 
rich; very good. September. 
Great bearer. French. New. 

Bonne Rouge. See Gansel's 
Bergamot. 

Bonne Sophia. Medium, obo- 
vate pyriform, acute, greenish- 
yellow and red cheek ; melting, 
sweet; very good. October. 

Bosc, p. 517. 

Boston. See Pinneo. 

Boucquia. Rather large, oval 
turbinate, pale yellow; rots at 
core ; rather astringent. Octo- 
ber. Flemish. 

Bourgemester. Large, pyriform, 
light yellow; juicy, astringent. 
November. Tree cankers 
badly. 

Boussock, p. 526. 

Brabant. See Soldat Laboreur. 

Brande's St. Germain, p. 541. 



Brandywine, p. 511. 

Bretonneau. Large long pyri- 
form, variable, rough, yellow 
with a brown cheek ; half-melt- 
ing, not juicy, rich, vinous, 
perfumed. Late winter, Bel- 
gian. 

Brialmont. Resembles Urba- 
niste in the character of the 
tree and fruit; of good prom- 
ise. October. Belgian. 

Brignais. See Des Normes. 

Brocas Bergamot. See Gansel's 
Bergamot. 

Broom Park. Medium, round- 
ish, greenish-yellow and dul' 
red; coarse; juicy, sweet. 
January, February, English. 

Brougham. Roundish-oblate, 
greenish-yellow ; coarse ; as- 
tringent. November. English. 

Brown Beurr^, p. 527. 

B. S. Fox, p. 526. 

BufFum, p. 527. 

Burlingame. Medium, oblate, 
yellow ; coarse ; poor. Sep- 
tember. Ohio. 

Burnett. Large, obtuse pyri- 
form, pale yellow ; coarse ; 
juicy, sweet; good. October. 
Mass. 

Burnicq. Medium, turbinate 
pyriform, rough, russeted ; 
flesh greenish-white ; juicy, 
rich, perfumed. Late Octo- 
ber, Belgian. 

Butter Pear, See White Doy- 
enne. 

Cabot, p. 527. 

Caen de France. Rather large, 
pyriform, yellow and russet; 
half melting, juicy, sweet, 
slightly astringent. Winter. 



PEARS. 



761 



Caissoy d'Hiver. Medium, obo- 
vate, yellow, rough, russeted; 
buttery, rich, high-flavored. 
Winter. 

Calebasse. Medium, long pyri- 
form, irregular, dull yellow, 
rough; coarse; juicy, crisp, 
rich, pleasant. September. 
Belgian. 

Calebasse Bosc. See Bosc. 

Calebasse Delvigne. Medium, 
pyriform, yellow ; coarse ; but- 
tery, rich, perfumed, slightly 
astringent. October. 

Calebasse d'Etd. Medium, long 
pyriform, bright yellowish- 
brown; astringent, poor. 
September. Belgian. 

Calebasse d'Octobre. Large, 
pyriform, pale yellow, juicy, 
melting, of moderate quality. 
October. Belgian. 

Calhoun. Medium, roundish, 
irregular, yellowish and dull- 
red; coarse, melting, rich, vi- 
nous, perfumed. October. 
Conn. 

Cambridge Sugar Pear. See 
Harvard. 

Camerlyn. Medium, pyriform, 
yellow; melting, rich, aro- 
matic. October. Belgian. 

Canandaigua, p. 517. 

Canning Seigneur d'Hiver. See 
Easter Beurrd. 

Capiaumont, p. 517. 

Capsheaf, p. 527. 

Capucin. Medium, oval, yellow 
with a blush ; crisp, juicy, 
rich, good. October. Bel- 
gian. 

Cassante de Mars. Obovate, 
yellow; juicy, rich, vinous, 
perfumed. Winter. Belgian, 



Catherine Gardette. Rather 
large, roundish-obovate, yel- 
low, dotted red; buttery, 
coarse, sweet, good. Septem- 
ber. Phila. 

Catherine Lambre. Medium, 
obovate pyriform, greenish- 
yellow; juicy and melting, 
sweet; very good. October. 
Belgian. 

Catillac, p. 537. 

Catinka. Rather small, obovate 
pyriform, pale yellow; coarse; 
buttery, juicy, vinous. No- 
vember. Belgian. 

Chancellor, p. 517. 

Chaptal. Rather large, pyri- 
form, greenish-yellow ; half 
buttery, half hard ; tolerably 
good, rather insipid. Febru- 
ary. 

Charles Frederick. Green be- 
coming yellow; melting, juicy, 
vinous, perfumed; very good, 
October. Belgian. 

Charles of Austria. Large, 
roundish, greenish-yellow ; 
juicy, astringent. October. 

Belgian. 

Charles Smet. Medium, pyri- 
form, yellow and russet; juicy, 
sweet, perfumed. January. 
Belgian. 

Charles Van Hooghten. Large, 
pyriform, dull yellow; buttery, 
melting, rather sweet. Octo- 
ber. 

Charlotte de Brower. Rather 
large, roundish-oval, rich yel- 
low; juicy, rich, vinous, per- 
fumed. October. Belgian. 

Charneuse. See Due de Bra- 
bant. 

Chaumontel, p. 537, 



762 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



Chaumontel tres gros. See 
Easter Beurre. 

Chelmsford. Large, pyramidal, 
yellow with a red cheek; flesh 
coarse ; sweet — ^good for cook- 
ing. Septemiber. 

Chinese Sand Pear. See Sand. 

Church, p. 534. 

Citron. Small, roundish, green- 
ish ; coarse ; juicy, vinous, 
musky. August, September. 
Conn. 

Citron. (Beurre Citron.) Me- 
dium, obovate, green becom- 
ing yellow; juicy, sub-acid. 
February, March. Belgian. 

Citron des Carmes. See Made- 
leine. 

Clairgeau, p. 538. 

Clapp's Favorite, p. 511. 

Clara. Medium, oval, pyriform, 
yellow, dotted red; melting, 
juicy, sweet, faintly acid. 
Belgian. 

Clay. Medium, obovate, yellow; 
coarse ; juicy, rich, perfumed. 
October. Conn. 

Clinton. Large, yellow; but- 
tery, not rich. November. 
Belgian. 

Clion. See Vicar of Winkfield. 

Coffin's Virgalieu. Rather large ; 
sweet, juicy, not rich. December. 

Coit's Beurre. Medium, obovate 
pyriform, yellow with some 
russet, crimson, dotted ; gran- 
ular; buttery, rich, vinous. 
September, 

Collins, p: 527. 

Colmar, p. 538. 

Colmar, Beurr^. Medium, oval, 
pale green, becoming yellow; 
flesh white ; juicy, melting, 
perfumed. October. Belgian. 



Colmar Bonnet. Medium, conic 
obovate, pale yellow; buttery, 
mild, slightly perfumed. 
Good. November. 

Colmar Bosc. See Niell. 

Colmar d'Alost. Large, long 
pyriform, sometimes obovate, 
greenish-yellow and red ; flesh 
buttery, juicy, slightly as- 
tringent. October. Belgian. 

Colmar d'Aremberg. Large, 
turbinate pyriform, greenish- 
yellow; quality poor. Novem- 
ber. 

Colmar d'Et^. Conic, greenish- 
yellow ; coarse ; juicy, astrin- 
gent ; rots at core. September. 

Colmar d'Hiver. See Glout 
Morceau. 

Colmar Epine. Large, roundish- 
oblong, greenish-yellow ; flesh 
sweet, melting; good; agree- 
able. September. Belgian. 

Colmar Oris. See Colmar. 

Colmar Hardenpont. See Col- 
mar. 

Colmar Niell. Large, obovate, 
pale yellow; buttery, melting. 
Good. October. 

Colmar Souverain. See Colmar. 

Colonel Wilder. Above medium, 
obovate pyriform, yellow ^^ath 
some russet, juicy, melting, 
sweet. Early winter. Origin, 
Cal. 

Columbia, p. 541. 

Columbian Virgalieu. See Co- 
lumbia. 

Comice, p. 517. 

Comice de Toulon. Large, ob- 
long obovate, yellow; juicy, 
melting. November. 

Commodore. Medium, obovate, 
yellow; buttery, melting, 



PEARS. 



763 



sweet; good. November. Bel- 
gian. 

Comprette. Small, obtuse pyri- 
form, yellowish-green ; but- 
tery, rich, perfumed. October. 
Flemish. 

Comstock. Medium, obovate, 
yellow and red ; crisp, sweet, 
sprightly. November. 

Comte de Flandre, p. 517. 

Comte de Lamy, p. 527. 

Comte de Paris, p. 517. 

Comte Lelieur. Medium, turbi- 
nate, yellowish-green and 
brown; melting, sweet, high- 
flavored. September. Bel- 
gian. 

Comtesse d'Alost. See Colmar 
d'Alost. 

Conseiller de la Cour, p. 517. 

Conseiller Ranwez. Large, ob- 
late, irregular, green, rough; 
coarse; juicy, perfumed, vi- 
nous, slightly astringent. Oc- 
tober. 

Cooke. Rather large, pyrami- 
dal, irregular, pale yellow; 
juicy, buttery, rich, vinous. 
October. Va. 

Copia. Large, yellow; coarse; 
rich. October. Phila. 

Cornells, or Desir^e Cornells. 
Large, obovate pyriform, 
greenish-yellow; melting, but- 
tery, sweet, perfumed. Au- 
gust, September. 

Coter, p. 542. 

Count Coloma. See Urbaniste. 

Countess of Lunay, p. 518. 

Crassane. Medium, roundish, 
greenish-yellow ; juicy, sweet, 
moderately pleasant. Octo- 
ber. 

Crassane d'Hiver. Medium, 



half melting, high-flavored. 
Winter. 

Crawford. Medium, obovate, 
light yellow; flesh buttery, 
sweet, moderately pleasant. 
August. Scotch. 

Crisco. Medium; resembles 
Seckel, of which it is a seedling. 
N. C. 

Croft Castle. Medium, round- 
ish, greenish-yellow ; juicy, 
crisp, sweet. October. English. 

Cross, p. 544. 

Cumberland. Rather large, 
obovate, orange yellow; but- 
tery, moderately juicy. Octo- 
ber. R. I. 

Cushing, p. 527. 

Dallas, p. 527. 

Dana's Hovey, p. 542. 

Davis. Small, roundish, varia- 
ble, russeted ; buttery, gritty 
at core ; vinous ; good. Octo- 
ber. Pa. 

Dean's. See White Doyenne. 

Dearborn's Seedling, p. 513. 

De Bavay. Rather large, pyri- 
form, yellow; juicy, melting, 
vinous. October. Belgian. 

Defais, p. 528. 

Delices de Charles. Medium, 
pyrami»dal, yellowish-green; 
juicy, melting, vinous — like 
Brown Beurr^. December. 
Belgian. 

Delices d'Hardenpont of Angers, 
p. 528. 

Delices d'Hardenpont of Bel- 
gium. Large, conic pyriform, 
greenish-yellow, rough ; but- 
tery, melting, juicy, sweet, 
rich, aromatic. November, 
December. Belgian. 



764 DESCRIPTIVE IIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



Delices de Jodoigne. Rather 
large, yellowish-green ; half 
melting, rich, very good. Oc- 
tober. 

Delices Van Mons. See Vicomte 
de Spoelberch. 

De Louvain. Medium, obovate 
pyriform, light yellow; but- 
tery, melting, rich, perfumed, 
excellent. October. Belgian. 

Democrat. Medium, greenish- 
yellow. Late August. A 
strong grower. Pa. 

Des Nonnes, p. 534. 

De Sorlus. Large, ovate, pyri- 
form, light green becoming 
yellow ; juicy ; melting, pleas- 
ant, deficient in flavor. Early 
Winter. 

De Spoelberg. See Vicomte de 
Spoelberch. 

De Tongres, p. 518. 

Deux Soeurs. Large, long pyri- 
form, green; juicy, coarse, 
with an almond flavor. No- 
vember. Belgian. 

Diel, p. 518. 

Diel's Butter, See Diel. 

Dikeman. Medium, oblate, yel- 
low; juicy, melting, rich, vi- 
nous, perfumed. October. 
Conn. 

Dillen, p. 528. 

Diller. Rather small, round, 
yellowish; granular ; juicy, 
sweet, perfumed. Early Sep- 
tember. 

Directeur Alphande. Very 
large, greenish-yellow, russet 
dots; flesh fine-grained, 
sugary, rich. Ripens in late 
winter. 

Dix, p. 518. 

Docteur Bouvier. Large, long 



pyriform, light green, a little 
russet ; juicy, half melting, 
agreeable, vinous, February. 
Belgian. 

Docteur Capron. Medium, obo- 
vate, greenish-yellow, partly 
russeted ; melting, pleasant, 
sprightly. October. Belgian. 

Docteur Lentier. Medium, pyri- 
form, greenish-yellow ; but- 
tery, juicy, perfumed, good. 
November. 

Docteur Trousseau. Large, obo- 
vate, green dotted red; but- 
tery, juicy, rich, November, 
December, Belgian. 

Doctor Reeder. Small, ■ round- 
ish-ovate, yellow, netted with 
russet ; melting, buttery, sug- 
ary, perfumed. Very good. 
November. Good bearer. 

Seneca County, N. Y. 

Double Philippe. See Boussock. 

Douillard. Rather large, tur- 
binate ; juicy, melting, per- 
fumed. Very good. 

Dow. Medium, obovate, pyri- 
form or conic, yellowish-green, 
rough, partly russeted ; juicy, 
melting, vinous, sometimes as- 
tringent. September, October. 
Conn. 

Dowlin. See Uwchlan. 

Downing, p. 528. 

Doyenne d' Hiver, See Easter 
Beurr^. 

Doyenn^ d'Ete. See Summer Do- 
yenne. 

Doyenne Rouge. See Gray 
Doyenn^. 

Due d'Aumale. See Gedeon 
Paridant, 

Due de Bordeaux, See Dumas. 

Due de Brabant, p, 519. 



PEARS. 



765 



Duchesse. See Angouleme, 

Duchesse d'Alost. See Colmar 
d'Alost. 

Duchesse de Berri d'Et^, p. 515. 

Duchesse d'Orleans, p. 519. 

Duchesse Helene, p. 528. 

Duhamel du Monceau. Large, 
long pyriform, light yellow, 
partly russeted ; flesh taelting, 
juicy, excellent. Early winter. 
French. 

Duhaume. Medium, oblate, 
rough, with some russet ; 
coarse ; buttery, melting, vi- 
nous. Winter. 

Dumas, p. 519. 

Dumortier, p. 528. 

Dundas, p. 528. 

Dunmore, p. 528. 

Dupuy Charles. Medium, conic 
pyriform, yellow, rough, rus- 
seted; melting, juicy, rich, 
good. November, Belgian. 

Durandeau. See De Tongres. 

Duval, p. 519. 

Early Catharine. See Early 
Rousselet. 

Early Rousselet. Rather small, 
pyriform, yellow and brown- 
ish-red ; sweet, pleasant, per- 
fumed; rots at core. August. 

Easter Beurr^, p. 542. 

Eastern Belle. Medium, obovate 
pyriform, yellow, some russet; 
sweet, rich, musky; very good. 
September. Maine. 
• Eastnor Castle. Medium, round- 
ish, green; juicy, melting. De- 
cember. 

Echassery. Medium, roundish- 
oval, greenish- yellow ; melt- 
ing, buttery, sweet. Winter. 
French. 



Edmonds, p. 528. 

Edwards. Medium, round, yel- 
low; granular — baking. Conn. 

Edwards' Henrietta, p. 454. 

Elberg. Large, obtuse pyri- 
form, pale yellow; rather 
coarse, juicy, sweet, perfumed. 
November. Belgian. 

Elizabeth, Edwards'. ■ Medium, 
obtuse p y r i f o r m , angular, 
greenish-yellow ; buttery, sub- 
acid; good. October. Conn. 

Elizabeth, Manning's, p. 455. 

Ellis, Rather large, pyriform, 
yellowish-green ; juicy, melt- 
ing, vinous. Early October. 
Mass. 

Emerald. Medium, obovate, 
green; melting, buttery, 
sweet. December. Belgian. 

Emile Bivort. Medium, conic 
oblate, orange yellow and rus- 
set; juicy, rich, vinous. No- 
vember. 

Emile d'Heyst, p. 519. 

Enfant Prodigue. Rather small, 
pyriform, green, rough, rus- 
seted ; granular, juicy, vinous, 
perfumed. October. Belgian. 

English Bergamot. See Autumn 
Bergamot. 

Epine d'Et^. (Summer Thorn.) 
Medium, pyriform, greenish- 
yellow; melting, sweet, 
musky. Early September. 

Episcopal. See Fortunee. 

Esperen. Large, long pyriform, 
dull yellow and russet; juicy, 
vinous. October. Belgian. 

Esperione. Medium, obovate, 
slightly pyriform, yellow; 
juicy, melting, perfumed. 
September. 

Eugene Appert. Medium, round- 



766 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



ish, rough, brownish-yellow ; 
melting, sweet, perfumed, ex- 
cellent. 

Excellentissima. See Due de 
Brabant. 

Eyewood. Medium, oblate, dull 
yellow with some russet; but- 
tery, good. English. 

Feaster. See Bleeker's Meadow. 

Ferdinand de Meester. See 
Rousselet de Meester. 

Figue, p. 519. 

Figue d'Alengon, p. 519. 

Figue de Naples, p. 528. 

Fine Gold of Summer. Small, 
roundish, yellow with a red 
cheek ; juicy, good, not rich- 
August. 

Fin Or d'Hiver. See Franc Real 
d'Hiver. 

Fitzwater. Medium, yellow, 
red cheek ; flesh juicy, melting. 
December. 

Flemish Beauty, p. 529. 

Fleur de; Neige. (Snow Flower. ) 
Rather large, conic pyriform, 
yellowish-green; granular; 
sweet, high-flavored. Octo- 
ber. Belgian. 

Florimond Parent. Very large, 
pyramidal pyriform, tapering 
to crown, green becoming deep 
yellow; coarse; melting, rich, 
perfumed. ' September. Bel- 
gian. 

Fondante Agrdable, Medium, 
roundish-obovate, yellowish- 
green; juicy, melting, refresh- 
ing. August. 

Fondante d'Automne. See 
Belle Lucrative. 

Fondante de Malines, p. 529. 

Fondante de Noel, p. 538. 



Fondante des Charneuse. See 
Due de Brabant. 

Fondante des Pres. Medium, 
obovate pyriform, yellow; 
melting, juicy, sweet, aromatic. 
October. Belgian. 

Fondante du Comice. Large 
pyramidal (small specimens 
obovate), yellow; buttery, 
juicy, rich, vinous. October, 
November. French. 

Fondante Van Mons. Rather 
small, roundish, pale yellow; 
juicy, melting, sweet, agreea- 
ble. November. 

Fontenay. See Beurr^ Oris 
d'Hiver. 

Fontenay Jalousie. See Jalousie 
de Fontenay Vendee. 

Foote's Seckel. Small, obovate, 
yellow and brownish-red, and 
russet; juicy, melting, vinous; 
very good. September. Mass. 

Forelle, p. 519. 

Forme de Delices. Medium, 
obovate, yellowish, rough ; 
buttery, rather dry, sweet. 
October. Flemish. 

Fortun&. Rather small, round- 
ish, russeted; juicy, sprightly 
— cooking. Winter. 

Foster's St. Michael. Medium, 
roundish-ovate, yellow; 
coarse ; astringent. September. 

Fougiere. Medium, obovate, 
greenish-yellow ; granular, 
sweet; good. October. 

Franc Real d'Et^. See Summer 
Franc Real. 

Franc Real d'Hiver. Medium, 
roundish, yellow and brown; 
crisp — cooking. Winter. 

Frankford. See Bleeker's Mea- 
dow. 



PEARS. 



767 



Frederick Clapp, p. 529. 

Frederick of Wurtemburg. 
Large, broad pyriform, yellow 
with crimson cheek ; juicy, melt- 
ing; varying from excellent to 
worthless. September. Bel- 
gian. 

Frederika Bremer. Rather 
large, varying from roundish to 
pyriform, greenish-yellow ; melt- 
ing, vinous. October, N. Y. 

Fulton, p. 535. 

Gansel's Bergamot, p. 535. 

Gansel's Late Bergamotte. 
Roundish, greenish, rough; 
granular; juicy, sugary, per- 
fumed. December. 

Gansel's Seckel. Rather small, 
oblate, yellow, rough, with rus- 
set ; coarse ; buttery, melting, 
rich, aromatic. November. 

Garber. Large, irregular ob- 
late, russet brown. 

Garnier. Pyriform, handsome ; 
breaking, juicy, rich. Late 
winter. 

Gedeon Paridant. Medium, ob- 
tuse pyriform, greenish-yel- 
low; juicy, melting, brisk, ex- 
cellent. September. Belgian. 

Gendesheim. Large, obtuse, pyr- 
iform, greenish-yellow; of mod- 
erate quality. October, No- 
vember. Flemish. 

General Bosquet. Large, pyri- 
form, green ; melting ; very 
good. September. 

General Canrobert. Medium, 
obovate pyriform, yellow. 
January. French. 

General de Lourmel. Medium, 
obovate, greenish; juicy, melt- 
ing. November. 



General Lamoriciere. Medium, 
ovate, greenish-yellow and 
russet; flesh juicy, melting, 
rich, brisk, perfumed, some- 
times astringent. October. 

General Taylor. Rather small, 
turbinate, cinnamon russet ; 
granular, buttery, melting, 
aromatic; very rich, excellent. 
November. 

General Totleben. Rather large, 
pyriform, greenish-yellow, 
netted with russet; juicy and 
melting; very good. October. 

Gens. Medium, conic obovate, 
greenish, rough; sugary, rich; 
excellent. September. 

Gerardin. Medium, roundish, 
irregular, yellow with russet; 
granular, astringent. Sep- 
tember. 

Giffard, p. 511. 

Gilogil. Large, roundish, rus- 
seted ; crisp — cooking. Win- 
ter. French. 

Glout Morceau, p. 539, 

Golden Beurr^ of Bilboa, p. 
529. 

Goodale. Large, pyriform 
(short Bartlett-shaped), hand- 
some ; very good. Tree vig- 
orous, hardy, productive — 
from seed of the McLaughlin, 
Maine. S. L. Goodale. 

Goubalt, p. 535. 

Goubalt (Winter), p. 539. 

Gore's Heathcot. See Heathcot. 

Grand Soleil, p. 542. 

Graslin, p. 520. 

Gray Butter Pear. See Gray 
Doyenne. 

Gray Doyenne, p. 529. 

Gray Winter Beurrd. See Gris 
d'Hiver. 



768 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



Great Citron of Bohemia. Small, 
oblong, yellow ; coarse, of lit- 
tle flavor. September. 

Green Chisel. An erroneous 
name for Madeleine ; also the 
name of a small, roundish, 
green summer pear, of a sweet 
but poor flavor. 

Green Mountain Boy. Medium, 
round, obovate or pyriform, 
rich, yellow; melting, juicy, 
sweet ; good. October. 

Green Sugar. Rather small, ob- 
late turbinate, green; juicy, 
melting, pleasant. October. 

Green Sylvange. See Sylvange. 

Green Yair. Medium, obovate, 
green; juicy, of moderate 
flavor. September. 

Gris. See Brown Beurre. 

Gris d'Hiver, p. 543. 

Groom's Princess Royal. Me- 
dium, roundish, greenish- 
brown; buttery, melting, 
sweet, high-flavored. Winter. 
English. 

Gros Dillen. See Diel. 

Gros Rousselet d'Aout. Me- 
dium, pyriform, yellow; melt- 
ing, juicy, vinous, perfumed. 
August. Belgian. 

Grosse Calebasse of Langelier. 
See Van Marum. 

Grosse Marie, or Conseiller de la 
Cour. See Mar^chal de la 
Cour. 

Guernsey. See Stevens' Genesee. 

Gustin's Summer. Small, round- 
ish, yellow; sweet, with little 
flavor. September. 

Hacon's Incomparable. Rather 
large, roundish-turbinate, yel- 
lowish-green and brown, partly 



russeted; buttery, melting, 
vinous. October. English. 

Haddington. Rather large, ob- 
ovate pyriform, greenish-yel- 
low; crisp, aromatic — baking. 
Winter. Phila. 

Hagerman, or Hegeman, p. 
530. 

Hagerston. See Limon. 

Hamecher. Medium, long oval, 
slightly pyriform ; melting, 
rich; excellent. October, No- 
vember. Belgian. 

Hanners, p. 530. 

Hanover. Small, roundish- 
obovate, green; melting, juicy, 
pleasant. October. N. J. 

Hardenpont. See Glout Mor- 
ceau. 

Hardy, p. 530. 

Harrison's Large Fall. Large, 
yellow — valued only for bak- 
ing. 

Harvard, p. 520. 

Hawes' Winter. Larger, round- 
ish, dull yellow ; coarse ; juicy, 
rich, vinous. December. Va. 

Hazel. See Hessel. 

Heathcot, p. 530. 

Hdene d'Orleans, p. 469. 

Helene Grdgoire. Medium, pyri- 
form, greenish-yellow ; juicy, 
melting, sweet ; very good. Oc- 
tober. Belgian. 

Henkel, p. 580. 

Henrietta, p. 513. 

Henri Bivort. Large, Doyenne- 
form, greenish-yellow and 
brown ; melting, buttery, juicy, 
sweet, perfumed. September. 
Belgian. 

Henri Quatre. See Henry IV. 

Henri Van Mons. Medium, pyri- 
form (nearly Tyson-shaped), 



PEARS. 



769 



yellowish with a blush ; buttery, 
Tinous, perfumed, agreeable, 
October. 

Henry IV., p. 530. 

Heri. Medium, roundish, green- 
ish-yellow with a blush ; juicy, 
tender, with an anise-like 
flavor. Autumn and winter. 

Hericart, p. 530. 

Hericart de Thury. Large, pyri- 
form (Bosc-shaped), rough, 
light brown; buttery, rich. 
January. Belgian. 

Hessel. Small, obovate, yellow- 
ish-green — of little value. Sep- 
tember. Scotch. 

Holland Bergamot. Rather 
large, roundish, greenish-yel- 
low, partly russeted ; crisp, 
very juicy, sprightly, agreea- 
ble. Keeps till spring. 

Hooper's Bilboa. See Golden 
Beurrd of Bilboa. 

Hoosic, Large, obovate ; green- 
ish-yellow, russeted ; flesh but- 
tery, juicy, spicy, good. Tree 
erect, vigorous, prolific. Oct. 

Hosenshenck. See Moore's. 

Hovey. Medium, pyriform, yel- 
low; melting, juicy, rich, vi- 
nous. French. 

Howell, p. 530. 

Huguenot. Medium, roundish, 
pale yellow, dotted red ; break- 
ing, sweet, rather dry. Octo- 
ber. Mass. 

Hull, p. 531. 

Huntington, p. 535. 

Hunt's Connecticut. Medium, 
oblate, yellowish-green; 
coarse, sweet, dry — culinary. 

Huyshe's Prince Consort. Me- 
dium, pyriform, greenish-yel- 
low; buttery, a little coarse, 
49 



half melting; very good. No- 
vember. English. New. 

Idaho, p. 536. 

Imperatrice de France. See Flem- 
ish Beauty. 

Inconnue Van Mons, p. 539. 

Indian Queen. Rather large, 
long pyriform, greenish-yellow, 
a brown cheek ; a little coarse ; 
half melting, sweet, not rich, 
soft. A market sort, Septem- 
ber. Maine. 

Ives' Bergamot. Rather small, 
roundish, greenish-yellow ; 
juicy, melting, aromatic. 
Early September. Conn. 

Ives' Pear. Small, turbinate, ir- 
regular, greenish and brown- 
ish-red ; juicy, melting ; good. 
Early September. Conn. 

Ives' Seedling. Rather small, 
round, greenish-yellow and 
crimson ; granular ; juicy, melt- 
ing, perfumed. Early Septem- 
ber. Conn. 

Ives' Virgalieu. Small, pyriform, 
greenish and dull crimson ; 
granular; melting, vinous, re- 
freshing. October. Conn. 

Ives' Winter. Medium, short 
pyriform, yellowish, russeted ; 
coarse. December. Conn. 

Jackman's Melting. See King 
Edwards. 

Jackson. Medium, oblate ap- 
proaching turbinate, greenish- 
yellow and russet; juicy, 
brisk, vinous. September. 
N. H. 

Jalousie. Rather large, round- 
ish-obovate, slightly pyriform, 
russeted ; coarse ; sweet, defi- 



77° DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



cient in flavor. Handsome and 
worthless. September. 

Jalousie de Fontenay Vendee, p. 
531. 

Jaminette, p. 539. 

Japan Golden Russet. (Taihe, 
Canner's Japan.) Medium, 
russeted yellow. Worthless 
for fruit, but tree very orna- 
mental. 

Jargonelle, English, or Epargne. 
Rather large, long pyriform, 
acute, greenish-yellow and dull 
brown ; flesh rather coarse ; 
juicy, pleasant, refreshing, sub- 
acid. Three weeks earlier than 
Bartlett. French origin. 

Jargonelle, French. Medium, 
obovate, greenish-yellow, with 
a red cheek ; breaking, sweet ; 
rots at core. Handsome, but 
poor. Early August. 

Jean de Witte, p. 543. 

Jersey Gratioli. Medium, conic 
oblate, greenish, rough, partly 
russeted; juicy, brisk, vinous. 
September. 

Joanette. See Amire Joannet. 

Johonnot, p. 531. 

Jones' Seedling, p. 543. 

Josephine. See Jaminette. 

Josephine de Malines, p. 544. 

Jules Bivort, p. 531. 

Julienne, p. 511. 

July Pear. See Sugar Top. 



Keiffer, p. 543. 

Kennes, p. 520. 

Kenrick. Medium, greenish- 
yellow; juicy, buttery, sweet. 
September. Flemish. 

King Edwards. Large, pyri- 
form, yellow with a red cheek ; 



buttery, sometimes good. Oc- 
tober. 

King's Seedling. Medium, ob- 
late, yellowish-green, rough ; 
granular; juicy, aromatic, per- 
fumed. October. 

Kingsessing, p. 531. 

Kirtland, or Kirtland's Seckel, p. 
531. 

Knight's Monarch. Large, obo- 
vate, yellowish-brown. Does 
not ripen in the Northern 
States. Winter. English. 

Knight's Seedling. Medium, ob- 
late, turbinate, rough, yellow- 
ish-green; juicy, sweet. Octo- 
ber. R. I. 

Knox. Large, oblong obovate, 
pale green; juicy, sweet, not 
rich. September. Flemish. 

Koning. Medium or large, 
roundish- oblate, yellowish- 
green and russet; juicy, melt- 
ing, vinous, delicate. October. 
Belgian. 

Koonce. Medium, obovate pyri- 
form; golden yellow with red 
cheek; flesh juicy, sweet. Til. 

Kossuth. Large, variable, tur- 
binate, yellowdsh-green ; but- 
tery, very juicy; faintly sub- 
acid, very good. September, 
October. French. 

KruU. Medium, lemon yellow 
with bloom; skin thick; flesh 
melting, and juicy when ripe, 
sweet. Late keeper. 

La Herard. Rather large, pyri- 
form, pale yellow and brown; 
melting, juicy, sub-acid, pleas- 
ant ; very good. October. Bel- 
gian. 

La Juive. Medium, turbinate. 



PEARS. 



771 



green and brown; melting, 
juicy, rich, perfumed. No- 
vember. Belgian. 

La Motte. Medium, roundish, 
light green, strongly dotted; 
flesh fine grained, buttery, 
mild, pleasant. 

Langeleir, p. 539. 

Las Canas, p. 539. 

Latch. See Philadelphia. 

Laure de Glymes, p. 531. 

Lawrence, p. 539. 

Lawson. (Comet.) Medium to 
large, crimson or yellow; flesh 
crisp and juicy. Early sum- 
mer. Comes in bearing at 8 
or 10 years. Valuable South. 

Lebanon. See Pinneo. 

Le Conte. Large, yellow, mod- 
erate in quality; exceedingly 
productive, vigorous and prof- 
itable at the South; of no 
value North. Mid-summer. 

Le Cure. See Vicar of Winkfield. 

Leech's Kingsessing. See King- 
sessing. 

Lee's Seckel. Medium or rather 
large, obovate, rich russet; 
buttery, rich, perfumed, excel- 
lent. September. 

Leon le Clerc. Rather large, 
obovate, greenish-yellow, rus- 
set at the end; flesh crisp, 
firm, of moderate quality — 
cooking. Winter. 

Leopold First. Large, turbi- 
nate, pyriform, green; melt- 
ing, sweet, perfumed. Decem- 
ber. Belgian. 

Lewis, p. 544. 

Liberale. Rather large, long 
pyriform, greenish-yellow, 
partly russeted; juicy, sweet, 
rich, aromatic. October. 



Lieutenant Poitevin. Large, 
greenish-yellow ; juicy, half 
melting. Late winter. 
French. 

Limon, p. 513. 

Lincoln Coreless. Large, pyri- 
form, yellow. Late winter. 

Linden d'Automne. See Glout 
Morceau. 

Little Muscat. Quite small, tur- 
binate, yellow with brownish 
cheek; breaking, sweet, 
slightly musky. Middle of 
July. French. Tolerably 
good. 

Little Musk, or Primitive. See 
Little Muscat. 

Locke's Beurr^. Medium, 
roundish, obovate, dull green; 
juicy, vinous. November. 

Mass. 

Lodge, p. 520. 

Long Green, p. 520. 

Long Green of Autumn, p. 521. 

Louis Dupont. Medium, obo- 
vate, green becoming yellow; 
melting, juicy, sweet, per- 
fumed. October. 

Louise Bonne, p. 521. 

Louise Bonne d'Avranches. See 
Louise Bonne. 

Louise Bonne of Jersey. See 
Louis Bonne. 

Louise d'Orleans. See Urba- 
niste. 

Lucy Duke. Large, pyriform, 
russet, rough surface; flesh 
buttery, juicy, sweet. Octo- 
ber. 

Lycurgus, p. 539. 

Lyon, p. 531. 

Mabille. See Beurre Diel. 
Madame Ducar. Medium, oval, 



772 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



green becoming yellow; very 
juicy, rich, perfumed. Au- 
gust. Belgian. 

Madame Eliza, p. 521. 

Madame Henry Desportes. Me- 
dium, yellow,, melting, juicy. 
Mid-autumn. 

Madame Millet. Medium, obo- 
vate, rich russet ; half melting, 
rich, perfumed, agreeable. 
March. French. 

Madame Treyve. Medium, obo- 
vate, pale greenish-yellow ; 
flesh greenish- white, juicy, 
melting, and rich ; very good. 
Last of August. Great bearer. 
French. 

Madeleine, or Magdalen, p. 511. 

Madotte. See Amadotte. 

Malconnaitre d'Haspin. Large, 
roundish-obovate, dull yellow, 
with a brown cheek; juicy, 
rich, melting, sub- acid, per- 
fumed. October, 

Malines. See Winter Nelis. 

Manning's Elizabeth, p. 514. 

Mansuette. Large, short pyri- 
form, greenish-yellow ; juicy, as- 
tringent — baking. September. 

March Bergamo tte. Rather 
small, green, partly russeted; 
coarse, flavor moderate. Eng- 
Hsh. 

Mar&hal de la Cour. See Con- 
seiller de la Cour. 

Mardchal Dillen. Large, some- 
what obovate, very irregular, 
pale green; buttery, juicy, 
rich. November. Belgian. 

Mar^chal Pelissier. Medium, 
ovate, yellow and red. Late 
September. French. 

Margaret. See Petit Marguerite. 

Marianne de Nancy. Large, pyr- 



iform, yellovnsh-green, thickly 
dotted ; coarse, juicy, often 
poor. 

Marie Louise, p. 521. 

Marie Louise Nova. Rather 
large, pyriform, yellow, ^^ith 
a brown cheek; melting; 
sometimes good, quickly de- 
cays. September. Belgian. 

Marie Parent. Large, pyriform, 
rich yellow; juicy, rich, per- 
fumed ; very good. October. 
Belgian. 

Mars. Rather small, roundish- 
obovate, dull yellow with rus- 
set; melting, juicy, perfumed. 
October. French. 

Martha Ann, or Dana's No. 1. 
Medium, long obovate, yellow; 
juicy, sub-acid, pleasant. No- 
vember. Mass. 

Martin Sec. Small, somewhat 
pyriform, deep yellow, russet 
and crimson; granular, half 
breaking, agreeable — cooking. 
December. 

Mather. Rather small, obovate, 
russeted and reddish ; buttery, 
pleasant. August. Pa. 

Mauxion. Medium, roundish- 
oblate, yellow and thin russet ; 
melting, sugary, aromatic, and 
perfumed ; very good. Sep- 
tember. 

Maynard. Medium, obovate 
pyriform, yellow with a red 
cheek; juicy, rich. Late July. 

McLaughlin, p. 540. 

McVean. Large, obovate pyri- 
form, yellow; juicy, astrin- 
gent. October. Monroe Co., 
N. Y. 

Meil de Waterloo. See Due de 
Brabant. 



PEARS. 



773 



Melting Bonchr^tien. See Bon 
Chretien Fondante. 

Merriam, p. 536. 

Messire Jean. Medium, turbi- 
nate, yellow and russet; 
gritty ; juicy, breaking, sweet. 
November. French. 

Michaux. Medium, round, yel- 
lowisli;green ; sweet, of mod- 
erate quality. Early October, 

Miel de Waterloo. See Due de 
Brabant. 

Mignonne d'Hiver. Medium, 
obovate pyriform, rough, rus- 
set; granular, rich, brisk, as- 
tringent. November. Bel- 
gian. 

Miller's Early. See Summer 
Portugal. 

Millet of Angers. Medium, 
conic, angular, greenish-yellow 
and brown russet; buttery, 
very juicy, vinous, sometimes 
astringent. December. 

Millot de Nancy, p. 521. 

Mitchell's Russet. Rather small, 
inclining to conic obovate, 
dark russet, rough; melting, 
rich, perfumed. November. 
111. 

Moccas. Medium, obovate, 
green; juicy, not rich. De- 
cember. 

Moire, p. 521. 

MoUett's Guernsey. Medium, 
oval pyriform, yellowish- 
green, somewhat russeted ; 
melting, rich, buttery, vinous. 
December. English. 

Monseigneur Affre. Medium, 
roundish, rough greenish-rus- 
set; granular; rich, perfumed. 
November. 

Monseigneur des Hons. Rather 



small, pyriform, greenish-yel- 
low with some russet; buttery 
and melting, sweet, good, of 
moderate quality. August. 
French. 

Monsieur le Cur^. See Vicar of 
Winkfield. 

Montgeron, or New Frederick of 
Wurtemburg. Medium, pyri- 
form, yellow and orange; 
melting, half buttery, rich, 
perfumed. Late September. 

Montigny. See Countess of 
Lunay. 

Moore's, p. 532. 

Moore's Pound. See Moore's. 

Moor-fowl Egg. An incorrect 
name for Swan's Egg. 

Morgan, Large, oblate, green- 
ish-yellow; flesh white, a little 
gritty; sweet, juicy, vinous. 
October. N. C. 

Mount Vernon, p. 532. 

Moyamensing, p. 514. 

Muscadine, p. 514. 

Mulky. See Idaho. 

Muscat Petit. See Little Musk. 

Muscat Robert, Rather small, 
greenish-yellow ; juicy, pleasant. 
Late July. 

Musk Summer Bon Chretien. 
See Summer Bon Chretien. 

Muskingum, p. 515. 

Musque. See Montigny. 

Nabours. Rather large, green- 
ish-yellow; juicy, buttery, 
sweet. Strong grower. Ga. 

Nantais, p. 521. 

Nantes. See Nantais. 

Napoleon, p. 521. 

Naumkeag. Medium, roundish, 
yellow russet ; melting, astrin- 
gent. October. Mass. 



774 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



Navey, p. 526. 

Negley. Rather large, obovate 
pyriform, yellow and bright 
crimson, fair and handsome ; 
firm; juicy, rich. September. 
Pittsburg, Pa. New. 

Ne Plus Meuris. Rather small, 
roundish, irregular, dull yel- 
lowish-brown, partly russeted; 
agreeable. Winter. Belgian. 

Newtown Virgalieu. An early 
winter baking-pear. L. I. 

Nickerson. Rather large, resem- 
bling Louise Bonne of Jersey ; 
very good. Tree vigorous, 
hardy, productive. S. L. Good- 
ale. Me. New. 

Niell. Large, obovate, slightly 
pyriform, pale yellow; juicy, 
sweet, agreeable. Late Sep- 
tember. Belgian. 

Noisette. Medium, obovate, yel- 
low, dotted brown; melting, 
sprightly; very good. For- 
eign. 

Nouveau Poiteau, p. 522. 

Oliver's Russet. Rather small, 
roundish, yellow and rich 
brown russet, rough; coarse, 
flavor moderate. Late Sep- 
tember. 

Omer Pacha, p. 532. 

Onondaga, p. 522. 

Ontario, p. 522. 

Orange Bergamot. Medium, 
broad turbinate, yellow, 
rough ; firm ; acid — baking. 
September. 

Orleans. See Duchesse d'Orleans. 

Orpheline Colmar. Large, pyri- 
form, green becoming yellow- 
ish, with some russet ; melting, 
juicy, sweet, perfumed; hand- 



some and very good. October. 
Belgian. 

Osband, p. 514. 

Osborne. Medium, short pyri- 
form, yellowish-green ; juicy, 
brisk. September. Indiana. 

Oswego Beurr^, p. 532. 

Oswego Incomparable. Very 
large, obovate pyriform, taper- 
ing to crown, yellow; coarse; 
pleasant, of moderate quality. 
September. 

Ott, p. 514. 

Oudinot. See Andrews. 

Pardee's Seedling. Small, round- 
ish, greenish-yellow, much rus- 
seted ; granular ; melting, vi- 
nous, perfumed. October. 
Conn. 

Pailleau. Medium, turbinate, 
greenish - yellow, partly rus- 
seted, rough ; coarse ; juicy, 
sweet. Early September. Bel- 
gian. 

Paquency. See Payency. 

Paques. See Easter Beurr^. 

Paradise d'Automne. See Au- 
tumn Paradise. 

Parsonage, p. 522. 

Passans du Portugal. See Sum- 
mer Portugal. 

Pater Noster, p. 540. 

Paul Ambre. Medium, obovate, 
sometimes pyriform, greenish- 
yellow and gray russet ; but- 
tery, melting, aromatic. Oc- 
tober. 

Paul Thielens. Large, conic 
obovate, yellowish ; melting, 
slightly coarse, pleasant. No- 
vember. Belgian. 

Payency, properly Payenche, p. 
523. 



PEARS. 



ns 



p. Barry. Long pyriform, pale 
greenish-yellow, juicy, melting, 
rich. December. Origin, Cali- 
fornia. 

Peach Pear. Medium, conic, tur- 
binate, yellow; melting, rich, 
vinous. Late August. Belgian. 

Pendleton's Early York. Rather 
small, obovate, slightly pyri- 
form, yellow; melting, sweet. 
Late July. Conn. 

Pengethly. Medium, oval, light 
green, thickly dotted ; coarse ; 
juicy, sweet; good. February. 
English. 

Pennsylvania. Medium, obo- 
vate, brown russet on dull yel- 
low ; rather coarse ; half melt- 
ing; moderately good. Late 
September. Phila. 

Perpetual (Beurr^ Perpetual.) 
Medium, yellow, juicy. Bears 
two crops a year. 

Petit Marguerite. Rather small, 
short obovate, pale yellow; 
juicy, melting, perfumed ; good. 
August. French. 

Petit Rousselet. See Rousselet 
de Rheims. 

Petre, p. 532. 

Philadelphia, p. 532. 

Philippe Dehbsse. Medium or 
large, varying from oblate to 
pyriform, rich yellow, shaded 
light red; buttery, melting, 
very juicy, rich, perfumed. De- 
cember, January. Belgian. 

Philippe Goes. Medium, tur- 
binate pyriform, rough, rus- 
seted ; juicy, sweet, perfumed ; 
very good. November. Bel- 
gian. 

Pinneo, p. 514. 

Piquery. See Urbaniste. 



Pitmaston Duchesse. Large, 
obtuse pyriform, uneven, yel- 
low, with some red and russet ; 
half melting, vinous ; good. 
October. English. New. 

Pitt's Prolific. Medium, oblong 
pyriform, yellow; coarse; 
sweet; rather poor. Septem- 
ber. 

Pius IX. Large, conic oblate, 
somewhat pyriform, yellow ; 
granular; rich; good. Late 
September. A good market 
pear, of moderate flavor. 

Plombgastel. See St. Michel 
Archange. 

Pocahontas. Medium, obovate, 
or turbinate pyriform, yellow ; 
melting, sweet, musky. Early 
October. Mass. 

Poire d'Abondance. Rather 
large, oblong pyriform, pale 
yellow; melting, juicy, sweet, 
good. October. 

Poire d'Albret or Beurrd d'Al- 
bret. Medium, pyramidal, 
rough, brown russet ; coarse ; 
juicy, vinous, rich, perfumed. 
October. 

Poire d'Avril. Large, roundish- 
conic, greenish- yellow ; granu- 
lar; juicy, sweet, agreeable 
— baking. November to Feb- 
ruary. 

Poire de Cadet. See Bergamotte 
Cadette. 

Poire de Chasseurs. Medium, 
short pyriform, greenish-yel- 
low; juicy, buttery, perfumed, 
vinous. October. Belgian. 

Poire de Lepine. Small, oblate, 
yellowish and red; granular; 
melting, vinous, perfumed. 
November. 



776 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



Poire Guillaume. See Bartlett. 

Poire Neige. See White Doy- 
enne. 

Pope's Quaker. Medium, oblong 
pyriform with yellow russet; 
juicy, pleasant. October. L. I. 

Pound, p. 540. 

Pratt, p. 523. 

Preble, p. 532. 

Prdcoce. Large, pyriform, green- 
ish becoming yellow, melting, 
not rich. Early autumn. Pro- 
ductive. French. 

President Mas. Large, pyriform, 
orange yellow with russet; 
juicy, melting and sweet. 
Early winter. French. 

Prevost. Medium, rich yellow 
with a red cheek ; sweet, per- 
fumed. Winter. Belgian. 

Primitive. See Little Musk. 

Prince Albert. Medium, pyri- 
form, yellowish ; melting, rich. 
February. Belgian. 

Prince's St. Germain, p. 544. 

Princess Charlotte. Medium, 
short pyriform, greenish; of 
little value here. October. Bel- 
gian. 

Princess Maria. Rather small, 
pyramidal, yellow, mostly rus- 
seted ; coarse ; sweet, agreea- 
ble. October. Belgian. 

Princess of Orange. Medium, 
roundish, russeted ; crisp, 
juicy, astringent. October. 
Flfemish. 

Pulsifer, p. 512. 



Queen of the Low Countries, p. 

523. 
Quenast. Obovate, yellowish ; 

juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. 



Quessoy (or Caissoy) d'Et^. 
Medium, round oval, russeted, 
rough ; juicy, half- melting, 
rich, perfumed. September. 

Quinnipiac, See St. Ghislain. 

Rallay. Medium, short pyri- 
form, yellow, thinly russeted ; 
buttery, melting; good. Win- 
ter. 

Ranee. Medium, obtuse pyri- 
form, dark green ; melting, 
sweet, rich. Winter. Fine in 
Europe — mostly fails here ex- 
cept at the South. 

Ranz. See Ranee. 

Rapelje. Medium, varying from 
obovate or turbinate to pyri- 
form, yellowish, russeted ; 
juicy, varying from a rich aro- 
matic to a poor flavor. Sep- 
tember. L. I. 

Raymond, p. 532. 

Read's Seedling. See Oswego 
Beurrd. 

Reading, p. 540. 

Red Doyenne. See Gray Doy- 
enne. 

Reeder. See Dr. Puder. 

Reine Caroline. Medium, nar- 
row, pyriform, yellow with a 
red cheek; crisp, dry, poor. 
November. 

Reliance, p. 515. 

Retour de Rome. Medium, ob- 
late, yellowish, partly rus- 
seted ; granular ; melting, vi- 
nous. September. Belgian. 

Richards. Rather large, obo- 
vate, yellow; granular; melt- 
ing, vinous. October. Dela- 
ware. 

Richardson's Seedling. Rather 
large, obovate, yellow; melt- 



PEARS. 



ni 



ing, sprightly, pleasant. Oc- 
tober. 

Richelieu. Large, obtuse pyri- 
form, greenish-yellow ; but- 
tery, sweet, aromatic, some- 
times astringent. December. 

Riddle's. Medium, oblate tur- 
binate, yellow and bright red ; 
of moderate quality. Septem- 
ber. Belgian. 

Robin, p. 536. 

Roe's Bergamotte, p. 536. 

Remain. Medium, obovate, 
greenish-yellow ; juicy, sweet, 
agreeable. September, Octo- 
ber. 

Ropes. Medium, obovate, rus- 
seted; rich, perfumed; good. 
October. Mass. 

Rosabirne. Medium, pyriform, 
greenish, russeted; juicy, vi- 
nous, somewhat astringent. 
October. 

Rose Doyenn^. Rather large, 
obovate, yellow and crimson ; 
coarse, granular; flavor poor; 
rots at core. October. 

Rostiezer, p. 512. 

Rouge. See Brown Beurre. 

Rousselet Esperen. Pyriform, 
turbinate, yellow; juicy, vin- 
ous, perfumed. September. 

Rousselet de Meester. Medium, 
roundish, yellow with a red 
cheek; coarse, not rich. Octo- 
ber. Belgian. 

Rousselet de Rheims. Small, 
obovate pyriform, yellowish- 
green ; sweet, aromatic — rots 
at core. Early Sept. French. 

Rousselet Hatif. See Early 
Rousselet. 

Rousselet Stuttgart. Below me- 
dium, conic, greenish with a 



brown cheek ; juicy, sweet, 
aromatic — rots at core. Late 
August. 

Rousselet Vanderwecken. 
Small, roundish or obovate, 
yellow; juicy, aromatic, per- 
fumed; very good. November. 

Royale. See Diel. 

Rutter. Medium, round obo- 
vate, greenish-yellow ; partly 
melting, sweet; very good. 
October. West Chester, Pa. 

Sabine. See Jaminette. 

Salisbury Seedling. Short pyri- 
form, partly russeted ; coarse ; 
rather poor. October. N. Y. 

Sam Brown. Medium, roundish, 
pale yellow, thin russet; juicy 
and melting, vinous, rich ; very 
good. September. Md. 

Samoyeau. Medium, yellow, red 
cheek ; buttery, juicy. Mid- 
autumn. 

Sand Pear. Medium, roundish- 
pyriform, yellow, with rough 
russet. September. Only valu- 
able for cooking. The Japan 
pear resembles the Sand, but 
ripens later, and is a vigorous 
grower and abundant bearer. 
Fine for cooking. 

Sanspareil. Large, irregular, 
obscure pyriform, yello\A"ish- 
green ; coarse, juicy, buttery, 
vinous. November. 

Scheidweiller. Medium, obovate 
pyriform, dull green; buttery, 
sweet, rich. October. 

Scotch Bergamot. See Hamp- 
den's Bergamot. 

Seckel, p. 532. 

Selleck, p. 523. 

Seneca, p. 523. 



77^ DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



Serrurier, p. 533. 

Seutin. Medium, oval pyriform ; 
irregular, green. A late cook- 
ing-pear. 

Sheldon, p. 536. 

Shenks. See Hosenshenck. 

Shepard, p. 533. 

Sickel. A corruption of Seckel. 

SieuUe, p. 544. 

Simon Bouvier. Small, pyri- 
form, green; melting, per- 
fumed. September. Belgian. 

Six. Large, pyriform, green; 
buttery, melting, rich, per- 
fumed. November, December. 

Skinless, p. 512. 

Smith's Bordenave. See Lodge. 

Snow Flower. See Fleur de 
Neige. 

Soldat Laboureur, p. 523. 

Sophia. Medium, long pyriform, 
lemon yellow; buttery, melt- 
ing, vinous, rich. Early Octo- 
ber. 

Soulange, p. 523. 

Souvenir d'Esperen, p. 524. 

Souvenir du Congress. Very 
large, long pyriform; yellow; 
buttery, melting, quality mod- 
erate. August and September. 
French. New. Variable, often 
excellent. 

Souveraine d'Etd. Medium, 
conic obovate, light yellow, 
crimson dotted; melting, rich, 
vinous. Early September. 

Souveraine d'Hiver. See Passe 
Colmar. 

Souveraine de Printemps. Me- 
dium, oblate, ribbed, yellow; 
granular ; melting, vinous, 
somewhat astringent. March. 

Spence. Medium, short pyri- 
form, yellow and dull crimson ; 



juicy, melting, rich, vinous. 
September. Belgian. 

Spice, or Musk Pear. See Rous- 
selet de Rheims. 

St. Andre, p. 533. 

St. Dennis. Small, turbinate, 
ribbed, yellowish and red; 
sweet, aromatic. Late August. 

St. Doroth^e. Large, pyriform, 
tapering to crown, greenish- 
yellow; juicy, melting, rich, 
sweet, perfumed. October. 

St. Germain, p. 540. 

St. Germain, Brande's, p. 541. 

St. Germain, Prince's, p. 544. 

St. Ghislain, p. 523. 

St. Lambert. See English Jar- 
gonelle. 

St. Menin. Large, long, pyri- 
form, yellowish-green ; melt- 
ing, juicy; very good. Sep- 
tember. 

St. Michael. See White Doy- 
enne. 

St. Michael Dor^. See Gray 
Doyenn^. 

St. Michel Archange, p. 523. 

St. Nicholas. See Orleans. 

St. Vincent de Paul. Small, rus- 
set. January. French. 

Sterkman's, p. 524. 

Sterling, p. 533. 

Steven's Genesee, p. 537. 

Stone. Large, pyriform, yellow; 
buttery, slightly astringent. 
August. Ohio. 

Styer. Medium, roundish, green- 
ish-yellow ; buttery, melting, 
very rich, perfiimed. Septem- 
ber. Pa. 

Styrian. Large, pyriform, deep 
yellow with a red cheek; crisp, 
rich. October. English. 

Sucr^e de Hoyerswerda. Small, 



PEARS. 



779 



obovate, yellowish-green; 
juicy, sweet, sprightly. Late 
August, German. 

Sugar Top. Medium, obovate 
turbinate, yellow; of rather 
dry, sweet flavor ; moderate or 
poor. Late July. 

Sullivan. Medium, oblong pyri- 
form, greenish-yellow ; juicy, 
sweet, pleasant. September. 
Belgian. 

Summer Aremberg. Rather 
small, short pyriform, pale 
greenish-yellow, with sotae net- 
tings of russet ; a little coarse ; 
melting, sweet; very good. 
Mid-autumn. English. 

Summer Bell, or Windsor. 
Large, pyriform, regular, yel- 
lowish-green ; tender, coarse, 
astringent — rots at core. Tree 
a handsome grower and great 
bearer. Late August. 

Summer Bergamot. Small, 
round, greenish-yellow ; juicy, 
rich, becoming dry. Early 
August. 

Summer Bon Chretien. Large, 
pyriform, ribbed, rich yellow 
with a reddish cheek; break- 
ing ; very juicy, sweet. For- 
merly much valued, now gen- 
erally destroyed by black mil- 
dew. Early September, 

Summer Doyenne, p. 514. 

Summer Franc Real, Medium, 
obovate, slightly pyriform, 
yellowish-green ; fine-grained, 
buttery, sweet, pleasant. 
Early September, 

Summer Portugal, p. 515, 

Summer Rose, Medium, round- 
ish, yellowish ; of poor quality. 
Late August. 



Summer St. Germain. Medium, 
obovate, green; juicy, slightly 
acid. Late August. 

Summer Thorn. See Epine 
d'Ete. 

Superfin, p. 533, 

Superfondante, Medium, obo- 
vate, pale yellow; buttery, 
melting; good, October. 

Supreme de Quimper, p. 512. 

Surpasse Crassane. Resembling 
the old Crassane, but more 
productive, healthy and vigor- 
ous. Belgian. 

Surpasse Meuris, Medium, conic, 
rough, russeted ; melting, vi- 
nous. October. 

Surpasse Virgalieu, p. 533. 

Suzette de Bevay, p, 540. 

Swan's Egg. Small, oval, pale 
green; juicy, sweet, slightly 
musky. October. 

Swan's Orange. See Onondaga. 

Swiss Bergamot. Medium, 
roundish, slightly turbinate, 
pale green and pale red; melt- 
ing, sweet, agreeable. Octo- 
ber. 

Sylvange. Roundish-obovate, 
pale green; melting, sweet, 
agreeable. October. Keeps 
well. 

Taihe. See Japan Golden Russet. 

Tarquin des Pyrenees. Large, 
pyriform, green; quality poor 
— great keeper. 

Taylor Pear. Medium, roundish- 
oblate, green; buttery, vinous, 
with vanilla flavor. Early 
winter. Ya. 

Tea, p. 533. 

Theodore Van Mons, p. 524. 

Therese Appert. Medium, pyri- 



7 So DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



form, deep yellow with some 
russet, a rich brown cheek ; 
juicy, melting; very good. 
September. New. French. 

Thompson, p. 533. 

Thuerlinckx. Very large, but of 
little value. Belgian. 

Tillington. Small, obovate, dark 
green, rough ; coarse, of mod- 
erate quality. October. Eng- 
Hsh. 

Totten's Seedling. Rather 
small, turbinate pyriform, pale 
yellow ; buttery, melting, 
vinous, perfumed. Early Oc- 
tober. Connecticut. 

Triomphe de Jodoigne, p. 524. 

Trout Pear. See Forelle. 

Tyler. Small, turbinate, yellow ; 
granular; melting, brisk, vi- 
nous. October. 

Tyson, p. 512. 

Upper Crust. Rather small, 
obovate, green, partly rus- 
seted; buttery, melting; very 
good. July at the South — not 
good North. 

Urbaniste, p. 524. 

Uvedale's St. Germain. See 
Pound. 

Vaet. Medium, obovate, yellow- 
ish-green, rough; juicy, sweet, 
perfumed. December. 

Vallee Franche. Medium, obo- 
vate, greenish-yellow ; juicy, 
sweet, flavor rather poor. 
Early September, 

Van Assche, p. 533. 

Van Buren. Large, obovate, 
yellow with a blush; crisp, 
sweet, perfumed. Handsome 
— of moderate quality. An ex- 



cellent culinary sort. New 
Haven, Conn. 

Van Marum. Large, pyriform 
with a long neck, bronze- 
colored ; coarse, fibrous ; not 
juicy, pleasant — baking. Late 
autumn. 

Van Mons' Leon le Clerc, p. 
524. 

Vauquelin. Rather large, obo- 
vate; juicy, sub-acid. Winter. 

Vermillion d'en Haut. Medium, 
pyriform (Tyson-shaped), pale 
yellow, a red cheek; fine, 
juicy, sweet; very good. Sep- 
tember. French. 

Vermont Beauty, p. 533. 

Verte Longue. See Long Green. 

Verte Longue of Angers, p. 524, 

Veterans Large, obtuse pyri- 
form, light yellow, some rus- 
set; flesh firm — cooking, 
Winter. 

Vezouziere. Rather small, 
roundish-oval, yellowish; 
juicy, melting, sweet, agreea- 
ble. September. 

Vicar of Winkfield, p. 540. 

Vicompte de Spoelberch, p. 544. 

Virgalieu. See White Doyenn-?. 

Wadleigh. Rather small, round- 
ish-obovate, yellow; melting, 
juicy ; very good. Early Sep- 
tember. N. H. 

Walker. Large oblong, pyri- 
form, greenish-yellow; a little 
coarse ; half melting, sweet , 
good. October. Belgian. 

Walker's Seedling. See Mount 
Vernon. 

Washington, p. 533. 

Waterloo. See Due de Brabant. 

Wendell. Medium, pale yellow. 



PEARS. 



78i 



often with a red cheek; melt- 
ing, juicy, not rich. Late Au- 
gust. Belgian. 

Westcott, p. 534. 

Wharton's Early. Rather large, 
obovate pyriform, yellov\ash- 
green ; melting, juicy, sweet. 
Late August. 

Wheeler. Medium, roundish- 
obovate, yellowish-green; 
coarse; juicy, perfumed. 
Early September. R. I. 

White Beurre. See White Doy- 
ennd. 

White Doyenne, p. 534. 

White's Seedling. Medium, 
roundish-obovate, greenish- 
yellow ; juicy ; good. New 
Haven, Conn. 

Wiest. Medium, roundish, oval, 
green; melting, sub-acid, 
pleasant. September. Pa. 

Wilbur, p. 534. 

Wilder, p. 512. 

Wilkinson, p. 534. 

Willermoz, p. 541. 

William Edwards. Medium, ob- 
tuse pyriform, yellow, thickly 
dotted ; buttery, sweet. Sep- 
tember. Conn. 

Williams' Bonchr^tien. See 
Bartlett. 

Williams' Early. Small, round- 
ish, turbinate, bright yellow, 
dotted red ; juicy, rich, slightly 
musky. Early September. 
Mass. 

Williamson. Medium, obovate, 
rich yellow, thickly dotted ; fine 
grained ; juicy, rich. . October. 
L. I. 

Wilmington, p. 524. 

Wilkinson, p. 534. 

Windsor. See Summer Bell. 



Winship's Seedling. Medium, 
conic pyriform, yellow; juicy, 
pleasant. Late summer. 
Mass. 

Winter Bell. See Pound. 

Winter Bergamot. See Easter 
Bergamot. 

Winter Beurre. Mediuni, long 
pyriform, greenish, rough ; 
flesh buttery, melting, vinous. 
January. 

Winter Nelis, p. 541. 

Winter Seckel. Medium, oblate, 
yellowish-brown, partly rus- 
seted; juicy, rich, sweet, aro- 
matic. February. Va. 

Wolaston. See Glout Morceau. 

Worden, p. 524. 

Worden's Seckel. See Worden. 

Woronson. Medium, yellow. 
Great bearer. October. 

Wredow. Medium, oblate ap- 
proaching pyriform, greenish- 
yellow and russet ; juicy, melt- 
ing, rich, vinous. October. 

Yat. Small, turbinate, brown 
russet ; juicy, perfumed — rots 
at core. September. 

Yellow Butter. See White Doy- 
enne. 

York Bergamot. See Autumn 
Bergamot. 

Zephirin Gregoire, p. 544. 

Zephirin Louis Gregoire. Me- 
dium, turbinate, yellow with a 
red cheek; very juicy, slightly 
perfumed. December. 

Zoar Beauty. Medium, pyri- 
form, light yellow, with a red 
cheek; partly melting, sweet; 
moderately good — rots at core. 
August. Ohio. 



782 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



PERSIMMONS. 
American Date Plum. See Di- Maru-gata. See Yeddo-ichi. 



ospyros Virginianum. 
Among. See Yemon. 

Costata, p. 677. 

Diospyros Mabola, p. 669. 
Diospyros Texana, p. 669. 
Diospyros Virginianum, p. 669. TanenasH, p. 676. 

Tsuro, p. 677. 
Hachiya, p. 675. 
Hiyakume, p. 675. Yamato. See Hachiya. 

Yeddo-ichi, p. 676. 
Imperial. See Hachiya. Yemon, p. 675. 



Mazelli, p. 677. 
Minokaki. See Tsuro. 
Miyotan. See Mazelli. 

Okame, p. 675. 

Taber's 129, p. 674. 



Kurokume, p. 677. 



Zengi, p. 674. 



Abbaka. See Abbakacha. 
Abachi, p. 684. 
Abbakacha. See Abachi. 
Albert, p. 685. 
Antigua, p. 685. 



PINEAPPLES. 

Key Largo. See Spanish. 

Lemon. See Queen. 



Brazilian. See Abbakacha. 
Black Jamaica, p. 621. 
Black Spanish. See Spanish. 

Charlotte Rothschild, p. 621. 
Cuban. See Spanish. 

Egyptian. See Queen. 
Enville, p. 685. 

Gipsy Queen. See Queen. 
Golden. See Queen. 

Havana. See Spanish. 

Jamaica, p. 685. 



Pitch Lake. See Porto Rico. 
Porto Rico, p. 684. 
Prickly Cayenne, p. 621. 

Queen, p. 684. 

Red Pine. See Spanish. 
Red Spanish, p. 620. 
Rothschild, p. 685. 

Smooth Cayenne, p. 684. 
Spanish, p. 684. 
Strawberry. See Spanish. 

Trinidad. See Porto Rico. 

Victoria. See Queen. 



PL UMS. 



783 



PLUMS. 



Abricot^e Rouge. Medium, 
oval, red and violet; sweet, 
dry, poor. Dom. 

Abundance, p. 575. 

African. Medium, round, dark 
red. Texas. Chick. 

Agen Date. See Prune d'Agen. 

Albany Beauty, p. 566. 

Amber Primordian. See Primor- 
dian. 

American Eagle, p. 548. 

American Wheat. Small, round- 
ish, pale blue; juicy, sweet. 
Late August. Great bearer. 
Dom. 

American Yellow Gage. See 
Prince's Yellow Gage. 

Angelina Burdett. Medium, 

round, nearly black, thickly 
dotted; rich; excellent. Eng- 
lish. September. Dom. 

Apple Plum. Medium, round- 
ish, reddish-purple ; slightly 
coarse; sprightly. September. 
Mass. Dom. 

Apricot, p. 566. 

Archduke, p. 552. 

Arkansas Lombard. Medium, 
round, red. Ark. Chick. 

Autumn Gage, p. 566. 

Babcock. See Abundance. 

Bailey. See Chabat. 

Bassett's American. Small, 
round, dull red; skin thick; 
little value. Am. 

Bayfield. Small, round, light 
yellow; good — clingstone. Au- 
gust. Dom, 

Beach, p. 548. 

Beaty, p. 548. 



Beauty of Naples, p. 552. 

Beekman's Scarlet. See Lom- 
bard. 

Belgian Purple. Medium, round- 
ish, purple; a little coarse; 
juicy, sweet, rich. September. 
Dom. 

Belle de September. Very large, 
oval, reddish-brown; culinary. 
October. Dom. 

Berckman's, p. 576. 

Berger, p. 576. 

Bingham, p. 567. 

Black Damask. Medium, round- 
ish, greenish - yellow ; juicy, 
sweet, rich. August. Dom. 

Black Damson. See Damson. 

Black Imperial. See Bradshaw. 

Black Morocco. See Morocco. 

Bleecker's Gage, p. 566. 

Bleecker's Scarlet. See Lom- 
bard. 

Blood. See Satsuma. 

Blue Damson. See Damson. 

Blue Gage. Small, round, dark 
blue; slightly acid; moder- 
ately rich. Of little value. 
August. Dom. 

Blue Holland. See Holland. 

Blue Imperatrice, p. 552. 

Blue Perdrigon. Medium, oval, 
reddish-purple; flesh firm ; 
sugary — clingstone. August. 
Dom. 

Bolmar, or Bolmar's Washing- 
ton. See Washington. 

Botan. See Abundance, Berck- 
mans, Willard. 

Bradford Gage. See Green 
Gage. 

Bradshaw, p. 553. 



784 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



Brevoort, or Brevoort's Purple 
Bolmar, p. 553. 

Bricetta. Medium, roundish- 
oval, yellow dotted red; juicy, 
rich; very good. September. 

Brill. Large, red, juicy. 

Brunswick, p. 551. 

Bruyn Gage. See Green Gage. 

Buel's Favorite, p. 567. 

Burbank, p. 576. 

Burbank, No. 3. See Hale. 

Burbank No. 4. See Heikes. 

Burgundy Prune. Medium, 
ovate, necked, reddish-black ; 
juicy, rich, pleasant^free 
stone. September. Dom. 

Burrette's. Large, long oval, 
dull yellow; melting, sweet, 

I aromatic. September. 

Caddo Chief. Small, round, red ; 
very early. La. Chick. 

Caledonian. See Goliath. 

Catalonian. See Primordian. 

Chabat, p. 576. 

Cheney, p. 548. 

Cherry. See Myrobolan. 

Cheston. Rather small, oval, 
dark purple; flesh firm; sweet, 
sprightly — ^freestone. July and 
August. 

Chickasaw Chief. See Miner. 

Chippeway, p. 548, 

Clark. A variety of the Hortu- 
laria group, said to have been 
found growing wild in Mary- 
land. 

Cloth of Gold. See Drap d'Or 
of Esperen. 

Clyman, p. 553. 

Coe's Golden Drop, p. 567. 

Coe's Late Red, p. 553. 

Coletta. Medium, round oblong, 
light red. Very early. Texas. 



Columbia, or Columbian Gage, 
p. 553. 

Copper Plum. Rather small, 
oval, deep copper color with a 
blue bloom. Flesh juicy, acid, 
adhering to the stone. An old 
culinary variety, very produc- 
tive and profitable. Dom. 

Corse's Admiral. Rather large, 
oval, light purple; juicy, 
sprightly, moderate flavor. 
September. Montreal. 

Corse's Field Marshal. Rather 
large, oval, purplish-red; 
juicy, sub-acid. August. 
Montreal. Dom. 

Corse's Nota Bene, p. 553. 

Cottrell, p. 548. 

Cruger's Scarlet, or Cruger's 
Seedling, p. 553. 

Cumberland. Medium, oblong, 
yellow; skin thin, juicy, sweet, 
good. Midseason. Ga. Hort. 

D'Agen. See Prune d'Agen. 

Damask. See German Prune. 

Damson, p. 553. 

Dana's Yellow Gage, p. 567. 

De Caradeuc, p. 567. 

De DeHce, p. 553. 

Deep Creek, p. 548. 

Delaware, p. 514. 

De Montford, p. 553. 

Denniston's Albany Beauty. See 
Albany Beauty. 

Denniston's Red, p. 554. 

Denniston's Superb, p. 567. 

De Soto, p. 548. 

Diamond. Large, round oblong ; 
apex distinct ; black, dense 
bloom; flesh blue white, firm, 
acid, free. For cooking pur- 
poses. Dom. 

Diapr^e Rouge. See Red Diaper. 



PL UMS. 



785 



Dictator. Very large, brownish- 
purple; rich, juicy, high 
flavored. Montreal. Dom. 

Domine, p. 555. 

Douglas. See Abundance. 

Downton Imperatrice, p. 567. 

Drap d'Or, p. 567. 

Drap d'Or of Esperen, p. 568. 

Duane Purple, p. 555. 

Dunmore. Small, ovate, green 
becoming yellow; juicy, sweet, 
aromatic — freestone. October. 
Dom. 

Dutch Prune. See Domine. 

Dutch Quetzen. See Domine Dull. 

Earliest of All, p. 577. 

Early Cross. Rather small, 
roundish, reddish-purple; 
sweet; good — clingstone. 
August. Mass. Dom. 

Early Damask. See Morocco. 

Early Damson. See Damson. 

Early Morocco. See Morocco. 

^arly Red. Large, oval, pur- 
plish-red, with white dots; 
flesh firm, fair. Hardy. Rus- 
sian. Texas. There is also a 
plum of the Chickasaw type of 
this name from Texas. 

Early Royal. See Royal Hative. 

Early Royal of Nikita. Small, 
roundish, reddish-purple; 
juicy, sweet, high flavored — 
partly freestone. August. 

Early Scarlet. See Myrobolan. 

Early Tours, p. 555. 

Early Violet. See Early Tours. 

Early Yellow. See Primordian. 

Early Yellow Prune, p. 568. 

Egg Plum. See Yellow Egg. 

£lfrey's Prune. Small, oval, 
blue; sweet, dry, firm — free- 
stone. August. Dom. 
50 



El Paso. Medium, round, red. 
Chick. Texas. 

Emerald Drop. Medium, long 
oval, yellowish-green ; cling- 
stone. August. Dom. 

Emerson Early, p. 551. 

English Wheat. Medium, round- 
ish-oval, reddish-purple; juicy, 
sweet, rich — clingstone. 
August, Dom. 

Engre, p. 577. 

Excelsior, p. 

Fellenberg, p. 

Flushing Gage. See Imperial 
Gage. 

Foote's Early Orleans. Medium, 
roundish, oval, black; early; 
good, not rich ; hardy, produc- 
tive. Mass. Dom. 

Forest Garden, p. 549. 

Forest Rose, p. 550. 

Fotheringham, p. 555. 

Franklin. See Washington. 

French Apricot. See Apricot. 

Frost Gage, p. 555. 

Fournguja. See Chabat. 

Fulton, p. 568. 

Galbraith. Large, oval, purple. 

very good. Growth straggling. 

A valuable early sort. Dom. 
Garfield, p. 551. 
Gaylord, p. 549. 
General Hand, p. 568. 
General Jackson. See Miner. 
Georgeson, p. 579. 
German Gage. See Bleecker's 

Gage. 
German Prune, p. 556. 
Giant Prune, p. 556. 
Giffbrd's Lafayette. Medium, 

oval, purple ; juicy, not rich. 

August. Dom. 



786 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



Gillett. See Miner. 

Gold. Large, golden yellow, 
overlaid red ; juicy, sweet. 
Hybrid of a Chickasaw and 
Japan. Japan. 

Golden Cherry, p. 556. 

Golden Beauty, p. 551. 

Golden Gage. See Coe's Golden 
Drop. 

Goliath, p. 556. 

Grand Duke, p. 557. 

Green Gage, p. 568. 

Gueii, or Blue Magnum Bonum. 
Large, roundish-oval, dark 
purple ; flesh firm, a little 
coarse, sub-acid ; valuable for 
culinary purposes, and profit- 
able for market. First of au- 
tumn. Lansingburg, N. Y. 
Dom. 

Gundaker Prune. Medium, 
oval, purple; high flavored. 
Good bearer. Pa. Dom. 

Guthrie's Apricot. Medium, 
roundish-oval, yellow, crimson 
dotted ; coarse ; juicy, sweet, 
not rich. August. Dom. 

Guthrie's Late Green. Medium, 
round, yellow; sweet, rich, 
rather dry. September. Dom. 

Guthrie's Topaz. Medium, oval, 
necked, rich yellow; juicy, 
sweet, pleasant, not rich. 
September. Scotch. Dom. 

Gwalsh. Large, oblong oval, 
deep purple ; coarse ; sweet, 
pleasant. September. Dom. 

Hale, p. 577. 

Hampton Court. See Orleans 
Early. 

Harrison's Peach. Medium, 
round oblong ; dull red : . thick 
skin ; free. Minn. Am. 



Hartwiss' Yellow Prune. Me- 
dium, oval, waxen yellow; 
rich, sub-acid, fine. Septem- 
ber. German. Dom. 

Hattie. Medium, round oblong, 
red ; cling. Dom. 

Hattonkin. See Kerr, Munson, 
Georgeson. 

Hattonkin No. 1. See George- 
son. 

Hattonkin No. 2. See Kerr. 

Hawkeye, p. 548. 

Heikes. (Burbank No. 4.) Re- 
sembles Hale, but more flat- 
tened on the ends, and darker 
color; flesh acid. Japan. 

Henry Clay, p. 568. 

Highlander, p. 557. 

Hinckley. See Miner. 

Hoffman, p. 551. 

Holland Prune. Roundish, pur- 
ple; sweet, pleasant — free- 
stone. September. Dom. * 

Honey Drop. See Missouri Apri- 
cot. 

Horse Plum. Medium, oval, pur- 
ple; dry, rather acid — ^free- 
stone. August. 

Howard's Favorite, p. 569. 

Howell's Early, p. 557. 

Howell's Large. See Nectarine. 

How's Amber. Medium, round- 
ish, light red; coarse, juicy 
— clingstone. September. 
Dom. 

Hudson Gage, p. 569. 

Hudson River Purple Egg, p. 
557. 

Hughes. Medium, round, cherry 
red ; flesh yellow. Chick. 

Huling's Superb, p. 569. 

Hungarian Prune. See Pond's 
Seedling. 

Hytan. See Munson. 



PLUMS. 



787 



Hytan-Kayo. See Munson. 



Ickworth Imperatrice, p. 557. 

Ida, p. 549, 

Idol. Medium, round, light crim- 
son, splashed magenta; skin 
thin, cling. Late. 111. Hort. 

Illinois, p. 548. 

Imperatrice. See Blue Impera- 
trice. 

Imperial de Milan. Rather 
large, roundish-oval, deep pur- 
ple with thick bloom; flesh 
greenish, rich, sweet, very 
good. Rather late. Am. 

Imperial Diadem. See Red 
Diaper. 

Imperial Gage, p. 569. 

Imperial Ottoman, p. 570. 

Imperial Rouge. See Red Mag- 
num Bonum. 

Imperial Violet. See Red Mag- 
num Bonum. 

Indian Chief. Large, round, 
dull red; skin thick. Hort. 

Indiana Red. Large, round, 
red ; cling. Ind. Hort. 

lona, p. 549. 

Iris. Medium, red. 111. 

Isabel. See Miner. 

Isabella, p. 557. 

Italian Damask, p. 557. 

Italian Prune, p. 557. 

Itaska, p. 548. 

Ives' Seedling, p. 570. 

Jaune Hative. See Primordian. 
Jefferson, p. 570. 
Jennie Lucas. Medium, round, 
yellow. Early. Texas. Chick. 
Judson, p. 557. ' 

Kanawha. Medium, round, red; 



skin thick; cling. Very pro- 
lific. Late. Hort. 

Kayo. See Munson. 

Kelsey, p. 577. 

Kerr, p. 579. 

Keyser's Plum. See Ruling's 
Superb. 

Kickapoo. Medium, round ob- 
long, red in blotches; skin 
thick; flesh firm; cling. Pro- 
lific. Am. 

Kingston, p. 558. 

Kirke, p. 558. 

Knight's Large Drying. See 
Large Green Drying. 

Lady Plum. Small, oval, light 
yellow, spotted red ; acid ; 
freestone. September. Great 
grower and bearer — culinary. 
Albany, N. Y. Dom. 

Langdon's Seedling. Rather 

large, roundish-oval, reddish- 
purple; juicy, sub-acid — 
mostly clingstone. August. 
Conn. Dom. 

Langsdon. Medium, round, 
light red; cling. Hort. 

Large Early Damson. See 
Horse Plum. 

Large Green Drying. Large, 
round, greenish-yellow ; rich ; 
very good. September. Eng- 
lish. Dom. 

Large Long Blue. See Man- 
ning. 

La Royale. See Royale. 

Late Blood. Small, round, dark 
purple; flesh red; cling. 
Japan. 

Late Rollingstone. Similar to 
RoUingstone, of which it is a 
seedling; skin thicker, flesh 
softer, later. Minn. Am. 



DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



Lawrence's Favorite, or Law- 
rence Gage, p. 570. 

Le Due, p. 549. 

Leipzig. See German Prune. 

Leptune. Medium, round, dark 
red; skin thick; cling. Ark. 
Hort. 

LedlofF Green, p. 548. 

LedlofFRed, p. 548. 

Lewiston Egg. Medium, oval, 
pale yellow ; quality moderate, 
August. Dom. 

Lincoln, p. 558. 

Little Queen Claude. See Eng- 
lish Yellow Gage. 

Little Seedling. Small, red, 
Minn. Am. 

Lombard, p. 558. 

Lone Star. Medium, round ob- 
long, red ; very thin skin. 
Texas. Chick. 

Long Scarlet. Medium, oblong 
obovate, red ; acid, ripening 
sweeter — clingstone. August. 
Dom. 

Louisa, p. 548. 

Lucombe's Nonesuch, p. 571. 

Madison, p. 571. 

Magnum Bonum. See White 
Egg. 

Majestic Damson. Medium; 
free. Early. Productive. Mo. 
Dom. 

Mamelonnee. Medium, oval 
with a distinct neck, tapering 
to apex, light green; sweet, 
pleasant, mild, not rich — ^free- 
stone. Early August. French. 
Valuable for its earliness. 
Dom. 

Manning, p. 558. 

Maquoketa. Medium, round- 
oblong, red, yellow specks ; 



skin thick; flesh yellow, firm, 
juicy; cling. Iowa. Am. 

Marianna, p. 538. 

Market Plum of Hoffy. See 
Golden Cherry Plum. 

Marten's Seedling. Large, ob- 
long, yellow; brisk, sprightly 
flavor — freestone. September. 
Schenectady, N. Y. Dom. 

Maru, p. 577. 

McLaughlin, p. 571. 

Meigs, p. 559. 

Milton, p. 551. 

Mimms. See Red Diaper. 

Miner, p. 550. 

Minnetonka. Medium, round 
oblong, dull red ; skin thick. 
Minn. Am. 

Mirabelle, p. 571. 

Mirabelle Grosse. See Drap 
d'Or. 

Mirabelle Tardive. Small, round- 
ish-oval, greenish-yellow; 
sweet, juicy, agreeable — firee- 
stone. Great bearer — hangs 
long. October. Dom. 

Miser Plum. See Cherry. 

Missouri Apricot, p. 551. 

Moldavka, p. 571. 

Monroe, or Monroe Egg, p. 572. 

Monsieur. See Orleans. 

Monsieur Hatif. See Orleans 
Early. 

Monsieur Tardif. See Suisse. 

Moore's Arctic. Below medium, 
roundish-oval, dark purple, 
with a pleasant but not rich 
flavor. Early autumn. Tree 
healthy, vigorous, extremely 
hardy, a great bearer. Maine. 
Dom. 

Moreman. Medium, round, 
dark red. Hort. 

Morocco, p. 559. 



PL UMS. 



789 



Mulberry, p. 572, 
Munson, p. 514. 
Mussey, p. 549. 
Myrobolan, p. 559. 

Nagate-no-Botankyo. See Red 

June. 
Nectarine, p. 559. 
Nelson's Victory, p. 572. 
NewTnan, p. 551. 
New Orleans. See Orleans Early. 
Newtown Egg. Medium, oblong, 

red ; skin thick ; flesh firm, free. 

Mid-season. Minn. Am. 
New York Purple. See Bre- 

Yoort's Purple. 
New Ulm, p. 548. 
Niagara. Medium, oval, dark 

purple; flesh pale yellow, 

juicy, sweet, free. Sept. Dom. 
Normand, p. 579. 

Ocheeda, p. 549. 

Ogeechee. Small, round, red ; 
very early, Ga. Chick. 

Ogon, p. 579. 

Old Hickory. See Miner. 

Old Orleans, or Orleans, p. 559. 

Orange, p. 572. 

Orient. Large, roundish-coni- 
cal, red; flesh yellow. Japan. 

Orleans Early, p. 559. 

Orleans, Smith's, p. 564. 

OuUin's Golden Gage. Large, 
roundish-oblong, greenish-yel- 
low; tender, juicy, excellent. 
Productive. German. Dom. 

Oyon. See Ogon. 

Parsonage, p. 572. 

Parsons. See Miner. 

Peach, p. 560. 

Peffer, p. 548. 

Penobscot, Large, oval, yellow; 



sweet, pleasant — c lings tone, 
September, Me, Dom. 

Peoley's Early Blue. Medium, 
oblong, dark blue ; flesh yel- 
low; pleasant — clingstone. 
August. Dom. 

Perfection. Medium, oblong con- 
ical, bright red, white bloom; 
flesh firm, sweet. Japan. 

Peters' Yellow Gage, p. 572. 

Pond's Purple. See Pond's Seed- 
ling (American). 

Pond, p. 560. 

Pond's Seedling of Massachu- 
setts, p. 560. 

Poole, p. 550. 

Pottawattamie, p. 551. 

Prairie Flower, p. 550. 

Precoce de Bergthold, p. 572. 

Precoce de Tours. See Early 
Tours. 

Priam, p. 551. 

Primordian, p. 573, 

Prince Englebert, p. 561. 

Prince of Wales. Large, round, 
slightly oblong, reddish-pur- 
ple ; sweet, sprightly, not rich 
— c lingstone. September. 
Dom. 

Prince's Imperial Gage. See 
Imperial Gage. 

Prince's Orange Egg. Rather 
large, oval, yellow; coarse; 
sprightly, not rich. Septem- 
ber. Dom. 

Prolific. See Hale. 

Prune d'Agen, p. 561. 

Prune d'Allemagne. See Ger- 
man Prune. 

Prune d'Ast. See Prune d'Agen. 

Prune de la St. Martin. See 
Coe's Late Red. 

Prune de Louvain. Large, 
ovate, necked, deep purple; 



79° DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



coarse ; melting, pleasant — 

freestone. August. Dom. 
Prune d'Qiuf. See Egg Plum, 
Prune, Manning's, Long Blue, 

p. 558. 
Prune Peche. See Peach Plum. 
Prune Suif.se. See Suisse. 
Prunus Simonsi, See Simonsi. 
Purple Damson. See Damson. 
Purple Egg. See Red Magnum 

Bonum. 
Purple Favorite, p. 561. 
Purple Gage, p. 561. 
Purple Magnum Bonum. See 

Red ditto. 
Purple Yosemite. See Yosemity. 

Quackenboss, p. 562. 

Quaker, p. 549. 

Qr.een Mother, Small, round, 
pale red and purple; sweet, 
rich — freestone. September. 
English. 

Quetsche. See German Prune. 

Rachel. Medium, round oblong, 
dull red ; thick skin ; cling. 
Mid-season. Hort. 

Red Diaper, p. 562. 

Red Egg. See Red Magnum Bo- 
num. 

Red Gage, p, 562. 

Red June, p. 577, 

Red Magnum Bonum, p. 562. 

Red Nagate, See Red June. 

Reed. Medium, round, dark 
red; cling. Hort. 

Reine Claude. See Green Gage. 

Reine Claude de Bavay, p. 574. 

Reine Claude Diaphane. Me- 
dium, roundish, clear green, 
shaded red ; juicy, sweet, aro- 
matic. September. French. 
Dom. 



Reine Claude d'Octobre. Small, 
roundish, greenish-yellow ; 
juicy, rich — freestone, Octo- 
ber. Dom, 

Reine Claude Rouge. Very 
large, roundish-oval, red and 
purple ; rich, slightly acid, aro- 
matic, September, Dom, 

Reine Claude Violette. See 
Purple Gage. 

Reizenstein's Yellow Prune. 
Medium, oval, slightly necked, 
yellow ; juicy, pleasant — cling- 
stone. September. Italian, 
Dom. 

Rhinebeck Yellow Gage. Large, 
oval, yellow ; coarse ; sweet, 
pleasant — clingstone. Septem- 
ber. Rhinebeck, N. Y, Dom, 

Richland. Rather small, red- 
dish-purple ; flesh greenish- 
yellow; good. A seedling of 
the damson, ripening end of 
August, and profitable for 
market. Origin, Pa, Dom, 

Rivers' Favorite, p, 562, 

Rivers' Early Prolific, Medium, 
roundish-oval, reddish- purple ; 
juicy, sweet, pleasant — free- 
stone. August. English. 
Dom, 

Robinson, p, 551, 

Rockford, p, 549, 

Roe's Autumn Gage. See Au- 
tumn Gage, 

Rollingstone, p, 549, 

Roulette, Medium, round, red; 
skin thin; cling. Mid-season. 
Texas. Hort. 

Royale, p. 562. 

Royal Hative, p. 563. 

Royal Tours, p, 564, 

Saint Catherine, p. 574i 



PLUMS. 



791 



Saint Cloud. See Goliath. 

Saint Martin's Quetsche, p. 574. 

Saint Martin Rouge. See Coe's 
Late Red. 

Saint Maurin. See Prune 
d'Agen. 

Saratoga. Oval, brownish-red, 
with few white specks; flesh 
pale yellow ; free. Late. Doni. 

Satsuma, p. 578. 

Scarlet Gage. See Long Scarlet. 

Schuyler Gage, p. 574. 

Schenectady, p. 564. 

Schley. (Schley Large Red.) 
Medium, round, red. Ga. 
Chick. 

Sea. Small, round, brownish- 
purple ; flesh greenish-yellow, 
sweet, juicy — freestone. Au- 
gust. Dom. 

Semiana. Medium, oval, 
necked, deep purple ; flesh 
juicy, sub-acid, moderately 
rich. Distinct from Blue Im- 
peratrice, which see. Dom. 

Shailer's White Damson. See 
White Damson. 

Sharp's Emperor, p. 564. 

Sheen. See Fotheringham. 

Shipper, p. 515. 

Shiro-Smomo. See Berger, also 
Red Nagate, and Ogon. Ja- 
pan. 

Siamese. Medium, o b o v a t e , 
pale yellow; juicy, sprightly, 
of moderate flavor. Fruit 
often in pairs — tree a great 
bearer. September. Dom. 

Simiana. See Suisse. 

Simon's Apricot Plum. See 
Simonsi. 

Simoni, p. 578. 

Sloe. Ornamental, sometimes 
used for stocks. Is a distinct 



species (Prunus Spinosa). 
The fruit is small and black; 
often called Blackthorn. Dom. 

Small Green Gage. See Yellow 
Gage. English. 

Smith's Orleans, p. 564. 

Southern Golden Drop. Large, 
golden yellow. Chick. 

Spaulding. Medium, yellow, 
green marbled ; flesh pale yel- 
low, very sweet; free. Dom. 

Speer, p. 549. 

Splendor. A large prune, cross 
of Petite d'Agen and Pond's 
Seedling. Dom. 

Stanton. Medium, round, pur- 
ple, blue bloom. Late. Dom. 

Stark Green Gage. Medium; 
very prolific. A seedling of 
Missouri Green Gage. Dom. 

Steer's Emperor. See Goliath. 

Stoddard, p. 550. 

Strawberry. Small, round ob- 
late, dark red; flesh yellow; 
cling. Very early. Japan. 

Sucker State. Large, round, 
red ; skin thick ; cling. Hort. 

Sucrin Vert. See Green Gage. 

Suisse, p. 565. 

Surprise, p. 549. 

Sweet Botan. See Berckman's. 

Sweet Damson. See Damson. 

Swiss Plum. See Suisse. 

Texas Bell. Medium, round, red. 

Texas. Hort. 
Thomas, p. 565. 
Townsend. See Miner. 
Tragedy, p. 565. 
Trouvee de Voueche. Medium 

or small, oval, violet; juicy, 

sweet; very good. August. 
Turkish Quetsche. See German 

Prune. 



792 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



Van Buren, p. 550. 

Vert Bonne. See Green Gage. 

Victoria, p. 565. 

Violet. See Blue Imperatrice. 

Violet de Tours. See Early 
Tours. 

Violet Diaper. See Cheston. 

Violet Perdrigon. See Blue 
Perdrigon. 

Violet Queen Claude. See Pur- 
ple Gage. 

Violette Hative. See Early 
Tours. 

Virgin. Medium, roundish, red- 
dish-purple; juicy, sweet; 
very good. September. Dom. 



Wangenheim, p. 566. 

Warren. See Newman. 

Washington, p. 574. 

Wasse Smomo. See Earliest of 
All. 

Wax, p. 566. 

Wayata. Small to medium, 
round, dull red ; thick skin ; 
cling. Minn. Am. 

Wayland, p. 550. 

Weaver, p. 549. 

Whitaker, p. 550. 

White Apricot. Medium, round- 
ish, yellow; flesh firm, pleas- 
ant — clingstone. August. 

White Egg. See Yellow Egg. 

White Empress. See White Im- 
peratrice. 

White-flushed Botan. See Berck- 
man's. 

White Gage. See Imperial Gage. 

White Holland. See White Egg. 

White Imperatrice. Medium, 
obovate, bright yellow; juicy, 
crisp, sweet, translucent— free- 
stone. September. Dom. 



White Imperial. See Yellow Egg. 

White Magnum Bonum. See 
Yellow Egg. 

White Mogul. See Yellow Egg. 

White or Yellow Damson, p. 574. 

White Perdrigon. Medium, 
oval, pale greenish-yellow ; 
sweet — clingstone. August. 
Dom. 

White Plum. See Ogon. 

White Primordian. See Primor- 
dian. 

Wickson, p. 578. 

Wier, p. 549. 

Wild Goose, p. 550. 

Wild Rose. Large, round, yel- 
low blush ; skin medium ; flesh 
firm; cling. Minn. Am. 

Wilkinson. Medium, oval, 
slightly necked, reddish-pur- 
ple ; firm, sweet, not high fla- 
vored. September. Dom. 

WiUard, p. 578. 

William Dodd. See Miner. 

Wilmot's Green Gage. See 
Green Gage. 

Wilmot's Late Orleans. See 
Goliath. 

Winter Damson. See Damson. 

Wolf, p. 550. 

Woolston's Black Gage. Small, 
round, dark, rich. September. 

Wooton, p. 551. 

World Beater. Large, round 
oblong, red; cling. Very late. 
Tenn. 

Wyant, p. 549. 



Yellow Apricot. See Apricot. 
Yellow Egg, p. 574. 
Yellow-flushed Botan. See 

Abundance. 
Yellow Gage, English, p. 575. 



RASPBERRIES. 



793 



Yellow Gage, Prince's, p. 575. Yellow Yosemite. Said to be 
Yellow Japan. See Chabat. same as Purple Yosemite. Am. 

Yellow Magnum Bonum. See Yonemomo. See Satsuma. 

White Egg. York State Prune, p. 566. 

Yellow Perdrigon. See Drap Yosebe. See Earliest of All. 

d'Or. Yosemite, p. 549. 
Yellow Sweet, p. 550. 

Yellow Transparent, p. 551. Zwetsche. See German Prune. 



POMEGRANATES. 
Caribbean Coral, p. 687. Purple-Seeded. See Spanish Ruby. 

Paper Shell, p. 687. Ruby, p. 687. 



Alaska, p. 582. 
Angers, p. 582. 

California. See Child'» 
Champion, p. 582. 
Child's, p. 582. 
Chinese, p. 583. 

Fontenay, p. 583. 
Fuller's, p. 583. 

Johnson's, p. 583. 

Oblong. See Pear Quince. 



QUINCES. 

Orange, or Apple Quince, 582. 

Paris Quince. See Fontenay. 
Pear Quince, p. 583. 
Portugal, p. 583. 

Rea's Mammoth, p. 584. 
Rea's Seedling. See Rea's 
Mammoth. 

Van Deman, p. 584. 

Wist's Mammoth, p. 584. 



RASPBERRIES. 

Ada. Small, round, black, firm, dium, black, juicy, nearly 

sweet; productive. Late. sweet. Mid-season. Va. 

Addison. Medium, purple, firm, American Whitecap. See Golden 

juicy; vigorous, hardy, pro- Cap. 



ductive. 
Allen, p. 531. 

American Blackcap, p. 530. 
American Everbearing. Me- 



Antwerp. See Hudson Rivei 
Antwerp, Red Antwerp, Yel- 
low Antwerp. 

Arnold's Orange. Large, dark 



794 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



orange; excellent. New. 
Paris, C. W. 

Bagley's Perpetual. Medium, 

oblate, red ; sub-acid ; poor. 
Barnet. Large, obtuse, conic, 

reddish-purple. English. Of 

little value. 
Belle de Fontenay, p. 589. 
Belle de Paluau, p. 589. 
Brandywine, p. 594. 
Brentford Cane. Medium, ovate, 

dark red. English. Of little 

value. 
Brinckle's Orange. See Orange. 
Burlington, or Prosser. Large, 

firm, sweet; good. New. N. J, 

Carmen. Medium, handsome, 
black, firm, juicy, sub-acid ; 
productive ; early. Conn. 

Caroline, p. 595. 

Catawissa, p. 593. 

Champlain. Medium, pale yel- 
low, soft, juicy, nearly sweet ; 
good. Canes vigorous, pale; 
not hardy. 

Clarke, p. 589. 

Columbian, p. 593. 

Colonel Wilder, p. 591. 

Conrath, p. 592. 

Cope. Roundish, conical, red; 
firm, good ; growth moderate. 
Phila. 

Cretan Red. Small, deep red, 
poor. Old foreign sort. 

Crystal White. Medium, pale 
yellow, firm, moderately juicy. 

Cumberland, p. 592. 

Cushing. Roundish, conical, reg- 
ular, red ; quality good ; mod- 
erately vigorous and produc- 
tive. Phila. 

Cuthbert, p. 594. 



Davison's Thornless, p. 592. 

Doolittle, p. 592. 

Double Bearing. A variety of 

Antwerp, bearing a second 

crop, now superseded. 
Duhring. Large, crimson; soft; 

good. Phila. 

Early Prolific, p. 594. 
Emily. Large ; sometimes shoul- 
dered; yellow. 
Erie, p. 594. 
Eureka, p. 592. 

Fastolff; p. 590. 
Fillbasket, p. 590. 
Franconia, p. 590. 
French, p. 590. 

Ganargua, p. 593. 

General Patterson. Large, red. 

Phila. Dr. Brinckle. 
Gladstone. See Erie. 
Golden Cap, p. 593. 
Golden Queen, p. 595. 
Golden Thornless, p. 593. 
Gregg, p. 592. 

Hansel. Medium, round, bright 
red ; juicy ; good. Said to be 
subject to disease. Very early. 
N. J. 

Harris. Medium, red, juicy, 
nearly sweet. 

Herstine, p. 594. 

Highland Hardy. Rather small ; 
red; of poor quality. Very 
early, which gives it value 
for market. Sometimes un- 
productive, but more com- 
monly a good bearer. Ulster 
Co., N. Y. 

Hilborn, p. 592. 

Hopkins, p. 592. 



RASPBERRIES. 



795 



Hornet, p. 591. 

Hudson River Antwerp, p. 590. 

Imperial Red. Medium, round- 
ish, scarlet ; pleasant. N. J. 

Japanese Wine Berry. Medium, 
round, translucent red ; each 
berry enveloped in purplish red 
calyx. Ornamental, but of no 
other value. Not hardy in 
vicinity of New York. 

Johnson's Sweet. Black, hardy; 
productive. 

Joslyn's Improved. See Doo- 
little. 

Kansas, p. 592. 

King. Large, bright red; pro- 
ductive. Rio Vista, Va. 
Kirtland, p. 594. 
Knevett's Giant, p. 590. 

Large-fruited Monthly, p. 591. 

Loudon, p. 594. 

Lost Rubies. Rather large, 
ovate-conic ; soft, with a pleas- 
ant and good flavor. Berries 
often defective, requiring fer- 
tilizing by another sort. 

Lovett. Large, pure black, firm ; 
moderately juicy, sweet ; vig- 
orous ; early. N. J. 

Lum's Everbearing. An autumn 
fruiting blackcap. Sandusky, 
Ohio. 

Mammoth Cluster, p. 592. 

Marlboro, p. 594. 

Marvel of the Four Seasons, p. 

591. 
McCormick. See Mammoth 

Cluster. 
Meredeth Queen, p. 591. 



Merveille des Quatre Saisons. 
See Marvel of the Four Sea- 
sons. 

Miami. See Mammoth Cluster. 

Miller, p. 594. 

Mills No. 15, p. 592. 

Montclair, p. 594. 

Muskingum. Medium, soft, mod- 
erately juicy, mild sub-acid; 
good. Canes vigorous. 

Naomi. See Franconia, which 
it closely resembles, if not 
identical. 

Nemaha, p. 592. 

New Rochelle, p. 594. 

Northumberland Fillbasket. 
See Fillbasket. 

October Red. See Marvel of the 

Four Seasons. 
Ohio, p. 598. 
Ohio Everbearing, p. 593. 
Olathe, p. 595. 
Older, p. 593. 
Ontario, p. 593. 
Orange, p. 591. 

Palmer, p. 593. 

Parnell, p. 473. 

Pearl, p. 595. 

Philadelphia, p. 595. 

Phoenix. Large, round, red; 
firm, juicy, rich. 

Pilate. A dark red, new French 
sort, of moderate value. 

Pride of Kent. Large, red, very 
soft; good. Canes strong, 
vigorous. 

Pride of the Hudson. Large, 
roundish-conical ; red ; juicy, 
sweet, rich; too soft for mar- 
ket. Not hardy nor reliable. 

Prince of Wales, Cutbush's. 



796 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



Large, crimson ; firm ; 
English. 
Purple Cane, p. 593. 



good. 



Red Antwerp. Large, roiandish, 
dark red. Distinct from Hud- 
son River Antwerp. English. 

Reder. Rather large ; bright 
red, rich sub-acid. Vigorous; 
a heavy bearer. Michigan. 

Reliance, p. 595. 

Royal Church, p. 595. 

Rubus Flavus, p. 595. 

Saunders, p. 469. 

Seneca Blackcap, p. 593. 

Shaffer, p. 594. 

Silver Queen. Medium, pale 
yellow; very soft, juicy; good. 

Souchetti. Rather large; coni- 
cal, pale yellow; firm; very 
good. French. New. 

Souhegan, p. 593. 

Stagman No. 5. See Olathe. 



Stoever. Large, roundish, 
conic, bright red ; very unpro- 
ductive. Vt. 

Superlative, p. 591. 

Surry. Large, black, with 
bloom. Va. 

Susqueco. See Pearl. 



Talbot, p. 595. 
Thompson's Prolific, p. 
Turner, p. 595. 
Tyler, p. 593. 



p. 591. 



Vermont, p. 591. 
Vice-President French, 
French. 



See 



Walker. Rather large, round, 
crimson; soft; good; produc- 
tive. Pa. Dr. Brinckle. 

Yellow Antwerp. Large, light 

yellow; good. Superseded. 
Yellow Cap. See Golden Cap. 



SHADDOCKS. 
Aurantium, p. 651. May's Pomelo, p. 651. 

Leonardy, p. 651. Royal, p. 651. 

Marsh's Seedless, p. 651. Triumph, p. 651. 



STRAWBERRIES. 



Imp.-Flowers imperfect ; Per.-Flowers perfect. 



Aberdeen. See Roseberry. 

Accomack. Medium, soft ; good ; 
late. Per. 

Admiral Dundas. Large, irreg- 
ular, pale scarlet ; firm ; good, 
not rich. English. 



Advancer. Mediumi, dark red; 
firm; early. Md. Per, 

Agriculturist. Very large, 
nearly conical, sometimes cox- 
combed, somewhat necked ; 
deep scarlet; flesh firm, of a 



STRA WBERRIES. 



191 



pleasant, moderately good 
flavor. A strong groover. N. J. 
Fails in many localities. Old. 
Per. 

Ajax. Large, ovate, dark; 
good. English. 

Albany xSeedling. See Wilson. 

Albion White. Large, round, 
nearly white ; good. Not pro- 
ductive. Foreign. 

Alice Maude. Large, conical, 
dark glossy scarlet; juicy, 
rich, excellent. Plant strong, 
vigorous — requires deep and 
rich cultivation. Foreign. 
Per. 

Alpha. Large, ovate conical, 
dull red; sub-acid. Vigorous, 
productive. Raised by 
Charles Arnold, of Ontario, 
from Wilson and Dr. Nicaise. 
Per. 

American Scarlet. See Hud- 
son. 

Annie Forest. Large, conical; 
bright scarlet; firm. Mid-sea- 
son. Per. 

Arnold's Pride. Very large; 
light red; rather soft, moder- 
ate in flavor. Very produc- 
tive. Canada. Per. 

Aroma, p. 604. 

Atkinson's Scarlet. See Grove 
End Scarlet. 

Atlantic. Medium, conical; 
bright dark crimson; firm, 
strong grower. Mid-season. 
Per. 

Auburn. Medium, regular, 
round conical; dark red; flesh 
Aparlet; good flavor; not very 
' productive. Imp. 

Austin. See Austin Shaker. 

Austin Shaker. Very large. 



roundish, light red; soft, usu- 
ally hollow; poor. Per. 
Austrian Scarlet. See Duke of 
Kent. 

Banquet. Medium, conical, light 
red; sweet, rich. Per. 

Barnes' Mammoth. Large, 
roundish-conical, dark crim- 
son; sub-acid, good. An un- 
certain bearer. Poughkeepsie, 
N. Y. Per. 

Bartlett. See Boston Pine. 

Barton's Eclipse, p. 608. 

Beder Wood, p. 604. 

Belle, p. 604. 

Belle de Vibert. Large, conic, 
crimson; handsome; firm, not 
rich. Productive. Foreign. 

Belmont. Medium, conical, 
dark crimson; firm; not pro- 
ductive. Per. 

Beverly, p. 604. 

Bicolor. Medium, oblong, crim- 
son; sweet, good. Dwarf. 
Productive. Foreign. 

Bicton Pine. Large, roundish, 
white tinged with pink; pleas- 
ant but not rich. English. 
Tender. 

Bidwell, p. 604. 

Bishop's Orange. Large, regu- 
larly conical ; light scarlet, ap- 
proaching orange ; flesh firm, 
flavor rather acid; growth 
low ; leaves hairy. Superseded. 
Imp. 

Bismark, p. 604. 

Black Defiance. Large, deep red, 
roundish-conical ; flesh firm, 
season medium. Has not 
fulfilled its early promise. Per. 

Black Giant. Large, regular, 
soft. Per. 



798 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



Black Imperial. See Black 
Prince. 

Black Roseberry. Medium, 
roundish, dark red or purplish ; 
pleasant ; moderate bearer. 
English. 

Bomba, p. 605. 

Bordelaise. Small, conical ; very 
dark reddish-purple ; musky ; 
vigorous. Hautbois type. 
Foreign. Per, 

Boston Pine, p. 543. 

Boudinot. Large, roundish, 
scarlet; good. Ohio. 

Boyden. Medium, dark red; no 
special value. Per. 

Boyden's Mammoth. Large, 
roundish, dark crimson; poor 
bearer. N. J. 

Boynton. See Crescent. 

Brandywine, p. 605. 

Brewer's Emperor. Medium, 
ovate, dark red; good. Eng- 
lish. 

Bright Ida. Large, roundish- 
conical ; bright red ; with a 
mild, pleasant, sub-acid, 
rather rich flavor. Vigorous 
and productive. Raised by 
Charles Arnold, Ontario. Per. 

Brighton Pine. Large, conical ; 
deep crimson, with a rich, sub- 
acid flavor. Early, hardy; 
poor bearer. Per. 

British Queen. Very large, 
roundish, sometimes coxcomb- 
shaped ; color rich scarlet ; 
flesh rich, tender, rather early. 
A poor bearer. In England 
productive and superb. Per. 

Brooklyn Scarlet. Medium or 
large, long, conical, necked ; 
sweet, flavor excellent. Pro- 
ductive. Per. 



Bubach (No. 5), p. 608. 

Buffalo Seedling. See McAvoy's 
Superior. 

Burr's New Pine, p. 608. 

Burr's Seedling. Medium, scar- 
let; pleasant; hardy, produc- 
tive. Ohio. 

Caleb Cope. Large, pointed, 
scarlet; good. 

Captain Cook. Large, resem- 
bling British Queen, but 
smaller; color dark; rich. 

Captain Jack. Medium in size, 
regular in form ; bright scarlet, 
handsome; quality moderate, 
rather acid. Mostly very pro- 
ductive, sometimes fails. Prof- 
itable for market in many 
places. Missouri. Per. 

Carrie, p. 608. 

Champion. See Windsor Chief. 

Charles Downing, p. 605, This 
variety rusts in some places of 
late years. 

Chorlton's Prolific. Roundish, 
necked, light red; good. 
Staten Island. 

Cinderella. Rather large, coni- 
cal, regular; bright scarlet. 
Moderately productive. For 
home use. Per. 

Cleveland. Large, cockscombed 
and conical, deep red ; firm, 
rich. Staminate. Ohio. 

Clyde, p. 605. 

Colfax. Small, round, poor. 

Colonel Cheney. Large, round- 
ish-ovate, bright scarlet; flesh 
rather firm, of fine quality. 
Sometimes very productive. 
Imp. 

Colonel Ellsworth. Large, 
roundish, necked, dark crim- 



STRA WBERRTES. 



799 



son ; rather firm, flavor moder- 
ate, dry. Early, productive. 
Per. 

Columbus. Large, roundish, 
dark red; tender, sweet. 
Hardy, productive. Ohio. 

Continental. Large, obtusely 
conical, regular; dark red; 
firm, good. Productive under 
hill culture. Per. 

Cornelia. Large, regular, coni- 
cal, smooth; bright red. Pro- 
ductive. Quite late. Ohio. 
Imp. 

Cornucopia. Large, conical, 
scarlet; good. Flushing, L. I. 

Covin. Large at first picking; 
dark red; good; very early; 
needs high cultivation. Per. 

Cowing's Seedling. Very large, 
showy ; productive. Ind. 

Cox's Seedling. Large, light 
red, irregular; rather acid. 
Late. English. 

Crawford, p. 605. 

Crescent, p. 608. 

Crimson Cone. (Dutch Berry.) 
Medium, uniformly conical ; 
bright crimson, rich, acid. 
Varies much in productiveness. 
(Fuller says flowers perfect.) 
Imp. 

Crimson Favorite. Large, round 
conic, crimson; flavor fine. 
Unproductive. 

Crystal City. Small; moder- 
ately firm; very early. Some- 
times prolific, often unproduc- 
tive. Valuable only for earli- 
ness. Missouri. Per. 

Crystal Palace. Large, conical, 
regular, glossy scarlet; flesh 
firm, fine grained ; juicy, high 
flavored. English. 



Cumberland, p. 605. 

Cushing. Rather large, round- 
ish-conical; light scarlet; flesh 
tender, pleasant, sprightly, of 
moderate flavor. Phila. Per. 

Cutter, or Cutter's Seedling. 
Medium or large, conical, 
slightly necked; bright scar- 
let; soft, sweet, good. Pro- 
ductive. Per. 

Cyclone, p. 605. 



Daisy. Medium, obconical; 
vermilion; soft; rather poor. 
Imp. 

Daniel Boone. Large, bright 
crimson; ovate, necked; 
glossy, firm; sub-acid, good. 
Reliable. Kentucky. Imp. 

Dayton. Large, round conical, 
coxcombed; scarlet; flesh 
pink, sweet ; not very produc- 
tive. 

Deptford Pine. Large, wedge- 
shaped, bright glossy scarlet; 
solid, rich, sub-acid. English. 

Diadem. Large, round, light 
scarlet, showy ; fine and pleas- 
ant. Plant healthy and hardy. 
L. I. Local. Imp. 

Downer's Prolific* Medium, 
roundish- ovate ; dark red; 
flesh soft, rather acid, moder- 
ately agreeable. Very produc- 
tive. Old. Per. 

Downton. Medium, ovate, with 
a neck, dark purplish-scarlet; 
good flavor; poor bearer. 
English. 

Dr. Nicaise. Very large, red; 
quality moderate. Unproduc- 
tive. Foreign. 

Due de Brabant. Large, coni- 



8oo DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



cal, scarlet; good flavor. 
Early. Belgian. 

Duchess. Full medium, round 
conical, regular; bright crim- 
son ; firm, of fine quality. Pro- 
ductive in hills or narrow rows. 
Valuable for its earliness. New 
York. Per. 

Duke of Kent. Small, scarlet; 
clear, rich, acid. Very early. 
Superseded. 

Duncan. Full medium; quite 
early; excellent in quality. A 
moderate grower and bearer. 
Ulster Co., N. Y. Per. 

Dundee. Medium, roundish, 
scarlet ; firm, rich, acid. Scotch. 

Durand. Large, irregular, scar- 
let. Good ; not productive. 
N. J. 

Durand's Superb. See Prince, 

Dutch Berry. See Crimson Cone. 

Early Canada. Resembles 
Wilson, and is a few days 
earlier. Per. 

Early Virginia. See Large Early 
Scarlet. 

Eberlein's Seedling. Medium, 
conical, dark scarlet; sweet. 
Early, productive. American. 

Edgar Queen. Large, obtuse 
conical, scarlet ; vigorous ; pro- 
ductive. 

Elenora. Large, conical, scar- 
let ; acid. Poor bearer. Eng- 
lish. 

Eliza, Myatt's. i^arge, obtuse 
conical, glossy scarlet ; excel- 
lent. Not productive. Eng- 
lish. 

Ella. See Mitchel's Early. 

Elton. Large, acid, rich. Eng- 
lish. 



Emma. Large, roundish, crim- 
son; good. 

English Red Wood. See Red 
Wood. 

Enhance. Large, handsome, 
dark crimson berry; firm, vig- 
orous, healthy plant. Per. 

Enormous. Large, deep crim- 
son running into the flesh ; 
very productive. Seedling of 
Crescent. 111. Per. 

Eureka. Very large ; moder- 
ately productive. Imp. 

Excelsior, p. 605. 

Feast's Fillmore. See Fillmore. 

Fillbasket. Very large, round- 
ish, dark scarlet, handsome. 
Good bearer. 

Fillmore. Large,, of uniform 
size, dark, glossy; solid, 
sweet, aroraatic — sometimes 
poor. Often very productive 
— ^frequently fails. Imp. 

Finch. Large, round conical, 
uniform ; rich scarlet ; firm, of 
medium quality. Sometimes 
very productive. Ohio. Per. 

Finch's Prolific. See Finch, 

First Season. See Gandy. 

Forest Rose, p. 605. 

French's Seedling. Large, 
roundish-oval, of uniform size ; 
light scarlet, handsome ; sweet, 
very good. Valuable for mar- 
ket. Early. Vigorous, pro- 
ductive. Per. 



Gandy, p. 605. 

Genesee. Rather large, round- 
ish, somewhat oblate, gener- 
ally necked; scarlet inclining 
to crimson ; tender, juicy, 



STRA W BERRIES. 



8oi 



mild, pleasant. Hardy, vigor- 
ous. Rochester, N. Y. 
Mostly superseded. Per. 

General Scott. Large, roundish, 
scarlet; not rich. 

Georgia Mammoth. Medium, 
conical ; dark crimson ; firm, 
acid. Productive — valuable 
for its lateness. Per. 

Glendale, p. 543. 

Glen Mary, p. 608. 

Globe. Large, round, scarlet; 
excellent. English. 

Glossy Cone. Very handsome, 
and poor in quality. Per. 

Golden Defiance. Large, 
rounded, conical, regular, 
slightly necked; dark scarlet; 
firm, rich, very good. Rather 
late. Vigorous, productive. 
Carlisle, Pa. Imp. 

Golden Seeded. Large, dark, 
early. Succeeds well in some 
places. 

Goliath. Large, irregular ; scar- 
let ; rich, high flavor. Requires 
much room and high culture. 
English. Per. 

Governor Hoard. Good form 
and quality; dark red; poor 
cropper. 

Great American. Very large 
at its best, regular in form ; 
good. Often worthless, and 
requires high cultivation. New 
Jersey. Per. 

Great Pacific, p. 609. 

Green Prolific, p. 608. 

Green Strawberry. Small, 
round, whitish, tinged reddish- 
brown; flesh solid, greenish, 
juicy, rich. Late. 

Greenville, p. 608. 

Grove End Scarlet. Medium, 
51 



round, scarlet; acid. Early. 
English. 
Gypsey. Medium or large; 
handsome, excellent. Plant 
vigorous. A poor bearer. 
Early. Imp. 

Hallihan. Medium, obtuse coni- 
cal; dark scarlet; sub-acid; 
vigorous ; productive. 

Hampden. Medium, obconical ; 
light scarlet ; moderately firm ; 
good; late. 

Hart's Minnesota. Large, 
round ; rich dark red ; of fine 
flavor. Early. A moderate 
bearer, succeeds well in some 
places and fails in others. Per. 

Hathaway. Large, roundish 
oblong, deep scarlet; flavor 
rich, acid. Plant vigorous and 
productive. Michigan. Per. 

Hautbois, p. 448. 

Haverland, p. 608. 

Henry Ward Beecher. Medium, 
irregular ; dark crimson ; fine ; 
early. Per. 

Hervey Davis. Hardy, vigor- 
ous, productive ; of good qual- 
ity. Massachusetts. Per. 

Hilton Gem. Medium, regular 
conical; light crimson; firm; 
juicy; good. Per. 

Hoffnian, p. 605. 

Hooker. Large, broadly coni- 
cal, regular, large specimens 
coxcomb-shaped ; dark crim- 
son; rather tender, juicy, with 
a fine rich flavor. An excel- 
lent sort, but rather tender, re- 
quiring winter covering, and 
for this reason is passing out 
of cultivation. Per. 

Hooper's Seedling. Medium, 



8o2 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



conical, deep crimson ; rich, 
sweet. English. 

Hovey's Seedling, p. 608. 

Huddleston Favorite. Large ; 
soft. Late, productive. Imp. 

Hudson. Rather large, ovate, 
usually with a neck, often with- 
out, dark rich red ; flesh firm, 
of a high brisk acid flavor, re- 
quiring full maturity to be fine. 
Rather late. Profusely pro- 
ductive. Formerly the great 
market variety of Cincinnati; 
now nearly superseded. Val- 
uable for preserving. Imp. 

Hudson's Bay. See Hudson. 

Huntsman. Large, roundish, 
scarlet; poor. 

Ida. Medium or smallish, nearly 
round, dark red; flesh firm, 
slightly acid, good in flavor — 
quite early and continues till 
late. Plant vigorous, produc- 
tive. Fruit-stalks long and 
erect. Imp. 

Ideal. Large, heart-shaped; 
dark scarlet; flesh red. Per. 

Indiana. Large, regular; light 
crimson ; good in quality. A 
strong grower. A seedling of 
the Charles Downing. Per. 

Iowa. Rather large, roundish, 
light orange scarlet ; tender, 
juicy, very acid. Early. 
Hardy and vigorous. Western. 
Per. 

Iowa Beauty. Large, round 
conical, glossy scarlet. 

James Vick, p. 605. 
Jenny Lind.* Medium, conical, 
rich glossy crimson; firm. 



juicy, rich sub-acid. Mass, 
Old. Per. 

Jenny's Seedling. Large, round- 
ish-conical ; dark rich red ; firm, 
rich, sprightly sub-acid. Ex- 
cellent for preserving. Late. 
Hardy. Imp. 

Jersey Queen, p. 608. 

Jessie, p. 605. 

Jewell, p. 608. 

Jucunda, p. 605. 

Jucunda Improved, p. 606. 

Keen's Pistillate. Medium, 
conical, dark red; acid, 
sprightly. English. 

Keen's Seedling. Large, round- 
ish-oblate, often coxcomb- 
shaped ; shining, dark purplish- 
scarlet; firm, rich, high fla- 
vored. Rather early. Of the 
highest reputation in England, 
but tender, unproductive, and 
nearly valueless here. Per. 

Kentucky. Large, roundish- 
conical, dark red; moderately 
firm; slightly acid, rich; good. 
Plant vigorous, with strong 
fruit-stalks ; productive. Val- 
uable for its lateness. Per. 

Kirkwood. See Sharpless. 

Kitley's GoHath. See GoHath. 

La Constante. Large, hand- 
some, crimson; juicy, sweet, 
high flavored. A fine straw- 
berry, but of moderate produc- 
tiveness, and not adapted to 
general cultivation. Per, 

Ladies' Pine. Small, round, 
pale red ; excellent. Canada. 
Pistillate. 

Lady Finger. See Belle. 

Lady Thompson, p. 606. 



STRA WBERRIES. 



803 



Large Early Scarlet. Medium, 
roundish-ovate, regular ; 
bright scarlet ; tender, rich, ex- 
cellent. Very early. Produc- 
tive at the North. Old. Per. 

Late Prolific. Medium, scarlet. 
Good, productive. Late. 

Leader, p. 606. 

Le Baron. Large, obtuse conic, 
dark scarlet ; sweet, rich, melt- 
ing. Productive. L. I. Little 
known. Per. 

Lennig's White, p. 606. 

Lida. Medium, wedge-shaped ; 
dark crimson; heavy cropper; 
good shipper. Imp. 

Lincoln. Very large, irregular; 
dark color; rich, sweet. Sea- 
son medium. A feeble grower, 
requiring high culture. Per. 

Lizzie Randolph. Medium, 
roundish, crimson ; poor flavor. 

Logan, p. 606. 

Longfellow. Large, long coni- 
cal, necked ; handsome ; of 
medium quality and moder- 
ately productive. Kentucky. 
Per. 

Longworth's Prolific* Large, 
roundish, broad at base ; light 
crimson; flesh scarlet, firm, 
rich, brisk, acid. Vines vig- 
orous, productive. Cincinnati. 
Valuable at the South and 
West. Old. Per. 

Lovet, p. 606. 

Maggie. Large, ovate, pointed ; 
dull scarlet; rather soft. Vig- 
orous and productive. Per. 

Mammoth. Large, roundish, 
crimson. Poor, unproductive. 
English. 

Mammoth Bush. Medium in 



size; firm, of poor flavor. 
Forms but few runners, and is 
profusely productive. Per. 

Manchester. Medium to large, 
rounded conical, regular; 
bright scarlet; quality me- 
dium. Rather late. Profusely 
productive. New Jersey. Imp. 

Margaret, p. 606. 

Marguerite. Large, long conic, 
pale scarlet; rather insipid, 
handsome, showy; feeble 
grower. 

Marshall, p. 606. 

Marvin. Large; dark red; firm, 
of high flavor. Requires high 
culture, often fails. One of the 
latest of strawberries. Per. 

Mary, p. 606. 

Marylandica. Large, dark crim- 
son; firm. Staminate. Md. 

Matilda. Large, conical, uni- 
form, scarlet, firm — of excel- 
lent quality. Plant a strong 
grower, and very productive. 
New. Ulster Co., N. Y. Per. 

McAvoy's Extra Red. Large, 
irregularly oblate, generally 
necked; color deep scarlet; 
tender, juicy, acid, not rich. 
Excellent for preserving. Cin- 
cinnati, Imp, 

McAvoy's Superior, Large, 

roundish-oblate, more or less 
necked ; light crimson becom- 
ing deep crimson ; flesh scarlet, 
tender, juicy, very rich, vi- 
nous. Tender, and will not 
bear long carriage. Medium 
season. Hardy, vigorous, 
and productive. Ohio, Old. 
Imp. 

Mead's Seedling. Medium, long, 
conical; good. N. J. 



8o4 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



Meek, p. 606. 

Melon. Medium, round, dark; 

worthless. Scotch. 
Metcalf s Early. Small, round- 
ish; scarlet; mild acid. Mich- 
igan. 
Methven Scarlet. Large, round- 
ish, dull scarlet; soft, of poor 
flavor; discarded. English. 
Miami. Large, round conical, 
slight neck; bright, firm, hol- 
low; early. 
Michigan. A seedling of the Wil- 
son, ten days later. 
Mineola. Medium, double 
points; neck pronounced; un- 
even; dark; rather late. 
Miner, p. 606. 
Mitchel, p. 606. 

Monarch of the West. Very 
large, bright red, showy, firm ; 
of moderate quality. Very 
productive. N. J. Per. 
Monitor. Quite large, roundish ; 
bright scarlet; firm, good. 
Vigorous grower. Productive, 
and perhaps best of the three 
"Tribune Strawberries." Per. 
Monroe Scarlet. Rather large, 
roundish; light scarlet; ten- 
der, juicy, of good flavor. 
Rochester, N. Y. Little known. 
Imp. 
Montevideo Pine. Large, coni- 
cal, late. Staminate. L. I. 
Mottier's Seedling. Large ; acid. 
Moyamensing. Rather large, 
broadly conical; deep crim- 
son; seeds numerous and 
deeply imbedded; flesh red, 
firm, acid. Passing out of 
favor. Phila. Imp. 
Mrs. Cleveland, p. 606. 
Mt. Vernon. See Shuckless. 



Muskingum, p. 606. 
Myatt's. See British Queen. 
Myatt's Eliza. See Eliza. 

Napoleon III. Large, irregular, 
conical, sometimes coxcombed, 
light scarlet; firm, of good 
quality. Mostly a poor bearer. 
Per. 

Neck Pine. Large, with a slen- 
der neck ; color light red ; flesh 
nearly white, rather acid, of 
fine flavor. Very productive, 
early — much cultivated at Cin- 
cinnati in past years. Imp. 

Neunan. (Neunan's ProKfic.) 
Size medium or small ; ' light 
scarlet; quality rather poor, 
dry. Largely cultivated in the 
vicinity of Charleston, S. C, 
for market. Per. 

New Dominion. Medium in 
size; bright red; moderately 
firm. Vigorous, hardy, pro- 
ductive. Canada. Per. 

New Jersey Scarlet. Medium, 
conical, necked, light scarlet; * 
good. N. J. 

Nicanor, p. 606. 

Nick Ohmer, p. 606. 

Nigh. (Nigh's Superb.) Large, 
long conical, necked; light 
scarlet; good. Imp. 

Ohio Centennial. Large; light 
red. Per. 

Old Hudson. See Hudson. 

Old Iron Clad. See Phelps. 

Old Pine. Medium, conical with 
a neck, scarlet, solid, juicy, 
rich. Old or Virginia Scarlet, 
the original wld strawberry of 
this country, is smaller, and 



STRA WBERRIES. 



805 



three or four days later. Old, 
Per, 

Oliver Goldsmith, Obtusely con- 
ical, necked. Resembles Seth 
Boyden, Season medium, 
Ohio, Per. 

Omer Pacha. Large, roundish, 
bright red ; solid, juicy, sweet. 
Strong and prolific. Foreign. 

Orange Prolific, Large, round- 
ish, necked, crimson; acid. 
Rochester, N, Y, 

Oriole, Large ; dark red run- 
ning through the flesh. Early, 
Imp, 

Osceola. See Mitchel's Early. 



Parker Earle, p. 607. 

Peabody, Quite large, irregular 
conic and coxcombed; deep 
crimson ; flesh firm, sweet, 
rich, excellent flavor. Too poor 
a bearer to be of value, S, C, 
Hardy at the North, Imp, 

Pearl. Medium, conical; bright 
scarlet; plant strong. Per. 

Pennsylvania. Rather large, 
— broadly conical; deep crim- 
son, flesh red, rather firm, acid, 
Phila, Imp, 

Phelps (or Old Iron-clad). 
Large, irregular ; dull in color ; 
moderate in flavor. Vigorous 
and sometimes productive. 
Imp. 

Phillips' Seedling. Medium, ir- 
regular, deep crimson ; flesh 
red, firm, sub-acid ; vigorous ; 
productive. 

Pioneer. Rather large, round, 
conical ; good, sometimes poor. 
Requires high culture and cut 
runners ; foliage sometimes 



fails in the hot sun, A moder- 
ate bearer. New Jersey. Per. 

Piper. (Piper's Seedling.) 
Large, round, regular; dark 
crimson; firm. Early. Very 
productive, a strong grower, 
and gives high promise in 
some places West. Illinois, 
Per, 

Porter's Seedling. Medium, 
bright red ; quality fair only ; 
very early. Per. 

President Lincoln. See Lincoln. 

President Wilder, p. 607. 

Primo. Large, conical, necked, 
irregular; dark scarlet; firm; 
rather late ; quality moderate. 
Vigorous and productive. New- 
burg, N, Y. Per. 

Prince (or Durand's Superb). 
Large, ovate, necked ; firm, 
rich, of excellent flavor. Plant 
vigorous. Late. New Jersey. 
Per. 

Prince Albert. Medium, conical, 
dark crimson; rich. Not pro- 
ductive. English. 

Prince of Orleans. Medium, 
roundish, dark. Poor bearer. 

Prince of Wales. Large, glossy 
red; solid, delicate, acid. Eng- 
lish. 

Prince's Climax. Large, coni- 
cal ; bright scarlet ; good. Pro- 
ductive. Plant vigorous. L. 
I. Little known. Imp. 

Prince's Magnate. Large, 
round, scarlet ; rich. Produc- 
tive, hardy, vigorous. L. I. 

Princess, p. 607. 

Princeton Chief, p. 544. 

Profuse Scarlet. Medium, scar- 
let. Productive. 

Pyramidal Chilian. Medium, 



8o6 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



conical, scarlet. Bears long. 
N.J. 

Racster. See Beder Wood. 

Red Jacket. Large; bright 
crimson; soft. Very early. 
Productive. 

Richardson's Early. Medium, 
conical, crimson; good. Early. 
Unproductive. 

Richardson's Late. Large, 
roundish, scarlet ; sprightly ; 
good. 

Ridgeway, p. 607. 

Rio, p. 607. 

Rippawam. Large, round coni- 
cal, sometimes irregular; scar- 
let; barely good. Moderately 
productive. 

Rival Hudson (Burr's). Me- 
dium, conical ; deep crimson ; 
firm, brisk, sub-acid. Hardy 
and productive. Columbus, 
Ohio. Imp. 

Roseberry. Rather small, ovate, 
scarlet. Poor bearer. Eng- 
lish. 

Ross Phcenix. Large, usually 
coxcombed or compressed, 
dark red; flesh firm, of fair 
flavor. Season medium. Some- 
times very productive, but usu- 
ally fails on heavy clay and 
scorches on light gravel. An 
uncertain variety. Now super- 
seded. Per. 

Ruby. Medium, ovate, bright 
red ; juicy, rich, excellent ; not 
very hardy. English. 

Russel.* (Russel's Seedling, 
Russel's Prolific.) Very large, 
roundish-conic, somewhat ir- 
regular, slightly necked; 
bright crimson; slightly acid, 



rich, very good. Sometimes 
very fine and productive. 
Imp. 

Sample, p. 609. 

Saunders. Large, round coni- 
cal, glossy crimson; flesh red; 
vigorous, productive. Canada. 
Per. 

Scarlet Cone. Large, conical; 
bright scarlet, beautiful. Vig- 
orous and productive. Roches- 
ter, N. Y. Little known. Imp. 

Scarlet Melting. Medium, coni- 
cal, scarlet; tender, not rich. 

Scarlet Nonpareil. Large, 
roundish-conical, bright red ; 
rich, high flavor. English. 

Schiller. Medium, conical, dark 
red ; rich, sub-acid. Unpro- 
ductive. German. 

Scotch Runner. Small, oval; 
scarlet ; good. 

Scott's Seedling. Rather large, 
elongated conic, regular; light 
scarlet ; flesh pale red, not very 
juicy nor high flavored. Mass. 
Superseded. 

Seneca Queen. Large, round 
oblate; dark red; early; soft. 
Very productive. Excellent for 
home use. Seneca Chief is dis- 
tinct, and of little or no value. 
Per. 

Seth Boyden (Boyden's No. 30), 
p. 607. Per. 

Shaker's Seedling. See Austin 
Seedling. 

Sharpless, p. 607. 

Shuckless, p. 607. 

Shuster's Gem, p. 609. 

Sir Charles Napier. Large, 
roundish-coxcombed, scarlet ; 
musky. English. 



STRA W BERRIES. 



807 



Sir Harry. Large, coxcombed, 
dark red; solid, juicy. Eng- 
lish. 

Southborougb. Seedling. Me- 
dium, ovate, conic, scarlet; 
firm; mild, rich. English. 

Splendid. Medium, globular, 
scarlet; rather soft; good. 
Per. 

Stinger's Seedling. (Union, 
erroneously.) Large, round- 
ish-ovate or coxcomb-shaped; 
scarlet ; stalk stiff. Penn. Per. 

Sucker State. Medium; firm. 
Plant vigorous, often produc- 
tive. Rather late. Per. 

Swainstone's Seedling. Large, 
ovate, light glossy scarlet ; 
very good. A poor bearer. 
English, 

Thompson's No. 9. See Rio. 

Timbrell, p. 609. 

Triomphe de Gand, p. 607. 

Triple Crown. Rather large, 
oval conical, necked ; crimson ; 
firm, rich, with high flavor. 
Irregular bearer. Season me- 
dium, Waterloo, N. Y, Per, 

Trollope's Victoria. See Vic- 
toria. 

True Chili. Large, ovate, red; 
flesh firm, sweet, of indifferent 
flavor. Late. 

Tubbs, Large, regular, deep 
crimson. Early, good shipper. 
Per, 

Turner. (Turner's Beauty.) 
Medium; very handsome; 
rather early ; excellent in qual- 
ity. Productive. Per. 

Union. See Victoria, 

Unique Scarlet. Large, light 



scarlet; sweet, rich. Poor 
bearer. 

Victoria. (Trollope's Victoria, 
Union.) Very large, nearly 
round, regular; light red; 
flesh pale red, tender, moder- 
ately rich, juicy, sweet — often 
nearly flavorless. Plant hardy, 
moderately vigorous, not very 
productive. English. Per. 

Vineland. Rather large; vigor- 
ous, productive; rather acid, 
good. Resembles Kentucky, 
but darker. New Jersey. Per. 

Walker's Seedling. Rather large, 
regular, conic; deep glossy 
crimson, becoming maroon ; 
flesh crimson, tender, juicy, 
with a fine, rich, brisk flavor. 
Handsome, excellent, produc- 
tive. Roxbury, Mass. Per, 

Warfield, p. 609, 

Warren. Large, round conic; 
dark red, handsome; firm, 
good. Early, Plant vigorous, 
sometimes very productive, 
but uncertain at the North; 
best in the Southwest, Ori- 
gin, Kentucky, Per, 

Washington. See Iowa, 

Western Queen, Rather large, 
roundish-conical ; rich, glossy 
dark red; flesh firm, juicy, 
sub-acid, sprightly, agreeable. 
Cleveland, Ohio. Imp, 

Willey. Medium, roundish; 
deep crimson; firm, sprightly, 
acid — good for preserving. 
Resembles Hudson, Improves 
by hanging long. Imp, 

William Belt, p.. 007. 

Wilmot's Superb. Large, round- 



8o8 DESCRIPTIVE LIST AND INDEX OF FRUITS. 



ish, scarlet; coarse, not rich. 

English. 
Wilson (Wilson's Albany), p. 

607. 
Wizard of the North. Rather 

large, dull red; soft, not rich. 

Scotch. 
Wolverton, p. 607. 



Yale, p. 608. 

Yellow Chili. Very large, irreg- 
ular, yellow with a brown 
cheek ; flesh very firm, rather 
rich. 

York River Scarlet. See Hudson. 

Young's Seedling. See German- 
town. 



WILD AND UNCLASSIFIED FRUITS. 



Buffalo Berry, p. 611. 



Eleagnus Longipes (Goumi), p. 
610. 



Huckleberries : 
Bilberry, p. 614. 
Black Huckleberry, p. 614. 
Canada Blueberry, p. 614. 
Highbush Blueberry, p. 614. 
Highbush Huckleberry, p. 614. 
Low Blueberry, p. 614. 



Japanese Wine Berry, p. 618. 
June Berry (Service Tree, May 
Cherry), p. 614. 

Medlars : 
Dutch, p. 616. 
Nottingham, p. 616. 
Monstrous, p. 616. 
Royal, p. 616. 

Paw-paw, p. 616. 

Strawberry Raspberry, p. 618. 



GLOSSARY OF THE MORE COMMON WORDS USED 
IN FRUIT CULTURE. 



Acerb, sour, bitter, harsh. 

Aculeate, armed with prickles. 

Acttmmate, drawn out to a point. 

Acute, sharp, pointed, or angular. 

Adventitious roots, roots put out from the stem, as with straw- 
berries, dewberries, etc. 

Alburnum, the woody layer through which the sap still circu- 
lates, as distinguished from heart-wood. 

Alternate, one side and then the other. 

Annual, a plant which germinates from seed, produces flowers 
and fruit, and dies the same season. 

Anther, that part of the stamen which bears the pollen. 

Apetalous, without a corolla. 

Apex, that part of a fruit farthest from the stem. 

Apprused, in close contact, but not united. 

Awn, a bristle-like appendage. 

Axil, the angle between the leaf and stem. 

Axillary bud, a bud growing in the axil of a leaf. Axillary buds 
may remain dormant indefinitely; when they begin to grow they 
become terminal buds, that is, buds at the extreme end of growing 
branches. 

Barbate, bearded. 

Barcate, like a berry. 

Bark, the protecting covering of the stem or trunk ; it is formed 
of several layers of differing structure, and grows from the inside. 

Base, lower end ; that part of a fruit nearest the stem, or of a stalk 
or any part of a plant nearest its supporting part or root. 

Basin, the hollow or depression at the apex or crown of a fruit, in 
which the calyx is situated. 

Bast, the inner layer of the bark, commonly composed of long 
wood-cells. 

Beaked, ending in a narrow tip or beak. 

Berry, a fruit pulpy or juicy throughout. 

809 



Sio GLOSSARY. 

Beurrd, a buttery pear. The word is discarded by the American 
Pomological Society. 

Bezi, a natural seedling ; a wilding. 

Biennial, a plant which germinates from seed one season, and 
produces flowers and fruit and dies the next. 

Bifid, two-cleft. 

Bifoliate, with two leaves. 

Blade, the expanded portion of a leaf. 

Bract, an altered leaf, from the axil of which the floral axes spring. 

Border, an artificial bed of enriched earth. 

Callus, the ring or swollen portion formed at the base of a cutting 
by the descending cambium. 

Calville-shaped, much ribbed, as applied to apples. 

Calyx, the outer or green leaves of a flower, which, remaining on 
the apex of a pear or apple, are often called the eye. 

Cambium, or cambium layer, the soft, usually mucilaginous, 
layer of newly forming wood beneath the bark. 

Canes, long bearing shoots, usually applied to such berry-produc- 
ing plants as grapes, raspberries, blackberries, etc. 

Canescent, grayish-white, hoary. 

Capitate, head-like. 

Capsule, a. dry seed-vessel, which splits open in a regular manner. 

Carpel, a simple pistil or one division of a compound pistil. 

Caruncle, an excrescence at the scar of some seeds. 

Catkin, a form of inflorescence in which the flowers are incom- 
plete. 

Caudate, tailed. 

Cavity. 

Chlorophyll, the green coloring-matter of plants. 

Clipping, trimming down to a definite shape. 

Cockscomb, applied to strawberries when much compressed at the 
sides. 

Colmar-shaped, pyriform or pear-shaped, having a slender neck 
and large body. 

Cordate, heart-shaped. 

Coriaceous, leathery. 

Corolla, the inner floral envelope ; it is usually colored ; its separate 
leaflets are the petals. 

Cortex, the bark. 

Corymb, a flat or convex flower-cluster, as in cherries. 

Crenate, notched or cut like blunt saw-teeth. 

Cross, a fruit produced by fertilizing the flowers of one variety with 
the pollen of another ; a hybrid. 

Crown, the part of a fruit farthest from the stem ; the apex. 



GLOSSARY. 8li 

Cuttings, shoots of one year's growth, inserted in the soil for 
multiplying varieties. 

Cyme, a flat-tipped flower-cluster, differing from a corymb in its 
formation. 

Deciduous, falling off — as leaves which fall in the autumn. 

Dehiscent (fruits) , opening at maturity. 

Dentate, toothed. 

Depressed, flattened vertically. 

Dioecious, plants which have staminate and pistillate flowers on 
different individuals. 

Drupe, a stone-fruit. 

Duraineti, heart-wood. 

Dwarfs, trees made diminutive by grafting or budding upon 
stocks of small growth. 

Echitiate, armed with prickles. 

Emarginate, notched at the apex. 

Embryo, the germ or rudimentary plantlet in the seed. 

Endocarp, the inner layer of the pericarp. 

Endogenous, without the destinction of bark, wood, and pith. 

Enquenouille, training to produce fruitfulness by tying the 
branches downward. 

Epicarp, the outer layer of the pericarp. 

Epidermis , the outer covering, or skin. 

Espalier, a tree trained flat upon a trellis. 

Exogenous, having bark, wood, and pith, each distinct from the 
other. 

Fascicle, a close cluster. 

Fascicled roots, those which grow in a bunch or cluster. 

Fibrous roots, the smaller branching thread-like roots. 

Filament, the part of the stamen which supports the anther, 

Flavescent, yellowish, or turning yellow. 

Foliaceous, leaf-like. 

Forcing, the early ripening of fruits under glass. 

Fore-right shoot, the terminal shoot of a branch. 

Germ, the rudimentary plantlet m the seed. 

Glabrous, smooth. 

Glaucous, covered with bloom, a fine white powdery coating 
which rubs off, as the bloom of the grape. 

Habitat, the situation in which a plant grows naturally, without 
cultivation. 

Head back, to cut off the limbs of a tree part way down. 

Head down, to cut off the entire limbs or branches of a tree, or to 
cut down to an inserted bud. 

Heeling in, burying the roots of a tree in a trencn temporarily. 



8i2 GLOSSARY. 

Indehiscent, fruit not opening at maturity. 

Inflorescence, the arrangement in which flowers are produced. 

Invohicre, a whorl of bracts about the base of a single flower ; an 
umbel or head. 

Joint, that part of a stem from which a leaf or leaves spring ; a 
node. 

Kernel, the seed or edible substance enclosed in a shell or nut. 

Laverginous, cottony or woolly. 

Layers, side-shoots bent down and buried in the middle in the 
soil to take root. 

Lay in, selecting and fastening new branches or shoots to a wall 
or trellis. 

Lay in by the heels, to bury the roots of trees temporarily in a 
trench. 

Leading shoot, the longest or main shoot of a tree. 

Liber, the innner fibrous bark of exogenous plants. 

Linear, narrow and flat. 

Lobe, a prominent division, as of a leaf. 

Loppitig, cutting branches down to the main stem. 

Maiden plant, a tree of one year's growth from the bud or graft. 

Mesocarp, the middle layer of the pericarp. 

Moncecious, a plant with staminate and pistillate flowers on the 
same individual. 

Naked, destitute of both calyx and corolla. 

Node, that part of the stem from which a leaf or leaves spring. 

Niit, a dry indehiscent fruit having a woody or bony shell. 

Oblate, flattened, so that the least diameter is between the base 
and apex. 

Oblong, when the length exceeds the width and the sides are 
nearly parallel. 

Obovate, largest toward the apex or crown. 

Obtuse, rounded or blunt, wide angle. 

Ovate, egg-shaped, largest toward the stem. 

Panicle, a compound raceme. 

Peduncle, the flower or fruit stalk ; the stem. 

Perennial, a plant which lives several or many years. 

Perfect, a flower which has both stamens and pistils. 

Perianth, the floral envelopes. 

Pericarp, the matured ovary or seed-vessel. 

Petals, flower- leaves, usually colored. 

Petiole, stem of a leaf. 

Pilose, hairy. 

Pinch in, to stop the growth of a shoot by pinching off the tip. 

Pistil, the organ in a flower which is fertilized and bears the seed. 



GLOSSARY. 813 

Pippin, an indefinite term applied to various apples differing in 
size, shape, color, and flavor. 

Pistillate, flowers with pistils, but without stamens. 

Pith, the central mass of cellular tissue of exogenous stems. 

Pollen, the fertilizing powder or element of flowers. 

Pome, the apple, pear, and similar fruits. 

Pomology, the science of fruits. 

Pi'imary roots, roots growing directly from the seed, as the tap- 
root. 

Prostrate stem, one which lies flat on the ground. 

Pubescent, hairy. 

Punctated, dotted. 

Pyramidal, like a pyramid, longer than conical. 

Pyrijorm, pear-shaped-, having a more or less drawn-out neck. 

Raceme, an inflorescence with nearly equal secondary axes along 
the primary one, as the currant and wild cherry. 

Radical, proceeding from the root. 

Ringing, to remove a ring of bark around a branch or stem to 
prevent the descending of the sap. 

Root, the descending axis of a plant. 

Root hairs, elongated cells of microscopic size upon the surface of 
the younger fibrous roots ; produced during the growing season in 
enormous numbers ; absent in dormant plants. 

Runcinate, coarsely saw- toothed. 

Runner, a slender prostrate branch rooting at the end and joints. 

Scabrous, rough to the touch. 

Scandent, climbing. 

Scape, a peduncle rising from the ground or near it. 

Scion, a shoot of one year's growth, for propagation of varieties; 
a cutting. 

Secondary roots, adventitious roots. 

Sepals, the separate leaflets of the calyx. 

Serrate, saw-toothed. 

Shanking, a diseased shrivelling of the foot-stalks of grapes. 

Shorten in, to cut off more or less of the outer part of shoots. 

Siriuate, strongly wavy. 

Spathe, a tract which enfolds an inflorescence. 

Spine, a thorn. 

Spongiole, the minute spongy extremity of a fibrous root. 

Sport, an unusual departure in variation in a new seedling. 

Spur, a short stubby shoot, bearing fruit-buds or fruit. 

Standard, a fruit-tree not dwarfed nor trained to a wall or 
trellis. 

Stigma, the part of the pistil on which the pollen is deposited. 



8 14 GLOSSARY. 

Stock, a seedling tree, in which a bud is inserted or grafted. 

Stone-fruit, a drupe; fruit having an outer fleshy portion enclos- 
ing a stone. 

Stop, to pinch or cut oif the point of a shoot, to prevent its 
further growth. 

Strike, to emit roots. 

Succulent, juicy. 

Tap-root, the main descending root. 

Tendril, a modified branch or leaf used for climbing. 

Terminal bud, the bud terminating the main stem or growing 
branch. 

Trellis, an upright flat frame, for training fruit-trees or grape- 
vines upon its face. 

Wilding, a natural seedling. 

Work, a term applied to the budding or grafting of trees. 



GENERAL INDEX. 



Agricultural experiment stations, 
272 
act establishing, 273 

Annular budding, 45 

Anthracnose, 234 

Aphis, apple, 170 
black peach, 191 
cherry, 196 
peach, 191 
woolly, 162 

Apples, 287 

age of fruiting, 295 
changes wrought by climate 

and soil, 294 
characteristics of, 297 
comparison of size, 298 
cultivation of, 290 
diseases of, 212 
index of varieties, 689 
nursery management of, 287 
proper way to pick, 125 
packing for market, 127 
planting orchards, 289 
renovating old orchards, 290 
varieties, 297 

L, summer, 298 
II., autumn, 306 
III,, winter, 319 
IV., crab, 348 

Apple-maggot, 176 

Apple-seed washer, 149 

Apple-tree tent caterpillar, 173 

Apple-trees, pruning young, 98 
dwarf, 295 
transplanting, 290 

Apple-worm, 177 



Apricot, the, 351 

cultivation of, 351 

diseases of, 229 

index of varieties, 725 

varieties of, 352 
Assorting fruit, 126 

Bagging grapes, 416 
Banana, the, 653 

index of varieties, 726 

propagation of, 653 
Bark, green, office of, 12 
Bark beetle, 195 

lice, 165 
Barrels, presses for heading up, 

128 
Black peach aphis, 191 
Blackberry, the, 356 

covering the, 307 

diseases of, 236 

index of varieties, 726 

pruning the, 356 

varieties of, 357 
Black rot, 217 
Blight, fire, 218 
Bordeaux mixture, 215, 252 
Borer, flat-headed apple - tree, 
165 

peach-tree, 191 

round-headed, 163 
Branches, the, 5 

divisions of, 5 
Bud moth, 170 
Budding, annular, 45 

knives, 29, 113 

limits of, 45 



ii5 



8i6 



GENERAL INDEX. 



Budding, propagation by, -il 

stages of, 42 

terminal, 44 
Buds, adventitious, 7 

lateral, 7 

causes of diiFerence in, 6 

flower, 6 

kinds of, 6 

latent, 7 

leaf, 6 

terminal, 7 
Buffalo berry, 610 

Cambium layer, 5, 10 
Canker-worm, 171 

wire trap for, 172 
Caprification of the fig, 662 
Carbonic acid, decomposition of, 

by growing plants, 9 
Caterpillar, forest tent, 174 

apple-tree tent, 173 

yellow-necked, 176 
Cells of plants, 3 
Cherry, the, 362 

aphis, 196 

budding the, 863 

dwarf, 364 

grafting the, 363 

index of varieties, 728 

maggot, 196 

net screens for, 265 

propagation of, 363 

pruning the, 109 

slug, 182 

soil for, 364 

varieties of, 366 

I., fruit heart-shaped, 

366 
II., fruit round, 375 
III., native dwarf, 380 
Chestnuts, 439 

varieties of, 442 
Chinquapin, the, 444 
Circle of fruits, 145 



Citron, the, 649 

varieties of, 649 

index of varieties, 734 
Citrus fruits, 621 

diseases of, 637 

insects affecting, 635 

propagation from cuttings 
and layers, 628 
Cleft-grafting, 33 
CodHng-moth, 177 
Collar, 4 

Constriction, effects of, 10 
Corn-knife, 59 

Crab apples, varieties of, 348 
Cranberry, the, 382 

cultivation of, 383 

diseases of, 240 

gathering the, 384 

index of varieties, 734 

soil for, 383 

varieties of, 384 
Crops in orchards, 81 
Cross-impregnation, 18 
Cultivation of the soil, 77 

arrangements to facilitate, 84 
Curculio, 185 

quince, 196 

remedies for, 188 
Curl of the leaf, in peach, 227 
Currant, the, 386 

borer, 201 

bushes, improving old, 388 

diseases of, 237 

index of varieties, 734 

locations adapted for, 387 

propagation of, 386 

pruning the, 387 

span-worm, 203 

varieties of, 388 

I., red and white, 388 
II., black, 391 

worm, imported, 202 
native, 201 
Cuttings, propagation by, 24 



GENERAL INDEX. 



817 



Date, the, 655 

propagation of, 655 
Destructive insects, 160 
Dewberry, the, 356 
Dibble, the, 152 
Dieback, 638 
Diseases of fruits, 211 

anthracnose, 234 

black knot, 230 

black rot, 217 

brown rot, 217 

fire-blight, 218 

leaf blight, 220 

mildew, 233 

peach, curl of the leaf, 227 

pear scab, 222 

ripe rot, 216 

root galls, 240 

rust, 212 

scab, 214 

yellows of peach, 224 
Distances for planting, 75 
Dwarf cherries, 364 

stocks for, 364 

nets for, 365 
Dwarf pear-trees, 493 

pruning, 496 

varieties of, 494 

Eleagnus longipes, 610 
Enclosures, varieties of, 54 
Espalier training, for peach, 
470 

Fertilizers for orchards, 88 
Fig, the, 658 

budding the, 661 

caprification of, 662 

cultivation of, 662 

drying the, 663 

grafting the, 661 

index of varieties, 736 

propagation of, 660 

pruning the, 662 
52 



Fig, soil for, 660 

varieties of, 663 
Flea-beetle, grape-vine, 197 
Flowers, fertile, 14 

parts of, 13 

pistillate, 14 

staminate, 14 

sterile, 14 
Forbidden fruit. See Shaddock. 
Form of trees, giving desired, by 

pruning, 95 
Frost, destroys peach crop, 465 

effect on the orange, 633 
Fruit, houses for storing, 135 

how to obtain quickly, 144 

keeping, 133 

terms used in describing, 260 

to supply a family, 140 
Fruit-boxes, piling, 137 

storing, 137 
Fruitfulness, pruning as affect- 
ing, 94 
Fruit-garden, plan of, 141 
Fruit-pickers, 114 
Fruit-pilferers, 54 
Fruit-room, plans for, 135 
Fruit-tree ladders, 116 

Garden reel, 116 

spray pump, 118 

syringes, 118 
Gathering fruit, 123 
Germination, 1 

air in, 2 

how produced, 2 

moisture in, 2 

requisites for, 1 
Girdled trees, to repair, 47 
Gooseberry, the, 393 

diseases of, 237 

index of varieties, 736 

varieties of, 393 

L, European, 393 
II., American, 395 



8i8 



GENERAL INDEX. 



Gouger, plum, 191 
Grafting, chisel for, 28 

cleft, 33 

cleft sap, 438 

knife for, 29 

limits of, 45 

modification of, 47 

prong, 437 

propagation by, 27 

requisites for, 28 

root, 37 

saddle, 34 

tongue, 33 

veneer, 35 

whip, 33 
Grafting-wax, how made, 29 
Grafts, care of, 32 

cutting, 30 

dry, to restore, 33 

packing, 31 
Grape, the, 398 

bagging the, 416 

cross-impregnation of, 19 

diseases of, 233 

distances for planting, 418 

grafting in open ground, 406 

index of varieties, 737 

keeping the, 138 

layering the, 399 

mode of pruning, 412 

modifications of training, 
415 

packing for market, 129 

phylloxera, 196 

propagation of, 399 
from cuttings, 402 
from green cuttings, 405 
from layers, 399 
from single buds, 403 

pruning the, 412 

raising from seed, 418 

root grafting, 405 

spraying the, 257, 416 

summer pinching of, 414 



Grape, training the, 406 

transplanting the, 407 

trellis for, 408 

varieties of, 419 
Grape-vine flea-beetle, 197 

leafhopper, 200 
Grape-vines, soil for, 417 
Growth of trees, 1 

process of, 8 
Grub, white, 205 
Guava, the, 665 

propagation of, 666 

Hazelnuts, 444 

harvesting, 446 

marketing, 446 

propagation of, 445 

varieties of, 447 
Hedge, hook for trimming, 59 
Hedge-shears, 59 
Hedges, evergreen, 55 

Osage orange, 55 

to prune properly, 57 
Heeling-in trees, 72 
Hickory nuts, 449 
Hook to trim hedges, 59 
Houses for storing fruit, 135 
Huckleberries, 612 
Hybrids, definition of, 21 

Implements used by fruit grow- 
ers, 112 
budding-knives, 113 
folding ladder, 117 
fruit pickers, 115 
fruit-tree ladders, 116 
garden reel, 116 
garden spray pump, 118 
garden syringes, 118 
grafting chisel, 114 
pointed ladder, 116 
pruning-knives, 91, 112 
pruning-saws, 113 
pruning-shears, 114 
tree- scraper, 117 



GENERAL INDEX. 



819 



Implements used by fruit grow- 
ers, tree-tags, 119-121 

vine scissors, 116 
Insects, destructive, 160 

and diseases, 160 

affecting citrus fruits, 635 

how they eat, 160 

Japanese wineberry, 618 
Juneberry, 614 

Keeping fruit, rules for, 139 

Ladder, folding, 117 

fruit-tree, 116 

pointed, 1X6 
Lakes and rivers, influence of, 53 
Layer, cambium, 5 

cortical, 5 
Layers, propagation by, 26 
Leaf-blight in pears, 220 
Leaf-hopper, grape-vine, 200 
Leaves, composition of, 7 

necessity of, 12 

pores of, 8 
Lecanium scale, 169 
Lemon, the, 646 

cultivating the, 646 

diseases of the, 637 

index of varieties, 742 

marketing the, 647 

varieties of, 647 
Limb-blight, in citrus fruits, 637 
Lime, the, 651 

index of varieties, 743 

propagation of, 652 

varieties of, 652 
Loquat, the, 667 

propagation of, 668 

varieties of, 668 

Mai de goma, 637 
Management of nurseries, 147 ' 
Manures, 50 
Manuring, faulty, 82 
when necessary, 83 



Medlars, 615 

Mice, damage by, 293 

Mildew, 233 

Moisture, exhalation of, 11 

Mulberry, the, 428 

index of varieties, 743 
varieties of, 429 
propagation of, 429 

Mulching, 70 

Nectarine, the, 431 

index of varieties, 743 

varieties of, 431 
Nests, wooden, for small fruit, 

132 
Net screens for cherries, 365 
Nurseries, management of, 147 
Nursery : budding and grafting, 
153 

cultivation of, 153 

laying out, 148 

lifting trees, 155 

seeds and stocks for, 148 

shelter for, 148 

soil for, 147 

trees, pruning, 96 
Nuts, 434 

chestnuts, 439 

chinquapin, 444 

cleft-sap grafting of, 438 

hazelnuts, 444 

hickories, 449 

index of varieties, 745 

pecan, 449 

prong-grafting of, 437 

propagation of, 435 

shellbark hickories, 454 

walnuts, 456 

Orange, the, 621 
budding the, 624 
cultivation of, 631 
cuttings and layers of, 628 
diseases of, 637 



820 



GENERAL INDEX. 



Orange, distance of planting, 630 

dwarfing the, 626 

evolution of the, 622 

fertilizers for, 629 

frost, effects of, 633 

grafting the, 624 

index of varieties, 746 

insects injurious to, 635 

marketing the, 647 

propagation of the, 623 

protection against frost, 634 

pruning the, 632 

seedlings, 623 

selection of varieties, 640 

soil for, 628 

stocks for, 625 

transplanting the, 626 

varieties of, 641 
Orchards, cultivation of com- 
mercial, 85 

fertilizers for, 88 

laying out, 61 

management of Western, 83 

manuring, 60 

preparing, 60 

registering, 76 

staking out, 62 

when to manure, 83 
Oyster- shell bark-louse, 165 

Packing fruit for market, 126 
Paw-paw, 616 
Peach, the, 464 

aphis, black, 191 

borer, 191 

crop, destruction of, by frost, 
465 

diseases of, 224 

espalier training, 470 

index of varieties, 747 

manures for, 469 

propagation of the, 646 

pruning the, 106 

raising in pots, 470 



Peach, soils for, 468 

stocks for, 468 

training the, 469 

transplanting the, 469 

varieties of, 474 

I., freestones, 476 
II., clingstones, 488 

winter protection for, 473 

yellows, 224 
Pear, the, 491 

budding the, 493 

classification of forms, 501 

diseases of, 218 

dwarf, 493 

index of varieties, 757 

midge, 183 

propagation of, 491 

quality of, 510 

regrafting the, 498 

slug, 182 

training the, 497 

varieties of, 510 

I., summer pears, 510 
II., autumn pears, 515 
III., winter pears, 537 

wintering the seedlings, 492 
Pecan nuts, 449 

varieties of, 451 
Persimmon, the, 669 

cultivation of, 673 

diseases of, 673 

index of varieties, 782 

Japanese improvement of, 
671 

varieties of, 669, 674 
Phylloxera, grape, 196 
Picking apples, proper way of, 

125 
Pineapple, the, 678 

cultivation of, 680 

diseases of, 683 

index of varieties, 782 

propagation of, 679 

soils for, 681 



GENERAL INDEX. 



821 



Pineapple, varieties of, 684 
Pith, use of, 5 
Plant, cells of, 3 

structure of, 2 
Plum, the, 545 

classification of, 547 

cultivation of, 546 

curculio, 185 

diseases of, 230 

gouger, 190 

grafting and budding, 546 

index of varieties, 783 

propagation of, 545 

varieties of, 548 

American group, 548 

Chickasaw group, 551 

European group, 552 

Japanese group, 575 

Wild Goose group, 550 
Pointed ladder, 116 
Pomegranate, the, 686 

index of varieties, 793 

propagation of, 686 

varieties, 687 
Pores of leaves, 8 
Presses for heading-up apple- 
barrels, 128 
Process of vegetation, 1 
Prong-grafting, 437 
Propagation, 22 

by budding, 41 

by cuttings, 24 

by grafting, 27 

by layers, 26 
Pruning apple-orchards in bear- 
ing, 105 

as affecting fruitfulness, 94 

cherry-trees, 109 

giving desired form by, 95 

grape-vines, mode of, 412 

nursery and young trees, 96 

peach-trees, 106 

principles and practice of, 90 

proper time for, 93 



Pruning quince- trees, 110 

roots. 111 

single shoots, 96 

summer, 94 

tools for, 91, 106, 112 

tops, 90 

young apple-trees, 98 
Pruning- knives, forms of, 91, 112 
Pruning-shears, 114 
Psylla, the pear, 180 
Pummelo. See Shaddock. 
Pyramids, to train, 100 

Quince, the, 580 
curculio, 196 
diseases of, 223 
index of varieties, 793 
propagation of, 580 
pruning the, 110, 582 
rust, 223 
soil for, 582 
varieties of, 582 

Rabbits, damage by, 294 
Raspberry, the, 585 
cane-borer, 203 
classification, 589 
diseases of, 237 
index of varieties, 793 
planting for market, 587 
propagation of, 585 
raising from seed, 588 
rules for culture of, 588 
saw-fly, 204 
soil for, 585 
varieties of, 589 

I., European, 589 
IL, American Black- 
caps, 592 
III., Native Red, 594 
Registering orchards, 76 
Renovating old trees, 82 
Requisites for germination, 1 
Root, collar of, 4 
galls, 240 



822 



GENERAL INDEX. 



Root hairs, 4 

main, 3 

parts of, 3 

tap, 3 
Root-grafting, 37 

time for, 40 

tools for, 37 
Rootlets, 4 

Roots and leaves, mutual rela- 
tion between, 92 

preparing for transplanting, 
68 

pruning the, 110 
Rose-bug, 199 
Rot, black, 217 

brown, 217 
Rules for keeping fruit, 139 

for naming and describing 
fruits, 283 
Rust, 212 

Saddle-grafting, 33 
San Jos^ scale, 167 
Sap, circulation of, 9, 23 

flow of, 23 

functions of, 9 

grafting, cleft, 438 
Sap-grafting, 438 
Saw-fly, raspberry, 204 
Scab, 214 

in citrus fruits, 639 
Scions, how to send by mail, 32 

packing, 32 
Scurfy bark-louse, 167 
Seed, planting, 151 

raising grapes from, 418 
Shaddock, the, 650 

index of varieties, 796 

varieties of, 651 
Shears, hedge, 59 
Shellbark hickory nuts, 454 
Single shoots, pruning, 96 
Sites, elevated, 52 
Situation, 51 



Slug, pear, 182 

Small fruits, packing for market, 

131 
Snowy tree-cricket, 204 
Soil, cultivation of the, 77 

qualities of, 49 

for nursery, 147 

for vineyards, 417 
Soils, management of, 50 
Species, definition ■ of, 14 
Spray calendar, 255 
Spray pump, garden, 118 
Spraying, 242 

apparatus for, 246 

grapes, 416 

materials for, 250 
Stem, the, 5 

Stiffening trees against wind, 68 
Storing fruit, houses for, 135 
Strawberry, the, 596 

crown borer, 207 

cultivation of the, 598 

diseases of, 239 

early, 600 

leafroUer, 208 

garden culture of, 600 

index of varieties, 796 

packing for market, 131 

perfect and imperfect flowers, 
601 

root-louse, 206 

rules for setting out, 600 

runners, 599 

selection of varieties, 601 

soil for, 596 

staminate ' and pistillate 
sorts, 601 

weevil, 209 

transplanting, 596 

varieties of, 603 

I., flowers perfect, 604 
II., flowers imperfect, 608 
Strawberry-raspberry, 618 
Structure of plants, 2 



GENERAL INDEX. 



823 



Structure of trees, 2 
Subtropical fruits, 621 
Suckers, definition of, 27 
Summer pinching for grapes, 414 

pruning, 90 
Sunlight necessary for growth, 9 
Surface, transplanting on the, 

69 
Syringes, garden, 118 

Tags, tree, 119 

Tap-root, 3 

Tent-caterpillar, 173 

Terminal budding, 44 

Terms used in describing fruits, 

260 
Thinning fruit, 122 
Thinning-back hedges, 56 
Thomery system of training 

grapes, 415 
Time for pruning, proper, 93 
Tongue-grafting, 33 
Training grape-vines, 406 

modifications of, 410 
Tree, structure of, 2 

trunk, cross-section of, 3 
Transplanting, 63 

on the surface, 69 

preparing the roots, 68 

pruning for, 66 

pruning young trees at time 
of, 90 

requisites for, 73 

season for, 71 

stiffening against wind, 68 

setting the tree, 68 

strawberry plants, instru- 
ment for, 598 
Transportation, packing trees 

for, 155 
Tree-scraper, 117 
Tree-tags, 119 

Trees, belts of, for wand-breaks, 
54 



distances for planting, 74 

dwarf, 102 

fail on "treed" land, 159 

growth of, 1, 260 

heeling-in, 72 

number required for an acre, 

76 
packing for transportation, 

155 
received from a distance, 71 
renovating old, 82 
saving mice-gnawed, 47 
transplanting, 63 
Trellis for grape-vines, 408 
training vines on, 410 
size of wire for, 410 

Valleys, cold in, 52 

Varieties, crossing, 17, 19 
definition of, 14 
new, production of, 16 

Vegetation, process of, 1 

Veneer grafting, 35 

Vineyards, soil for, 417 

Water, amount needed by grow- 
ing plants, 11 
Water, when necessary, 70 
Walnuts, 456 

black walnut, 458 

butternut, 457 

Persian, 458 

varieties of, 459 
Whip-grafting, 33 
White grub, 205 
Wild and unclassified fruits, 610 

index of varieties, 808 
Wire for grape trellis, 410 
Wood, alburnum or sap, 5 

heart, 5 

Yellow-necked apple-tree cater- 
pillar, 176 
Yellovi^s of peach, 224 



MAR 6 1903 



